DOCSLIB.ORG

One Week of Bed Rest Leads to Substantial Muscle Atrophy and Induces Whole-Body Insulin Resistance in the Absence of Skeletal Muscle Lipid Accumulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
One Week of Bed Rest Leads to Substantial Muscle Atrophy and Induces Whole-Body Insulin Resistance in the Absence of Skeletal Muscle Lipid Accumulation 2862 Diabetes Volume 65, October 2016 Marlou L. Dirks,1 Benjamin T. Wall,1 Bas van de Valk,1 Tanya M. Holloway,2 Graham P. Holloway,2 Adrian Chabowski,3 Gijs H. Goossens,1 and Luc J.C. van Loon1 One Week of Bed Rest Leads to Substantial Muscle Atrophy and Induces Whole-Body Insulin Resistance in the Absence of Skeletal Muscle Lipid Accumulation Diabetes 2016;65:2862–2875 | DOI: 10.2337/db15-1661 Short (<10 days) periods of muscle disuse, often neces- mechanisms implicated in high-fat diet–induced insulin sary for recovery from illness or injury, lead to various resistance. negative health consequences. The current study inves- tigated mechanisms underlying disuse-induced insulin resistance, taking into account muscle atrophy. Ten Recovery from injury or illness generally necessitates a healthy, young males (age: 23 6 1 years; BMI: 23.0 6 period of bed rest, often as a consequence of hospitali- 0.9 kg $ m22) were subjected to 1 week of strict bed zation. Prolonged (.10 days) periods of bed rest have rest. Prior to and after bed rest, lean body mass (dual- been shown to induce substantial changes in body com- energy X-ray absorptiometry) and quadriceps cross- position and are accompanied by overall metabolic decline METABOLISM sectional area (CSA; computed tomography) were (1,2). Though this model of prolonged physical inactivity assessed, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and leg has taught us much about muscle disuse atrophy, it may strength were determined. Whole-body insulin sensitiv- be of limited clinical relevance to most patients who are, ity was measured using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic on average, hospitalized for ,7 days (3). Recent data clamp. Additionally, muscle biopsies were collected to from our laboratory as well as others show that merely assess muscle lipid (fraction) content and various a few days of disuse substantially reduces skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial and vascular content. Bed rest mass and strength (2,4–6). As a consequence, it has been resulted in 1.4 6 0.2 kg lean tissue loss and a 3.2 6 0.9% suggested that the accumulation of such short (,10 days), decline in quadriceps CSA (both P < 0.01). VO2peak and successive periods of bed rest or immobilization may one-repetition maximum declined by 6.4 6 2.3 (P < 0.05) largely be responsible for the loss of muscle mass and and 6.9 6 1.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. Bed rest induced metabolic decline observed throughout the life span (7,8). a296 5% decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity Impairments in metabolic health following prolonged (P < 0.01). This was accompanied by a decline in muscle disuse have been well described and include a decline in oxidative capacity, without alterations in skeletal muscle glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (1,9), a decrease lipid content or saturation level, markers of oxidative in resting fat oxidation (10), an increase in mitochondrial stress, or capillary density. In conclusion, 1 week of bed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (11), and a de- rest substantially reduces skeletal muscle mass and cline in basal metabolic rate (12). As the decline in meta- lowers whole-body insulin sensitivity, without affecting bolic health predisposes to greater morbidity and mortality 1NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maas- This article contains Supplementary Data online at http://diabetes tricht University Medical Centre, Maastrict, the Netherlands .diabetesjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.2337/db15-1661/-/DC1. 2 Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, This article is featured in a podcast available at http://www.diabetesjournals.org/ Canada content/diabetes-core-update-podcasts. 3Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland © 2016 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as Corresponding author: Luc J.C. van Loon, [email protected]. long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the Received 15 December 2015 and accepted 23 June 2016. work is not altered. More information is available at http://www.diabetesjournals Clinical trial reg. no. NCT02109380, clinicaltrials.gov. .org/content/license. diabetes.diabetesjournals.org Dirks and Associates 2863 of patients (13), it is of major clinical relevance to under- obesity-related insulin resistance such as skeletal muscle stand the mechanisms responsible for this decline in met- lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and micro- and/or abolic health. Prolonged disuse has been associated with macrovascular dysfunction. substantial