DOCSLIB.ORG

Special Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Special Study Special study The beef supply chain in the United States Status, development and perspectives Braunschweig, October 2006 Diploma thesis Daniel Brüggemann Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the many people who generously provided information, further contacts and aid in compiling this study. These include Kerry Smith and Justin Ransom, USDA Agriculture Marketing Service; John Lawrence, Iowa State University; Ted Schroeder and Rodney Jones, Kansas State University; Damona Doye and Clem Ward, Oklahoma State University; and Claus Deblitz, German Federal Agricultural Research Centre. Furthermore I want to thank the German Academic Exchange Service for financial support via scholarship. Appreciation is also extended to the persons and families who provided me with warm hospitality and a feel for the American lifestyle. Contents I Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Situation 1 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Approach and implementation 2 2 Overview about the U.S. beef supply chain 5 2.1 The U.S. beef industry in a world-wide context 5 2.2 Structure of the supply chain 7 2.3 The cattle inventory 9 2.4 Important issues and challenges 13 3 Production on farm-level 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Cow-calf operation 18 3.2.1 Introduction 18 3.2.2 Regional distribution 18 3.2.3 Structure 21 3.2.4 Production systems 22 3.2.5 Profitability 25 3.2.6 Conclusions 31 3.3 Stocker cattle operations 32 3.3.1 Introduction 32 3.3.2 Regional distribution 32 3.3.3 Production systems 34 3.3.4 Profitability 37 3.3.5 Conclusions 41 3.4 Finishing operations 42 3.4.1 Introduction 42 3.4.2 Development of Inventory 42 3.4.3 Regional distribution 45 3.4.4 Structure 47 3.4.5 Production systems 49 3.4.6 Profitability 53 3.4.7 Conclusions 59 4 Marketing of cattle 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Live cattle movement and transportation 61 Contents II 4.3 Market channels and transaction types 64 4.3.1 Spot markets 65 4.3.2 Non-Spot markets 67 4.4 Pricing systems 71 4.5 Conclusions 75 5 Slaughtering and processing 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Regional Distribution 78 5.3 Structure 80 5.4 Final products 85 5.5 Profitability 87 5.6 Conclusions 89 6 Domestic distribution and consumption 90 6.1 Overview about wholesale, retail, and foodservice 90 6.2 Consumption of beef 94 6.3 Conclusions 97 7 International trade of beef 98 7.1 Introduction 98 7.2 Beef imports 99 7.3 Beef exports 101 7.4 The impact of BSE on the U.S. beef trade 103 7.5 Conclusions 105 8 Future perspectives 107 9 Discussion 111 10 Summary 113 11 Abstract 116 12 References 117 13 List of interview partners 129 Annex I - II List of abbreviations III List of abbreviations AMA Alternative Marketing Arrangements AMS Agricultural Marketing Service AMS Agriculture Marketing Service APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service AU Animal unit avg. average BEO-FC Bovine edible offal, fresh or chilled BEO-FRZ Bovine edible offal, frozen except livers and tongues BG Backgrounding BL-FRZ Bovine livers, frozen BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics BM-FC Meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled BM-FRZ Meat of bovine animals, frozen BM-SDM Bovine meat salted, dried or smoked BSE Bovine Spongiform Enzephalopathy BT-FRZ Bovine tongues, frozen CO Colorado COF Cattle on feed COOL Country of origin labelling CRB Crop Reporting Board CW Carcass weight CWE Carcass weight equivalent DL Drylot DWG Daily weight gain eKS east Kansas ERS Economic Research Service EU European Union EU-25 European Union – 25 member states EUR Euro FAL Federal Agriculture Research Centre FAPRI Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute FAS Foreign Agricultural Service FI Federally Inspected FMD Food and Mouth Disease FSIS Food Safety and Inspection Service List of abbreviations IV FTC Federal Trade Commission FY Fisical Year GIPSA Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration kg kilogram KS Kansas KSU Kansas State University LMPR Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting LW Live weight MGA Melengesterol Acetate NAICS North American Industry Classification System NASS National Agriculture Statistic Service NFI Non-Federally Inspected NK Nebraska OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OSU Oklahoma State University SG Summer grazing TBA Trenbalone Acetate TX Texas U.S. United States USA United States of America USDA United States Department of Agriculture USDJ United States Department of Justice USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency wKS west Kansas WWG Winter-wheat-grazing List of figures V List of figures Fig. 2.1: Overview of the beef supply chain from farm to final consumer (MUTH et al. (2005) modified)....................................... 