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Understanding Dispersal Capacity and Developing Sampling Plans Improving Stink Bug Management in The Midwest: Understanding Dispersal Capacity and Developing Sampling Plans A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Rafael Carlesso Aita IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Adviser: Dr. Robert L. Koch December 2020 © Rafael Carlesso Aita 2020 Acknowledgements This thesis could have not been done without the guidance and support that I have received from so many people along this journey as a master’s student. First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor and a lot of times, mentor, Dr. Robert (Bob) Koch. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to be a part of your lab, first as a research scholar, and then as a graduate student. Your guidance, patience, encouragement, and work ethic are qualities of a born leader and someone to look up to. I will always be grateful for your willingness to teach and passing out skills important for the development of my professional career. I also would like to thank my committee members Drs. William D. Hutchison, Brian Aukema, and Mark Asplen for their valuable advice and assistance during my M.S. degree. Additionally, I want to thank Tammi P. Matthews for quick and effective bureaucratic problem solving, and to Eric Burkness and Aubree Kees for their assistance with my research chapters by providing valuable insights and ideas. I am grateful for the funding I received from the University of Minnesota, the North Central Soybean Research Program and the Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center through the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and to the financial support provided by the Morris and Elaine Soffer Rockstein Fellowship. I want to thank my coworkers, Anh Tran, Arthur Vieira, Daniela Pezzini, Hailey Shanovich, James Menger, Mads Bartz, Nadia Bueno, Obiratanea Queiroz, Pheylan Anderson, Rosa (Tina) Lozano, Sarah Holle, and Theresa Cira for your continuous support, kindness, and friendship. Furthermore, I want to thank all my fellow graduate students for laughs, advices, and moral support during this path. i Lastly, I want to thank my parents Marta Helena Carlesso Aita and Celso Aita and sibling Bruno Carlesso Aita, who even through distance provided me unconditional love, support, encouragement, and discipline to follow my goals and dreams. To my friends and family in Brazil, thank you for always being present and providing moral support, especially during these challenging times. A special thanks to my past mentors Drs. Juliano Ricardo Farias and Ricardo Balardin, for giving me valuable opportunities that guided me along the way. And finally, to my partner, Rachael Jones and her family, Bob, Nancy, Nick, and Marissa Jones and Tony Perez for their encouragement, cheer, and for making me feel loved and welcomed in Minnesota. ii Dedication To my mom, Marta Thank you for teaching me the values of life and to dream big. Your unconditional love and support guide me through the challenges of life. To my dad, Celso Thank you for encouraging me to pursue my dreams, and to teach me that knowledge is something that nobody can ever take it from you. iii Abstract Stink bugs are an emerging threat for horticultural and field crops in the North Central Region of the United States. This threat can be attributed to the increase in abundance of Pentatomidae species native to North America over the years, and to the spread of invasive stink bugs throughout this region, in particular, the brown marmorated stink bug, (Halyomorpha halys). There is a lack of decision-making frameworks that provide more efficient sampling for stink bugs in soybean for this region, and there is a need to understand the dispersal capacities of laboratory-reared H. halys. Therefore, my research developed more efficient sampling for herbivorous stink bugs in this region and assessed the dispersal capacity of H. halys under laboratory conditions. First, I developed a binomial or decision-making sequential sampling plan for herbivorous stink bugs by using data from 11 states of the North Central Region. Results showed that using a tally threshold of 3 stink bugs per 25 sweeps for action thresholds corresponding to the current action thresholds of 5 (soybean grown for seeds) and 10 (soybean grown for grain) stink bugs per 25 sweeps, provided the best sampling outcomes in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In addition, we showed that 18 and 12 sample units, for action thresholds of 5 and 10 stink bugs per 25 sweeps respectively, would be needed for reliable decision-making sampling. The development of a binomial sequential sampling plan for stink bugs in soybean should provide increased efficiency with regards to the number of sample units required to reach a management decision. Secondly, I assessed the effects of starvation, age, mating status, and pre-flight weight on flight parameters of laboratory-reared H. halys using flight mills. Although some statistical differences were observed across the experiments, these differences represented minimum ecological significance. These results could reflect the resilience of iv H. halys as a successive invasive species to North America and could help predict the dispersal potential of this species in Minnesota. The results of my thesis will provide valuable information to fine-tune integrated pest management strategies for stink bugs in the North Central Region, enabling more efficient scouting for growers and consultants as well as better forecasting the dispersal capacity of an important invasive species to the region. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter I: Development of Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans for Herbivorous Stink Bugs in Soybean in the North Central Region of the United States. ...................................7 Summary ................................................................................................................8 Introduction ............................................................................................................9 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................11 Results ..................................................................................................................17 Discussion ............................................................................................................20 Chapter II: Effects of Starvation, Age, and Mating Status on Flight Capacity of Laboratory-Reared Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). ..............35 Summary ..............................................................................................................36 Introduction ..........................................................................................................37 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................40 Results ..................................................................................................................46 Discussion ............................................................................................................49 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................58 vi List of Tables Chapter I. Table 1.1: Number of soybean fields sampled for herbivorous stink bugs across the cooperating states in the North Central Region of the United States for 2016, 2017, and 2018. ................................................................................................26 Table 1.2: Probability of correct and incorrect decisions as influenced by various tally thresholds and action thresholds combinations for a binomial sequential sampling plan for herbivorous stink bugs in the North Central Region of the United States. ...................................................................................................27 Table 1.3: Parameter estimates from equation used to fit the relationship between the proportion of infested sample units as a function of the mean density stink bugs per 25 sweeps ..........................................................................................28 Table 1.4: Parameter estimates from equation used to fit the operating characteristic curves as a function of the observed proportion of infested sample units for each tally threshold and proportion infested action threshold combination ....29 Table 1.5: Parameter estimates from equation used to fit the average sample number curves as a function of the observed proportion of infested sample units for each tally threshold and proportion infested action threshold combination ....30 Chapter II. Table 2.1: Summary
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