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Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley
Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley EDGAR JONES Aubrey Lewis was the most influential post-war psychiatrist in the UK. As clinical director of the Maudsley Hospital in Denmark Hill, London, and professor of psy- chiatry from 1946 until his retirement in 1966, he exercised a profound influence on clinical practice, training and academic research. Many junior psychiatrists, whom he had supervised or taught, went on to become senior clinicians and academics in their own right. Although not a figure widely known to the public (indeed, Lewis shunned personal publicity), he commanded respect in other medical disciplines and among psychiatrists throughout the world. A formidable and sometimes intimidating figure, he had a passion for intellectual rigour and had little patience with imprecision or poorly thought-out ideas. More than any other individual, Lewis was responsible for raising the status of psychiatry in the UK such that it was considered fit for academic study and an appropriate career for able and ambitious junior doctors. Comparatively little has been written of Aubrey Lewis's formative professional life, and, indeed, the Maudsley Hospital itself has been somewhat neglected by historians during the important interwar years. This essay is designed to address these subjects and to evaluate the importance of Edward Mapother not only in shaping the Maudsley but in influencing Lewis, his successor. The Maudsley Hospital The Maudsley Hospital was dfficially opened by the Minister of Health, Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, on 31 January 1923.1 The construction had, in fact, been completed Edgar Jones, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry & Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, 103 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ. -
Michael Shepherd on Epidemiology in Psychiatry Leonardo Tondo
1 Programs (Interviews) December 24, 20155 Interviews with Pioneers Michael Shepherd On Epidemiology in Psychiatry Leonardo Tondo CONTENTS: Biographic sketch About the interview The Interview Endnotes Acknowledgements Biographical sketch Michael Shepherd (1923–1995) was born in Cardiff to a Jewish family originating in Odessa and Poland. He married Margaret Rock in 1947, who died in 1992, after a long illness. They had four children.1 He obtained his bachelor medical degree at the Oxford University, where he was influenced by John Ryle,2 a professor of social medicine, to pursue the social implications of mental disorders. In 1952, he started his career at the Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry3 and obtained a doctorate in medicine from Oxford University, in 1954. In 1955–56, he trained at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore and visited several psychiatric centers in the United States to obtain material for a critical survey of American psychiatry.4 He documented a major difference in psychiatry in the US and UK as an emphasis on public services in the UK and dominant private office practice in the US. He noted 2 that “nearly 3,000 of the 7,500 recognised [American] psychiatrists in 1951–1952 listed private practice as their major activity…one-quarter of them were engaged in the practice of psychotherapy and were not considered to meet the traditional criteria of the practice of medicine.” Moreover, he found that American psychiatrists seemed to have a “distaste for the tracts of detailed knowledge dismissed -
Who Was Aubrey Lewis?
WHO WAS AUBREY LEWIS? Robert D Goldney AO, MD Emeritus Professor, Discipline of Psychiatry University of Adelaide Acknowledgements University of Adelaide personnel: Maureen Bell, Research Librarian Cheryl Hoskin, Rare Books and Special Collections Librarian Andrew Cook, Archives Officer Lee Kersten, Visiting Research Fellow in German Studies Obituaries/Biographies Australian Dictionary of Biography Michael Shepherd Brian Barraclough Edgar Jones David Goldberg Thomas Bewley “The man Adelaide forgot” The Advertiser, 10/3/90 “Had Aubrey Lewis gone to St Peter’s College and been interested in field sports his name would probably be well known to generations of South Australians. But he was Jewish, went to a catholic school, his father was a nobody and he lived up the East end of Rundle St – definitely the wrong side of the tracks for a prejudicial, parochial Adelaide of the 1920’s”. Foyer of Adelaide Medical school, 2016 Plaque presented 1981 Aubrey Lewis Born, Adelaide, 8 November 1900 Excelled at Christian Brothers College Adelaide University Medical graduate 1923 Anthropological Research with Wood Jones, 1925 Rockefeller Foundation fellowship 1926/27 Maudsley Hospital London, 1928 – 1966 MRCP 1928 Fellow 1938 MD (Adelaide) 1931 Clinical Director, Maudsley, 1936 Chair of Psychiatry 1946 Knighted 1959 – first psychiatrist Retired 1966 Died, London, 21 January 1975 CBC Literary Society “The judge specially complimented Master Aubrey Lewis, who, as an honorary member, made his first appearance, and, without notes of any kind, discussed Shakespeare -