8 Fig. 2.2: Development of the U.S. cattle inventory on January 1 (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006a)). ......................... 9 Fig. 2.3: Composition of the cattle inventory, average of the years 2004 to 2006 (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006a)). ................................................................ 12 Fig. 3.1: Production stages on farm-level (own illustration). ...................... 17 Fig. 3.2: U.S. cow-calf sector structure (own illustration based on FEUZ and UMBERGER (2003)). ................................................. 21 Fig. 3.3: Percent of beef calves born by month (USDA APHIS 1998). ....... 24 Fig. 3.4: Average price for Kansas steers and heifers of 227 to 272 kg from 1992 to 2006 (own illustration based on KSU (2006)).......... 26 Fig. 3.5: Seasonal price index for Kansas steers of 227 to 272 kg (own illustration based on KSU (2006)). ...................................... 26 Fig. 3.6: Costs per bred cow by farm size (own illustration based on SHORT (2001)). ................................. 28 Fig. 3.7: Cow-calf cash returns from 1980 to 2005 (own illustration based on CATTLE-FAX (2006))................................................... 29 Fig. 3.8: Cash and non-cash cost, returns and profitability of cow-calf operations – situation 2005 ff. (DEBLITZ et al. (2006))................ 30 Fig. 3.9: Prevalent systems of stocker cattle operations (own illustration).......................................................................... 34 Fig. 3.10: Seasonal price development in average of the years 2001 to 2005 (own illustration based on KSU (2006)).................. 37 Fig. 3.11: Cost composition of a typical stocker cattle operation (own illustration based on PEEL (2006)). .................................... 38 Fig. 3.12: Profit and Loss of stocker cattle operations (non-cash costs are not included) from 1980 to 2005 (CATTLE-FAX 2006). ......... 40 List of figures VI Fig. 3.13: Development of U.S. and top 5 regions COF inventory on January 1 by year (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006a)). ..................................................................................... 44 Fig. 3.14: Cattle on feed inventory and in average of the years 2003 to 2005 by month (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006a)). ................................................................ 44 Fig. 3.15: Structure of US finishing operations in average of the years 2003 to 2005 (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006a)). ................................................................ 47 Fig. 3.16: Cross-section of feed bunk and apron (HARNER and MURPHY 1998). .................................................. 50 Fig. 3.17: Cross-section of a mound (HARNER and MURPHY 1998). ......... 50 Fig. 3.18: Top-view of single-row feedlot design (LPES 2006). ................... 50 Fig. 3.19: Fed cattle profit and loss, 2005 projected (own illustration based on CATTLE-FAX (2006))................................................... 55 Fig. 3.20: Feeder prices, fed cattle prices by month and profit of steers depending on the month of placement (own illustration based on KSU (2006); JONES (2005)). ............. 56 Fig. 3.21: Average daily weight gain, cost of gain by month and profit of steers depending on the month of placement (own illustration based on KSU (2006)). ...................................... 56 Fig. 3.22: Cash and non-cash cost, returns and profitability of beef finishing – situation 2005 ff. (DEBLITZ et al. 2006).............. 58 Fig. 4.1: Different market channels for cattle in the U.S. (own illustration).......................................................................... 65 Fig. 4.2: Relationship between marbling, maturity, and carcass quality grade (USDA AMS 2001). ................................................ 