The MicroBooNE LArTPC

Sarah Lockwitz, FNAL 2013 DPF

August 15, 2013 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC

• A liquid argon (LAr) time-projection chamber (TPC) NuMI Beam Wilson Hall • It will be placed in the Booster Neutrino beam at Fermilab Booster

• It has both physics and R&D goals: Booster Neutrino Beam • Physics: High-statistics measurements of ν’s on Ar Tevatron • Investigate MiniBooNE’s low- energy excess

• R&D: Gain experience building & operating a LArTPC Main Injector

• Will put a near featured efforts DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 2 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC

• A liquid argon (LAr) time-projection chamber (TPC) NuMI Beam Wilson Hall • It will be placed in the Booster Neutrino beam at Fermilab Booster

• It has both physics and R&D goals: Booster Neutrino Beam • Physics: High-statistics measurements of ν’s on Ar B. Carls talk will Tevatron • Investigate MiniBooNE’sfocus on this low- energy excess

• R&D: Gain experience building & operating a LArTPC Main Injector

• Will put a near featured efforts DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 2 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

• LArTPCs have great imaging potential

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

• LArTPCs have great imaging potential

• MINOS event display:

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

• LArTPCs have great imaging potential

• MINOS event display: νe Interaction

• MiniBooNE event display:

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

• LArTPCs have great imaging potential

• MINOS event display: νe Interaction

• MiniBooNE event display:

• T2K event display: http://t2k-experiment.org From T2K,

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 MicroBooNE is a LArTPC

200 300 400 500 600 700

• LArTPCs have great imaging 2200 potential 2000 1800

1600 • MINOS event display: 1400 νe Interaction 1200 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

• MiniBooNE event display: 2200

2000

• T2K event display: 1800

1600

1400

2200 • MicroBooNE: 2000 1800 http://t2k-experiment.org 1600

1400

500 600 700 800 900 1000

40 - From T2K, e [2.0 GeV/c] + Ar e [1.3 GeV/c] + p [0.7 GeV/c] + p [0.9 GeV/c] + X2000000101 + X2000000101 1

LArSoft 0.8 q [ADC] Run: 1/0 0.6 Event: 4 0.4 Monte Carlo UTC Thu Jan 1, 1970 0.2

00:00:0.020000000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 t [ticks]

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 3 Liquid Argon Work at Fermilab

Materials/ Electronics Test LAPD Multikiloton Stand LAr detector

2008 2014 LBNE

• Cryostat – 150’’ ID x 40 ft long x 7/16’’ 100% 100% R&D thick; weighs about 70,000 lbs – Full Vacuum – 30 psig Physics – About 35,000 gal. Liquid Argon – Insulated by 16’’ Closed Cell Spray Heat load calcs performed by Glenn Morgan on Polyurethane 2007 – Supported2010 by 2 High Density (12- ????? 15 pcf) Polyurethane Saddles – Ribbed design

Cryostat at DZero MicroBooNE ArgoNeuT (also LArIAT & 35T)

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 4 Liquid Argon Work at FermilabICARUS Pioneering LAr in Europe Materials/ 2001, 2010 Electronics Test LAPD Multikiloton Stand LAr detector

2008 2014 LBNE

• Cryostat – 150’’ ID x 40 ft long x 7/16’’ 100% 100% R&D thick; weighs about 70,000 lbs – Full Vacuum – 30 psig Physics – About 35,000 gal. Liquid Argon – Insulated by 16’’ Closed Cell Spray Heat load calcs performed by Glenn Morgan on Polyurethane 2007 – Supported2010 by 2 High Density (12- ????? 15 pcf) Polyurethane Saddles – Ribbed design

Cryostat at DZero MicroBooNE ArgoNeuT (also LArIAT & 35T)

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 4 Outline

• Reminder of how a TPC works

• Why argon?

