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Edgeley and La Mouee Quadeangles Noeth Dakota

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Roy 0. West; Secretary U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George Otis Smith. Director 1 Bulletin 801 GEOLOGY AND WATER EESOURCES OF THE EDGELEY AND LA MOUEE QUADEANGLES NOETH DAKOTA BY HERBERT A. HARD ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBIJCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS U.S.QOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 50 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS _________ Page Introduction _____-_____--_-_-_-________-_-_---__-_--------------- 1 Location and general relations._________________________________ 1 General features of North Dakota.______________________________ 2 Topography._____________________________________________ 2 Drainage_ _____-_____-_-_____--_-____-_-__-__-_____--_-_ 3 Bedrock surface...-------_________________________________ 4 Stratigraphy and structure...._.-_--..--------------.------ 4 Settlement of the quadrangles_____________________.____________ 5 Topography..____-____----__-_-_____-_______-_-_____-_-_-___.-___ & Relief___:_-------------------------------------L-----~-_- 6 Lake and river plams-______-______________________________ 7 Uplands____--_------_----___--_---_-----_------___------ 7" Drainage_ ___._____--_-_.---_____-_____---_____-_______--_._ 8 James River.._.______.____.__.__._.__-______-______._____ 9' Bear Creek..__._.....___...._...___________. 10 Maple River.____________________________________________ 10 Elm River...__......_________________________ 11 Lakes __.____._____---._-.__-_-_._-_--_.-_---_-.-_-____.-.___ 11 Springs ___"_________--___-_-----__--_---.-_---_-_-______-_____ 12 Climate and vegetation_________.__________________________________ 12 Descriptive geology.--__------_-------_-_-_-_-_-_-__-____--__-_-__ 13 Cretaceous system..__________________________________________ 13 Dakota sandstone-________-____-_-________________._______ 14 Depth and thickness---__-_-_-___-_-_____----____-____ 14 Character__-________________________._____.__________ 14 Fossils.....-____-_--__--_-_-__-____--___-___-_____-__ 15 'Colorado group_--__-____._______-___________-_-___._.____ 15 Benton shale.________________________________________ 15 Niobrara shale..._____________________________________ 16 Montana group.___________________'_______________________ 17 Pierre shale.___________. ___________________________' 17 Thickness-..-.--.----..---.-.--_-___-_.___.-_.-__ 17 Outcrop-----_---_--_--_----__-______----_____-_- 17 Fossils.----.-.--- _---_---__--_-___-_-__________ 17 Quaternary system.____________________________________________ 18 Pleistocene series_'_______________________________________ 18 General glacial features._______________________________ 18 Color and oxidation____________^_______.______________ 20 Age of the drift...___.___'__.______.____________________ 20 Leaching.. _______________________________________ 20 Induration.______________________________________ 21 Glacial boulders._____________________________________ 21 Configuration of the drift and of the bedrock_____________ 22 in IV CONTENTS Descriptive geology Continued. Quaternary system Continued. Pleistocene series Continued. - Page Wisconsin drift-______________________________________ 23 General of eatures. _________________________________ 23 Altamont and Gary moraines____-__________________ 25 Till plain between the Gary and Altamont moraines. __ 27 Antelope morainic system__________________________ 28 Outer moraine._______________________________ 28 Inner moraine_______________________-________ 28 Till plain and eskers between the outer and inner moraines of the Antelope morainic system..._______ 29 Till plain east of the inner moraine of the Antelope morainic system._______________________________ 30 Correlation of the moraines-_______________-____-__- 30 Oakes moraine___________________-________________ 31 Sand Prairie deposits__-________________-_-_____-_- 32 Deposits of glacial Lake Dakota.___________________ 32 Terraces of James River.______________________________ 33 Recent series.____________________________________________ 34 Alluvium.. _ __________________________________________ 34 Sand dunes..__________-_________________-_-_-____---- 34 Peat-________---_____________________----_____-. 34 Geologic history___________________._-________________:__-_____--_ 35 Cretaceous period-____________________________________________ 35 Dakota epoch-___________________________________________ 35 Tertiary period._____-__--__-_--_-____-_-________-_---____-_-_ 36 Post-Cretaceous erosion.