73 Fig. 5.1: Different slaughter categories (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006b)). ........................................................... 77 Fig. 5.2: Development of plant numbers and slaughtered cattle in the top four states (own illustration based on USDA Livestock slaughter summary of the years 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006) ........... 79 List of figures VII Fig. 5.3: Development of the share in plants and slaughtered cattle in the top four states (own illustration based on USDA Livestock slaughter summary of the years 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006). ...................................................................... 79 Fig. 5.4: Structure of FI slaughter plants in U.S. (own illustration based on USDA NASS (2006b)). ....................... 80 Fig. 5.5: Scale economies cattle slaughter (MACDONALD 2003).............. 81 Fig. 5.6: Herfindahl-Hirshman Index in selected years (own illustration based on USDA GIPSA (2006b)). ...................... 83 Fig. 5.7: Primal cuts and their percentage share (own illustration based on KBC (2006) and CANFAX (2006))................................ 85 Fig. 5.8: Farm-to-wholesale price spread
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TED C. SCHROEDER December 2018 Department of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Telephone: (785) 532-4488 E-Mail: [email protected]
    TED C. SCHROEDER December 2018 Department of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Telephone: (785) 532-4488 E-Mail: [email protected] EXPERIENCE University Distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, May 2004 - present Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, July 1996 - May 2004 Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, July 1991 - June 1996 Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, September 1986 - June 1991 EDUCATION Ph.D. Agricultural Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1986 B.S. Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1982 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Western Agricultural Economics Association Southern Agricultural Economics Association Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association Agricultural Economics Society NCR-134 Committee on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management HONORS AND AWARDS Leadership Associate Editor, Journal of Commodity Markets, 2018-present. Faculty Leadership Team, Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, 2016-2017 CME Group Agricultural Market Advisory Council, 2013-present Founding Director, Center for Risk Management Education and Research, 2012-present Professorial Performance Award, Kansas State University, 2008 President, Western Agricultural Economics Association, 2004 Editor, Review of Agricultural Economics, 1993-1996 Associate Editor,
    [Show full text]
  • Stop That Cow Free
    FREE STOP THAT COW PDF Mairi Mackinnon,Fred Blunt | 32 pages | 17 May 2010 | Usborne Publishing Ltd | 9781409507093 | English | London, United Kingdom “Stop that cow!” at Usborne Children’s Books To the untrained eye, the boxing portion of a boxing class or fence-work run might look like the horse is just going back Stop That Cow forth, keeping the cow at one end of the pen. One of the most important parts of boxing is stopping with the cow—and I mean coming to a complete stop—before making another move. Because he stopped well, my horse is loaded on his hocks, ready to push off. He can turn to the left or right with an easy pivot. I facilitate this ready position by keeping my upper body perpendicular to the ground with my feet under me. Regardless, my horse is stopped and maintaining his position. It prevents Stop That Cow stops and leaning Stop That Cow, as well as anticipation of turns. It also allows my horse to anticipate the turn. A good stop requires Stop That Cow and drive from behind so the horse can use Stop That Cow properly, stay balanced and straight, and stop on his hind end. I have contact with the Stop That Cow so that if my horse starts to turn before he finishes his stop, I can correct him. It also helps remind him about staying straight and keeping his shoulders elevated. Then we can go back to working the cow. Brad Barkemeyer, Scottsdale, Arizona, grew up on a ranch in Montana, which gave him an appreciation for versatile horses.
