2016, vol. 42 (2): 226–230

Department of Environmental Analyses, Geological Mapping and Economic Geology

Jacek Matyszkiewicz, Maciej Kotarba, Mariusz Krzak, Marek Wendorff

INTRODUCTION staff numbers and scientific activities by re­ search teams of Professors: Maciej Kotarba, An­ Department of Environmental Analyses, Geolo­ drzej Paulo and Marek Krąpiec. The following gical Mapping and Economic Geology (KAŚKGG) autonomous units, ranked as Laboratories, are is a continuation of activities of several former now a part of the KAŚKGG structure: Geologi­ departments and laboratories. One of these was cal Mapping, Hydrocarbons Geochemistry, Envi­ the Laboratory of Geological Mapping initiated ronmental Analyses, and Economic Geology and in 1952, at the time when the Faculty of Geology Resources Protection. and Exploration became an individual unit, sepa­ rated from the Faculty of Mining and Surveying. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Prof. Walery Goetel became the Head of the new Geo­logy Department, which was an association of Laboratory of Geological Mapping a.o. former Department of General Geology II re- Stratigraphy of the Carpathian Flysch successions named to the Laboratory of Geological Mapping and tectonics of the Outer Carpathians were the headed by Henryk Świdziński. predomnant themes of research activities at an As a result of another reorganisation of the early stage, during Henryk Świdziński headship. Faculty, which coincided with the passing away of This trend was initially followed by the team of H. Świdziński, Institut of Regional Geology and K. Bogacz but, with the passage of time, interests Coal Deposits was instituted, which incorporat­ in geological structure, especially tectonics, of the ed the Laboratory of Tectonics and Geological S part of the Kraków Upland prevailed. The con­ Mapping with Kazimierz Bogacz as its Head. In cept of bloc tectonics of the Carpathian Foreland the course of still another reorganization (in 1974) within the boundary zone between the Carpathi­ of the new Institute of Geology and Mineral Re­ an Foredeep and the Kraków Upland, dating to sources this unit returned to the previous name that period, as well as a model of the Palaeozoic of the Laboratory of Geological Mapping, with fault tectonics of the Kraków region are valid until K. Bogacz continuing as the Head. now. K. Bogacz also co-authored a hypothesis of Upon the death of K. Bogacz, Jacek Rutkowski hydrothermal karst origins of the Upper-Silesian became its new Head. Professor Rutkowski con­ lead and zinc ore deposits. tinued until 1989 when this position was taken In the 80th and 90th research work on the geo­ over by Aleksandra Kostecka, who headed the De­ logical structure of the Kraków region was contin­ partment until her death. In 1999 Jacek Matysz­ ued, and in a sense, the results were summarized kiewicz became new Head of Department. in the Sheet Kraków of the 1:50 000 Detailed Geo­ Upon still another reorganisation in 2006 the logical Map of Poland. Research into lithology, Department of Geological Mapping evolved into sedimentary environments and diagenesis of the Department of Environmental Analyses, Geolog­ Upper Jurassic limestones of the Kraków-Często­ ical Mapping and Economic Geology (KAŚKGG). chowa Upland and southern Germany, are now The name change was justified by a significant continued by J. Matyszkiewicz, Marcin Krajewski, change and broadening of the departmental Ireneusz Felisiak, Alicja Kochman i Piotr Olchowy.

http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2016.42.2.226 ISSN 2299-8004 | e-ISSN 2353-0790 | Wydawnictwa AGH Department of Environmental Analyses, Geological Mapping and Economic Geology 227

