Ge Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Und Histologie Der M Innlichen Harnr6hre

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Ge Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Und Histologie Der M Innlichen Harnr6hre 710 Aus dem I. anatomischen Institut der Universiti~t Budapest. Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Histologie der m innlichen Harnr6hre. Von Dr. med. Franz Herzog. ttierzu Tafei XXXIV, XXXV und XXXVI. Auf Anregung des Herrn Prof. Dr. M. v. Lenhoss~k unternahm ich eine Untersuchung fiber die Entwicklung und Histologie der mannlichen Harnr6hre, mit Bentitzung ausschliesslich menschlichen Materials. Von Embryonen standen mir 16 Exem- plare zur Verftigung, und zwar solche yon folgenden Rumpf- li~ngen: 20, 28, 31, 40, 45, 57, 60, 65, 68, 70, 72, 80, 105, 120, 180, 190 mm. Es sind das -- mit Ausnahme des jfingsten Exemplares --Stadien, in denen sich das Geschlecht, teils auf Grund der Untersuchung der Keimdriisen, teils schon durch das Verhalten der ausseren Geschlechtsorgane mit Bestimmtheit fest- stellen ]asst. Mit husnahme derjenigen yon 31, 40 und 57 mm Rumpflange waren alle Embryonen mannlichen Geschlechtes. Die meisten dieser Embryonen befanden sich in einem vortrefflichen Konservierungszustand und eigneten sich ffir alle Seiten der Untersuchung; ftir einige traf dies allerdings nicht zu, welche dann nur ffir das Studium der ausseren Formentwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane verwendet werden konnten. Die zumeist in Zenkerscher LSsung fixierten Embryonen wurden stets mit Hamalaun durchgefarbt, die Schnitte bei jtingeren Stadien mit Erythrosin, bei alteren (zum Nachweis der glatten Muskulatur) mit Pikrofuchsin nach van Gieson nachgef~trbt. Die in Paraffin eingebetteten Objekte wurden in Serien yon 20 tL zertegt: eine Schnittdicke, die dfinn genug ist~ um noch feinere l~istologische Details erkennen zu lassen und dick genug, um das Ausfallen yon Schnitten zu verhindern. Ats Sch'nittrichtung wahlte ich die sagittale und frontale; letztere erwies sich im allgemeinen ergiebiger ffir die Zwecke der Untersuchung, vor allem auch geeigffeter zur hnfertigung yon Rekonstruktionen. Entwicklungsgeschichte u. Histologie der m~nnlichen ttarnrShre. 711 u dem Einbetten wurden die i~usseren Geschlechtsteile eines jeden Embryos genau gezeichnet und beschrieben. Die wichtigsten Dienste leistete mir bei meinen Untersuchungen die Rekonstruktionsmethode, und zwar sowohl die graphische, wie das Plattenmodellierverfahren. Letzteres ist mtihevoller, weist aber schSnere Resultate auf. Selbst in Bezug auf die ausseren Form- verhaltnisse der ausseren Geschlechtsteile erkennen wir an den Wachsmodellen Einzelheiten, die sich der einfachen Lupenunter- suchung entziehen, nicht so sehr wegen ~ der Kleinheit des Objekts, als vielmehr wegen der Durchsichtigkeit der Teile. Ich ~r fertigte Wachsmodelle der ausseren Geschlechtsorgane tier Em- bryonen von 20, 68 und 105 mm Rumpflange, Modelle, die auch die inneren Verhaltnisse erkennen lassen; ausserdem stellte ich Modelle her zur Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Urethral- driisen. Zur Untersuchung der Histologie der Urethra diente als Hauptobjekt die Harnriihre eines zweijahrigen Knaben, die yon der ausseren Mtindung bis zur Harnblase in eine ltickenlose