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The Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security The Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium, May 2-4, 1978 Enforcement rLawEquipment Technology U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards r ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was prepared by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards under the direction of Lawrence K. Eliason, Manager, Security Systems Program, and Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of LESL. FEB 2 6 iQPH NBS Special The Role of Publication 480-38 Behavioral in Physical Security Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium, May 2-4, 1978 Edited by Joel J. Kramer Center for Consumer Product Technology National Bureau of Standards Sponsored by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory and Consumer Sciences Division National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 and the Nuclear Surety Directorate Defense Nuclear Agency Washington, D.C. 20305 This work was supported by the Defense Nuclear Agency, Robert R. Monroe, Vice Admiral, DSN, Director, under Subtask Code P99QAXDE910, Work Unit 27. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology Issued DECEMBER 1 979 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director 1 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 79-60021 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 480-38 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-38; 1 1 0 pages CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1979 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by Stock No. 003-003-02149-1; Price $4.25) (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing.) FOREWORD The Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) is engaged in a continuing effort to enhance the security of nuclear weapons storage. In this effort, it is receiving technical support from the National Bureau of Standards' Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL), whose overall program involves the application of science and technology to the problems of crime prevention, law enforcement and criminal justice. LESL is assisting DNA's physical security program with support in the behavioral science, the chemical science and the ballistic materials areas, among others. Among the tasks being performed by LESL for DNA are the preparation and publication of several series of technical reports on the results of its researches. This document is one such report. Technical comments and suggestions are invited from all interested parties. They may be addressed to the authors,* the editor or the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. Jacob J. Diamond, Chief Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory •Points of view or opinions expressed in this volume are those of the individuals to whom they are ascribed, and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of either the National Bureau of Standards or the Defense Nuclear Agency. Ill PREFACE These proceedings are the result of a symposium, the third of a series, held on May 2-4, 1978, at the Hospitality House Motor Inn, Arlington, Virginia. The purpose of the symposium was to continue to define the contributions that behavioral science can make to the enhancement of all aspects of physical security systems. In response to the desire of those who attended the first two symposiums, four structured workshops were held; each co-chaired by a physical security specialist and a behavioral scientist conversant with the individual workshop topic. This symposium was jointly sponsored by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) and the Consumer Sciences Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the Nuclear Security Directorate of the Defense Nuclear Agency, and attracted approximately 155 attendees from government and industry. Mr. John Donaldson, on behalf of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory welcomed the attendees and introduced Vice Admiral Robert R. Monroe, the Director of DNA. The keynote speaker. Dr. Brian Jenkins of the Rand Corporation, expanded upon Admiral Monroe's concern for the threat to nuclear weapons posed by potential adversaries and terrorist groups, and the critical need to better understand human behavior, whether response force or adversary. Both Admiral Monroe and Dr. Jenkins charged the participants to explore innovative approaches and research objectives that would enhance all aspects of physical security systems and would improve the effectiveness of response force personnel. The attendees responded to the challenge through active participation and thought provoking discussions in the workshops; identifying numerous meaningful behavioral research studies that hold the promise of solving recognized problems in physical security. The editor wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of the staff of the Defense Nuclear Agency, particularly Mr. Marvin C. Beasley and LTC Donald L. Richards. Special appreciation is extended to Col. Charles R. Linton, Director, Nuclear Surety, DNA and Colonel Herbert M. Dixon, Chairman, Physical Security Equipment Action Group, USDRE, for their participation in the panel discussion on new research thrusts as well as the program advisory committee consisting of Lawrence K. Eliason, Program Manager for Security Systems, LESL; Dr. Herbert B. Leedy, Department of the Army; Dr. John Nagay, Office of Naval Research; William Immerman, Nuclear Regulatory Commission; Jack Hennessey, Department of Energy; Daryl K. Solmonson, DNA; Dr. Harold P. Van Cott, and Dr. John V. Fechter, NBS Consumer Sciences Division. Joel Kramer Editor IV ABSTRACT This document contains the proceedings of the third annual symposium on, "The Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security," held in May 1978. The symposium provided a forum for the exchange of information between specialists in physical security and behavioral science through the presentation of eight papers and four structural workshops: Human Sensory Capabilities/Limitations; Human Engineering of the Workplace; Human Motivation, Attitudes, Error/ Reliabihty; Personnel Selection, Placement, Training. The symposium concluded with a summary and synthesis of the results of the workshops and a panel discussion on new research thrusts. Key words: Adversary characteristics; animal research; behavioral science; biosensors; computer analysis; ergonomics; human engineering; human factors; human motivation; human reliability; personnel selection; physical security; physiological psychology; sensory capability; terrorism; threat analysis; training. V CONTENTS Page Foreword m Preface iv Abstract v FORMAL PAPERS 1 Biosensor for Assessment of Defender Performance Capability Thomas E. Bevan 1 Neurophysiological Operant and Classical Conditioning Methods in Rats in the Detection of Explosives Sidney iV?instein. Curt Weinstein and Raymond Nolan 7 Link Analysis of Threats and Physical Safeguards Douglas H. Harris 17 An Overview of the M.A.I.T. Analysis System (Machine Analysis of the Internal Threat) James R. NiCastro, B. Woolson and J. Clancy 23 Strategies of Counter-Nuclear Terrorism: Theory and Decision on the Frontiers of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Louis Rene Beres 29 Potential Application of Computer-Based Crisis Management Aids to Problems of Physical Security Stephen J. Andriole and Judith Ayres Daly 47 Brain Wave and Biochemical Research Findings Karel Montor and Douglas Afdahl 75 Psychological Deterrence in Robberies of Banks and Its Application to Other Institutions Willard D. Tiffany and James M. Ketchel 81 WORKSHOP SUMMARIES AND SYNTHESIS 89 Name and Company (or Business) Affiliation of Attendees 105 VII BIOSENSOR FOR ASSESSMENT OF DEFENDER PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY Dr. Thomas E. Bevan Science Applications, Inc., Arlington, Virginia 22209 SUMMARY A need exists for physiological assessment of defender performance capability. Security guards must maintain high levels of vigilance, in spite of long hours and extremely infrequent intrusion attempts. Physiological changes have been shown to occur during periods of decreased vigilance. Physiological monitoring of these changes could be used to diagnose conditions which contribute to vigilance decrements, and provide early warning of these decrements. Monitoring could also be used to detect when guards are out-of-action —a "physiological deadman" function. Heretofore, on-the-job physiological monitoring has not been possible due to the cumbersome equipment necessary to transduce, amplify, record or analyze physiological signals. But with the advent of microprocessor technology, lightweight, highly reliable monitoring systems have been constructed and utilized for medical monitoring. The paper describes the state-of-the-art in ambulatory monitoring devices beginning with the Holter cardiac monitor. This paper also describes two related devices which can be developed for security applications. The first device, a physiological cassette recorder, can be constructed from off-the- shelf components and can be used to diagnose conditions leading to decreased vigilance. The second device, a physiological analysis system, must be prototyped and tested. It consists of a lightweight, physiological transducer/ microprocessor system which can be used for on-line, on-the- job monitoring. The cassette recorder will be used to develop the software algorithms used in the analysis system as well as to personalize the analysis system. Both hardware and software components of these devices are presented. SAI has proposed to
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