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Planning and Construction History of Panzhihua During the Three-Front Strategy Period: Backgrounds, Process, and Mechanism

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Planning and Construction History of Panzhihua During the Three-Front Strategy Period: Backgrounds, Process, and Mechanism PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF PANZHIHUA DURING THE THREE-FRONT STRATEGY PERIOD: BACKGROUNDS, PROCESS, AND MECHANISM BIN XU, LINXING XIAO Address: School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The western region, which contains 60% of the nation’s land and also is rich in natural resources, always holds an important strategic position in China. In the Republican period, Sun Yat-sen proposed the “National Development Strategy” aiming to bring China into the world capitalism system based on the development of the western region. During the War of Resistance against Japan, key industries were forced to move into inland China. Therefore the Republican government determined the strategy concentrating on the development of Sichuan and Chongqing. After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Mao’s government accepted the aid from the Soviet Union. During the “First Five-year Plan”, 156 key projects were carried out in the northwestern region close to the Soviet Union. That was the first time the P.R.C government changed the industrial layout from eastern coastal region to western inland areas. Later in the 1960’s, both northern and southern borders of China were under the military threats from the Soviet Union, the U.S.A, Indian and Vietnam. In that situation, the government adopted a regional policy called the “Three-Front Strategy”. Its aim is to render China’s fledgling industries immune from attack by hiding them “in the mountains, in dispersion and in caves” of the western regions, such as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. From then on, in southwest China, a 14-year-long period of national defense, industry and infrastructure construction began. Panzhihua, a city in the mountainous area of southwest Sichuan, is the most important construction project of the Three-Front Strategy because of its abundant mineral resources. From 1964 to 1978, the investment to Panzhihua exceeded 20 billion yuan. With the entire nation’s efforts, an industrial city with one million people spanning over 50 km emerged along the Jinsha River. However, after 1978, the government of Deng gradually switched its policy to the Market Economy. Without the continuous aid from the central government, Panzhihua soon lost its central position. In this paper, firstly, we review the history of western development and the political environment in 1960’s to set a historical-geographical axes of Panzhihua. Secondly, we dig into the construction history and summarize the characters in the process, at different scales of national, regional and local. Thirdly, the theory of “Production of Space” is being used to analyze the underlying mechanism of construction in the specific period. Finally, we try to figure out why the city declined in the post-reform ear. This paper fills the gap in the research of the Three-Front Strategy period, attempting to sum up the experience of western region development in Mao’s time, and explores the mechanism of the production of urban space under the planned economy. We believe the paper is able to help today’s Western Region Development strategy in an significant way. Key words: Western Region Development, Three-Front Strategy, Production of Space, Panzhihua, China 1. INTRODUCTION The neo-liberalism represented by “Washington Consensus” has been controversial in the economic reform of Latin American countries, and suffered an unexpected defeat in the Eastern European countries. Moreover, the financial crisis in 2008 and European debt crisis in 2011 prompted more in-depth introspection to neo-liberalism (Harvey, 2010). Meanwhile, during the last several decades, the government-led model of economic development effectively helped several Eastern Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea to catch up with developed countries (Luo, 2009). Nowadays, the persistent rapid development of China attracts a lot of interest on the “China Model”. To explore the “China Model”, it is necessary to trace back to the Planned Economy era from 1949 to 1979, during which China had to face the shortage of production resource and the threaten of local war (Lu, 2006). Although both the internal and external environment was not good, China still met two growing peaks. In the First Five-Year Plan from 1953 to 1957, with the assistance from the Soviet Union, the GDP growth rate had reached 9% because of the achievements in heavy industry area (Hu, 2009). During the Three-Front construction period from 1964 to 1978, confronted with the U.S.A and Soviet Union, China has established a relatively integrated system of national defense industry in its western region without any help of foreign countries. From then on, the unbalanced industry distribution between eastern and western region was changed. The Three-Front construction aimed to establish a comprehensive system of defense, industry, energy, transportation and etc. in the Three-Front area centered at Sichuan province, to avoid the threaten