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Accurate lompey feared Julius Caesar. He got the senate to limit Caesar's Correct power. In 49 s.c., the senate ordered Caesar to oAssassinate return to Rome without his army. He challenged their To kill someone qow-er by marching his army to the Rubicon i,ir., between who is important ltaly, crossing it, and marching on or in government ,G":l*_d to Rome. He had broken Roman law, but he had won power. Retire To give up one\ job, How Did Caesar Use His power? ,rs yuwsr urarl lfle senale. .t:le gave J to the poor. He told the rich to stop wearing p."r[ *j other signs of their wealth. He pasied to"gi., lu*, crime. "t"irrrt He also forgave his old enemies and made th; government officials. He also made the Roman calendar more accurate, or correct. people in Europe used his calendar for the next 1,500 years.

Who Assassinated J ulius Caesar? In 44 n.c., the senate made Caesar a dictator for life.-Many artists carved statues of him, and people could see these everywhere in Rome. The government even stamped his face on Roman coins. Because of all this, some senators feared that he wanted to become a king. Then the republic would end. Some senators assassinated, tr killed, him on March 15,44 s.c. These senators, some of them his friends, said that they had killed Caesar to save the republic.

Who Formed the Second Triumvirate? After Caesar's death, his l9-year-old adopted son, Octavian, and two generals-Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus-formed the Second Tiiumvirate. They divided the Roman Empire into three areas. Octavian ruled the West; Antony ruled the East; I.rrlius Caesar ruled for a shorr and Lepidus ruled North Africa. Each shared rrrrrr: before he was assassinated. pgy.I over Italy. After Lepidus retired, or gave up his job, Octavian and Maik Antony foughifor complete power.

753 B.c. ta 27 s.c. The Roman Republic Chapter 7 tE3 I

Cleopacra is famous for her charm. She was also brave and ambitious. She became queen of Egypt at age 17. Her family was Creek. They had ruled Egypt for almost 3@ years. Cleopatra and her brother were at war lulius Caesar helped her ' win. After his death, she turned to Mark Antony, a Roman general. He helped her keep Egypt independent. They married and had rhree children. Then Rome declared war on Antony and Cleopatra. Octaviant fleet defeated them, so Antony killed himself. Cleopatra could not bear to be Octavian's prisoner, so she also killed herself. She and Antony were buried together.

How Did Octavian Become Romet First Emperor? oEnrPeror formed an alliance with Cleopatra, the queen A person who rules Mark Antony an entpire; a king of Eglpt. This upset Octavian, because he feared that Antony and Cleopatra would create their own emPire. Octavian asked the senate to take awayAntony's Power. Then Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra. Upon finding out'Octavian's plans to attack E$,?t, Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. In 31 B.c., at the battle of Actium, the Romans defeated the Egyptians. Four years later, in 27 B.c.,the Roman Republic ended. The senate made Octavian the emperor, or king. For the next 500 years, emperors ruled Rome.

SECTION 5 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper' write Trueif the statement is true or False if the statement is not true. Make each false statement true by changing the underlined word or words. t) Pompey the Great feared the power of Mark Anton)'. Do you think the senators who z) Iulius Caesar disobeyed the senate, crossed the Rubicon assassinated Julius River. and marched on Rome. Caesar did so for 3) The Roman Senate made Julius Caesar a dictator for life. the good of the republic? WhY or c) The Second.Tiiumvirate was made uP of five men. why not? s) Marcus Lepidus became the first emPeror of Rome.

184 Chapter 7 The Roman RePublic Life in Rome Rome was the largest ciry in the Roman Empire By about r"o. 1fl), it had nearlyone million people. The ciry was busy and crowded At the hean of Rome was the Forum. lt had great temples, theaten, and markets. The public baths were also important A Roman father took charge of his sons' building. They were popular meeting places. educadon. Tutors were ofEen Greek slarres. Young

Romans also loved games and races. The ciry Later they studied Greek and Latin litenture. had several huge public arenas. People watched Public speaking was also imporanr Cirls were chariot races in the huge Circus Maximus. taught cooking and sewing at home. Young Gladiaton and wild animals fought in the women in patrician hmiliesgot moreeducation. Colosseum. (You can still see the ruins of this They learned literature, music, and dance Poorer present-day stadium in Rome.) women often worked in a shop or laundry.

