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Wigry Lake, Ne Poland) – Introduction to Interdisciplinary Study GEOCHRONOMETRIA 27 (2007), pp 47-52 DOI 10.2478/v10003-007-0020-3 Available online at versita.metapress.com and www.geochronometria.pl LITHOLOGY OF THE PROFUNDAL SEDIMENTS IN SŁUPIAŃSKA BAY (WIGRY LAKE, NE POLAND) – INTRODUCTION TO INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY JACEK RUTKOWSKI, KATARZYNA KRÓL and JADWIGA SZCZEPAŃSKA Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland Received 22 December 2006 Accepted 13 February 2007 Abstract: In this paper, a lithological study taking into account trace metals of the profundal sedi- ments from Słupiańska Bay in Wigry Lake is presented. A profile 5.26 m long has sandy muds at the bottom and moving upwards layers of calcareous gyttja, lacustrine chalk, and again calcareous gyttja are present. The profile is continuous, typical for the sediments of NE Poland formed from Allerøde to recent time. The results of the lithological analysis were correlated with results of high-resolution seismic survey. The results together with radiocarbon dating are part of interdisciplinary complex re- search comprising paleobiological study of pollen, Cladocera, diatom successions and human activity, which will be published in successive papers. Keywords: Lake deposits, Wigry Lake, Holocene, trace metals 1. INTRODUCTION data from a 5.26 m long profile of lacustrine deposits from the drilling WZS-03. Other analyses of lacustrine The aim of this research is a complex analysis of sediments of Wigry Lake are presented in following pa- changes of natural environment since Allerøde through pers: Kupryjanowicz (2007), Piotrowska et al. (2007) and the whole Holocene until recent times. As the object of Zawisza and Szeroczyński (2007). research Wigry lake in NE Poland was chosen (Fig. 1). This lake is the largest one in Suwałki Lakeland. Its 2. SITE DESCRIPTION physiographic and natural conditions are generally well known (Zdanowski, 1992) together with its lithology, Wigry Lake is located in the Suwałki Lakeland sedimentation of its deposits (Rutkowski et al., 2002; (NE Poland) and it is the fifth largest lake (21.2 km2) in Rutkowski, 2004) and the problem of trace metals (Pro- NE Poland. The degree of coastline development is very sowicz and Helios-Rybicka, 2002; Migaszewski et al., high (4.35), and the lake bathymetry is fairly compli- 2003; Prosowicz, 2006). Geological conditions of the cated. Distinct shallows and narrowings divide the lake lake sediments and their later deformations were deter- into five basins, differing in physiographic characteristic. mined by means of high-resolution seismic (seismoacous- Wigierki Bay and Szyja Basin are of furrow type (Fig. 1), tic) survey (Rutkowski et al., 2002a and 2005). Wigry with the depth up to 73 m at the width below 1 km. Lake is one of the few lakes in Poland with contempora- Bryzgiel and Zakątowski Basins are of morainic type. neous carbonate sedimentation. Because of its natural They are broad (more than 2 km), and have numerous values Wigry Lake was "adopted" in 1998 by the Interna- near-shore and central shallows and the depths up to tional Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 50 m. Wigry Basin (Northern) are partly of morainic and (SIL "Lake Adoption" Project; Kamiński, 1999). partly, in SW part, of furrow type. The research comprises physiographic features of Wi- Wigry Lake lies in the moderate climate zone with gry Lake, lithological analysis and some geochemical some continental influences. The average summer tem- perature is 17°C, and average winter temperature is -4,2°C. Average annual precipitation is 581 mm with Corresponding author: J. Rutkowski e-mail: [email protected] fluctuation from 334 mm to 829 mm. Main wind direc- ISSN 1897-1695 (online) © 2007 GADAM Centre, Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology. All rights reserved. LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS FROM WIGRY LAKE Total WIGRY LAKE 354.1 mineralization Ca2+ 57.92 Mg2+ 16.45 C Cza rna za + r Na 7.57 na Ha ńcza H Wigry ań + c Basin K 1.97 za HCO32- 218.58 Table 1. Main chemical SO32- 24.56 components (in mg/dm3) of - Sz Cl 13.1 near bottom water. yja B as in tions of bottom water in this part of the lake during sum- Zakątowski W A Basin mer stagnation are rather bad, and even anoxic. The value ig ier ki B ay of pH in hypolimnion water is ca. 7.3 and electric con- Bryzgiel Basin ductivity ca. 0.346 S/cm. In the surface water, pH is much higher (up to 8.7) and conductivity lower (0.283 S/cm). Main chemical components (in mg/dm3) of hypolimnion water (at temperature ca. 6°C) are shown in Fig. 1. Map of the Wigry Lake. Shadowed area – islands. Area in Table 1. 