Serie yon 1900 Schnitten zerlegt wurde. Die Schnitte wurden mit Hamalaun und Pikrofuchsin gefarbt. Die Notwendigkeit der Bevorzugung des kindlichen Materiales ergab sich aus der grossen technischen Schwierigkeit, mit der die Anfertigung einer voll- kommenen Serie aus der HarnrShre eines erwachsenen Individuums verbunden ware: miisste doch die entwickelte, 24 cm lange mannliche HarnrOhre bei einer Schnittdicke yon 30 t~ 8000 Schnitte ergeben. Zur Kontrolle der bei dem zweijahrigen Knaben ge- wonnenen Ergebnisse fertigte ich aus der Urethra zweier Manner zahlreiche Schnitte aus verschiedenen Gegenden an. Es ergab sich, dass in Bezug auf die histologischen Verhaltnisse der Urethra wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen dem zweijahrigen Knaben und den Erwachsenen nicht vorhanden sind ; die bestehenden Differenzen beschranken sich auf die Menge der Muskulatur und auf die Gr~sse der Drttsen, sind also lediglich quantitativer Natur. Zur Feststellung der topographischen Anordnung der Drtisen und Muskulatur der HarnrShre leistete die graphische Rekonstruktions- methode treffliche Dienste; mit dieser Methode wurde Fig. 29 gewonnen (die Reproduktion ist im Yergleich zur Originalzeichnung auf l/s verkleinert), die im Laufe dieser hrbeit ausfiihrlich be- schrieben werden soll. 712 Franz Herzog: I. Entwicklungsgeschichtliches. 1. Entwicklung der Harnr~hre. Die ~usseren Geschlechtsorgane des kleinsten yon mir untersuchten Embryos~ desjenigen yon 20 mm L~nge (Fig. 1 u. 9), befinden sich noch in dem ,geschlechtlich indifferenten ~ Stadium, worunter freilich nur soviel zu verstehen ist, dass der Geschlechts- charakter an ihnen unserer Feststellung noeh nicht zug~nglieh ist; ich kann hinzusetzen, dass bei diesem Embryo auch die Sexualdriisen in ihrer Entwicklung noch nicht so weit vorge- schritten sind, dass man an" ihnen das Geschlecht des Embryos mit Bestimmtheit erkennen kSnnte. Der Genitalh~cker stellt sich als ein 1,5 mm langer, an der Basis 1 mm breiter, ungefahr kegelfSrmiger Vorsprung dar; seine Langsachse steht senkrecht zur Langsachse des Rumpfes; an seiner unteren Flache zieht eine seichte Furche zum After hin. Vor dem vorderen Ende dieser Furche, an der Spitze des Gliedes ragt ein kleines, unregel- massig geformtes, aus Epithelzellen bestehendes KnStchen: alas bekannte Epithelh~rnchen hervor. Hinter dem GenitalhScker erkennt man eine quer verlaufende Furche, die sich seitlich bogenfSrmig nach vorn krtimmt; in ihr liegt der After. Vor den seitlichen Teilen dieser Furche treten zu beiden Seiten des GenitalhSckers rundliche Erhebungen hervor: die ersten Au- 'deutungen der ausseren Geschlechtsfalten. Hinter dem After folgen zwei symmetrische HSckerchen: die AnalhScker R e i c h e 1s; dahinter endlich befindet sieh eine quere, nach vorn konvexe Furche, welche den hinter ihr liegenden SchwanzhScker nach vorn begrenzt. Dieser tritt ziemlich scharf hervor, an seiner Spitze mit einem aus Epithel und Bindegewebe bestehenden gSrnchen versehen. Der Sinus urogenitalis (s. Fig. 10) erscheint bei diesem Stadium noch nicht geSffnet; er ist, wie dies Langs- schnitte zeigen, in seinem unteren Teil noch vollkommen von Epithel ausgef~illt. Die Untersuchung der Schnittserie ergibt ferner, dass die Wolffschen Gange sich mit starker Krfimmung nach vorn biegen und unter rechtem Winkel in den Sinus urogenitalis mfinden; der proximale Teil der M~illerschen G~nge ist schon vorhanden, ihr distales Ende dagegen noch nicht bis zum Sinus urogenitalis hinabgewachsen. Die den unteren ~Teil des Sinus urogenitalis ausfiillenden Epithelzellen gehen nach_vorn unmittel- Entwicklungsgeschichte u. Histologie der m~nnlichen HarnrShre. 