A Narrativa Transmídia Como Gênero Do Discurso: Um Estudo De Caso Do Longa-Metragem Capitão América 2 O Soldado Invernal

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A Narrativa Transmídia Como Gênero Do Discurso: Um Estudo De Caso Do Longa-Metragem Capitão América 2 O Soldado Invernal Universidade Federal de São Carlos Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade A narrativa transmídia como gênero do discurso: um estudo de caso do longa-metragem Capitão América 2 o soldado invernal Felipe Mussarelli São Carlos – SP 2017 FELIPE MUSSARELLI A narrativa transmídia como gênero do discurso: um estudo de caso do longa-metragem Capitão América 2 o soldado invernal Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, do Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arthur Autran Franco de Sá Neto São Carlos – SP 2017 Para Monica Agradecimentos Primeiramente gostaria de agradecer meu orientador Prof. Dr. Arthur Autran Franco de Sá Neto por me aceitar como orientado e, não só ajudar cada dia mais nesta pesquisa, mas também servir como inspiração profissional e pessoal. À minha esposa e melhor amiga por ser sempre a melhor pessoa do universo. Ao Prof. Dr. Valdemir Miotello por caminhar, e continuar caminhando ao meu lado por um bom pedaço desse caminho. À Profa. Dra. Nádea Regina Gaspar por ter me motivado e ajudado de tantas maneiras. Ao Prof. Dr. João Carlos Massarolo por ajudar a firmar o alicerce de uma teoria nova pra mim, mas que a cada dia vem fazendo mais e mais sentido. Ao Prof. Dr. Leonardo Antonio Andrade e ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Ramos por mostrarem que a ciência também se encontra nos quadrinhos. Aos Prof. Dr. André Piero Gatti e o Prof. Dr. Rogerio Ferraraz por aceitaram participar dessa caminhada. Ao Prof. Dr. Wilson Pedro e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (PPGCTS), pela oportunidade e as condições necessária para tornar essa pesquisa uma realidade. Aos meus pais e irmã. Aos amigos do GEGe. Aos amigos de todos os dias pelos risos e pelas músicas. A todos aqueles que um dia me perguntaram por que cargas d’água estudar histórias em quadrinhos. A CAPES por possibilitar dedicação exclusiva a esta pesquisa. - Bill Watterson - A narrativa transmídia como gênero do discurso: um estudo de caso do longa- metragem Capitão América 2 o soldado invernal. Resumo: O atual mercado do entretenimento encontra-se dominado por grandes grupos midiáticos cujo alcance abrange desde a produção, passando pela distribuição até a exibição de conteúdo em diversas plataformas e suportes, movimentando altos valores. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho buscou cotejar o conceito de Narrativa Transmídia, tal como formulado de Henry Jenkins, com os estudos de linguagens de Mikhail Bakhtin, por meio da hipótese de que a narrativa transmídia pode se configurar como um gênero bakhtiniano do discurso. Para tal, tomamos como objeto da pesquisa o filme Capitão América 2: o soldado invernal (Captain America: the winter soldier, Anthony Russo e Joe Russo, 2014) e suas expansões narrativas produzidas em formato de história em quadrinhos, curta- metragem, série televisiva e jogo eletrônico. Além de analisar o longa-metragem, buscamos observar de que maneira os três elementos constituintes do gênero do discurso (tema, estilo e forma composicional) comportam-se em cada uma das expansões narrativas do longa-metragem em comparação com narrativas do personagem Capitão América não vinculadas ao longa-metragem. Como resultado notamos que, enquanto os elementos do gênero de cada uma das narrativas não vinculadas comportam-se de forma independente entre si, os elementos de cada um dos gêneros das expansões narrativas ligadas ao longa-metragem comportam-se de forma bastante semelhante, o que nos levou a concluir que a narrativa transmídia pode ser considerada um gênero bakhtiniano do discurso. Palavras-Chave: Transmídia; Bakhtin; Capitão América; Audiovisual; História em Quadrinhos. Transmedia storytelling as a speech genre: a case study of Captain America the winter soldier. Abstract: The current entertainment industry finds itself dominated by big media groups, whose reach starts from production through distribution until the content exhibition in many platforms, with high revenue stream. This study aimed to compare the concept of transmedia storytelling by Henry Jenkins with Mikhail Bakhtin’s language theory by means of the hypothesis of that transmedia storytelling might be a bakhtinian speech genre. For this reason, we considered Captain American: the winter soldier (Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, 2014) and its narrative expansion produced in comic, short motion videos, television series and video games. Besides analyzing the motion picture, we sought to observe in which way the three speech genre elements (theme, style and compositional content) behaved in each narrative expansion of the motion picture in comparison to the character Captain America’s narratives not linked to the motion. As a result, we noticed that, while each narrative genre element not linked to the motion behaved independently, the linked narrative elements behaved similarly leading us to the conclusion that transmedia storytelling can be considered a bakhtinian speech genre. Keywords: Transmedia; Bakhtin; Captain America; Audio-visual; Comic Books. Lista de Figuras FIGURA 1 - MARTIN GOODMAN SEGURANDO UMA PROVA DE CAPA DE UMA EDIÇÃO DO CAPITÃO AMÉRICA ..... 