2+ rectangle A is enlarged on Fig. 3. The surface water contains lower amounts of Ca and 2- HCO3 , due to its higher temperature. The most impor- tant component of Wigry water is Ca2+, which comes tions are SW, W, NW and SE. Ice cover on the lake sur- from the dilution of Pleistocene deposits rich in carbon- face appears usually in the end of December and melts in ates. March, but during last years there was no ice cover at all. The drilling WZS-03 was done on 13.07.2003 at the Lake Wigry is principally a mezotrophic lake fed by point of geographic coordinates N54°01.053’ and the Czarna Hańcza and the Wiatrołuża rivers (Bajkie- E23°03.085’, determined by GPS. It was situated in the wicz-Grabowska, 1992) that fall into Northern Basin. southern part of the lake, in Bryzgiel Basin, and precisely Underground flow and precipitation also markedly con- in the Słupiańska Bay in the western part of this basin. tribute, mainly in the other basins. Wigry is a dimictic This bay is large with a broad connection with Bryzgiel lake with summer and winter stagnation and spring and Basin. It is fed by water coming from Wigierki Bay (ca. 6 3 autumn mixion. Thermal stratification observed in the 15 x 10 m annually). Areas surrounding the bay are middle of Bryzgiel Basin during the maximum of sum- forested and a Phragmites community covers 1/3 of the mer stagnation is illustrated in Fig. 2. Water temperatures coastline. Direct surrounding of the Słupiańska Bay is in epilimnion (water depth down to 4 – 5 m, maximum built by glacial and fluvioglacial deposits from the last 8 m) reach 24°C. Beneath, in the metalimnion (8 – 14 m) glaciation. They form an uneven upland, which rises the temperatures rapidly decrease. In hypolimnion, at the steeply a dozen or so meters above the lake level. At its depth below a dozen or so meters, water temperatures are feet are lake sands and gravels, stretching as a narrow permanently low and just above the bottom in the pro- path along the shore. In the NW part of the bay surround- fundal part of the lake reach 4-6°C. The oxygen condi- ing there is a peat-bog present. The main components of conductivity temperature oxygen pH ( oC) (mg/l) (S/cm) 0102030 0 5 10 15 67 89 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 (m) 15 15 15 15 depth g 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 July November July November July November July November Fig. 2. Main features of the lake water in the central part of Bryzgiel Basin during summer stagnation (July 26. 2006) and in autumn mixion (Novem- ber 10, 2006y). 48 J. Rutkowski et al. o E23o 03’ E23 04’ A. W WZS03 E ay 0 B ka ńs 10 ia up ł A S 20 N54o 01’ (m) depth A’ WZS-03 30 Bryzgiel Basin 250 m B. WZS03 A A’ N54o 00’ 20 SA SB 1 km AT PB+B depth (m) AL +YD 25 AA’ 1 2 345 6 7 Fig. 3. Location of the WZS-03 borehole with simplified geological sketch of surrounding of Słupiańska Bay. 1 – glacial sediments; 50 m 2 – peat; 3 – calcareous gyttja (profundal); 4 – lacustrine chalk (littoral); 30 5 – zone with clastic sedimentation (out of scale); 6 - bathymetric profile; 7; - seismic profile. Fig. 5. A - Bathymetric profile, B - Seismic profile witch chronozones. 100 (%) others The lithology of the calcareous gyttja will be described dolomites 90 further, together with the description of the WZS-03 core. 80 The drilling was located in profundal zone at the point of 70 depth of 18.2 m; The distance from the lake shore was limestones about 270 m, and from the slope of the nearshore bank – 60 180 m (Figs 3 and 5). 50 40 3. METHODS 30 crystalinic Fig. 4. Petrographic composition of Physical properties of water and content of oxygen 20 rocks lacustrine gravels from Słupiańska (Fig. 2) were determined by a multiparameter water qual- 10 Bay in percent of the number of ity analyzer (YSI model 6920). The analysis of sediments quartz 0 clasts, taking each grain-size class as from WZS-03 drilling comprised the determination of 64 32 16 8 4 (mm) 100 percent. water contents (obtained by drying at 110°C) and volume density (Fig. 6). In dry residue, the content of CaCO3 was determinated by Scheibler’s volumetric method and or- lacustrine gravels from the surrounding of Słupiańska ganic matter as loss of ignition at 550°C after 4 h. The Bay are carbonate rocks (Fig. 4). There are mainly lower analysis of trace metals TM involved decomposition of Paleozoic limestones (33.3 – 49.8%) and Devonian solid samples with concentrated nitric acid (65%) at dolomites (7 – 13.4%), but crystalline rocks as well as a pressure of 30 atm and a temperature of 200°C with the sandstone and quartzite are also observed.
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