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Redalyc.Susceptibility of the Horn Fly, Haematobia Irritans Irritans (Diptera Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Medeiros Barros, Antonio Thadeu; Saueressig, Thelma Maria; Gomes, Alberto; Werner Koller, Wilson; Furlong, John; Santiago Girão, Eneide; da Cunha Pinheiro, Alfredo; de Paula Jardim Alves-Branco, Francisco; Munhós Sapper, Maria de Fátima; Menezes Braga, Ramayana; Apolonio de Oliveira, Amaury Susceptibility of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), to insecticides in Brazil Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 21, núm. 2, abril-junio, 2012, pp. 125- 132 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841484009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Full Article Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., Jaboticabal, v. 21, n. 2, p. 125-132, abr.-jun. 2012 ISSN 0103-846X (impresso) / ISSN 1984-2961 (eletrônico) Susceptibility of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), to insecticides in Brazil Suscetibilidade da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), a inseticidas no Brasil Antonio Thadeu Medeiros Barros1*; Thelma Maria Saueressig2; Alberto Gomes3; Wilson Werner Koller3; John Furlong4; Eneide Santiago Girão5; Alfredo da Cunha Pinheiro6; Francisco de Paula Jardim Alves-Branco6; Maria de Fátima Munhós Sapper6; Ramayana Menezes Braga7; Amaury Apolonio de Oliveira8 1Embrapa Pantanal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Corumbá, MS, Brasil 2Embrapa Cerrados, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Planaltina, DF, Brasil 3Embrapa Gado de Corte, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil 4Embrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil 5Embrapa Meio-Norte, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Teresina, PI, Brasil 6Embrapa Pecuária Sul, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Bagé, RS, Brasil 7Embrapa Roraima, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Boa Vista, RR, Brasil 8Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Aracaju, AL, Brasil Received August 17, 20011 Accepted March 20, 2012 Abstract Since horn fly populations became established throughout Brazil, complaints regarding control failure have increased around the country. A broad survey to evaluate the susceptibility of horn flies to both organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid insecticides was conducted from October 2000 to April 2003. Bioassays using filter papers impregnated with cypermethrin, permethrin or diazinon were conducted on 154 horn fly populations in 14 states and 78 municipalities. Resistance to cypermethrin, the active ingredient present in most insecticide products for horn fly control in Brazil, was detected in 98.46% of the populations, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 2.5 to 719.9. Resistance to permethrin (RRs ≤ 6.3) was found in 96.67% of the populations, despite its lack of use. In general, pyrethroid resistance was detected in 97.18% of the horn fly populations, with frequencies greater than 87% in all regions of the country. The status of susceptibility of horn fly populations in Brazil to insecticides can be characterized by high susceptibility to OPs and widespread resistance to pyrethroids, potentially compromising the efficacy of pyrethroid products in most cases. Although some partial results have previously been presented, a general picture of horn fly susceptibility in Brazil is presented here for the first time. Keywords: Horn flies, pyrethroid resistance, parasite resistance. Resumo Desde a dispersão da mosca-dos-chifres, no Brasil, queixas sobre seu controle aumentaram em todo o país. Um amplo levantamento objetivando avaliar a suscetibilidade da mosca a inseticidas organofosforados (OF) e piretróides foi realizado de outubro de 2000 a abril de 2003. Bioensaios com papéis de filtro impregnados com cipermetrina, permetrina ou diazinon foram conduzidos em 154 populações da mosca-dos-chifres de 14 Estados e 78 municípios. Resistência à cipermetrina, ingrediente ativo presente na maioria dos produtos para controle da mosca-dos-chifres no Brasil, foi detectada em 98,46% das populações, com fatores de resistência (FR) variando de 2,5 a 719,9. Resistência à permetrina (FR ≤ 6,3) foi encontrada em 96,67% das populações testadas, apesar da falta de uso de produtos contendo este princípio ativo. Em geral, resistência a piretróides foi detectada em 97,18% das populações, com frequências acima de 87% em todas as regiões do país. A situação da suscetibilidade da mosca-dos-chifres a inseticidas, no Brasil, pode ser