Reassembling Scholarly Communications
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Reassembling Scholarly Communications Reassembling Scholarly Communications Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access Edited by Martin Paul Eve and Jonathan Gray The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology This work is subject to a Creative Commons CC BY license. Subject to such license, all rights are reserved. The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding and support from Arcadia (a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin), the Open Society Foundations, the Open Knowledge Foundation, Birkbeck, University of London, and the Leverhulme Trust. This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans by Westchester Publishing Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Eve, Martin Paul, 1986- editor. | Gray, Jonathan, 1983- editor. Title: Reassembling scholarly communications : histories, infrastructures, and global politics of open access / edited by Martin Paul Eve and Jonathan Gray. Description: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020000429 | ISBN 9780262536240 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Open access publishing. | Communication in learning and scholarship. | Open access publishing--Social aspects. | Communication in learning and scholarship--Social aspects. Classification: LCC Z286.O63 R43 2020 | DDC 001.2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000429 In memory of Professor William Gray (1952– 2019) Contents Grammatical and Terminological Notes xi Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations and Glossary xv Introduction 1 Martin Paul Eve and Jonathan Gray I Colonial Influences 1 Epistemic Alienation in African Scholarly Communications: Open Access as a Pharmakon 25 Thomas Hervé Mboa Nkoudou 2 Scholarly Communications and Social Justice 41 Charlotte Roh, Harrison W. Inefuku, and Emily Drabinski 3 Social Justice and Inclusivity: Drivers for the Dissemination of African Scholarship 53 Reggie Raju, Jill Claassen, Namhla Madini, and Tamzyn Suliaman 4 Can Open Scholarly Practices Redress Epistemic Injustice? 65 Denisse Albornoz, Angela Okune, and Leslie Chan II Epistemologies 5 When the Law Advances Access to Learning: Locke and the Origins of Modern Copyright 83 John Willinsky 6 How Does a Format Make a Public? 103 Robin de Mourat, Donato Ricci, and Bruno Latour viii Contents 7 Peer Review: Readers in the Making of Scholarly Knowledge 113 David Pontille and Didier Torny 8 The Making of Empirical Knowledge: Recipes, Craft, and Scholarly Communication 125 Pamela H. Smith, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Naomi Rosenkranz, and Claire Conklin Sabel III Publics and Politics 9 The Royal Society and the Noncommercial Circulation of Knowledge 147 Aileen Fyfe 10 The Political Histories of UK Public Libraries and Access to Knowledge 161 Stuart Lawson 11 Libraries and Their Publics in the United States 173 Maura A. Smale 12 Open Access, “Publicity,” and Democratic Knowledge 181 John Holmwood IV Archives and Preservation 13 Libraries, Museums, and Archives as Speculative Knowledge Infrastructure 195 Bethany Nowviskie 14 Preserving the Past for the Future: Whose Past? Everyone’s Future 205 April M. Hathcock 15 Is There a Text in These Data? The Digital Humanities and Preserving the Evidence 215 Dorothea Salo 16 Accessing the Past, or Should Archives Provide Open Access? 229 István Rév Contents ix V Infrastructures and Platforms 17 Infrastructural Experiments and the Politics of Open Access 251 Jonathan Gray 18 The Platformization of Open 265 Penny C. S. Andrews 19 Reading Scholarship Digitally 277 Martin Paul Eve 20 Toward Linked Open Data for Latin America 285 Arianna Becerril- García and Eduardo Aguado- López 21 The Pasts, Presents, and Futures of SciELO 297 Abel L. Packer VI Global Communities 22 Not Self- Indulgence, but Self-Preservation: Open Access and the Ethics of Care 317 Eileen A. Joy 23 Toward a Global Open- Access Scholarly Communications System: A Developing Region Perspective 331 Dominique Babini 24 Learned Societies, Humanities Publishing, and Scholarly Communication in the UK 343 Jane Winters 25 Not All Networks: Toward Open, Sustainable Research Communities 351 Kathleen Fitzpatrick Conclusion 361 Martin Paul Eve and Jonathan Gray Bibliography 365 Contributors 423 Index 433 Grammatical and Terminological Notes In this book, we spell the phrasal noun and postpositive compound adjec- tive “open access,” the prepositive compound adjective “open- access,” and the heterogeneous group of individuals devoted to the advancement of open access, the “Open Access Movement” (although the extent to which there is a “movement” as such is a question that deserves ongoing scrutiny and empirical elaboration). Contributors have