17 FIGURA 2 - BILL EVERETT .................................................................................................................................... 20 FIGURA 3 - CARL BURGOS ................................................................................................................................... 20 FIGURA 4 - PRIMEIRA APARIÇÃO DO TOCHA HUMANA NA CAPA DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DA MARVEL COMICS, 1939 ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 FIGURA 5 - PRIMEIRA APARIÇÃO DE NAMOR, O PRÍNCIPE SUBMARINO, 1939. ................................................... 22 FIGURA 6 – PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DA MOTION PICTURE FUNNIES WEEKLY, 1939.................................................. 23 FIGURA 7 - O JOVEM JOE SIMON ......................................................................................................................... 26 FIGURA 8 - JACK KIRBY E SEU ICÔNICO CHARUTO. ............................................................................................. 27 FIGURA 9 - ESCUDO, CRIADO POR HARRY SHORTEN E IRV NOVICK EM 1940. .................................................. 28 FIGURA 10 - CAPA DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE CAPITÃO AMÉRICA. ........................................................................ 29 FIGURA 11 - STAN LEE EM 1940. ........................................................................................................................ 31 FIGURA 12 - EDIÇÃO ORIGINAL DA OBRA DE FREDRIC WERTHAM, SEDUCTION OF THE INNOCENT, PUBLICADA EM 1954. ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 FIGURA 13 - CAPA DA EDIÇÃO N. 28 DA REVISTA STRANGE TALES, PUBLICADO EM 1951. ............................... 36 FIGURA 14 - SELO DE APROVAÇÃO DA CMAA – COMIC MAGAZINE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA ....................... 37 FIGURA 15 - STEVE DITKO EM SUA MESA DE DESENHOS .................................................................................... 39 FIGURA 16 - CAPA DA EDIÇÃO N. 1 DE STRANGE WORLDS, 1958. ..................................................................... 40 FIGURA 17 - CAPA DA EDIÇÃO N. 3 DE STRANGE WORLDS, 1959. ..................................................................... 40 FIGURA 18 - CAPA DO PRIMEIRO VOLUME DO QUARTETO FANTÁSTICO, 1961. ................................................. 42 FIGURA 19 – CAPA DO TERCEIRO VOLUME DE QUARTETO FANTÁSTICO, MARÇO DE 1963. .............................. 44 FIGURA 20 – MOMENTO EM QUE BRUCE BANNER É ATINGIDO PELOS RAIOS GAMA. .......................................... 45 FIGURA 21 - PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE THOR PUBLICADO NO VOLUME 83 DA REVISTA JOURNEY INTO MYSTERY, AGOSTO DE 1962. ........................................................................................................................................ 47 FIGURA 22 - CAPA DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE HOMEM-FORMIGA, PUBLICADA NA REVISTA TALES TO ATONISH 35, SETEMBRO 1962. ......................................................................................................................................... 48 FIGURA 23 - CAPA DA AMAZING FANTASY Nº 15, AGOSTO DE 1962. ................................................................. 49 FIGURA 24 - DESTAQUE PARA OS TRAÇOS DE STEVE DITKO EM HOMEM-ARANHA. .......................................... 50 FIGURA 25 - PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE OS VINGADORES, 1963. .............................................................................. 53 FIGURA 26 - PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE X-MEN, 1963. .............................................................................................. 54 FIGURA 27 - CAPA DE SUPERMAN VS. THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN (1976). ...................................................... 61 FIGURA 28 – VARIAÇÕES DA CAPA DE HOMEM-ARANHA Nº1 (1990). ................................................................ 68 FIGURA 29 - EDIÇÃO COM EMBALAGEM PLÁSTICA DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO DE HOMEM-ARANHA (1990). ............ 68 FIGURA 30 – FEITICEIRA ESCARLATE E MERCÚRIO EM SUAS VERSÕES EM QUADRINHOS. ................................ 93 FIGURA 31 – CAPA DE OS VINGADORES
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