Political Economy of Journalism
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Political Economy of Journalism New (and old) logics of production and consumption Jacqueline Lima Dourado Vincent Mosco Denise Maria Moura da Silva Lopes Juliana Fernandes Teixeira Renan da Silva Marques Jacqueline Lima Dourado Vincent Mosco Denise Maria Moura da Silva Lopes Juliana Fernandes Teixeira Renan da Silva Marques Political Economy of Journalism New (and old) logics of production and consumption Teresina - 2018 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUÍ Reitor José Arimatéia Dantas Lopes Vice-Reitora Nadir do Nascimento Nogueira 1 Superintendente de Comunicação Social Jacqueline Lima Dourado Editor Ricardo Alaggio Ribeiro EDUFPI - Conselho Editorial Ricardo Alaggio Ribeiro (presidente) Acácio Salvador Veras e Silva Antonio Fonseca dos Santos Neto Cláudia Simone de Oliveira Andrade Solimar Oliveira Lima Teresinha de Jesus Mesquita Queiroz Viriato Campelo Impressão: Gráfica Universitária da UFPI Coordenador Renan da Silva Marques Projeto Gráfico, Capa e Diagramação Renan Marques Revisão Os autores Tradução FICHAFICHA CATALOGRÁFICA CATALOGRÁFICA ServiçoServiço dede Processamento Técnico Técnico da Universidade da Universidade Federal Federal do Piauí do Piauí Biblioteca Comunitária Comunitária Jornalista Jornalista Carlos Carlos Castello Castello Branco Branco P769 Political economy of journalism : new (and old) logics of production and consumption / Jacqueline Lima Dourado ... [et al.]. – Teresina : EDUFPI, 2018. 256 p. Vários autores. Modo de acesso: <http://ufpi.br/e-book-edufpi> ISBN 978-85-509-0411-5 1. Política. 2. Economia. 3. Jornalismo. I. Dourado, Jacqueline Lima. CDD 320 Editora da Universidade Federal do Piauí - EDUFPI Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella CEP: 64049-550 - Bairro Ininga - Teresina - PI - Brasil Todos os Direitos Reservados SUMÁRIO 7 PREFACE 9 INTRODUCTION Ainara Larrondo-Ureta Irati Agirreazkuenaga-Onaindia Koldo Meso-Ayerdi Anna Tous-Rovirosa 13 THE CHALLENGE OF AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION FOR REGIONAL MEDIA: professional and organisational strategies for community development Anderson David Gomes dos Santos Júlio Arantes Azevedo 41 CRISIS AND RESTRUCTURING OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN BRAZIL: the story of Placar Magazine Andres Kalikoske Patrícia Augsten 67 THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SPHERE REVISITED: citizenship, media convergence and vigilance systems César Bolaño 83 CAPITALIST RESTRUCTURATION, INTELLECTUAL LABOR AND THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS FOR ONLINE JOURNALISM PRODUCTION Cristal Sá Jacqueline Lima Dourado Juliana Fernandes Teixeira 99 THE SPACES DESIGNED FOR THE AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION IN PIAUÍ TV 1ª EDIÇÃO Denise Maria Moura da Silva Lopes Maria Clara Estrela 121 RETHINKING JOURNALISM ON ONLINE ENVIRONMENT: players, business models and liability Denise Freitas de Deus Soares Jacqueline Lima Dourado Juliana Fernandes Teixeira 143 JORNAL NACIONAL (NATIONAL NEWS) AS A SPACE OF TECHNICAL-AESTHETIC HEGEMONY OF THE GLOBO NETWORK Eula Dantas Taveira Cabral Adilson Vaz Cabral Filho 163 POPULARIZING THE POPULAR: strategies of delegitimization of the alternative communication by traditional media groups. Ibrahim Seaga Shaw 179 THE CRISIS OF BUSINESS AND JOURNALISM: A Critical Political Economy Approach Jacqueline Lima Dourado Luís Nogueira Thaís Souza 203 THE “CINEMA DE BORDA” IN PIAUÍ AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE ALTERNATIVE TECHNO-AESTHETIC STANDARD Juliana Fernandes Teixeira 217 THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF TELEVISION JOURNALISM IN THE FACE OF MOBILE DEVICES: understanding the perspective of professionals from the TV stations of Piauí (Brazil) Samária Andrade Fábio Pereira 243 COMMUNICATION COLLECTIVES IN BRAZIL: Emergence and socio-historical contexts Vincent Mosco 265 NEW MEDIA: The Next Internet 7 PREFACE Murilo César Ramos Senior Researcher School of Communication University of Brasília (UnB) Brazil Journalism is a most critical resource for our struggles to continuously expand the boundaries of the limited democratic spheres we daily experience in our lives, be it within the families, or work, or school, or politics at large. And, yes, the centrality of journalism for democracies may be a truism, but exactly because it appears to be so evidently true is that we can never relinquish our disposition to uncover the possibilities to democratize all possible aspects of journalism. And this is what this book does, by exploring different aspects of the journalistic craft and of the business of journalism, thanks to a brilliant team of women and men from different parts of the world, some still new to academia, others experienced and widely recognized academicians, all united by the powerful analytical and practical tools of the