• Design and construction efforts

• Frame (+ Cathode & Anode readout)

• PMTs

• Cryostat & Cryosystem

• Status and outlook

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 5 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

Anode Wire Planes U V Y

PMT

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

Anode Wire Planes U V Y

PMT

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y

PMT

t0

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y

• Electrons drift to the anode (Ar+ ions to the cathode) PMT

t0

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y

• Electrons drift to the anode (Ar+ ions to the cathode) PMT

t0

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y

• Electrons drift to the anode (Ar+ ions to the cathode)

• Moving electrons induce currents on wires

t0

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y

• Electrons drift to the anode (Ar+ ions to the cathode)

• Moving electrons induce currents on wires

t0

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 A Time-Projection Chamber Works by...

• Energy loss by charged particles → Ionization & excitation of Ar

+ Anode Wire Planes • Prompt light emission by Ar2* starts clock U V Y V • Electrons drift to the anode (Ar+ ions to the cathode)

• Moving electrons induce currents on wires

Y • Tracks are reconstructed from wire signals:

• Two dimensions from wires t0

• Drift distance is found from knowing t0 & vd → Time projection!

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 6 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC — Why LAr?

• We need to drift electrons from ionization to sense wires → closed shell

• Scintillation light gives us t0 • Need good dielectric properties for HV stability (needed for E field) • Noble elements are a good choice for this:

MIP

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 7 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC — Why LAr?

• We need to drift electrons from ionization to sense wires → closed shell

• Scintillation light gives us t0 • Need good dielectric properties for HV stability (needed for E field) • Noble elements are a good choice for this:

MIP From M. Soderberg

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 7 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC — Why LAr?

• We need to drift electrons from ionization to sense wires → closed shell

• Scintillation light gives us t0 • Need good dielectric properties for HV stability (needed for E field) • Noble elements are a good choice for this:

Dense

MIP From M. Soderberg

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 7 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC — Why LAr?

• We need to drift electrons from ionization to sense wires → closed shell

• Scintillation light gives us t0 • Need good dielectric properties for HV stability (needed for E field) • Noble elements are a good choice for this:

Can be cooled by LN2

MIP From M. Soderberg

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 7 MicroBooNE is a LAr TPC — Why LAr?

• We need to drift electrons from ionization to sense wires → closed shell

• Scintillation light gives us t0 • Need good dielectric properties for HV stability (needed for E field) • Noble elements are a good choice for this:

~$10/L ~$2/L ~$3000/L ~$500/L ~$700/L MIP From M. Soderberg

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 7 Design and Construction: TPC Frame

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 8 Design and Construction: TPC Frame

• The TPC frame is a box 2.33 m x 2.56 m x 10.37 m (height, drift width, length)

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 8 Design and Construction: TPC Frame

• The TPC frame is a box 2.33 m x 2.56 m x 10.37 m (height, drift width, length)

• ~86 T active volume -- Largest LArTPC in America

From Wikipedia

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 8 Design and Construction: TPC Frame

• The TPC frame is a box 2.33 m x 2.56 m x 10.37 m (height, drift width, length)

• ~86 T active volume -- Largest LArTPC in America

• We need pure Ar so we use tested materials in the construction

• The electric field cage is made from stainless steel tubes

• Held parallel by G10 braces

From Wikipedia

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 8 Design and Construction: TPC Frame

• The TPC frame is a box 2.33 m x 2.56 m x 10.37 m (height, drift width, length)

• ~86 T active volume -- Largest LArTPC in America

• We need pure Ar so we use tested materials in the construction

• The electric field cage is made from stainless steel tubes

• Held parallel by G10 braces

• We then step down the voltage between each tube to create a uniform electric field From Wikipedia

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 8 Cathode Plane

2.56 m Drift

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 9 Cathode Plane

• The cathode plane is made of nine stainless steel sheets:

2.56 m Drift

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 9 Cathode Plane

• The cathode plane is made of nine stainless steel sheets:

• The high voltage (HV) for the E field is generated outside of the TPC by a Glassman 2.56 m Drift power supply

• The HV is in contact with the cathode plane by a feed through that will be in contact with a cup on the back of the plane

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 9 Cathode Plane

• The cathode plane is made of nine stainless steel sheets:

• The high voltage (HV) for the E field is generated outside of the TPC by a Glassman 2.56 m Drift power supply

