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Hydrogeology of Flowing Artesian Wells in Northwest Ohio

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Hydrogeology of Flowing Artesian Wells in Northwest Ohio Hydrogeology of Flowing Artesian Wells in Northwest Ohio By Curtis J Coe, CPG and Jim Raab Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Resources June 2016 Bulletin 48 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Site Location and Setting .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 ODH Water Well Regulations for Flowing Artesian Wells ............................................. 3 1.3 Purpose and Scope of Work .............................................................................................. 3 2.0 Previous Work ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Bedrock Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Glacial Hydrogeolgy ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Williams Complex Aquifer ....................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Williams End Moraine Aquifer ................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Buried Valley Aquifers ............................................................................................ 13 2.2.4 Lake Maumee Lacustrine Aquifer ........................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Beach Ridge Aquifers .............................................................................................. 14 2.3 Ground Water Occurrence and Movement ..................................................................... 15 3.0 Methods of the Investigation ............................................................................................... 18 3.1 ODNR–DWR Potentiometric Surface Mapping Program .............................................. 18 3.2 Cross Section Development ............................................................................................ 20 3.3 Ground Water Statistical Analysis .................................................................................. 20 4.0 Results of the Investigation ................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Defiance County Flowing Wells Cross Section .............................................................. 22 4.2 Williams county Flowing Wells Cross Section .............................................................. 25 4.3 Fulton County Flowing Well Cross Section ................................................................... 28 5.0 Water Well Completion Characteristics and Water Well Hydraulics ................................. 31 6.0 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 33 6.1 Site Hydrogeology Conclusions ..................................................................................... 33 6.2 Ground Water Occurrence and Movement Conclusions ................................................ 33 6.3 Artesian Conditions and Flowing Well Conclusions ...................................................... 34 7.0 References ........................................................................................................................... 36 8.0 Partial Glossary of Terms used in the Report ..................................................................... 39 Hydrogeology of Flowing Artesian Wells in Northwest Ohio 9.0 APPENDIX A: Wells Located Northwest of Flowing Wells Completed in the Ground and End Moraines ...................................................................................................................... 43 10.0 APPENDIX B: Wells Completed Southeast of Flowing Wells Under Lake Bottom Sediments ............................................................................................................................ 79 11.0 APPENDIX C: Flowing Wells Completed in the Flowing Well Zone ............................... 98 12.0 APPENDIX D: Well Logs Cross Section A-A’ Defiance County ................................... 102 13.0 APPENDIX E: Well Logs Cross Section B-B’ Williams County .................................... 108 14.0 APPENDIX F: Well Logs Cross Section C-C’ Fulton County ........................................ 117 List of Figures Figure 1 Study Area Location Map ................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2 Bedrock Geology Map ...................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3 Bedrock Yield Map ........................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4 Drift Thickness over Bedrock ........................................................................................... 9 Figure 5 Glacial Geology Map ...................................................................................................... 10 Figure 6 Glacial Aquifer Map ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 7 Glacial Aquifer Yield Map .............................................................................................. 12 Figure 8 Ground Water Gradient Showing Area of Flowing Wells .............................................. 16 Figure 9 Hydrograph of Well Wm-12 Williams County ............................................................... 17 Figure 10 Schematic Diagram Showing the Difference Between Aquifer Types, Potentiometric Surface, Water Table Surface and Flowing Wells ..................................................................... 19 Figure 11 Location of Defiance County Cross Section A-A' ........................................................ 23 Figure 12 Defiance County Cross Section A-A' ............................................................................ 24 Figure 13 Location of Williams County Cross Section B-B' ........................................................ 26 Figure 14 Williams County Cross Section B-B' ............................................................................ 27 Figure 15 Location of Fulton County Cross Section C-C' ............................................................ 29 Figure 16 Fulton County Cross Section C-C' ................................................................................ 30 List of Tables Table 1. Stratigraphic section of northwest Ohio . ......................................................................... 6 Table 2. Water Well Hydraulics for Northwest Ohio ................................................................... 32 ii Hydrogeology of Flowing Artesian Wells in Northwest Ohio Abstract Historically, a line of flowing artesian wells occurs in northwestern Ohio. The flowing wells cover a four to five-mile wide band that extends from southwestern Defiance County through southeastern Williams County and into northwestern Fulton County. In recent years, the Ohio Department of Health (ODH), Bureau of Environmental Health and Radiation Protection has been increasingly concerned with the installation and upkeep of private water system wells in this area. This investigation was set up to map and study the hydrogeologic occurrence and movement of ground water in the artesian aquifer. Bedrock under the site consists of Antrim and Coldwater shales. These shales are impermeable and have a low porosity. They generally produce less than five gallons per minute (gpm) to drilled wells. As a result, they form a lower confining unit in the study area. The bedrock is covered by a complex mixture of unconsolidated glacial and lacustrine (lake) sed- iments. The sand and gravel outwash was deposited over the shale bedrock in Defiance and Wil- liams Counties. Impermeable glacial and lakebed clay deposits that form an upper confining layer covers the outwash. The sand and gravel outwash deposits thicken into the Michigan Ba- sin. The sand and gravel outwash deposits pinch out in the southwestern parts of the study area where the bedrock rises along the western limb of the Cincinnati Arch. As the ground water flows from the northwest to the southeast under the lake bottom sediments the specific capacity in individual wells declines from 17.9 to 5.02 gpm/foot. The ground water seepage velocity also decreases while the force potential of the ground water increases. This causes the pressure of the water to build up. Thus, when the potential energy builds high enough to overcome the force of gravity at the land surface, the wells will flow as observed in Defiance and Williams Counties. In some cases it is possible that the ground water stagnation point is reached where the sand and gravel pinches out against the bedrock. In Fulton County, two ground water recharge areas exist. The western recharge area is associat- ed with sand and gravel deposits interbedded in the Williams End Moraine and Complex Aquifer Systems. The ground water recharge to the east of the flowing well zone is associated with the Oak Openings Beach Ridge Aquifer sand deposits. As a result, the ground water flow vectors in the sand and gravel aquifer converge under pressure. The ground water is being forced to dis- charge naturally to tributary channels along Bean Creek; however, the ground water is trapped
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