    [Show full text]
  • Cattle Grids and Grazing Project Questions and Answers
    Litcham Common Cattle Grids and Grazing Project Questions and Answers Litcham Common Management Committee 22nd June 2011 Why is Litcham Common important? Litcham Common is predominantly a heathland site. Heathlands are open areas with few trees, often dominated by heathers and gorse. These plants thrive on nutrient-poor soils where most plants would not be able to survive. Early man cleared the woodland from Litcham Common and the rest of Norfolk around 4000 years ago. Subsequent grazing and other management kept the areas as open heathland with unique assemblages of plants and animals. In relatively recent times there has been a dramatic loss of heathlands worldwide as the land has been used for agriculture, forestry and building development. In Britain over 70% has been lost since 1830. Litcham Common is a small remaining fragment of what was previously 500 acres of heathland in the parish, and now amounts to just over 60 acres in total. Despite suffering considerable scrub encroachment over the past 60 years, the site still retains a wealth of important wildlife species. Because of its high nature conservation value, Litcham Common is designated as a Local Nature Reserve and also a County Wildlife Site. Why does Litcham Common need managing? Natural succession means that without management to control invasive species such as birch and bracken, heathland will revert to woodland. If this happens many rare plant and animal species would face further population declines. A photograph taken by the RAF in 1946 shows the common with virtually no trees, and demonstrates the dramatic increase in tree cover which has taken place since World War Two.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Wild Dog Impacts on Livestock Production Industries 4.09
    BULLETIN 4.09 Sustainable Harvests 2017 RESEARCH FINDINGS in the School of VETERINARY & LIFE Adult male wild dog moving past a remote SCIENCES sensing camera. TRISH FLEMING1, TRACEY KREPLINS1, CATHERINE BAUDAINS1, MALCOLM KENNEDY2, PETER ADAMS2 & BILL BATEMAN3 Reducing wild dog impacts on livestock production industries ild dogs are a huge problem for shooting and baiting. ‘Doggers’ and dog- WAustralian livestock producers, proof fencing were also considered effective costing farmers an estimated $50 million management options. 89% of respondents annually in livestock losses and for their believe that more action needs to be taken control. Here we describe outcomes of a to manage wild canids, but identify time recent project that has examined aspects and financial constraints as well as a lack of wild dog control in WA. of coordinated community action and incentives as major hurdles to participation. Who controls wild canids? Importantly, landscape-scale control Almost all (96%) the 195 landholders requires coordination and a feedback of who responded to our nation-wide online information to engage participants. ABOVE: Wild dogs, less than one year old, sniffing survey indicated that they had experienced where a dried meat bait once was. negative impacts from wild dogs and/or Can we protect working dogs? conservation estate for feral pig control, foxes. The majority (83%) of respondents 57% of our survey respondents had confirming their bait-aversion responses up had livestock (cattle 63% of responses; working dog(s), and 28% had lost 1–6 to a year from the initial training session. sheep 57%; goats 18%; pigs 4%) and (2.1±1.4) working dogs to baits.
    [Show full text]
  • Boundary Fencing
    Contract No. BOUNDARY FENCING QUEENSLAND CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION C265 BOUNDARY FENCING © The AUS-SPEC Joint Venture date: May 2000 Copying strictly prohibited AUS-SPEC-1\QLD-C265 May 2000 MACKAY CITY COUNCIL Contract No. BOUNDARY FENCING Amendment Record for this Specification Part This Specification is Council’s edition of the AUS-SPEC generic specification part and includes Council’s primary amendments. Details are provided below outlining the clauses amended from the Council edition of this AUS-SPEC Specification Part. The clause numbering and context of each clause are preserved. New clauses are added towards the rear of the specification part as special requirements clauses. Project specific