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IMPLEMENTATION of the EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY and OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH Table of Contents

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IMPLEMENTATION of the EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY and OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH Table of Contents Under the EU-Ukraine Associa- tion Agreement of 2014, Ukraine is obliged to approximate its na- IMPLEMENTATION tional legislation with EU direc- tives in the areas of labour law, anti-discrimination and occupa- OF THE EU-UKRAINE tional safety and health. ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH The social aspects of the Agree- ment are rarely addressed by the stakeholders and the implemen- tation of the EU acquis in domes- tic legislation lags behind. Kateryna Yarmolyuk-Kröck, Marfa Skoryk, Vasyl Andreyev Consolidated actions by all stake- October 2019 holders are needed to facilitate the implementation of the AA in the social sphere within the stip- ulated timeframe. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 2 PART I SOCIAL ASPECTS IN THE EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR ISSUES, ANTI-DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ..................................................................... 4 1.1. Legislative Framework and Institutional Mechanisms of Implementation.............................................................. 4 1.2. Labour Law in Ukraine: Sources, Features and Hindrances .................................................................. 5 1.3. A New Labour Code of Ukraine ................................... 7 PART II ANTI-DISCRIMINATION AND GENDER EQUALITY .................................................... 9 2.1. Implementation Processes for Six EU Directives on Anti-Discrimination: Successes and Failures .................. 10 2.2. Directive Provisions and Their Implementation in National Legislation: Some Implementation Results ........12 PART III OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK: EU DIRECTIVES AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION ..................15 3.1. National Policy and Legal Framework on OSH .............15 3.2. International Instruments and National Legislation Conformity: ILO Standards and EU Directives .................... 16 3.2.1. OSH Framework Directive .......................................17 3.2.2. Individual EU OSH Directives ....................................17 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................... 21 1. Labour Law ................................................................. 21 2. Anti-discrimination and Gender Equality ...................... 22 3. Occupational Safety and Health ................................... 22 References IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INTRODUCTION: THE EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT AND MECHANISMS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION Negotiations on the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement In addition, the EU-Ukraine AA sets out two types of condi- (AA), which implied another level of relations between the tionality: one regarding Ukraine’s commitment to common EU and Ukraine consisting of “hard” provisions, including a values, such as democracy, the rule of law, and respect for requirement to bring Ukrainian national legislation in line human rights and fundamental freedoms,3 the other re- with EU law began in 2007. After the former President of garding market access, whereby Ukraine must implement its Ukraine Victor Yanukovych ultimately failed to sign the commitments on legislative approximation before it can Association Agreement in 2013 at the Vilnius Summit, that gain access to the EU’s internal market.4 It is argued that in lead to massive protests and subsequently to an on-going many respects the EU-Ukraine AA is relatively unique and violent conflict between Russia and Ukraine, a new govern- provides a new type of “integration without membership,” ment signed the political part of the Agreement on 21 while by establishing “close and privileged links” between March 2014.1 President Petro Poroshenko signed the full Ukraine and the EU, the main objective of the AA is to en- Agreement on 27 June 2014, and it entered into force on 1 sure the partial integration of Ukraine into the EU without September 2017.2 offering membership in the Union.5 Pursuant to Article 479 of the EU-Ukraine AA, the Association The EU-Ukraine AA envisages specific provisions on legislative Agreement replaces the Partnership and Cooperation and regulatory approximation and contains detailed annexes Agreement (PCA) of 1994 as the basic legal framework for that specify the approximation procedure offering detailed EU-Ukrainian relations. The Preamble to the AA states that lists of respective EU legislation as a basis for approximation in the parties are committed to a close relationship based on some areas. Ukraine’s commitment to undertake the gradual common values, such as respect for democratic principles, the approximation of its national legislation, pursuant to Article rule of law, good governance and fundamental freedoms. 474 of the AA, is set out in 44 annexes to the Agreement that The aim of the Agreement is to deepen political and econom- stipulate specific commitments and mechanisms for approxi- ic relations between the EU and Ukraine as well as to establish mation. It is the sophisticated mechanism for approximation an enhanced institutional framework and innovative provi- of legislation that distinguishes it from other models of “inte- sions on the approximation of national legislation to that of gration without membership.”6 The mechanisms of legislative the EU. It commits Ukraine to achieving “convergence with approximation vary in their scope depending on the envi- the EU in political, economic and legal areas.” sioned level of market opening and integration. Furthermore, the Preamble specifies the need for Ukraine to Specific approximation clauses are enshrined in Title IV implement the political, socio-economic, legal and institu- (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA), tional reforms necessary for the effective implementation of Title V (Economic and Sector Co-operation) and in Title VI the Agreement. The EU for its part states that it is commit- (Financial Cooperation). Other Titles of the EU-Ukraine AA ted to supporting these reforms in Ukraine. It is emphasized encompass more general provisions with reference to inter- that the Parties to the Agreement are committed “to gradu- national conventions or “European and international stand- ally approximating Ukraine’s legislation with that of the ards.”7 The general provisions are therefore not regarded as Union along the lines set out in this Agreement and to effec- approximation clauses, as they do not contain specific obli- tively implementing it.” gations concerning incorporation of the EU acquis. 3 See Articles 6 and 14, EU -Ukraine Association Agreement, 2014. 1 The political part of the Agreement signed on 21 March 2014 4 Van der Loo, G., P. Van Elsuwege and R. Petrov, “The EU-Ukraine encompasses the Preamble, Article 1 (Objectives), Title I (General Association Agreement: Assessment of an Innovative Legal Principles), II (Political Dialogue and Reform, Political Association Instrument,” EUI Department of Law Research Paper No. 2014/09, Cooperation and Convergence in the Field of CFSP) and VII July 10, 2014, p. 12, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2464681 (Institutional, General and Final Provisions). 5 Ibid., p. 10. 2 Association Agreement between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Ukraine, of the Other Part, OJ 6 Van der Loo, G., P. Van Elsuwege and R. Petrov, 2014, p. 17. L 161, 29.05.2014, pp. 3–2137. 7 Article 15, EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, 2014. 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU-UKRAINE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT: LABOUR LAW, GENDER EQUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH A variety of terms are used in the AA to describe the under the AA and is responsible for representing and con- Ukraine’s commitment in terms of EU law, e.g. to “align to,” veying to the signatories of EU-Ukraine AA and to the joint “approximate to” and “to achieve conformity with” the law bodies established by the Agreement the joint positions and of the EU, or to make national legislation “compatible” with interests of the organisations represented therein in respect the EU acquis. The term “approximation” is used more often of all matters covered by the Agreement.9 in the 2014 Agreement, though in national legislation the definition of this term is similar to “adaptation.” These vari- The AA also requires a continuous monitoring system for ations in terms have caused confusion, although they all re- the appraisal of progress in implementing and enforcing fer to the same process of bringing national legislation that measures covered by it. Such monitoring shall include as- is currently in force as well as future laws in line with the law sessments of approximation and aspects of implementation of the EU.8 and enforcement of Ukrainian law to EU law. Such assess- ments may be conducted individually or jointly by parties to The EU-Ukraine AA is intended to promote the rule of law the Agreement. To facilitate the assessment process, the and requires judicial reform. Both the EU and Ukraine are to Agreement stipulates the obligation of Ukraine to report to “attach particular importance to the consolidation of the the EU on the progress of the approximation.10 rule of law and the reinforcement of institutions at all levels in the areas of administration in general and law enforce- In the areas of labour and social policy, Article 419 of the EU- ment and the administration
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