loss of muscle mass and/or gain in fat mass RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS (2). Such changes in body composition lower the body’s capacity for blood glucose disposal and may contribute to Subjects the decline in metabolic health. However, changes in body Ten healthy young men (age 23 6 1 years) were included in composition can only partly explain the observed metabolic the current study. Subjects’ characteristics are presented in decline, as reduced insulin sensitivity has been observed dur- Table 1. Prior to inclusion in the study, subjects filled out a ing bed rest before measurable changes in body composition general health questionnaire and completed a routine medical became apparent (1,2). We hypothesize that the substantial screening to ensure their eligibility to take part in the study. 22 muscle atrophy caused by short-term bed rest will contribute Exclusion criteria were a BMI ,18.5 or .30 kg $ m ,a to, but not fully explain, the vast decline in metabolic health. (family) history of thrombosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus (de- . $ 21 One of the key hallmarks of metabolic health is insulin termined by HbA1c values 7.0% [53 mmol mol ]), and sensitivity. Earlier studies have demonstrated that short any back, knee, or shoulder complaints. Furthermore, sub- periods of bed rest impair glucose tolerance and lower jects who had been involved in structured and prolonged whole-body and/or peripheral insulin sensitivity (14–18). resistance-type exercise training during the 6 months prior The development of insulin resistance under conditions of to the study were also excluded. All subjects were informed lipid oversupply (e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus and [high- on the nature and risks of the experiment before written fat] overfeeding) has been associated with lipid deposition informed consent was obtained. During the screening visit, in skeletal muscle (19) and, more specifically, with an a fasting blood sample was taken to assess HbA1c,resting increase in intramuscular lipid intermediates such as diac- energy expenditure was measured with the use of a venti- ylglycerols (DAGs), ceramides, and long-chain fatty acyl- lated hood, and a one-repetition maximum (1RM) estimation CoA, which impair insulin signaling (as reviewed in Ref. test was performed. The current study was approved by 20). Furthermore, both muscle disuse atrophy (21,22) and the Medical Ethical Committee of Maastricht University the development of insulin resistance (23) have also been Medical Centre (registration number 14-3-013) in accor- attributed to a decline in mitochondrial content and/or im- dance with the Declaration of Helsinki. pairments in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Addi- Experimental Outline tionally, impairments in micro- and macrovascular function The experimental protocol is depicted in Supplementary have been linked to peripheral insulin resistance (24). So far, Fig. 1. After inclusion into the study, subjects visited the it is unclear which mechanism(s) contribute to the proposed university for a pretesting visit during which the 1RM and development of insulin resistance during short-term bed rest. peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) tests were performed. Fol- The objective of the current study was to assess mech- lowing this visit, a 7-day period of standardized nutrition anisms that may contribute to the development of insulin was started. On day 6 of the controlled diet, a mixed-meal resistance during short-term muscle disuse, taking into tolerance test was performed. The day after, on day 7 of account the expected muscle atrophy. To achieve this, we the standardized diet and the day prior to bed rest, test subjected healthy, young males to 1 week of strict bed rest day 1 was scheduled. During this day, a muscle biopsy was and used comprehensive measures of muscle mass and taken from the m. vastus lateralis, and a hyperinsulinemic- muscle function in combination with detailed metabolic euglycemic clamp and computed tomography (CT) and dual- phenotyping (e.g., whole-body insulin sensitivity, sub- energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed. strate metabolism, skeletal muscle lipid content and The next morning, subjects arrived at the laboratory to composition, muscle oxidative capacity, and capillary start the bed rest period. The meal tolerance test was re- density) to determine their possible contribution to the peated on day 6 of bed rest. After exactly 7 days of bed development of disuse-induced whole-body insulin re- rest, test day 1 was repeated, and subjects were allowed to sistance. Importantly, this was conducted under energy- balanced conditions to eliminate the contribution of Table 1—Subjects’ characteristics overfeeding to our results. We hypothesized that bed Age (years) 23 6 1 rest–induced insulin resistance is attributed to mecha- Body mass (kg) 74.9 6 2.3 nisms known to induce insulin resistance in chronic met- 6 abolic disease (i.e., ectopic lipid deposition, intramuscular Height (m) 1.81 0.02 22 accumulation of lipid intermediates, a decline in mito- BMI (kg $ m ) 23.0 6 0.9 2 chondrial content and/or impairment in skeletal muscle Fasting glucose (mmol $ L 1) 5.7 6 0.2 capillarization). In this study, we demonstrate that short- Fasting insulin (mU $ L21) 7.2 6 1.8 21 term bed rest leads to skeletal muscle atrophy, pro- HbA1c (% [mmol $ mol ]) 5.1 6 0.1 [32.4 6 0.9] nounced whole-body insulin resistance, and a decline in RMR (MJ $ d21) 7.2 6 0.2 skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Association Between Basal Metabolic Rate and Handgrip Strength in Older Koreans