additional script is shown in the specification as italic font. The amendment code indicated below is ‘A’ for additional script ‘M’ for modification to script and ‘O’ for omission of script. An additional code ‘P’ is included when the amendment is project specific. Amendment Key Topic addressed in Clause Amendment Author Amendment Sequence No. amendment No. Code Initials Date 1 “HOLD POINT” added C265.03 A Nov 02 2 “the” changed to “tie” C265.15 M Dec 02 (6)Z © The AUS-SPEC Joint Venture date: May 2000 Copying strictly prohibited AUS-SPEC-1\QLD-C265 May 2000 MACKAY CITY COUNCIL Contract No. BOUNDARY FENCING SPECIFICATION C265 - BOUNDARY FENCING CLAUSE CONTENTS PAGE GENERAL .............................................................................................................................1 C265.01 SCOPE..............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Consultation
    TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC PLANNING ASSOCIATES “BP SOLAR” PROPOSED SOLAR POWER STATION MOREE PART 3A PROJECT APPLICATION Assessment of Traffic and Transport Implications December 2010 Reference 10210 TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC PLANNING ASSOCIATES Transportation, Traffic and Design Consultants Suite 502, Level 5 282 Victoria Avenue CHATSWOOD 2067 Telephone (02) 9411 5660 Facsimile (02) 9904 6622 Email: [email protected] TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC PLANNING ASSOCIATES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 2. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT SCHEME ............................................................. 3 2.1 Site, Context and Existing Use ..................................................................... 3 2.2 Proposed Development ................................................................................ 4 3. ROAD NETWORK AND TRAFFIC CIRCUMSTANCES ....................................... 6 3.1 Road Network ............................................................................................... 6 3.2 Road Geometry ............................................................................................ 7 3.3 Traffic Controls ............................................................................................. 7 3.4 Traffic Conditions .......................................................................................... 8 3.5 Future Circumstances ................................................................................... 8 4. CONSTRUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • TED C. SCHROEDER December 2019 Department of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Telephone: (785) 532-4488 E-Mail: [email protected]
    TED C. SCHROEDER December 2019 Department of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Telephone: (785) 532-4488 E-Mail: [email protected] EXPERIENCE University Distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, May 2004 - present Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, July 1996 - May 2004 Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, July 1991 - June 1996 Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics Kansas State University, September 1986 - June 1991 EDUCATION Ph.D. Agricultural Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1986 B.S. Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1982 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Western Agricultural Economics Association Southern Agricultural Economics Association Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association Agricultural Economics Society NCR-134 Committee on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management HONORS AND AWARDS Leadership Associate Editor, Journal of Commodity Markets, 2018-present. Faculty Leadership Team, Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, 2016-2017 CME Group Agricultural Market Advisory Council, 2013-present Founding Director, Center for Risk Management Education and Research, 2012-present Professorial Performance Award, Kansas State University, 2008 President, Western Agricultural Economics Association, 2004 Editor, Review of Agricultural Economics, 1993-1996 Associate Editor,
    [Show full text]
  • Report: Proposal to Install Cattle-Grids in the Chagford Area at Runnage