Also research on precipitation of carbonates out of evolution and stratigraphy of river terraces and mineral waters in the Carpathians of Poland and influence of young tectonic movements on their Slovakia, conducted in the past by A. Kostecka, is origin (J. Olszak) as well as dendrochronologi­ being continued. Stratigraphy and tectonics of the cal work in the Carpathians (Małgorzata Danek). basement strata underlying the brown coal depos­ A summary study devoted to the neotectonic stage it at Bełchatów are researched by I. Felisiak, Ewa of evolution of the Carpathians and their foredeep Szewczyk, J. Matyszkiewicz, M. Krajewski and was published by Witold Zuchiewicz. P. Olchowy. Work on lithology and stratigraphy Marek Wendorff, conducted research in the of the Quaternary deposits and the geomorpholo­ Outer Carpathians on olistostromes, and sedi­ gical evolution of selected areas, esp. the Kraków mentology, basin analysis and diagenesis of the region and the W part of the Sandomierz Basin, Cergowa Beds. His studies of Neoproterozoic suc­ has been done by J. Rutkowski and T. Sokołowski. cessions in Central and SW Africa significantly Comprehensive studies on history of the Wigry expanded the knowledge of these regions, famous Lake conducted by a multidysciplinary team coor­ for their world-class ore deposits. Work on “the dinated by J. Rutkowski and Katarzyna Król were Katangan megabreccias” and Neoproterozoic gla­ another significant achievement. cial sediments in the Central African Copperbelt Recently conducted projects continue the resulted in revision of stratigraphy, a new model of investigations into lithology and tectonics of tectonic evolution, syntectonic sedimentation and the Late Jurassic carbonate rocks. Next to the tectonostratigraphy of allochthonous orebodies; it Kraków-Częstochowa Upland region, which is has also advanced a new outlook of the ‘Snowball the area of work of most staff members, such re­ Earth’ concept. These results stemmed from the search has been also conducted in the past years period when he was the initiator and Internation­ in the Crimea Mountains (M. Krajewski) and N al Leader of two 5-year regional projects of UNE­ Italy (J. Matyszkiewicz, A. Kochman, P. Olchowy). SCO (IGCP 302 and IGCP 419 with over 80 par­ Research into the Late Cretaceous carbonate stra­ ticipants – geologists from 18 countries) devoted ta of the Miechów Basin was started by Agata Jur­ to the Neoproterozoic successions, sedimentary kowska, and the depositional environment of the basins, tectonics and ore deposits in Central-to- Zechstein Main Dolomite in the W part of Poland SW Africa and S America. M. Wendorff also stud­ has been studied by M. Krajewski. Conditions of ied meteorite impact crater “Jwaneng South” in deposition of the Miocene sulphur-bearing lime­ the Kalahari Desert and published a novel mod­ stones of the Osiek deposit were reconstructed el of impactogenic structure infill upon granitic (P. Olchowy). Important results have been ob­ basement. He is also a member of an internation­ tained in the course of research conducted by al research team, which recently discovered plati­ Jerzy Zasadni and Andrzej Świąder into the de­ num-group mineralization in the Neoproterozoic velopment of glaciers during the last glacial maxi­ Kalahari Copperbelt succession in Botswana. mum in the Tatra Mountains and selected regions of the Alps. A part of this work culminated in the Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry publication of a map depicting the extent of gla­ and Environmental Analyses ciers in the Tatra Mountains, which won interna­ A research team of Maciej Kotarba developed tional applause and an award. On the other hand, a programme that focused on petroleum geo­ a part of the maps published in the English version chemistry and environmental analyses with ap­ of Atlas of the Tatra National Park were collated. plications of isotope and geochemical analyti­ Furthermore, geomorphological and geological cal techniques. The scientific results of the team conditions of preservation of macrofossils from have broadened the foundations of petroleum a famous palaeontological site at Starunia were ex­ geochemistry and are devoted to the conditions plained by Janusz Olszak and Tadeusz Sokołowski. controlling the origins and migration of hydro­ T. Sokołowski was involved in geoarchaeologi­ carbons in sedimentary basins in the territory of cal activities in the Kraków area. Other investi­ Poland. This research is of fundamental impor­ gations conducted by the Laboratory staff include tance for deposit exploration and assessment and

Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 2016, 42 (2): 226–230 228 Matyszkiewicz J., Kotarba M., Krzak M., Wendorff M.

has appeared important for environmental pro­ GIS tools to the decision making process, assess­ tection because it has revealed accumulations of ment of influence of mining and processing units gaseous hydrocarbons near the soil surface, which on the environment, and management of former pose hazard to human life. mining areas. Applications of mathematical meth­ In the periods 2004–2005 and 2006–2009 the ods in economic geology, economic assessment of team started interdisciplinary investigations in raw material-related projects and geoenvironmen­ the Starunia region (E Carpathians) to identify tal mapping are important other fields of research. sites prospective for potential occurrences of the hairy rhinoceros remains in the Quaternary sedi­ Equipment ments. This was a continuation of an earlier work Considering the departmental equipment, the of polish palaeontologists who in 1907 and 1929 most important are the items kept in the Faculty discovered in the Pleistocene deposits well pre­ Lab of Organic Geochemistry, which works espe­ served remains of mammoth and hairy rhinocer­ cially for the Laboratory of Petroleum Geochem­ os, including a unique, almost complete specimen istry and Environmental Analysis. It is now one of the latter. of the best such laboratories in the World with the highest quality equipment with which extensive Laboratory of Economic Geology analyses, experiments as well as organic geochem­ and Deposits Protection ical and environmental studies can be conducted. A team of Andrzej Paulo, which after his retire­ This is a leading facility in Poland with 31 major ment is headed by Mariusz Krzak, was initially fo­ items of research equipment at its disposal. Among cused on ore deposits, deposits of barite and flu­ the most important are: Delsi Rock-Eval 2 (screen­ orite, and regional metallogenic syntheses. Two ing pyrolysis of rock: TOC, kerogen type, maturi­ textbooks represent important achievements of ty and hydrocarbon potential), Vinci Technologies this team; they have been authored by Henryk Rock-Eval 6 Turbo (screening pyrolysis of rock, Gruszczyk: Science of deposits and Methods of ex- soil, coal, etc.: TOC, kerogen type, maturity and ploration of mineral deposits. The thrust of work, hydrocarbon potential, and mineral carbon con­ which is continued, covers petrological and eco­ tent), Tecator Soxtec AVANTI 2055 and Soxhlet ex­ nomic investigations of volcanogenic formations. tractors (bitumen extraction), Vinci Technologies Since the 80th Economic Geology remains an in­ Kerogenatron (separation of kerogen), Carlo Erba dividual research branch that includes the prob­ EA 1108 elemental analyser (elemental analysis of lems of prognostics and prospecting for deposits, coal/kerogen/bitumen/oil), Parr high pressure ox­ raw materials policy, resource management and ygen vessel (preparation of sulphur compounds deposit valuation, possibilities and economic feasi­ for δ34S analysis), Anton Paar DMA 4500M densi­ bility of their development, valuation of ores and ty meter (density of oil and other liquids), Hewlett concentrates, management of raw and waste ma­ Packard 5890 Series II GC with FID and TCD and terials and applied approaches to deposit protec­ Agilent 7890A GC with FID and TCD (molecular tion. The related research problems were present­ composition of hydrocarbon [CH4, C2H6, C3H8, iC4, ed in the following textbooks: Economic Geology nC4, iC4, nC5, neo-C5, C6] and non-hydrocarbon