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Association between Basal Metabolic Rate and Handgrip Strength in Older Koreans 1, 1, 2 3 1, Sung-Kwan Oh y, Da-Hye Son y , Yu-Jin Kwon , Hye Sun Lee and Ji-Won Lee * 1 Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] (S.-K.O.); [email protected] (D.-H.S.) 2 Department of Family Medicine, Yong-In Severance Hospital, 23 Yongmunno (405 Yeokbuk-dong), Gyeonggi 17046, Korea; [email protected] 3 Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this paper. y Received: 16 October 2019; Accepted: 8 November 2019; Published: 9 November 2019 Abstract: We investigated the relationship between the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and muscle strength through measurement of handgrip strength. We conducted a cross-sectional study of a population representative of older Korean from the 2014–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2512 community-dwelling men and women aged 65 years and older were included. The BMR was calculated with the Singapore equation and handgrip strength was measured using a digital dynamometer. The patients were categorized into handgrip strength quartiles and a weighted one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and a weighted chi-squared test for categorical variables were performed. Pearson, Spearman correlation analysis, univariate, and multivariate linear regression were performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergetic Analysis of Female Volleyball
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 11-2006 Bioenergetic Analysis of Female Volleyball Christine Sjoberg University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Part of the Health and Physical Education Commons Recommended Citation Sjoberg, Christine, "Bioenergetic Analysis of Female Volleyball" (2006). Student Work. 3031. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/3031 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOENERGETIC ANALYSIS OF FEMALE VOLLEYBALL A Thesis Presented to the School of Health, Physical Education; & Recreation and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Exercise Science University of Nebraska at Omaha by Christine Sjoberg November 2006 UMI Number: EP73243 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73243 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 THESIS ACCEPTANCE Acceptance for the faculty of the Graduate College, University of Nebraska, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Exercise Science, University of Nebraska at Omaha.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Basal Metabolism
    Japanese Journal of Physiology, 51, 399–426, 2001 REVIEW Cardiac Basal Metabolism C. L. GIBBS and D. S. LOISELLE* Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, PO Box 13F, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; and *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract: We endeavor to show that the me- usage remain unresolved. We consider many of tabolism of the nonbeating heart can vary over the physiological factors that can alter the basal an extreme range: from values approximating metabolic rate, stressing the importance of sub- those measured in the beating heart to values of strate supply. We point out that the protective ef- only a small fraction of normal—perhaps mimick- fect of hypothermia may be less than is com- ing the situation of nonflow arrest during cardiac monly assumed in the literature and suggest that bypass surgery. We discuss some of the techni- hypoxia and ischemia may be able to regulate cal issues that make it difficult to establish the basal metabolic rate, thus making an important magnitude of basal metabolism in vivo. We con- contribution to the phenomenon of cardiac hiber- sider some of the likely contributors to its magni- nation. [Japanese Journal of Physiology, 51, tude and point out that the biochemical reasons 399–426, 2001] for a sizable fraction of the heart’s basal ATP Key words: whole hearts, isolated preparations, biochemical contributors, modifiers, species differ- ence, temperature, substrate, hypoxia. heart operations are performed on arrested hearts I. Definition and Introduction worldwide each year, it would seem imperative that The cardiac basal metabolism is the rate of energy we understand the cellular mechanisms that can expenditure of the quiescent myocardium.