Burris Dissertation Final
Mental Welfare: Voluntary Mental Health and Learning Disability Organizations in Britain, c. 1946–1959 Kevin Burris A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History York University Toronto, Ontario June 2020 © Kevin Burris, 2020 ii Abstract This dissertation traces the trajectories of four British voluntary organizations working in the fields of mental health and learning disability in the late 1940s and 1950s: the National Association for Mental Health; the Mental After Care Association; the Ex-Services Welfare Society; and the National Association for Parents of Backward Children. As the British welfare state was established in these years, voluntary organizations were forced to adjust to a new political landscape, carrying on operations despite increased state responsibility for mental health and learning disability care. First, the dissertation is an institutional history of four distinct organizations, concerned with operations, administration, leadership, and publicity, among a host of other day-to-day affairs. Second, it examines varying responses among voluntarists to the establishment and permeation of the welfare state in British life, asking how these organizations maintained their vitality (and importantly, their sources of support and funding) within a landscape of expanding statutory service provision. That they did survive, and thrive, into the present suggests that the interventionist, “cradle-to-grave” welfare state was not as all-encompassing as originally envisioned—at least in the field of mental health care. Rather than challenge increasing statutory dominance, their persistence confirmed and reinforced several elements of the nascent welfare state. -
Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley
Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley EDGAR JONES Aubrey Lewis was the most influential post-war psychiatrist in the UK. As clinical director of the Maudsley Hospital in Denmark Hill, London, and professor of psy- chiatry from 1946 until his retirement in 1966, he exercised a profound influence on clinical practice, training and academic research. Many junior psychiatrists, whom he had supervised or taught, went on to become senior clinicians and academics in their own right. Although not a figure widely known to the public (indeed, Lewis shunned personal publicity), he commanded respect in other medical disciplines and among psychiatrists throughout the world. A formidable and sometimes intimidating figure, he had a passion for intellectual rigour and had little patience with imprecision or poorly thought-out ideas. More than any other individual, Lewis was responsible for raising the status of psychiatry in the UK such that it was considered fit for academic study and an appropriate career for able and ambitious junior doctors. Comparatively little has been written of Aubrey Lewis's formative professional life, and, indeed, the Maudsley Hospital itself has been somewhat neglected by historians during the important interwar years. This essay is designed to address these subjects and to evaluate the importance of Edward Mapother not only in shaping the Maudsley but in influencing Lewis, his successor. The Maudsley Hospital The Maudsley Hospital was dfficially opened by the Minister of Health, Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, on 31 January 1923.1 The construction had, in fact, been completed Edgar Jones, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry & Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, 103 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ. -
King's Research Portal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrn065 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Jones, E., & Rahman, S. (2009). The Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation: The Impact of Philanthropy on Research and Training. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 64(3), 273 - 299. 10.1093/jhmas/jrn065 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Treating the Brain: an Odyssey
1 Treating the Brain: An Odyssey By Barry Blackwell M.A., M.D (Cantab)., M.Phil (Lond)., FRCPsych. International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology Cordoba; 2019 2 Treating the Brain: An Odyssey Table of Contents Foreword: Edward Shorter: Acknowledgments: Sir Aubrey Lewis, Frank Ayd & Tom Ban Introduction: Time line and Contents (p.5) Prologue and Career Perspective (p.8) Chapter 1: Father of Neurochemistry. (p.12-30) Thudichum Biography Chapter 2: Early 20th Century Asylum Care (p.30-41) A Mid-Century Madhouse, Enoch Calloway review- Part I; Asylum conditions in the pre- modern era Chapter 3: Joel Elkes; Father of modern neuropsychopharmacology (p.41-61) Elkes Biography Chapter 4: Beginning with Lithium (p.61-69) Lithium over the ages. (Schioldann, Part 1) Chapter 5: Re-discovering