713 bar in jene Epithelleiste fiber, die, entsprechend der vorhin er- w~thnten seichten Furche, an der unteren Flache des GenitalhSckers dahinzieht. Diese Epithelleiste ist das Urethralseptum. Dieses Septum senkt sich als eine verhMtnism~tssig schmale Leiste yon der unteren Flache des GenitalhSckers ungef~thr bis zur Mitre seines Querschnittes hinein, und teilt so dessen untere HMfte in zwei gleiche Teile. Das vordere Ende dieses bis zur Spitze des GenitalhSckers reichenden Septums, geht hier direkt in das EpithelhSrnchen tiber. Von einem Datum kann bei diesem Embryo eigentlich noch nicht die Rede sein, da der Sinus urogenitalis noch nicht often steht, doch erkennt man seine spatere Stelle schon in jener Querfalte, welche den After nach vorn begrenzt und deren Epithel ebenfalls mit dem die ()ffnung des Sinus urogenitalis verschliessenden Epithelpropf zusammenh~tngt. Die ausseren Geschlechtsteile eines etwas ~tlteren, 28 mm langen Embryos (Fig. 2), unterscheiden sich yon denen des vorigen hauptsachlich dadurch, dass die ErSffnung des Sinus urogenitalis bereits erfolgt ist. Statt des frtiher noch kompakten Epithel- pfropfes erkennen wir jetzt einen enge~nKanal, ringsum yon mehr- schichtigem Epithel begrenzt, der an seinem unteren Ende nach vorn zu unmittelbar in eine Rinne mtindet, die durch die Spaltung des hinteren Drittels des Urethralseptums entstanden ist. Der GenitalhScker hat durch die Breitezunahme seines distalen Endes seine frtihere Kegelform mit einer cylindrischen vertauscht; er ist nun 2 mm lang, 1 mm breit und steht, ebenso wie in dem frtiheren Stadium, senkrecht zur L~ngsachse des Rumples. In den vorderen Teilen der unteren Flache des Gliedes erkennen wir noch dieselbe seichte Furche, wie frtiher, im hinteren Drittel des Gliedes aber vertieft sie sich zu einer ausgesprochenen Rinne, die durch die spaltf6rmige Zweiteilung des Urethralseptums entstanden ist. Die ~tusseren Geschlechtsfalten stellen sich grSsser dar, als frtiher; sie sind yon langlicher Form und gehen direkt in den Querwulst des Dammes tiber. Der After liegt noch immer in einer queren Furche; hinter dieser erkennt man bier ebenfalls die zwei knalhScker. Der SchwanzhScker zeigt gegen frtiher eine Reduktion; das HSrnchen am Ende fehlt. Die Untersuchung.der Serie ergibt, dass die Wolffschen G~tnge sich ahnlich verhalten, wie bei dem 20 mm langen Embryo, die Mtillerschen Gange dagegen schon his an die Wand des 714 Franz tIerzog: Sinus urogenitalis hinabgewachsen sind, ohne aber noch in letzteren frei zu mtinden. Sie sind hier in einiger HShe oberhalb ihres unteren Endes langs einer kurzen Strecke miteinander verwachsen, und zwar so vollkommen, dass die beiden Lumina bereits zu einem einzigen verschmolzen sind. An der Sexualdriise lasst sich bereits mit Bestimmtheit feststellen, dass wir hier ein mannliches Individuum vor uns haben. Die ausseren Geschlechtsteile des Embryos yon 31 mm Rumpflange (Fig. 15) sind
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