    [Show full text]
  • Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds
    University of San Diego Digital USD Biology: Faculty Scholarship Department of Biology 2002 Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis University of San Diego Geir Wing Gabrielsen Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Physiology Commons Digital USD Citation Ellis, Hugh I. and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing, "Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds" (2002). Biology: Faculty Scholarship. 20. https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology: Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Disciplines Biology | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Ornithology | Physiology Notes Original publication information: Ellis, H.I. and G.W. Gabrielsen. 2002. Energetics of free-ranging seabirds. Pp. 359-407 in Biology of Marine Birds (B.A. Schreiber and J. Burger, eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. This book chapter is available at Digital USD: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 Energetics of Free-Ranging 11 Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis and Geir W. Gabrielsen CONTENTS 11.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................360 11.2 Basal Metabolic Rate in Seabirds........................................................................................360
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect and Dependency of L-Thyroxine Treatment on The
    THE EFFECT AND DEPENDENCY OF L-THYROXINE TREATMENT ON THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE OF POST-METAMORPHIC XENOPUS LAEVIS. A Report of a Senior Study by Angie M. Castle Major: Biology Maryville College Spring, 2007 Date Approved _____________, by ________________________ Faculty Supervisor Date Approved _____________, by ________________________ Editor ii ABSTRACT One function of thyroid hormones is stimulating both the anabolic and catabolic reactions that make up an organism’s metabolism. However, the thyroid may not function properly resulting in hypothyroidism. One side effect of hypothyroidism is a declination in metabolic rate. This study investigated if the thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4) could significantly increase the metabolic rate of Xenopus laevis frogs. It was hypothesized that the thyroxine treated Xenopus would demonstrate an increased metabolic rate and decreases in mass. Further, it was hypothesized that after treatment was halted, the experimental group was expected to demonstrate a decrease in metabolic rate and an increase in mass. Twenty-two Xenopus tadpoles were treated with 1mg of l-thyroxine per liter of water for 21 days, and treatment was withdrawn for 21 days. Similarly, twenty- one control tadpoles were treated with 1%NaOH for 21 days. Throughout the 42-day period, the whole body and mass specific metabolic rate was measured using gas exchange respirometry. There was significant increase (p=0.04) in whole body metabolic rate of T4 treated animals, but the increase was not restricted to the treatment period (p=0.12). There was no significant increase in mass specific metabolic rate. Also, there was no significant difference in mass between the final control and the final thyroxine treated (p=0.16).
    [Show full text]
  • Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis During Each Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women Summary Th
    J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 25, 97-107, 1998 Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis during Each Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women Tatsuhiro MATSUO,1 * Shinichi SAITOH,2 and Masashige SUZUKI,2 1 Division of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sanyo Women's College, Hatsukaichi 738-8504, Japan 2 Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan (Received June 20, 1998) Summary The effects of the menstrual cycle on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were studied in nine healthy young women aged 18-19 years. All subjects were eumenorrheic, with regular menstrual cycles ranging from 28 to 32 days. RMR and DIT were measured in the mid follicular phase and in the mid luteal phase. On the experimental days, subjects fasted overnight; then the RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. For the measurement of DIT, subjects were fed a meal containing a uniform amount of energy (2.53 MJ) eaten within 15 min, and then indirect calorimetry was performed during rest for 180 min. The RMR was significantly higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (67.0 vs. 62.5 J/kg/min, p<0.01). DIT was also significantly higher in the luteal phase (4.0 vs. 3.2 kJ/kg/3 h, p<0.01). The postprandial respiratory exchange ratio was slightly lower in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (0.78 vs. 0.81). These results suggest that the menstrual cycle phase affects both the RMR and DIT. Higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat utilization in the luteal phase may be related to sympathetic and endocrinal actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat Production Partition in Sheep Fed Above Maintenance from Indirect Calorimetry Data
    Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015, 5, 86-98 Published Online April 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojas http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2015.52011 Heat Production Partition in Sheep Fed above Maintenance from Indirect Calorimetry Data Patricia Criscioni1, María del Carmen López1, Victor Zena2, Carlos Fernández1* 1Research Center ACUMA, Animal Science Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain 2Interuniversity Institute of Bioengineering Research and Technology Oriented to the Human Being, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Email: *[email protected] Received 11 February 2015; accepted 23 March 2015; published 27 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the partition of heat energy (HE) in two sheep breeds by indirect calorimetry and integral calculus. An experiment was conducted with two Spanish native sheep breeds (dry and non-pregnant) which were fed with pelleted mixed diets above mainten- ance. Six Guirras and six Manchegas breed sheep were selected (58.8 ± 3.1 and 60.2 ± 3.2 kg body weight, respectively). All sheep were fed with the same concentrate mixed ration (0.300 kg cereal straw as forage and 0.700 kg concentrate) in two meals. Half the daily ration was offered at 800 h and another half at 1600 h. The sheep had free access to water. Sheep were allocated in metabolic cages; energy balance and gas exchange were assessed in each sheep.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relation of Metabolic Rate to Body Weight and Organ Size
    Pediat.Res. 1: 185-195 (1967) Metabolism basal metabolic rate growth REVIEW kidney glomerular filtration rate body surface area body weight oxygen consumption organ growth The Relation of Metabolic Rate to Body Weight and Organ Size A Review M.A. HOLLIDAY[54J, D. POTTER, A.JARRAH and S.BEARG Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, and the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Oakland, California, USA Introduction Historical Background The relation of metabolic rate to body size has been a The measurement of metabolic rate was first achieved subject of continuing interest to physicians, especially by LAVOISIER in 1780. By 1839 enough measurements pediatricians. It has been learned that many quanti- had been accumulated among subjects of different tative functions vary during growth in relation to sizes that it was suggested in a paper read before the metabolic rate, rather than body size. Examples of Royal Academy of France (co-authored by a professor these are cardiac output, glomerular filtration rate, of mathematics and a professor of medicine and oxygen consumption and drug dose. This phenomenon science) that BMR did not increase as body weight may reflect a direct cause and effect relation or may be increased but, rather, as surface area increased [42]. a fortuitous parallel between the relatively slower in- In 1889, RICHET [38] observed that BMR/kg in rab- crease in metabolic rate compared to body size and the bits of varying size decreased as body weight increased; function in question. RUBNER [41] made a similar observation in dogs. Both The fact that a decrease in metabolism and many noted that relating BMR to surface area provided re- other measures of physiological function in relation to a sults that did not vary significantly with size.
    [Show full text]
  • The Body's Energy Budget
    The Body’s Energy Budget energy is measured in units called kcals = Calories the more H’s a molecule contains the more ATP (energy) can be generated of the various energy pathways: fat provides the most energy for its weight note all the H’s more oxidation can occur eg: glucose has 12 H’s 38ATP’s a 16-C FA has 32 H’s 129ATP’s we take in energy continuously we use energy periodically optimal body conditions when energy input = energy output any excess energy intake is stored as fat average person takes in ~1 Million Calories and expends 99% of them maintains energy stability 1 lb of body fat stores 3500 Calories 454g: 87% fat 395g x 9 Cal/g = 3555 kcal would seem if you burn an extra 3500 Cal you would lose 1 lb; and if you eat an extra 3500 Cal you would gain 1 lb not always so: 1. when a person overeats much of the excess energy is stored; some is spent to maintain a heavier body 2. People seem to gain more body fat when they eat extra fat calories than when they eat extra carbohydrate calories 3. They seem to lose body fat most efficiently when they limit fat calories For overweight people a reasonable rate of wt loss is 1/2 – 1 lb/week can be achieved with Cal intake of ~ 10 Cal/lb of body wt. Human Anatomy & Physiology: Nutrition and Metabolism; Ziser, 2004 5 Quicker Weight Loss: 1. may lose lean tissue 2. may not get 100% of nutrients 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metabolic Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Are Not