(H. Gruszczyk 1989), Outline of mineral resourc- components [N2, O2, Ar, He, CO2, H2, H2S], Hewlett es management (A. Bolewski, H. Gruszczyk, Packard 5890 series II GC (GC-FID) (whole bitu­ E. Gruszczyk 1990) and Protection of natural en- men and oil GC analysis), Agilent 7890A GC with vironment and mineral resources (A. Paulo, ed. 5975C MSD (GC-MS) (biomarkers determination), 1995). Problems of economic geology were pub­ Agilent 7990A GC with triple quadropole QQQ de­ lished in a 16-volume series “Mineral deposits of tector (GC-MS-MS) (biomarkers determination), the World” (1976–1987). Since the 1990s the re­ Agilent 7890A GC with pyrolyser and 5975C MSD search range has been broadened by inclusion of (Py-GC/MS) (structure of kerogen determination), environmental management problems and envi­ Finnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer (IRMS) ronmental protection, geosozological determi­ connected with Hewlett Packard 6890 series II GC nants, geological-economic maps, application of and Carlo Erba EA1108 elemental analyser (stable

https://journals.agh.edu.pl/geol Department of Environmental Analyses, Geological Mapping and Economic Geology 229

carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotope analyses of “Geology of the Flysch Carpathians”, “Geohaz­ gaseous, liquid and solid samples), Finnigan Delta ards”, “Structural geology”, and also “Geotecton­ V Plus mass spectrometer (IRMS) connected with ics”, which is conducted in English. Courses given Thermo GC and elemental analyser (stable carbon, to “Geological mapping” students include: “GIS hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur isotope methods in geological mapping”, “Computing as analyses of gaseous, liquid and solid micro-sam­ a support to geological mapping”, “Teledetection ples). The main purposes of organic geochemical in geological mapping”, “Analysis of geological analyses are the determination and/or evaluation maps and cross sections” and “Geology and map­ of the organic matter content and its genetic type, ping of landslides”. In addition, one of our staff maturity and hydrocarbon potential; genetic type members teaches several courses given exclusively of oil, and influence of secondary processes; oil-oil in English to other specialisations – “Geological and source rock-oil genetic correlations; genetic English”, “World geology – for economic geology types of natural gas, shale gas, coal-bed methane MSc programme” “Scientific writing”; “Sedimen­ gas, tight gas, greenhouse gases and proportion of tology” for foreign students and “Monograph lec­ mixing between microbial and thermogenic gases. tures” and “English in earth sciences” to PhD stu­ Moreover, the only European installation for dents. hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments has been con­ strued at the Laboratory at the end of 2012 with the Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry aid of Dr. M.D. Lewan from U.S. Geological Sur­ and Environmental Analyses vey in Denver – the pioneer of this geochemical The teaching staff of this Laboratory conduct ­ed method. HP simulates natural coalification pro­ ucational activities related to geology of oil and cesses better than both closed- and open-system an­ gas, but the main educational effort is focused on hydrous pyrolysis because water is always present in courses within the specialization “Engineering geological systems. The results of HP experiments of balanced development” in the field of “Envi­ are also used for evaluation of kinetic parameters of ronemtal engineering”. It should be stressed that kerogen. These parameters are very useful for -1 D, this specialisation is elected mainly by students 2-D and 3-D modelling of petroleum processes and from the Ukrainian State Technical Institute systems. In our Laboratory we have software for for Petroleum and Gas in Ivano-Frankivsk, who basin analysis and modelling of processes and sys­ study at our Faculty in the framework of educa­ tems: PetroMod 1-D, PetroMod 2-D, PetroMod 3-D tional exchange and scientific cooperation. an PetroRisk (Schlumberger), and BasinMod 1-D, Laboratory of Economic Geology BasinMod 2-D, BasinMod 3-D, Model Viewer and BasinFlow (Platte River Asc. Inc.). and Deposits Protection Courses given by this unit are related to geology of EDUCATIONAL OFFER mineral deposits, economic geology, management of mineral resources, protection of mineral de­ Laboratory of Geological Mapping posits, environmental management, volcanology, “Geological mapping” is our leading course, which environmental impact assessment, environmental consists of lectures, practicals, and field classes management, metals markets, and environmental conducted in Poland and abroad, e.g. in Russia, mapping. In the period 2001–2006 a new special­ Croatia, Slovakia, Germany, Ukraine, and even in ization: “Management of the geological environ­ Vietnam and Ecuador. Other compulsory cours­ ment” has been established as the only such spe­ es are: “Geomorphology and Quaternary geol­ cialty in Poland. Between 1992 and 2003 the team ogy” and a part of “Sedimentology”. Among the organized and gave postgraduate courses in the elective courses, some appear especially popular programme “Protection of natural environment among students who like trips and activities in the and mineral resources”. This programme has been field. These are: “Reefs and other carbonate build­ considered as a model for other countries of Cen­ ups”, “Karst and speleology”, “The Tatra Moun­ tral and Eastern Europe and was supported by tains – geology, geomorphology and protection”, PHARE/TESSA programme.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 2016, 42 (2): 226–230 230 Matyszkiewicz J., Kotarba M., Krzak M., Wendorff M.