• The HV is in contact with the cathode plane by a feed through that will be in contact with a cup on the back of the plane

• The feed through is modeled after an ICARUS design

• Outer ground tube extends into the liquid

• Inner conductor is insulated by UHMW PE

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 9 TPC Frame Construction

• Parts were cleaned and deburred last summer • Pure argon & reduce high fields • Everyone from undergrads to professors and scientists have been working on the assembly

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 10 TPC Frame Construction

• It was constructed and surveyed within the last year in our clean room tent

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 11 TPC Wires

• The wires that read out the ionization signal are 150 μm stainless with 2 μm copper plating and a thin flash of gold Wire Orientation • We have three wire planes (3456 vertical, 2400 +60°, 2400 -60° ⇒ 8256 channels) separated by 3 mm

• All wires have a 3 mm pitch

• They attach to a wire carrier board for assembly onto the TPC frame

• Winding of the ferrules and attachment to the boards took place last year off site by students and post docs

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 12 TPC Wires

• Installation of the boards to the TPC frame took place this spring

• Surveying the tensioning of the wires took place this summer

• Tension goal was 0.7 kg — need to prevent sag, but also prevent breakage during cool down

Tension can be adjusted by moving the support bar

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 13 TPC Wires

• Installation of the boards to the TPC frame took place this spring

• Surveying the tensioning of the wires took place this summer

• Tension goal was 0.7 kg — need to prevent sag, but also prevent breakage during cool down

Tension can be adjusted by moving the support bar

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 13 TPC Wires

• Surveying the tensioning of the wires took place this summer

• BNL modified a digital camera to record the vibrational frequency of the wires

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 14 TPC Wires

• Surveying the tensioning of the wires took place this summer

• BNL modified a digital camera to record the vibrational frequency of the wires

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 14 Electronics

• Attachment of the cold electronics to the wire carrier boards happened this summer

• Once the TPC is inserted into the cryostat, the motherboards will be connected to the warm intermediate amplifiers

• → Digitizers → DAQ

Cold Asic

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 15 PMTs — Timing Information!

• Timing information is especially important since we are on the surface → lots of cosmics

• Behind the anode frame, there will be a rack of 32 PMTs

• Ar scintillates at 128 nm so a plate with a wavelength shifting coating is put in front of the PMTs to make light collection possible

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 16 Cryostat

• The entire TPC slides into our cryostat 170 tons in LAr volume

• This size was set by what could be delivered by truck!

• It’s a single-walled vessel — Sprayed(Foam( foam will be used for insulation Insula1on(

HD(Foam( Saddles(

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 17 Cryostat

• In an effort to attain purity, typically a vacuum is initially pulled on the cryostat, Air$ • We plan to instead do an argon gas purge before filling

• This is notably different from ICARUS & Argoneut (has been done at LAPD)

• We plan to show good purity can be attained using this method (important for large cryostats) Argon$gas$

Argon Purge

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 18 GAr Cryosystem

Condenser Cu O filter • The cryosystem is nearly in place 2

-- will be ready for testing this fall LAr Mole sieve • We will use LN2 for cooling LAr cryostat • Electronegative impurities such as LAr pump water and oxygen capture electrons, nitrogen is destructive for the scintillation light Filters

• The specs are < 100 ppt O2 and < 1 ppm N2

• We use a molecular sieve for the Cryostat water removal followed by copper- will sit here based filter for oxygen removal

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 19 Quartz Fiber Cryosystem

• Purity monitors placed in the tank and in the cryosystem will give attenuation measurements

• Use a xenon flash lamp on Design based on ICARUS a photocathode

• Cathode signal is Q0, anode is Q

Q0 td /⌧ Q = e

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 20 Status and Plans

• We plan to push the TPC into the cryostat this fall

• The endcap will then be welded on

• The whole assembly will go by truck to our new home at LArTF

• After further commissioning, we expect data in mid-2014

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 21 Summary

• MicroBooNE is being assembled now and will be collecting data next year!