___________________________________ 36 Preglacial drainage of the Dakotas_--__---____--------___-_- 37 Quaternary period___________________________________________ 38 Pleistocene epoch_________________________________________ 38 Glaciation__ _ _________________________________________ 38 Glacial Lake Dakota--__---______-_-_-__-_-_-_________ 40 James River Valley___.._______..._______ 41 Economic geology._________--___-____-_____--__-____-_--_---_----_ 42 Building materials___________________________________________ 42 Sand -and gravel. _________________________________________ 42 Brick clay and shale.._____________________________________ 42 Soils__________,____________________________________________ 43 Water resources.______________________________________________ '44 Water in glacial drift._____________________________________ 44 Water in the Pierre and Benton formations.__________________ 45 Water in the Dakota sandstone.____________________________ 47 Scope and methods of testing artesian wells ______________ 47 Position of water-bearing beds-_-_--_-____--_--_--_____- 49 Artesian conditions---__-_-_____-________--_-_____-.___ 50 Types and yields of wells_____________________________ 50 Irregularities in head-_________________________________ 51 Original head____________-__________________._________ 53 Decline in head and flow.______________________________ 54 Artesian conditions and prospects as shown by the 1923 survey, by 0. E. Meinzer.____________________________________ 57 History of artesian-well drilling in the Edgeley quadrangle. 57 Original head and area of artesian flow_______--_-________ 58 CONTENTS V Economic geology Continued. Water resources Continued. Artesian conditions and prospects as shown by the 1923 survey, by 0. E. Meinzer Continued. Pago 1 Decline in head from 1886 to 1923_____________.___ 59 Shrinkage in the area of artesian flow.___________________ 60 Increase in hydraulic gradient___-__________________-__- 61 S Correlation of decline in head with descent of artesian boundary__________________________________________ 62 Yield of flowing wells and decline in yield ________________ 62 Specific capacities of flowing wells ___________________ 63 Total discharge of flowing wells..-_____--____--_________ 64 Beneficial flow as estimated by the State Geological Survey. 66 Rate of recharge._-____------_--____-_-_--_--_-___-___ 66 Withdrawal of stored water and compression of the Dakota sandstone.. ___.__--.... ___-.-__.-.._...__._ 67 v Beneficial effect of the conservation policy adopted by the State of North Dakota-_--_---_-_-_-__________._ 71 Effect of waste in South Dakota._______________________ 73 Head of the deep artesian water._______________________ 73 , Quality of the water_______________-_--____._______________ 74 Temperature of the water.____________-__*__________________ 76 Natural gas__-_-_______--_----_-_-----__---___-----__-__- 76 Data on artesian wells._____--'--__--______--____-___-.__-._ 78 Index_________________.__._-____-----_----.----.-._--.. 89 ILLUSTKATIONS Page PLATE 1. Map of Edgeley quadrangle showing areal geology_______ In pocket. 2. Map of La Moure quadrangle showing areal geology___ _ In pocket. 3. Map of Edgeley quadrangle showing thickness of glacial drift and artesian-water conditions________________________ In pocket. 4. Map of La Moure quadrangle showing thickness of glacial drift and artesian-water conditions ________________________ In pocket. 5. Glacial moraines: A, Terminal moraine on Coteau du Missouri; B, Oakes moraine, a recessional moraine_________________ 26 FIGURE 1. Index map of parts of North and South Dakota showing loca­ tion of Edgeley and La Moure quadrangles_______________ 1 2. Sketch map of North Dakota and adjacent areas showing the principal physiographic divisions of the region ____________ 2 3. Sections of wells in the Edgeley and La Moure quadrangles. __ 14 4. Map showing area covered by the North American ice sheets and the mountain glaciers of the Pleistocene epoch at the maxi­ mum extension. ______________________________________ 18 5. Sketch map showing southwestern limit reached by the Pleisto­ cene ice sheets and the distribution of moraines of the Dakota glacial lobe of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation.__________ 24 6. Map of the northern part of the Ellendale quadrangle showing decline in artesian head._______________________________ 56 7. Generalized east-west section of the area of artesian flow in the Edgeley quadrangle, Showing hydraulic profiles. _______ 60 GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF THE EDGELEY AND LA MOURE QUADRANGLES, NORTH DAKOTA By HERBERT A. HARD INTRODUCTION LOCATION AND GENERAL RELATIONS The Edgeley and La Moure quadrangles lie between meridians 98° and 99° and parallels 46° and 46° 30'. The area comprises nearly all of Dickey County, the southern two-thirds of La Moure County, and FIGDBB 1. Index map of parts of North and South Dakota showing location of Edgeley and La Moure quadrangles and areas covered by Jamestown-Tower and Casselton-Fargo folios (Nos. 168 and 117) of the Geologic Atlas small strips along the
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