    nutrients Article The Metabolic Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Are Not Mediated by Improved Nutritional Habits. The OsteoLaus Cohort Georgios E. Papadakis 1 , Didier Hans 2, Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez 1,2 , Peter Vollenweider 3, Gerard Waeber 3, Pedro Marques-Vidal 3 and Olivier Lamy 2,3,* 1 Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 2 Center of Bone Diseases, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 3 Service of Internal Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-213140876 Received: 8 July 2019; Accepted: 14 August 2019; Published: 16 August 2019 Abstract: Menopause alters body composition by increasing fat mass. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is associated with decreased total and visceral adiposity. It is unclear whether MHT favorably affects energy intake. We aimed to assess in the OsteoLaus cohort whether total energy intake (TEI) and/or diet quality (macro- and micronutrients, dietary patterns, dietary scores, dietary recommendations)—evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire—differ in 839 postmenopausal women classified as current, past or never MHT users. There was no difference between groups regarding TEI or consumption of macronutrients. After multivariable adjustment, MHT users were less likely to adhere to the unhealthy pattern ‘fat and sugar: Current vs. never users [OR (95% CI): 0.48 (0.28–0.82)]; past vs. never users [OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.27–0.78)]. Past users exhibited a better performance in the revised score for Mediterranean diet than never users (5.00 0.12 vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxygen Consumption Rate V. Rate of Energy Utilization of Fishes: a Comparison and Brief History of the Two Measurements
    Journal of Fish Biology (2016) 88, 10–25 doi:10.1111/jfb.12824, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two measurements J. A. Nelson* Towson University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, U.S.A. Accounting for energy use by fishes has been taking place for over 200 years. The original, andcon- tinuing gold standard for measuring energy use in terrestrial animals, is to account for the waste heat produced by all reactions of metabolism, a process referred to as direct calorimetry. Direct calorime- try is not easy or convenient in terrestrial animals and is extremely difficult in aquatic animals. Thus, the original and most subsequent measurements of metabolic activity in fishes have been measured via indirect calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry takes advantage of the fact that oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced during the catabolic conversion of foodstuffs or energy reserves to useful ATP energy. As measuring [CO2] in water is more challenging than measuring [O2], most indirect calorimetric studies on fishes have used the rate of2 O consumption. To relate measurements of O2 consumption back to actual energy usage requires knowledge of the substrate being oxidized. Many contemporary studies of O consumption by fishes do not attempt to relate this measurement backto 2 ̇ actual energy usage. Thus, the rate of oxygen consumption (MO2) has become a measurement in its own right that is not necessarily synonymous with metabolic rate. Because all extant fishes are obligate aerobes (many fishes engage in substantial net anaerobiosis, but all require oxygen to complete their life cycle), this discrepancy does not appear to be of great concern to the fish biology community, and reports of fish oxygen consumption, without being related to energy, have proliferated.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Metabolism During the Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy and Lactation in Well Nourished Indian Women
    ENERGY METABOLISM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN WELL NOURISHED INDIAN WOMEN Leonard Sunil Piers lllllllllllllmiiiiiiii , 0000 0576 0455 Promotor: dr. J.G.A.J. Hautvast Hoogleraar voedingsleer en voedselbereiding Promotor: dr. P.S. Shetty Professor of Physiology St. John's Medical College Bangalore, India. Co-promotor: dr. ir. J.M.A. van Raaij Universitair Hoofddocent Vakgroep Humane Voeding AJ U0g>7©\ , (7 Vf ENERGY METABOLISM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN WELL NOURISHED INDIAN WOMEN Leonard Sunil Piers Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 2 maart 1994 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen Ckw-ÇT«^tónc i aiBLiOTHEf» This study was supported by a grant from The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)(Grant WB96-80 ) CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Piers, Leonard Sunil Energy metabolism during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation in well nourished Indian women / Leonard Sunil Piers. [S.l.:s.n.]. -11 1 Thesis Wageningen - with ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-241-0 Subject headings: Energy metabolism and pregnancy / energy metabolism and menstrual cycle / energy metabolism and lactation Printed at Grafisch Service Centrum, LUW °1994 Piers LS. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission of the author, or, when appropriate, of the publishers.
    [Show full text]