COOPERATION prepared a programme of attachment and co-su­ pervised two other Fellows visiting AGH UST un­ Laboratory of Geological Mapping der the same programme. Research and educational cooperation of the Lab­ oratory team with foreign units (mainly in Ger­ Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry many, Romania, Switzerland) which resulted in and Environmental Analyses many joint publications. In the period 2004-2012 Research staff of the Laboratory has cooperated we co-organised Joint Master Course “Carbonate with foreign scientific institutions, e.g., U.S. Geo­ Rocks” in collaboration of Friedrich-Alexan­ logical Survey in Denver, USA; Geochemical Re­ der Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg and Babeş- search Center, University of Tokyo, Japan; Institut -Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca. On the oth­ Francais du Petrole in Rueil Malmaison, France; er hand, young staff members and PhD students Institute of Geology, Universität Claushal, Ger­ visited academic institutions abroad on scientific many; Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical Uni­ attachemnts (A. Kochman – Vietnam Academy versity of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; of Science and Technology, Institut of Geophys­ National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Insti­ ics, Hanoi, 2011) and grants (M. Danek – De­ tute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combus­ partment of Geography Memorial University of tible Minerals, Lviv, Ukraine. Newfoundland, 2014–2015; E. Opyrchał – Ei­ degenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich – Laboratory of Economic Geology ETH Zürich, Department of Physics, Institute for and Deposits Protection Particle Physics, 2016–2017). Special mention is This Laboratory cooperates with scientists from deserved by long-standing cooperation of J. Za- Chile (University at La Serena), Turkey (Ankara sadni with Austrian Geologische Bundesanstalt University) and Spain (Oviedo University). Since in the framework of geological mapping of the 2003 our scientists have been participating in re­ Alps. At the same time, he conducts a vigorous re­ current Polish Research Expeditions to Peru with search programme with ETH Zürich focused on the aim of establishing National Parks: Colca glaciations in the Alps and Western Catpathians. Canyon and Volcanoes Valley. During this activi­ M. Wendorff has been continuing his research in­ ty cooperation was established with a.o. State Uni­ volvement in Central and SW Africa cooperating versity San Agustin (UNSA) w Arequipa, Catho­ with the University of the Witwatersrand (Johan­ lic University Santa Maria (UCSM) at Arequipa nesburg, RSA), University of Botswana and explo­ and Geological-Mining Institute INGEMMET) ration Companies from Australia and Africa. He at Lima. In the period 2012–2013 S. Gałaś coor­ was also active in the framework of UNESCO-Po­ dinated an international project in the framework land UNESCO/Poland Co-sponsored Fellowship of Wisegrad Fund, which involved cooperation of: Programme in Engineering (2011–2014). As part AGH UST Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and of this activity he supervised fieldwork in Botswa­ Environmental Protection, Technical University na and then co-supervised laboratory work in Po­ of Košice (Slovakia), Mendel University in Brno land of a Botswana MSc student, who defended (the Czech Republik) and the Hungarian Biolog­ his thesis at our Faculty with distinction. He also ical Society.

https://journals.agh.edu.pl/geol