In rown, wealrhy patricians lived in comfonable Like people today, Romans cared about their townhor.rses. They had gardens and fountains. look. They wore jewelry. Women had elaborate These nobles also owned large counrry homes hairstyles. Men wore a simple shon-sleeved called,villas. Most ordinary Romans rented small garment that full to dre knees. Women wore a apartments inan insula. These apanment similar, but longer, tunic Their robes were wool, buildings usually had four or five floors. Small linen or silk. Men who were Roman cidzens shops took up rhe first floor. These wooden could wear a toga. This was a long piece of cloth buildings were dark and crowded Fire was a that was wrapped around rhe body. Diftrent consant danger. styles of togas had special meaning Senators, firr example, wore white togas with a purple border. Crime was also a problem in Rome. Wealthy It was hard to move while wearinga toga. people avoided certain pans of the ciry.They Workers and soldien usually wore just che tunic. niight walk there only with armed slaves.

The family was the center of Roman life. tn early Sp o tl i ght Story Wrap - U p Rome, the father had total control over his 1 ) What kinds of buildings would you see in household Later, fathers became less stricc They ancient Rome? sdll made major family decisions. They held 2) What did Romans do br amusement? religious ceremonies to honor household gods. 3) Where did most ordinary Romans live? The goddess Vesta was the spirit ofrhe hearth. 4) What was the htherl role in rhe Roman The god Janus guarded the doorway. Each family hmily? also had its own spiria o protect ic 5) What was Roman clothing like?

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$ Legends say that Romulus and The First Punic War lasted 23 years, Remus founded Rome in 753 n.c. from 264 to 241n.c. Rome won. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal , * The Latins lived on the plains crossed the Alps. He invaded Rome i south of the Tiber fuver. Greek itself. A Roman general then defeated settlers lived in city-states nearby. hinr at 7amain202 s.c. Romewon the The Latins learned from the Greeks. Third Punic War as well. The Romans * The Etruscans lived north of the destroyed Carthage about 149 -rever.Th s.c. advanced than the Latins. By about Mediterranean. But the plebeians were 600 s.c., they conqu"r.d Ro;;:"-' Poorer' Two brothers named Etruscan kings ru.a no*.lli.rlthy |"-Ti"g , , r, r . . ;_ _ =-.-.,' Gracchus tried to help. Both were landowners, calleo Patnclans, ran the 1 .rr government. killed along with many followers. b Military leaders took power in * In 509 8.C., the Romans overthrew Rome. Two popular generals were the Etruscan kings. They set up a Marius and Sulla. In 60 n.c., three republic. Two officials called consuls leaders agreed to rule together as the ran the republic. A senate of First Tiiumvirate. Two were generals- patricians made laws. Pompey and Julius Caesar. The other b Most ordinary Romans were was a wealthy politician, Crassus. plebeians. They paid taxes and served * The senate made Caesar dictator as soldiers. The plebeians wanted for life. Some senators thought that political power. Two officials- would end the Republic, so they tribunes-were named to represent killed Caesar in 44 s.c. : them. Tiibunes and consuls could veto laws. * The Second Tiiumvirate formed. It included Caesar's adopted son, $ In about 450 8.c., Roman laws were Octavian, and another general, Mark written down on 12 bronze tablets. Antony. A third rnan, Lepidus, Plebeians gradually got more power. dropped out. Antony made an * The Roman Republic fought its alliance with Cleopatra, queen of neighbors. Rome's land and power Egfpt.Octavian declared war on grew. Three wars were fought with them and defeated them. The Senate Carthage, a powerful Phoenician city. named hinr emperor.

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