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The Status & Conservation of Bears

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The Status & Conservation of Bears Contents Foreword .......................................................................v Alaska .................................................................... 40 STERLING D. MILLER AND JOHN SCHOEN Acknowledgements .......................................................vi Canada ................................................................... 46 BRUCE MCLELLAN AND VIVIAN BANCI Executive Summary .....................................................vii United States: Grizzly Bear in the Lower 48 .......... 50 CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN Summary of the Status of Bear Species by Distribution ..............................................................ix Chapter 6: Brown Bear Conservation Action Plan CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN for Europe (Ursus arctos) ............................................ 55 Introduction .......................................................... 56 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................. 1 Austria ................................................................... 56 STEPHEN HERRERO GEORG RAUER The nature of bears.................................................. 1 Bulgaria ................................................................. 59 Why conserve bears? ...............................................4 NIKOLAI SPASSOV AND G. SPIRIDONOV Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan Finland ................................................................... 63 for Bears .................................................................. 6 ERIK S. NYHOLM AND KAI-EERIK NYHOLM France .................................................................... 68 Chapter 2: An Overview of Bear Conservation JEAN JACQUES CAMARRA Planning and Implementation ........................................ 8 Greece .................................................................... 72 BERNARD PEYTON, CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN, GEORGE MERTZANIS AND STEPHEN HERRERO Italy (Abruzzo) ....................................................... 81 Introduction ............................................................8 GIORGIO BOSCAGLI Planning .................................................................. 8 Italy (Trentino) ...................................................... 84 Identifying threats ................................................... 9 FABIO OSTI Prioritizing threats ................................................. 10 Norway .................................................................. 86 Determining what is needed to address threats ..... 10 OLE JAKOB SØRENSEN, JON E. SWENSON, AND TOR KVAM Implementation ..................................................... 14 Poland .................................................................... 89 Summary ............................................................... 24 WITOLD FRACKOWIAK, ROMAN GULA, AND KAJETAN PERZANOWSKI Chapter 3: Genetics of the Bears of the World ............. 25 Romania................................................................. 93 LISETTE WAITS, DAVID PAETKAU, AND CURTIS STROBECK OVIDIU IONESCU Overview ................................................................ 25 Russia (see page 136) 1. Interspecific phylogenetic analyses .................... 26 Slovakia ................................................................. 96 2. Intraspecific population structure analyses ....... 27 PAVEL HELL AND SLAVOMÍR FIND’O 3. Genetic diversity within populations ................. 29 Spain: eastern and western Cantabria ................... 100 4. Ecological applications ...................................... 30 Eastern Cantabrian subpopulation ................ 101 5. Forensic applications ......................................... 31 ANTHONY P. CLEVENGER AND FRANCISCO J. PURROY Western Cantabrian subpopulation ............... 104 Chapter 4: The Trade in Bears and Bear Parts ............ 33 JAVIER N AVES C IENFUEGOS AND C ARLOS N ORES Q UESADA CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN Sweden ................................................................. 111 Introduction .......................................................... 33 JON E. SWENSON, FINN SANDEGREN, ANDERS BJÄRVALL, Origins of bile in trade ........................................... 33 ROBERT F RANZÉN, ARNE S ÖDERBERG, AND P ETTER W ABAKKEN Value of bear parts ................................................ 34 Former Yugoslavia ............................................... 113 Bear farming .......................................................... 36 DJURO HUBER The future of trade in bear parts in Bosnia and Hercegovina ................................ 113 North America ...................................................... 36 Croatia ........................................................... 115 Control of trade in bear parts ................................ 37 Macedonia...................................................... 118 Montenegro and Serbia (with Kosovo) .......... 118 Chapter 5: Brown Bear Conservation Action Plan Slovenia .......................................................... 119 for North America (Ursus arctos) ................................ 39 DJURO HUBER AND MIHA ADAMIC Introduction .......................................................... 40 iii Chapter 7: Brown Bear Conservation Action Plan Vietnam: black bear and sun bear........................ 216 for Asia (Ursus arctos)............................................... 123 DO DINH SAM Introduction ........................................................ 123 China: Heilonjiang black and brown bears.......... 123 Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan CHENG JIZHEN (Helarctos malayanus) ............................................... 219 India..................................................................... 125 CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN S. SATHYAKUMAR Introduction ........................................................ 219 Japan: Hokkaido ................................................. 128 Historic range and current distribution ............... 219 TSUTOMU MANO AND JOSEPH MOLL Status ................................................................... 220 Mongolia: Gobi bear ........................................... 131 Legal status.......................................................... 220 THOMAS MCCARTHY Population threats ............................................... 221 Russia .................................................................. 136 Habitat threats .................................................... 221 IGOR CHESTIN Management ........................................................ 222 Human-bear interactions..................................... 222 Chapter 8: American Black Bear Conservation Public education needs ........................................ 222 Action Plan (Ursus americanus)................................. 144 Specific conservation recommendations .............. 222 MICHAEL R. PELTON, ALEX B. COLEY, THOMAS H. EASON, Lao PDR ............................................................. 223 DIANA L. DOAN MARTINEZ, JOEL A. PEDERSON, RICHARD E. SALTER FRANK T. VAN MANEM AND KEITH M. WEAVER Vietnam (see page 216) Introduction ........................................................ 144 Historic range, current distribution and status ... 145 Chapter 12: Sloth Bear Conservation Action Plan Canada ................................................................. 147 (Melursus ursinus) ..................................................... 225 United States........................................................ 151 DAVID L. GARSHELIS, ANUP R. JOSHI, JAMES L.D. SMITH, Mexico ................................................................. 155 AND CLIFFORD G. RICE Introduction ........................................................ 225 Chapter 9: Spectacled Bear Conservation General distribution ............................................ 227 Action Plan (Tremarctos ornatus) .............................. 157 Populations and status ........................................ 228 BERNARD PEYTON India..................................................................... 229 Introduction ........................................................ 157 Nepal ................................................................... 236 Benefits of spectacled bear conservation ............. 158 Status and distribution ........................................ 159 Chapter 13: Giant Panda Conservation Action Plan Legal status.......................................................... 161 (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) .......................................... 241 Management ........................................................ 161 DONALD G. REID AND JIEN GONG Human-bear interactions..................................... 162 Overview of the giant panda ................................ 241 Public education needs ........................................ 162 Status and distribution ........................................ 244 Specific conservation recommendations .............. 162 Legal status.......................................................... 246 Bolivia .................................................................. 164 Population threats ............................................... 246 DAMIÁN I. RUMIZ AND JORGE SALAZAR Habitat threats .................................................... 248 Colombia.............................................................. 168 Management ........................................................ 251 JORGE OREJUELA AND JEFFREY P. JORGENSON Human-panda interactions .................................. 251 Ecuador...............................................................
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