caracterizada por uma elevada suscetibilidade aos organofosforados e ocorrência generalizada de resistência aos piretróides, potencialmente comprometendo a eficácia desses produtos na maioria dos casos. Embora resultados parciais tenham sido apresentados anteriormente, um quadro geral da suscetibilidade da mosca-dos-chifres no Brasil é apresentado pela primeira vez. Palavras-chave: Mosca-dos-chifres, resistência a piretróides, resistência parasitária. *Corresponding author: Antonio Thadeu Medeiros Barros Embrapa Pantanal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA, Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880, CEP 79320-900, Corumbá, MS, Brasil e-mail: [email protected] www.cbpv.com.br/rbpv 126 Barros, A.T.M. et al. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. Introduction selection of ranches for bioassays was based on operational factors (ease of access, willingness of owner to collaborate with the study, In view of the increasing numbers of suspected cases of fly availability, etc.), rather than suspected insecticide resistance. horn fly resistance in Brazil and limited knowledge regarding There was no effort to select animal breeds, production systems, its status in this country, a comprehensive survey was started in history of insecticide use, or any other particular situation; in 2000 to evaluate the susceptibility of horn fly populations to fact, all sorts of situations were encountered during the fieldwork, pyrethroid and organophosphate (OP) insecticides throughout which was carried out in very distinct regions of the country. Brazil. Partial results from that study for some states have been During visit planning prior to field trips, ranch owners were asked to keep a cattle herd untreated for at least two weeks before presented in technical publications (BRAGA; BARROS, 2003; the visit. It was assumed that this procedure had been complied BRAGA; BARROS, 2004; SAUERESSIG; BARROS, 2003) and with, unless local information or high mortality in the fly control in scientific papers (BARROS et al., 2002; OLIVEIRA et al., 2006; group during the bioassays led to suspicion of recent cattle BARROS et al., 2007). However, complete data from around the treatment with insecticides. country are presented here for the first time, providing a general The susceptibility of field horn fly populations to insecticides picture of the status of horn fly susceptibility to insecticides, in was assessed by bioassays using impregnated filter paper Brazil at the beginning of this century. (SHEPPARD; HINKLE, 1987; BARROS et al., 2002). In order In the early 1980s, the horn fly,Haematobia irritans irritans, to standardize laboratory procedures, the insecticide kits used in was officially reported in northern Brazil for the first time the bioassays were produced in the Entomology Laboratory of (VALÉRIO; GUIMARÃES, 1983). After crossing the rainforest Embrapa Pantanal and later distributed to all collaborators. The and the Amazon river, H. irritans quickly dispersed throughout the technical-grade insecticides used in the bioassays were diazinon country within a few years, facilitated by cattle transportation, and (>93.5% purity, provided by Novartis and Chem Service), soon it was ranked among the major livestock pests because of the permethrin (>97% purity, FMC do Brasil and Chem Service) and economic losses inflicted on the cattle industry (GRISI et al., 2002). cypermethrin (92%, Minerthal) diluted in acetone. Each insecticide Following the gradual dispersal of horn flies in Brazil, chemical kit contained three replicates of eight to ten concentrations of control became necessary. Because of the lack of insecticidal permethrin (0.4-51.2 µg.cm–2), cypermethrin (1.6-819.2 µg.cm–2) products for this pest on the Brazilian market, horn fly control or diazinon (0.1-3.2 µg.cm–2). Control filter papers were treated initially relied on products for cattle tick control, consisting mostly only with acetone (Merck P.A.). The impregnated filter papers of pyrethroids. Commercial products quickly became available were kept in aluminum foil packs under refrigeration until they for horn fly control, but selection pressure remained mostly with were placed in plastic disposable Petri dishes (90 mm in diameter) pyrethroids. just before the field trips. Horn fly populations were highly susceptible to both pyrethroid Bioassays with permethrin were mostly conducted in 2000, and OP products until the mid-1990s, as shown in several studies with a few in 2001 and none in the following years. Cypermethrin on product efficacy (CAMPOS PEREIRA et al., 1992, 1994;
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