lithium; John Cade (p.70-130) Birth of Modern Psychopharmacology (Schioldann, Part 2) John Cade: An intimate second opinion Finding Sanity; Cade and lithium; de Moore & Westmore. Chapter 6: Chlorpromazine arrives (p.130-139) A Biography of Jean Delay by Driss Moussaoui Chapter 7: Chlorpromazine and Imipramine in Canada (p.139-165) Lehmann Biography Chapter 8: The MAOI inhibitor antidepressants (p.165-170) 3 Nathan Kline and the Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Chapter 9: Women Pioneers (p.171-188) Victoria Arango, Paula Clayton, Jean Endicott, Barbara Fish, Katherine Halmi, Nina R. Schooler, Rachel Klein, Judith Rappaport, Myrna Weissman. Chapter 10: Early optimism & ambiguity (p.189-220) Frank Berger. A Man of Understanding; Chemistry and affect. -
Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley
Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley EDGAR JONES Aubrey Lewis was the most influential post-war psychiatrist in the UK. As clinical director of the Maudsley Hospital in Denmark Hill, London, and professor of psy- chiatry from 1946 until his retirement in 1966, he exercised a profound influence on clinical practice, training and academic research. Many junior psychiatrists, whom he had supervised or taught, went on to become senior clinicians and academics in their own right. Although not a figure widely known to the public (indeed, Lewis shunned personal publicity), he commanded respect in other medical disciplines and among psychiatrists throughout the world. A formidable and sometimes intimidating figure, he had a passion for intellectual rigour and had little patience with imprecision or poorly thought-out ideas. More than any other individual, Lewis was responsible for raising the status of psychiatry in the UK such that it was considered fit for academic study and an appropriate career for able and ambitious junior doctors. Comparatively little has been written of Aubrey Lewis's formative professional life, and, indeed, the Maudsley Hospital itself has been somewhat neglected by historians during the important interwar years. This essay is designed to address these subjects and to evaluate the importance of Edward Mapother not only in shaping the Maudsley but in influencing Lewis, his successor. The Maudsley Hospital The Maudsley Hospital was dfficially opened by the Minister of Health, Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, on 31 January 1923.1 The construction had, in fact, been completed Edgar Jones, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry & Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, 103 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ. -
The Myth of Hempel and the DSM-III’ Studies in History And
This is the Authors’ Accepted Manuscript version of R.Cooper and R.K. Blashfield (forthcoming) ‘The myth of Hempel and the DSM-III’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. The Myth of Hempel and the DSM-III Rachel Cooper (corresponding author) Philosophy, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YL, UK Email: [email protected] Roger Blashfield Psychology, Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849-5214, U.S. Email: [email protected] 1 Abstract In 1959, the philosopher Carl Hempel presented a paper on psychiatric taxonomy at a conference of the American Psychopathological Association. In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association published DSM-III, the third edition of their hugely influential classification of mental disorders. The DSM-III sought to adopt an ‘atheoretical’ approach to classification, and introduced explicit diagnostic criteria setting out the number and combinations of symptoms required for diagnosis. Commentators now often claim that Hempel's paper was an important contributor to the DSM-III approach. This paper argues that this claim is mistaken and that the idea that Hempel influenced the DSM-III is a myth. This matters because the idea that Hempel influenced the DSM-III has played a key rhetorical role in discussions about the potential relevance and importance of the philosophy of psychiatry. Key words Hempel; operational definition; operationalism; diagnostic criteria; DSM-III 2 The Myth of Hempel and the DSM-III The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a classification of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). -
World's First Institute of Palliative Care