used a variety of terms throughout this book to refer to the commonalities between Latin America, the Caribbean, the African continent, and elsewhere in a seemingly homogeneous bloc. Some of our contributors have preferred the term “Global South,” while others find this concept to be patronizing and simplistic and have used “developing nations” or “developing countries” instead.1 These latter variants, though, also have a potentially patronizing quality in suggesting a unified path to “develop- ment” that follows Anglo- American- European cultures, and so are disliked by others. Other possibilities that were not used include “less economically developed countries,” “low- and lower- middle- income countries,” and “the majority world.” Every single one of these terms has its own advantages and drawbacks. In this book, we chose to leave contributors free to select their own terms, particularly when authors culturally identified themselves with the regions they were describing. In our own editorial sections of the book, we have used the terms “Global South” and “Global North” to refer to a world- wide division in equity of wealth as a result of colonial legacies and ongo- ing prestige practices. We recognize that this editorial decision will appeal to some readers and meet with scorn from others. We apologize, in advance, to the latter group and hope that our sincere desire and advocacy for a more equal and just knowledge world can excuse our infelicities of language. Contributor biographical statements, including titles, are presented as specified by authors rather than being subject to any stylistic unification. Acknowledgments This book has had a long gestation and the editors would both like to extend their thanks to the many individuals in the world of open access, its attendant conversations, and its often tricky implementations. Martin Paul Eve would like to thank his colleagues at Birkbeck, Uni- versity of London and, in particular, all those who have worked with him on the Open Library of Humanities: Caroline Edwards, Andy Byers, Rose Harris- Birtill, Mauro Sanchez, Helen Saunders, Paula Clemente Vega, and Marija Katic. Martin has also had tremendous support from academic col- leagues in the School of Arts at Birkbeck, especially from Anthony Bale as Dean, Heike Bauer as Head of Department of English, Theatre, and Creative Writing, and Isabel Davis as Head of Research. Other individuals continue to inspire him with their intellects and generosity in the open-access and other research spaces, including Janneka Adema, Juan Pablo Alperin, Josh Bolick, Joe Brooker (for discussions about “just blogging”), Susan Bruce, Michael Collins, Geoff Crossick, Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Hilary Fraser, Rupert Gatti, Alex Gil, Gary Hall, Richard Hall, Patricia Hswe, Ben Johnson, Eileen A. F. Joy, Matthew Kirschenbaum, Stuart Lawson, Mark Leach, Alan Liu, Sam Moore, Ross Mounce, Cameron Neylon, Daniel O’Donnell, Ernesto Priego, Rick Rylance, Johan Rooryck, Helen Snaith, Peter Suber, Demmy Verbeke, Don Waters, Peter Webster, and Jane Winters. The perils of such a list are, of course, that I have inevitably omitted people to whom I owe thanks and so I extend my apologies to those included in this sociology of absence. Thanks also from Martin to Gill Hinks, Ethel Gray, Rich Hinks, Alyce Magritte, Sue Eve- Jones, Juliet Eve, Lisa Holloway, Carin Eve, Anthony Eve, Julia Eve, and Sam Jones. Martin’s greatest and final thanks go, though, to his wife, Helen. Jonathan Gray would like to thank friends and colleagues at the Digital Methods Initiative (University of Amsterdam), the médialab at Sciences Po xiv Acknowledgments (Paris), the Department of Digital Humanities at King’s College London, the Public Data Lab and beyond for discussions, collaborations and experi- ments around “making research public,” which have inspired and encour- aged different aspects of this book—in particular Liliana Bounegru, Carolin Gerlitz, Anne Helmond, Lucy Kimbell, Bruno Latour, Noortje Marres, Michele Mauri, Sabine Niederer, Natalia Sanchez Querubin, Richard Rogers and Tommaso Venturini. He is also grateful to Bill Gray, to whom this work is dedicated, for showing the passage of sparks as an ongoing collective endeavor and for staying with us a little longer. Both editors would like to express their thanks to the Open Society Foundations, the Open Knowledge Foundation, and to Birkbeck, Univer- sity of London, who provided funding and support to make this volume itself open access. Martin Paul Eve would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust for his award of the 2019 Philip Leverhulme Prize that facilitated work on this volume. Thanks are due to Gita Manaktala at the MIT Press for tak- ing the project on and Rebecca Kennison and other reviewers for provid-