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Estudios Públicos N° 119. 2010 ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS Nº 119 INVIERNO 2010 Claudio A. Agostini y Juan Pablo Mañalich Manuel Willington ¿Reglas del entendimiento? Radiografía de la brecha digital en Acerca de la “juridificación” de la Chile: ¿Se justifica la intervención comunicación en la pragmática del Estado? universal de Jürgen Habermas N º 119 Eduardo Valenzuela y Jorge Ugarte Vial Pilar Larroulet Democracia y derecho natural en La relación droga y delito Estados Unidos: El pensamiento de los padres fundadores I Patricio Pérez y Pablo Villalobos NV ¿Por qué subcontratan las empresas Sergio Marras mineras en Chile? IER Roberto Bolaño: Bailes y disfraces Juan Pablo Couyoumdjianwww.cepchile.cl N Santiago Gamboa La estructura institucional de un banco O central revisitada: La perspectiva de la India: Una apasionada familia economía política constitucional humana 2010 Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt SCL: Espacios, Prácticas y Cultura Urbana, de Manuel Tironi y Fernando Pérez (editores) CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS www.cepchile.cl Iván Poduje SCL Monseñor Sótero Sanz 162 C. Postal 7500011 Providencia Santiago de Chile CEP C E N T R O D E E S T U D I O S P Ú B L I C O S ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS Nº 119 invierno 2010 www.cepchile.cl ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS editada por el Centro de Estudios Públicos (www.cepchile.cl) Director Responsable Arturo Fontaine Comité Editorial Enrique Barros, Harald Beyer, Sebastián Edwards, Cristián Eyzaguirre, Juan Andrés Fontaine, David Gallagher, Juan Pablo Illanes, Felipe Larraín, Lucas Sierra, Rodrigo Vergara Secretaria de Redacción María Teresa Miranda H. Secretaria Ejecutiva Ana María Folch V. Estudios Públicos, revista de humanidades y ciencias sociales, es una publicación aca- démica y multidisciplinaria. Aparece trimestralmente en forma impresa y electrónica (ISSN 0716-1115; ISSN 0718-3089). Los trabajos publicados han sido previamente aceptados por especialistas mediante un proceso de arbitraje ciego. Los artículos son responsabilidad de sus autores y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de los editores ni del Centro de Estudios Públicos. Toda colaboración debe ceñirse a las normas de Estudios Públicos que se indican al final de la revista. Las contribuciones, así como todo comentario y correspondencia, deben dirigirse a: Estudios Públicos, Monseñor Sótero Sanz 162, C. Postal 7500011 Providencia, Santiago, Chile. Teléfono: 328-2417. Fax: 328-2440. © Centro de Estudios Públicos. Toda reproducción total o parcial de los artículos está prohibida sin la debida autoriza- ción del Centro de Estudios Públicos. Ediciones impresa y electrónica de Estudios Públicos En la edición impresa sólo se publican trabajos en castellano. Los resúmenes de los artículos se incluyen en castellano y en inglés. www.cepchile.cl En el sitio de internet del Cep, www.cepchile.cl, aparte de los trabajos en castellano publicados en Estudios Públicos se incluyen también las versiones en inglés de algunos trabajos, así como los sumarios de todos los números anteriores e índices por autores y temas. Print and online editions of Estudios Públicos In the print edition of Estudios Públicos, papers and documents are published only in Spanish, and abstracts both in Spanish and English. The online edition of Estudios Pú- blicos is published on CEP’s web site, www.cepchile.cl, which includes all the papers in Spanish, as well as the contents of previous editions, and author and subject indexes. The English versions of a number of papers and documents are also available in the online edition. Indexación Estudios Públicos está, entre otros índices, en Clase (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México); Handbook of Latin American Studies (Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos); HAPI (Universidad de California, Los Angeles); International Political Science Abstracts (International Political Science Association); PAIS International in Print (OCLC). Suscripciones Pedidos directos al CEP. Monseñor Sótero Sanz 162. Santiago, Chile. Teléfono: 328-2400. Fax: 328-2440 (Formulario de suscripción en última página.) ISSN 0716-1115 edición impresa; ISSN 0718-3089 edición en línea. Composición: Pedro Sepúlveda; diagramación: David Parra Impreso en Andros Productora Gráfica. Hecho en Chile / Printed in Chile, 2010. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS REVISTA DE HUMANIDADES Y CIEN C IAS SO C IALES Nº 119 invierno 2010 ÍNDICE Estudio Claudio A. Agostini y Radiografía de la brecha digital en Chile: Manuel Willington ¿Se justifica la intervención del Estado? 