• Its three main R&D goals are:

2.56 m drift — longest drift in a ν beam

Cold electronics (ASIC in LAr) — Pioneering effort

Achieving purity after a gas purge

• Thank you;

• If you happen to be at Fermilab, we’d be happy to show you our TPC and Cryostat!

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 22 Back-Up Slides Collaboration

Brookhaven Lab Georgia Karagiorgi (PD) Saima Farooq (GS) Alistair McLean (U) University of Bern, Hucheng Chen David Kaleko (GS) Sowjanya Gollapinni Tia Miceli (PD) Switzerland Kai Chen (PD) Bill Seligman (PD) Vassili Papavassiliou (IB) Antonio Ereditato Susan Duffin Mike Shaevitz (IB) Glenn Horton-Smith (IB) Stephen Pate Igor Kreslo Jason Farell Bill Sippach David McKee (PD) Katherine Woodruff (GS) Michele Weber (IB) Francesco Lanni Kathleen Tatum (U) Christoph Rudolf von Yichen Li (PD) Kazuhiro Terao (PD) Los Alamos National Otterbein University Rohr (GS) David Lissauer Bill Willis Laboratory Nathaniel Tagg (IB) Thomas Strauss (PD) George Mahler Gerry Garvey Don Makowiecki Fermilab Jackie Gonzales Princeton University Istituto Nazionale di Joseph Mead Roberto Acciarri (PD) Wes Ketchum (PD) Kirk McDonald (IB) Fisica Nucleare, Italy Veljko Radeka Bruce Baller Bill Louis Bill Sands Flavio Cavanna Sergio Rescia Dixon Bogert Geoff Mills Ornella Palamara (IB) Andres Ruga Ben Carls (PD) Zarko Pavlovic (PD) Saint Mary's University Jack Sondericker Michael Cooke (PD) Richard Van de Water of Minnesota Virginia Tech Craig Thorn (IB) Herb Greenlee (IB) Paul Nienaber (IB) Mindy Jen (PD) Bo Yu Cat James Leonidas Kalousis (PD) Eric James Massachusetts SLAC Camillo Mariani (IB) University of Chicago Hans Jostlein Institute of Technology Mark Convery (IB) Will Foreman (GS) Mike Kirby William Barletta Matt Graham Yale University Johnny Ho (GS) Sarah Lockwitz (PD) Len Bugel David Muller Corey Adams (GS) David Schmitz (IB) Byron Lundberg Gabriel Collin (GS) Christina Brasco (U) Alberto Marchionni Janet Conrad (IB) Syracuse University Eric Church University of Cincinnati Stephen Pordes Christina Ignarra (GS) Jonathan Asaadi (PD) Bonnie T. Fleming (*) Ryan Grosso (GS) Jennifer Raaf Ben Jones (GS) Mitch Soderberg (IB) Ellen Klein (U) Jason St. John (PD) Gina Rameika (IB) Teppei Katori (PD) Ornella Palamara Randy Johnson (IB) Brian Rebel Matt Toups (PD) University of Texas at Flavio Cavanna Bryce Littlejohn (PD) Rich Schmitt Austin Roxanne Guenette (PD) Steve Wolbers Michigan State Son Cao (GS) Kinga Partyka (GS) Columbia University Tingjun Yang (PD) University Junting Huang (GS) Andrzej Szelc (PD) Nancy Bishop Sam Zeller (*) Carl Bromberg (IB) Karol Lang (IB) Leslie Camilleri Dan Edmunds Rashid Mehdiyev (PD) David Caratelli (GS) Kansas State Cheng-Yi Chi University New Mexico State Laboratory for High Jennet Dickinson (U) Tim Bolton University Energy Physics, DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 24 Event Rates

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 25 Beam

Booster Flux

NuMI Off-Axis Flux

8 Gev

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 26 Laser

• The positive ions drift to the cathode plane much more slowly than the electrons (8 mm/s vs 1.6mm/μs)

• This distortion in field plus the flow of argon will distort the reconstructed objects

• We plan to characterize this distortion with a laser!

• Nd YAG laser --> 266 nm output From C. Rudolf von Rohr of Bern

DPF: MicroBooNE TPC S. Lockwitz August 15, 2013 27