Producción De Subjetividad En El Fandom Online De Stucky

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Producción De Subjetividad En El Fandom Online De Stucky Universidad de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Departamento de Psicología Escuela de Pregrado Until the end of the line: Producción de Subjetividad en el fandom online de Stucky. Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Psicóloga/o Investigadores: Constanza Ríos y Diego Rivera Mayo 2017, Santiago, Chile. 1 Tabla de contenido Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Antecedentes .................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Problema ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Pregunta y objetivos ...................................................................................................................... 21 4. Relevancia ..................................................................................................................................... 22 5. Marco teórico ................................................................................................................................ 24 5.1. Subjetividad: procesos y líneas de subjetivación. .................................................................... 24 5.1.1. Líneas de subjetivación: Relaciones de poder ................................................................. 27 5.1.2. Líneas de subjetivación: Ethopolítica .............................................................................. 28 5.2. Prácticas: discursos y modos de hacer .................................................................................... 29 5.3. Discusiones sobre la producción de Fandom .......................................................................... 31 5.4. Virtualidad como estado y espacio ......................................................................................... 32 5.5. Posicionamiento .................................................................................................................... 33 6. Marco Metodológico ..................................................................................................................... 36 6.1. Metodología Cualitativa ......................................................................................................... 36 6.2. Método etnográfico y etnografía virtual ................................................................................. 36 6.3. Muestreo ............................................................................................................................... 39 6.4. Técnica de Producción de Información ................................................................................... 42 6.5. Estrategia de Análisis.............................................................................................................. 43 6.6. Procedimientos ...................................................................................................................... 44 7. Análisis y Discusión ........................................................................................................................ 46 7.1. Un “Camino” a lo que amas .................................................................................................... 48 7.2. “Tantos lados, que los demás no pueden comprender” .......................................................... 67 7.3. Disputas, apropiaciones y reglas: Canon, Fanon y etiqueta de fandom ................................... 88 7.4. Un niño queer de Brooklyn: Usos de la Producción en la Vida cotidiana ............................... 106 7.5. With you till’ the end of the line: Subjetividad en Stucky. ..................................................... 117 8. Conclusiones................................................................................................................................ 131 9. Referencias .................................................................................................................................. 137 1 2 10. Anexos ..................................................................................................................................... 153 10.1. Citas originales usadas en el texto .................................................................................... 153 10.2. Glosario ............................................................................................................................ 160 2 3 Abstract En las últimas décadas la posición de fan ha estado atravesada por procesos de comodificación, tanto por su funcionamiento como prosumidores como por su relación con las franquicias, junto con el ascenso de la red 2.0. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender la producción del fan desde las redes de relaciones existentes en Tumblr y AO3 dentro del slash de Capitán América, específicamente de la relación entre los personajes Steve Rogers y James “Bucky” Barnes (denominada Stucky). A través de observación participante y entrevistas etnográficas se analizaron estas redes, que involucran tanto racionalidades gubernamentales de mercado, activismo y fanificación, como relaciones de poder entre los fans slashers, además de vínculos con otros textos y sus vidas cotidianas. Se discute respecto a la relación entre el fandom, las plataformas y Marvel y las tensiones y negociaciones que se producen en ésta, que tienen como producto espacios particulares con normas y juegos de verdad propios, y que se vuelven equivalentes a los usuarios que los ocupan. Estas lógicas no se limitan a las plataformas, sino que se extienden a la vida cotidiana y tienen usos y espacios de apropiación y resistencia en ella. Keywords: Fandom, subjetividad, virtualidad, prácticas, relaciones de poder, ethopolítica. 3 4 1.Antecedentes El fenómeno de Internet ha sido estudiado por las ciencias sociales desde sus inicios, pasando por diversas teorizaciones respecto a su uso y su presencia. Junto con la indiferencia o negatividad exhibida en sus orígenes por parte de los investigadores y la opinión pública respecto a su impacto en las personas (Morris y Ogan, 1996), se mantuvo propagando a ritmos acelerados y cada vez más accesibles, siendo hoy una presencia global y necesaria para gran parte de las actividades cotidianas en las ciudades (Jones, 1998). Con ello, los estudios han cambiado de perspectivas sobre el uso y apropiación de Internet de parte de las personas hacia direcciones más positivas que remarcan el potencial de esta herramienta en la comunicación y desarrollo humano. Como ejemplo del uso actual de Internet, en Chile la tasa de penetración es de 72,4 accesos a Internet por cada 100 habitantes (SUBTEL, 2016), con 6.16 millones de usuarios de redes sociales (Comscore, 2014). Dentro de este panorama, se puede sostener que Internet es un fenómeno masivo, actual y vigente, tanto como herramienta como espacio donde suceden prácticas pertinentes a la virtualidad. Este fenómeno ha sido conceptualizado de variadas maneras en la literatura: algunas investigaciones apuntan a sus características comunicacionales con respecto a otras plataformas de medios (Morris y Ogan, 1996), mientras que otras, a las dinámicas que se generan en la plataforma. Entre ellas, surge el concepto de red 2.0, el cual se entendería como un cambio paradigmático sobre cómo se piensan los sitios en la red, pasando de proveedores de contenidos y servicios a plataformas de producción de éstos desde la actividad de los usuarios mismos (Song, 2008), siendo ésta la principal fuente de valor de la plataforma (Fernández, 2013). Este concepto de web 2.0 fue acuñado por primera vez para describir el funcionamiento de los nuevos 4 5 sitios que aparecen tras el colapso de la burbuja dot com1 (Snee, 2008; Song, 2008). Dentro de los sitios que podían ser calificados como parte de él estaban los blogs2, las wikis3, sitios de distribución de contenido multimedia y de taggeo4 y bookmarking social5, así como los feeds RSS6, teniendo como desarrollo posterior las redes sociales y otras formas de selección de contenido y de comunidad participativa (Anderson, 2007). Sin embargo, debido a la naturaleza mediática y descriptiva del concepto, es difícil definir claramente su punto de inicio y las características que la definirían, pues la red 1.0 -llamada así retroactivamente- también habría tenido un importante componente participativo. Las diferencias entre ambos paradigmas consistirían en la individualización de la participación y énfasis en las comunidades que se formarían por vínculos específicos de la red 2.0, desenfatizando así las comunidades globales de la plataforma, características de la red 1.0 (Song, 2008). Para Remondino (2012), tanto las TICs como la red 2.0 se enmarcarían en un discurso tecno-utópico que demanda participación en ellas, donde el usuario debe visibilizarse, individualizarse y vincularse con la red, creando espacios de subjetivación dentro de los cuales se despliegan utilizando estrategias variadas para negociar con la plataforma un uso particular. 1 Se refiere a la burbuja financiera creada en el periodo de 1992-2002 respecto a la inversión en compañías de Internet. Esta burbuja fue posible, dentro de otros factores, gracias a una retórica particular asociada al desarrollo de tecnologías emergentes así como las futuras ganancias que generarían, sin relación alguna con el valor que estas poseían en el momento (Goodnight y Green, 2010) 2 Blogs: sitios web que usualmente
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