from potential local war (Chen, 2003). The Three-Front area which located at the most interior position of China was the most safe but least developed area. During the 14-year-long period, more than 200 billion yuan national investment gave birth to a number of modern industrial cities in western China. Panzhihua city was the most representative one. Panzhihua located in the mountainous areas of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces at the junction of the Jinsha River and Yalong River. Because of its rich iron ore resources, Mao Zedong’s government determined to build the most important steel based in Panzhihua. The development of Panzhihua from a small village to a new industrial city with a million people became one of the greatest miracles in the planned economy period (Qian, 2001). Except for the iron ore resources, there was no industrial foundation in Panzhihua before 1964. In conditions of extreme shortage of materials, how did Panzhihua achieve the developing miracle? To figure out this question, we will analyze the background of the construction by using the historical-geographical method, summarize the characteristics of the construction and employ the theory of “Capital Circulation” and “Production of Space” to explore the internal mechanism of Panzhihua’s development. Our ultimate goal is to theoretically explain the government-led development model in planned economy era. In the future, our findings could give some significance to the western region development in China, the economic transition in developing countries and the urban planning and construction in post financial crisis era. Not only has it a background of national defense, but also overlap with the specific period of the Cultural Revolution, the document during the Three-Front Strategy period are scattered in the country's five-year plan and annual economic report, as well as the recalls of some leaders (Bo, 2008). Chen Donglin (2003) gives an overall and detailed description of the political background of the Three-Front Strategy, the growing process and the main achievements in the fields of economy and national defense. It is a shortcut to understand the three-front construction; Fairbank (1978-2002), in his masterpiece on modern China’s history, provides reliable data of the urban construction achievements during the period of Three-Front Strategy; Friedmann (2005) sums up the urbanization policy in the three-front construction in his work of studying the process of China’s urbanization; Bao Shixing (2000, 2005) reviewed the two master plan of Panzhihua in the planned economy time, which provided background information for analyzing the construction theory of Panzhihua. The works of the aforementioned scholars, restored a clear history of the developing background and process of Panzhihua, but were lack of exploring the mechanism under the surface. Therefore, by studying the case of Panzhihua, we will summarize the characters in the construction process and analyze the underlying mechanism of the process. We believe the work will be able to sum up the urban planning and construction experience during the Three-Front Strategy period, to fill the blank of research of China's modern urban planning history, and to develop the theory of urbanization in Socialist China. 2. THE CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND OF PANZHIHUA: HISTORICAL -GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS During the Three-Front construction period, Panzhihua has developed from a deserted village to one of the nation's largest iron and steel industrial base. The decisions made by the central government, considering the timing (combat readiness period) and the space (Panzhihua’s location) elements, has a historical inevitability. Figure 1 shows Panzhihua’s location and some typical landscapes. Figure 1- Panzhihua’s location in the Three-Front Area . [CNG, 2006(6), p.99] From a national perspective, Panzhihua belongs to China's western region. Although the western region was rich in land and mineral resources, the poor geographical and climatic conditions made it far less developed than the eastern region. Since the Republican period, exploring the western mineral resources has become an important developing strategy of China. In 1912, Sun Yat-sen proposed a program of exploring the western region based on its railway network construction, mentioned in his book “National Development Strategy”. However, due to the weak government of the Republic of China during the Civil War, this plan has not been able to achieve. From a regional perspective, Panzhihua belongs to Sichuan Province. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Republican government was forced to move the central government to inland Chongqing, the capital of Sichuan Province, and to implement a plan called “The Industrial Development of Southwest and Northwest”. During the implementation of the scheme, more than 250 industrial enterprises and their technical staff moved into Sichuan from the eastern region, which greatly improved the industrial level in Sichuan. According to statistics, from 1937 to 1944, the number of factories in Sichuan increased by more than 20 times, and the growth in total capital reached an astonishing one thousand times (Chen, 2003).
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