political economy of communications. Given the diversity of the chapters that follow, this preface has not been written of the basis of their individual merit and argumentation, but instead on the basis of the most general research question that all the chapters, in one way or another, grapple with: how to deal theoretically and practically with the structural changes journalism has been undergoing since the advent of the internet and the applications 8 that have largely disrupted, all over the world, the way journalism is produced, distributed and consumed. Coincidentally, or not, such structural changes in the political economy of journalism have been coming in pair with the eruption in different parts of the world, from the United States to Hungary, to Turkey, to Italy, to parts of Germany, and Denmark, and Sweden, to present-day Brazil, etc, of threats to the democratic arrangements that have been in construction since the end of the World War II, centered on the idea of universal human rights. As said above, journalism is a most critical resource for our struggles to continuously expand the boundaries of the limited democratic spheres we daily experience in our lives. But what will be made of even such limited struggles, when journalism, in its relationship with politics and democracy, is more and more identified by massive, nontransparent processes of disinformation, the so-called ‘fake-news’, rather than by a commitment to the idea that news only becomes news when it is fit to print? Studies such as we encounter in this book, even not dealing directly deal with such a question, are an important reminder that journalism is central to democracy, and for this we thank COMUM, the one and only research group in this country to directly address the political economy of journalism. Brasília, October, 2018 9 INTRODUCTION The period known as informational capitalism, post-fordism or flexible accumulation has brought several changes in the way of producing, processing, managing, stocking and communicating information. Several activities had their way of acting changed to respond to the needs of capital including journalism. The need to become closer to the audience and interacting with it, shortening the distances and, sometimes, blurring the boundaries between those who produce and those who consume the news, has made the Internet, specially social networks, the most valued locus of both information and communication. The vast volume of information available, the possibility of becoming a content producer and the speed of the exchange process, almost instantaneous, allows the establishment of new logics of production and consumption of journalism, highlighting issues from the survival of the traditional press to ethical issues related to the content published. What is the ethical limit to the exploitation of crime images, catastrophes, or public figures? The social networks have also provoked changes in the forms of debate and in social participation, opening spaces for interventions such as the Arab Spring, June journeys in Brazil, among other movements that experienced new ways of social interaction and new forms of media coverage counting on the participation of alternative sources. Social networks became spaces of political dispute, of symbolic capital construction used by artists and politicians to promote themselves, but also by activists and journalists in search of information and greater visibility for their products. By conditioning the behaviour of the media, modelling the information-spectacle and proposing a new capitalist 10 model of business, the Internet and social networks threaten the rigor and credibility of journalists who face the instantaneity of publication, the exacerbation of the spectacle, or post truth as others prefer to call it, and the old problem of rumours, nowadays with faster diffusion. On the other hand, platforms such as Facebook and Google are also provoking changes in the production of journalism regarding their control over digital advertising, the growth of fake news and the replacement of editors with computer algorithms. In these new environment we need to discuss further issues such as: the survival of press media; the new business models for the digital journalism; the restructuring of traditional news companies based on new contracts, even more flexible, accumulation of functions and hierarchical and organizational changes; the ethical crisis of the journalism in Brazil and around the world; the role of public media; the collective or crowd sourced funding of alternative journalism; Journalism as labour, as a place of value production; the role of journalists in the age of social networks; who are the journalists; the role of women in this scenario; the role of social networks; how to manage information and media spectacle; the role of Google and Facebook in these environments; the role of trade unions in face of new labour challenges; and issues