DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect the species. Plans are prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Plans are reviewed by the public and submitted to additional peer review before they are adopted by the Service. Objectives will only be attained and funds expended contingent upon appropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints. Recovery plans do not obligate other parties to undertake specific tasks. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions or approvals of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. By approving this document, the Regional Director certifies that the information used in its development represents the best scientific and commercial data available at the time it was written. Copies of all documents reviewed in development of the plan are available in the administrative record, located at the Jackson, Mississippi, Field Office. Literature citations should read as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Recovery Plan for 6 Mobile River Basin Aquatic Snails. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi. pp. Additional copies may be purchased from: Fish and Wildlife Reference Service 5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Telephone: 301/492-6403 or 800/582-3421 Fees for recovery plans vary, depending on the number of pages. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT STATUS: The cylindrical lioplax (E), flat pebblesnail (E), plicate rocksnail (E), painted rocksnail (T), round rocksnail (T), and lacy elimia (T) are aquatic snails that are endemic to the Mobile River Basin (Basin). All six species have disappeared from more than 90 percent of their historic ranges as a result of habitat modifications (impoundment, channelization, mining, dredging) and water quality degradation (point and nonpoint sources). HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS: All six aquatic snails inhabit shoals, rapids and riffles of large streams and rivers above the Fall Line in Alabama. All require stable hard substrates, such as boulders and cobbles, and clean unpolluted water. Limiting factors include activities which affect stream and river flow, or water and substrate quality. RECOVERY OBJECTIVES: Specific recovery objectives for the six snail species are as follows: cylindrical lioplax -reclassify from endangered to threatened, and delist the species. flat pebblesnail -reclassify from endangered to threatened, and delist the species. plicate rocksnail -reclassify from endangered to threatened, and delist the species. painted rocksnail -delist. round rocksnail -delist. lacy elimia -delist. RECOVERY CRITERIA: Reclassification of the cylindrical lioplax, flat pebblesnail, and plicate rocksnail will require confirmation of stability or increase in their existing populations for 10 or more years, establishment of captive populations, and identification or establishment of at least two additional populations for each species. Delisting for all six species will require the confirmation of at least three stable or increasing populations for each species for 10 or more years. Before either reclassification or delisting may be considered, threats to the species will be removed, and plans should be developed and implemented to protect and monitor water and habitat quality in the watersheds where they occur. ACTIONS NEEDED: (1) Protect habitat integrity and water quality. (2) Develop mitigation strategies that give high priority to avoidance and restoration. (3) Promote increased levels of voluntary stewardship to reduce nonpoint pollution from private and public lands. (4) Encourage and support community based watershed stewardship planning and action. (5) Develop and implement public education programs and materials defining ecosystem management and stewardship responsibilities. (6) Conduct basic research on endemic species and apply the results of this research to management. (7) Develop and implement technology for maintaining and propagating endemic species in captivity. iii (8) Reintroduce imperiled aquatic species into restored habitats, as appropriate. (9) Monitor listed species populations. (10) Coordinate ecosystem management actions and species recovery efforts. TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY TASK IMPLEMENTATION: Cost of full and appropriate implementation of Federal and State regulatory authorities will be absorbed under existing programs. Implementation of recovery tasks for which cost estimates can be made over an initial 3-year period of recovery effort total $375,000. DATE OF RECOVERY: Estimated date of reclassification of the cylindrica1 lioplax, flat pebblesnail, and plicate rocksnail, and delisting the round rocksnail, painted rocksnail, and lacy elimia is 2015. Action Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 2005 * * * * 25 + 50 25 25 125 2006 * * * * 25 + 50 25 25 125 2007 * * * * 25 + 50 25 25 125 2008 * * * * 25 + 50 25 25 125 2009 * * * * 25 + 50 25 25 125 Total 125 250 125 125 625 (Dollar amounts listed above in thousands of dollars) * Costs may be absorbed under existing State and Federal programs. + Costs absorbed under Action 7. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................1 The Species Accounts..........................................................................................2 Cylindrical Lioplax ......................................................................................3 Flat Pebblesnail............................................................................................5 Lacy Elimia..................................................................................................7 Painted Rocksnail.........................................................................................9 Round Rocksnail........................................................................................11 Plicate Rocksnail........................................................................................13 REASONS FOR LISTING/CURRENT THREATS...........................................................15 CONSERVATION MEASURES........................................................................................17 II. RECOVERY........................................................................................................................18 Recovery Strategy..............................................................................................18 Recovery Objectives..........................................................................................18 Population Criteria for Recovery...............................................................18 Criteria for Reclassification to Threatened Status .....................................19 Criteria for Delisting Species.....................................................................19 Listing/Recovery Factor Criteria...............................................................20 Recovery Narrative............................................................................................22 References Cited................................................................................................30 III. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE....................................................................................33 IV. SUMMARY OF COMMENTS RECEIVED......................................................................38 V. NOTIFICATION LIST........................................................................................................40 Cover Photo: Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge. Emily Hartfield, Louisiana State University v PART I: BACKGROUND The Mobile River Basin (Basin) historically supported the most diverse aquatic snail fauna in the world (Bogan et al. 1995), including six genera and over 100 species that were endemic to the Basin. This fauna was severely affected by the construction of dams throughout the Basin and the inundation of extensive shoal habitats by impounded waters (Goodrich 1944, Athearn 1970, Heard 1970, Stein 1976, Palmer 1986, Garner 1990). As many as 38 aquatic snail species endemic to the Basin are currently considered extinct (Bogan et al . 1995). Following extensive surveys in the Basin during the early and mid 1990's, the Service listed the cylindrical lioplax, flat pebblesnail, and plicate rocksnail, as endangered, and the painted rocksnail, round rocksnail, and lacy elimia as threatened (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998). A total of 39 aquatic species endemic to the Mobile River Basin are now protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. These include 2 turtles, 11 fish, 17 mussels, 7 snails, and 2 plants. In 2000, the Service published the Mobile River Basin Aquatic Ecosystem Recovery Plan (Ecosystem Recovery Plan) to address the immediate recovery objectives of 22 of these species, and to complement recovery plans previously developed for an additional 17 aquatic species listed as threatened or endangered in the Basin (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2002).