5 Estudio Eduardo Valenzuela y La relación droga y delito: Pilar Larroulet Una estimación de la fracción atribuible 33 Estudio Patricio Pérez y ¿Por qué subcontratan las empresas Pablo Villalobos mineras en Chile? www.cepchile.cl63 Estudio Juan P. Couyoumdjian La estructura institucional de un banco central revisitada: La perspectiva de la economía política constitucional 93 Ensayo Juan Pablo Mañalich ¿Reglas del entendimiento? Acerca de la “juridificación” de la comunicación en la pragmática universal de Jürgen Habermas 121 Ensayo Jorge Ugarte Vial Democracia y derecho natural en Estados Unidos: El pensamiento de los padres fundadores 151 Ensayo Sergio Marras Roberto Bolaño: Bailes y disfraces 189 Ensayo Santiago Gamboa India: Una apasionada familia humana 217 Libro Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt SCL: Espacios, Prácticas y Cultura Urbana, de Manuel Tironi y Fernando Pérez (editores) 237 Iván Poduje SCL 251 Abstracts 259 www.cepchile.cl ESTUDIO RADIOGRAFÍA DE LA BRECHA DIGITAL EN CHILE: ¿SE JUSTIFICA LA INTERVENCIÓN DEL ESTADO?* Claudio A. Agostini y Manuel Willington En las últimas décadas la aceleración del desarrollo de las tec- nologías de información y comunicación —en particular de In- ternet y el acceso a través de conexiones de banda ancha— ha generado transformaciones importantes en las sociedades. Sin embargo, especialmente en los países subdesarrollados y en desarrollo, el acceso a estas tecnologías ywww.cepchile.cl a sus beneficios no es parejo y hay diferencias significativas entre distintos grupos de la población. Esta llamada “brecha digital” ha llevado a muchos países, y Chile no ha sido la excepción, a preocuparse de promover el acceso a estas tecnologías. Así, hace ya varios años se crearon programas de infocentros en diversas comunas y se estableció la red Enlaces en las escuelas públicas. En los últimos años, sin embargo, la discusión en torno al fomento del acceso se ha centrado en el diseño de un subsidio a la de- manda por conexión de banda ancha a nivel del hogar, política que lleva implícita el supuesto de que el problema central es el precio del acceso al servicio. La radiografía de la brecha digital que realizamos en este trabajo persigue tres objetivos. Primero, caracterizar la evo- CLAUDIO A. AGOSTINI . Doctor en Economía, University of Michigan. Profesor Asociado, ILADES-Universidad Alberto Hurtado. Email: [email protected]. MANUEL WILLINGTON . Doctor en Economía, University of Pennsylvania. Profe- sor Asistente ILADES-Universidad Alberto Hurtado. Email: [email protected]. * Agradecemos a María José Schaeffer por su valioso apoyo en la investigación. Estudios Públicos, 119 (invierno 2010). 6 ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS lución de esta brecha entre 2006 y 2009 en sus dimensiones “clásicas”: la tenencia de PC y la conexión de banda ancha en el hogar. Segundo, caracterizarla en otro aspecto potencial- mente más relevante que el acceso, como es el uso de Internet, variable sobre la cual se analizan aspectos complementarios como la frecuencia de uso, el lugar de uso y los tipos de uso. El tercer objetivo es ilustrar, a partir del análisis de las razones principales que la gente declara para no usar Internet o no conectarse, la importancia de otros factores que, más allá del precio de la conexión, invitan a analizar diferentes opciones de políticas. Palabras clave: brecha digital; banda ancha; Internet; políticas de fomento. Clasificación JEL: L86, L96, O33, O38. 1. Introducción El avance de las tecnologías de la información y comunicacio- nes en las últimas décadas ha generado una transformaciónwww.cepchile.cl importante en diversos sectores de la economía, más allá de las comunicaciones. En particular, a partir de la introducción y masificación de Internet en los últimos quince años se han producido transformaciones en las relaciones laborales con el teletrabajo, en las relaciones entre los ciu- dadanos y el Estado con el desarrollo del gobierno electrónico, en la educación por medio del e-learning, en el comercio por el surgimiento del comercio electrónico e incluso en la política a partir de los nuevos canales de comunicación. El impacto económico y social del uso de Internet ha sido de tal magnitud que muchos países han considerado necesario fomentar su acceso y uso a través de políticas públicas específicas. Es así como existen para estos efectos créditos tributarios al ingreso (Suecia y Dina- marca), subsidios a la demanda (Italia), subsidios a la oferta (Corea del Sur), reducciones en el impuesto a las ventas (IVA), creación de centros comunitarios en el estado de Kentucky y subsidios a la compra de com- putadores (Kentucky, Tennessee). Adicionalmente, distintos programas tienen distintos públicos objetivo: hogares (Suecia), escuelas (Estados CLAUDIO A. AGOSTINI y MANUEL WILLINGTON 7 Unidos), pequeñas empresas (Escocia y el estado de Ohio), estudiantes (Nueva York) e incluso etnias (Estados Unidos). Chile no es la excepción en este camino y durante los últimos años se han considerado políticas públicas que conllevan un rol más activo del Estado para aumentar la penetración de la banda ancha en el país. De hecho, ya se han destinado
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