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Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous

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Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS (MAASTRICHTIAN) DINOSAUR-BEARING PRINCE CREEK FORMATION: COLVILLE RIVER REGION, NORTH SLOPE, ALASKA Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Peter Paul Flaig, B.S., M.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2010 ©2010 Peter Paul Flaig UMI Number: 3421528 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI 3421528 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS (MAASTRICHTIAN) DINOSAUR-BEARING PRINCE CREEK FORMATION: COLVILLE RIVER REGION, NORTH SLOPE, ALASKA By Peter Paul Flaig Chair, Department of Geology and Geophysics APPROVED: Dean, College of NaturalSciences and Mathematics * **•* t --------------------------------------- Dean of the Graduate School Date Abstract The Prince Creek Formation contains first-order meandering trunk channels, second-order meandering distributary channels, third-order fixed anastomosed(?) distributary channels, crevasse splays, levees, lakes, ponds, swamps, paleosols, and ashfall deposits. Trampling by dinosaurs is common. Most deposition occurred on crevasse splay-complexes adjacent to trunk channels. Rhythmically-repeating coarse-to fine-grained couplets in inclined heterolithic stratification suggest tidal-influence in channels. Cumulative to compound soils similar to Entisols, Inceptisols, and potential acid sulfate soils formed on levees, point bars, crevasse splays, and on the margins of lakes and swamps. Frequent overbank flooding is evidenced by silt and sand dispersed throughout paleosol profiles and fluctuations with depth in several molecular ratios. Drab colors, organics, siderite, depletion coatings, and zoned peds indicate waterlogged, anoxic conditions while ferruginous and manganiferous features, insect and worm burrows, and rare illuvial clay coatings and infillings suggest drying and oxidation of some soils. Repeated wetting and drying is tied to fluctuating river discharge. Marine influence is evidenced by jarosite, pyrite, and gypsum which become increasingly common up-section near the contact with the shallow-marine Schrader Bluff Formation. Recovered biota include Peridinioid dinocysts; algae; projectates; Wodehouseia edmontonicola', pollen from lowland trees, shrubs and herbs; Bisaccates\ fern and moss spores; and fungal hyphae and indicates that all strata are Early Maastrichtian and that iv sediments become progressively younger from measured section NKT in the south to measured section LBB in the north. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of a tuff returned an age of 69.2 ± 0.5 Ma in the Sling Point outcrop belt. World-class dinosaur bonebeds are encased in muddy overbank alluvium overlying floodplains. No concentration of bone was found in channels. Bonebeds are laterally extensive except where truncated by distributaries. At the Sling Pont, Liscomb, and Byers bonebeds alluvium encasing bone exhibits a bipartite division of flow and a massive mudstone facies containing flow-parallel plant fragments that “float” in a mud matrix suggesting deposition by fine-grained hyperconcentrated flows. Exceptional floods driven by seasonal snowmelt in the Brooks Range increased suspended sediment concentrations, generating hyperconcentrated overbank flows that killed and buried scores of juvenile dinosaurs occupying this high-latitude coastal plain. This unique killing mechanism likely resulted from fluctuating discharge tied to seasonality brought about by the near polar latitude of northern Alaska in the Late Cretaceous. Table of Contents Page Signature Page ................................................................................................................................i Title Page ....................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xiii List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................xvi List of Appendices....................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 A tidally-influenced, high-latitude coastal plain: The Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation North Slope, Alaska ......................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION 15 GEOLOGIC SETTING AND PREVIOUS WORK..............................................18 METHODS................................................... 23 FACIES AND FACIES ASSOCIATIONS............................................................24 Facies Association I: Large Sinuous Channels ...................................................24 Interpretation ..................................................................................................33 Facies Association II: Small Sinuous Channels .................................................35 Interpretation ..................................................................................................37 Facies Association III: Small Low-sinuosity Channels .....................................37 Interpretation ..................................................................................................40 Facies Association IV: Interbedded Sandstone, Siltstone, and Mudstone 41 Interpretation ..................................................................................................44 PALEOFLOW............................................................................................................47 ALLUVIAL ARCHITECTURE.............................................................................. 47 Large Sinuous Channels (FA-I) ............................................................................ 49 Small Sinuous Channels (FA-II) ............................. 53 Section PFDV-04 .......................................................................................... 56 vii Section CRNKKT ......................................................................................... 58 Small Low-sinuosity Channels (FA-III) .............................................................. 59 CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS.........................................................................62 Channel Depth .........................................................................................................62 Channel Width.........................................................................................................64 Sinuosity ...................................................................................................................65 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................67 Channel Hierarchy in the Prince Creek Formation ........................................... 67 First-order Channels ......................................................................................68 Second-order Channels.................................................................................69 Third-order Channels ....................................................................................69 Floodplains .............................................................................................................. 70 Crevasse Splays and Crevasse Splay Complexes................................. 72 Inclined Heterolithic Stratification in the Prince Creek Formation .................77 Depositional Model for the Prince Creek Formation ........................................ 81 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................84 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87 REFERENCES................................ 88 Chapter 3 Anatomy, evolution and paleoenvironmental interpretation of an ancient Arctic coastal plain: Integrated paleopedology and palynology from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska, USA .........................................................................................125 ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................126
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