| 3 Desmond Tutu meets students | 7 Profile: Professor Alan Read | 10 Graduating in style | 25 Media watch CommentThe College newsletter Issue no 192 | June 2010 World’s first Institute of Palliative Care JULIAN ANDERSON Professor Irene Higginson OBE, Director of the Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, talks to patient Irene Mead. THE WORLD’S FIRST PURPOSE-BUILT the research and improvement care is given to the dying. It enhancing quality of life for the Institute of Palliative Care at of services into end of life care, will bring together, for the first patient, and on supporting the the Denmark Hill Campus at wherever patients are cared for. time in one building, clinicians, family and those close to them. King’s was opened by The King’s and Cicely Saunders educators and researchers in Palliative care seeks to support Princess Royal, Chancellor of International have combined palliative care, together with and value the whole person, the University of London, on 5 forces to create a world-class facilities for patients and carers. paying careful attention to May. It is the only organisation research and care Institute which Palliative care focuses in the world solely dedicated to will improve the way in which on relieving symptoms and continued on page 2 News World’s first Institute of Palliative Care JULIAN ANDERSON Fact file The building: • was designed by architects Loates-Taylor Shannon and has already won a BREEEM award for its environmental features. • comprises 1,800 sqm of floor space on three floors plus a roof garden. • will house around 100 researchers, academics and clinicians, rising to over 200 with students, patients and carers. -
Barry Blackwell: Pioneers and Controversies in Psychopharmacology
1 Barry Blackwell: Pioneers and Controversies in Psychopharmacology Chapter 11: Caution and Skepticism Sir Aubrey Lewis: Lifetime Accomplishments Aubrey Lewis: Psychopharmacology Accomplishments Adumbration; a learning lesson This Biography of Aubrey Lewis, the Institute’s Director, explores the origins and impact of the critical mindset which was drilled into all of its graduates. In 1938, just prior to World War Two, Aubrey engaged in an exhaustive tour of European Psychiatry on behalf of the Rockefeller Foundation in America, interested to know more about the state of psychiatry to help govern its philanthropic research grants. This provided the seed bed of Aubrey Lewis’s own beliefs, implemented by his scrupulous and rigorous personality. In his scientific paper, Between Guesswork and Certainty in Psychiatry, Aubrey expresses his philosophy in elegant style: “It is the common state of reflective and enquiring minds to be somewhere between untrammeled guesswork and certainty. It would be discreditable if psychiatrists were to be huddled at either extreme, wholly engaged in guessing or ignorantly certain.” Often regarded as nihilistic towards novel treatments in general and drugs in particular, the second brief biography records his generative influence on psychopharmacology ending with a quotation from his 1963 article on Medicines and Afflictions of the Mind which is a pithy and remarkably prescient comment relatively early in our odyssey: “Psychiatric advances have been less dramatic and less conclusive than in other therapeutic fields.” Few probably felt this was true in 1963 but it certainly is today. 2 The final essay, Adumbration, is a personal reflection on the historical, scientific and ethical lessons learned from research on a discovery of my own that Aubrey Lewis facilitated and watched over with a critical eye and benign indulgence. -
Sir Aubrey Lewis and Psychopharmacology, and the Other Concerning Sir Aubrey Lewis and the Maudsley Hospital and the Insttute of Psychiatry in London
1 Sir Aubrey Lewis By Barry Blackwell, David Paul Goldberg and David Taylor Collated by Oaf Fjetland This collated document is comprised of two biographic essays: one addressing Sir Aubrey Lewis and psychopharmacology, and the other concerning Sir Aubrey Lewis and the Maudsley Hospital and the Insttute of Psychiatry in London. Both essays were presented first in Biographies on INHN’s website; the first, on Lewis and psychopharmacology, was posted on January 29, 2015, and the second, on Lewis and the Maudsley Hospital, on February 26, 2015. This collated document is now open for all INHN members for comments. Barry Blackwell and David Paul Goldberg: Sir Aubrey Lewis and Psychopharmacology Aubrey Lewis was born into a new millennium (November 1900) in Australia and died in London in 1975 at age 74. After anthropology research in Australia and clinical work in America, Britain and Germany he joined the staff of the Maudsley Hospital in London, in 1929 and was named inaugural Chair in 1946 when it also became the Institute of Psychiatry at London University. Knighted by the Queen, in 1959 Sir Aubrey is recognized as having raised the profile and respect of Psychiatry in Britain and worldwide both through his own contributions and those of the Faculty and trainees he recruited and mentored. His major biographer (Shepherd 1986) notes that Lewis had a “formidable and disciplined mind” coupled with an empirical clinical approach that did much to dispel the then prevailing vie6w that, compared to other branches of medicine, Psychiatry’s “pretensions were greatest and its foundations least secure.” 2 Far from being a psychopharmacologist himself Aubrey had his finger on the pulse of the discipline when, in 1957, he became a founding member of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (CINP), one of only 3 psychiatrists from the U.K among 33 worldwide.