    The Planning Inspectorate Report to the Secretary of State for 4/11 Eagle Wing Temple Quay House Transport 2 The Square Temple Quay Bristol BS1 6PN By Mr A L Roberts, CB CBE AFC FRAES 0117 372 6372 An Inspector appointed by the Secretary of State Date:12/02/08 for Transport HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL PROPOSAL TO INSTALL CATTLE-GRIDS IN THE CHAGFORD AREA AT RUNNAGE BRIDGE, LANGAFORD BRIDGE, HIGHER STINIEL AND WEDDICOTT CROSS Dates of Inquiry: 10 to 12 December 2007 Reference: DPI/25/4/12 REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT PINS FILE REF: DPI/25/4/12 CONTENTS Page No 1. PREAMBLE 1 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS 2 The Four Commons 3 Weddicott Cross 3 Higher Stiniel 3 Langaford Bridge 3 3. THE CASE FOR THE DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL 4 4. THE CASE FOR THE APPLICANT (THE CHAGFORD COMMONERS’ 5 ASSOCIATION) Background 5 Need 6 Location 7 Cost and Source of Funding 7 5. THE CASE FOR THE SUPPORTERS 7 5.1 Natural England 7 5.2 The Dartmoor National Park Authority 9 5.3 The Chagford Parish Council 10 5.4 The Dartmoor Commoners’ Council 10 5.5 The National Farmers Union, South West Region 11 5.6 The International League for the Protection of Horses 12 5.7 Individual Supporters 12 Legal Obligations on the Devon County Council 13 6. THE CASE FOR THE OBJECTORS 14 6.1 Specific Objection by Mr David Rogers 14 General Objections 14 6.2 The Open Spaces Society 14 6.3 The Langaford Farm Charitable Trust 15 6.4 Proper Job Limited 15 Individual Objectors 15 6.5 Need for the Proposed Cattle-Grids 16 6.6 Effectiveness 17 6.7 Vehicular and Animal Safety 17 6.8 Equestrian Safety 18 6.9 Damage to Property 18 6.10 Cultural Heritage 19 6.11 Public Access 19 6.12 Noise 19 6.13 Public Expense 19 6.14 Consultation and Local Support for the Proposal 20 6.15 Written Representations 20 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction CH1700-CH2239
    CUTLINE CUTLINE CH2000 Notes: 1. Do not scale from this drawing. CH1950 2. Site verify all dimensions prior to construction INSTALL NEW SIGN AND NEW SIGN POST 3. Report all discrepancies to the Drawing Originator immediately SIGN POST SIZE AND FOUNDATION TBC 4. This drawing is to be read in conjunction with all relevant documents and drawings Chipping Norton SIGN REF 166. SITE ENGINEER TO SET CH1900 Bloxham 3.1m 5. All measurements are in meters unless otherwise stated. A361 OUT NEW LOCATION 6. 6. Remaining sections to be completed via full design process. CH1850 3.1m Residual Risk Assessment 3.3m Vv 11`.0 Broughton Wherever possible, risk is designed-out of this Single track RELOCATE PREVIOUSLY SET ASIDE proposal during the design process. Where this is road CH1800 300 yds SIGN, INSTALL NEW SIGN POSTS X Wv WITHIN 3.1m G not possible, the risk will be minimised and any PROPOSED SURFACING G ! residual significant risk will be noted and indicated Bodicote 3, SIGN POST SIZES AND Single track CH1750 by the symbol. CUTLINE CUTLINE FOUNDATION TBC SIGN REF 162 REF : NOTE 3 road 3.1m SITE ENGINEER TO SET OUT BT Trench CH1700 Key: NEW LOCATION Gate G Wv WITHIN PROPOSED SURFACING 3.1m REF : NOTE 3 Excavate existing surface bituminous material G dispose of to licensed disposal center. Up to 3.1m Vv A 361 CUTLINE DK G G wide from front of kerb. Approximate Area 3555m2 3.1m Trench for total scheme. Excavate existing verge to same level remove earth 3.1m TS and vegetation to licensed disposal center.
    [Show full text]
  • Traffic Regulation Plans Sheet 3 of 3
    Y:\NTH\NTH2315_M1 J15SRFI\02. ProjectDelivery\01. WIP\Drawings\NGW-BWB-LSI-XX-DR-C-150 TrafficRegulationPlans.dwg DANES CAMP WAY DRIVE RHOSILI ROAD El Sub Sta RIVERSTONE WAY CR Co Const & Ward Bdy KINGMAKER WAY Drain BRINDLESTONE CLOSE GRESHAM Boro Const Bdy GLOUCESTER CLOSE 90.4m El Track Sub PARKFIELD AVENUE DAPPLESTONE CLOSE BANBURY LANE Sta SKIMMER CLOSE DELAMERE ROAD FB CLOSE BANBURY HASSOCKS HEDGE GLOUCESTER AVENUE Track CS Path Pond 64.3m ASHPOLE SPINNEY 72.1m MORTIMER CLOSE FB Drain WHITESANDS CAMBORNE CLOSE 89.3m 90.2m WAY Track Air Shaft Posts 83.2m Ponds ST BENEDICTS MOUNT Communcation Mast BARNET CLOSE Pond GLOUCESTER AVENUE LB GRESHAM DRIVE Drain 79.2m Weir FBs UPTON VALLEY WAY EAST SAMWELL WAY ST DUNSTANS RISE LB QUARTERSTONE HUNSLET LANE Hunsbury Hill GLOUCESTER AVENUE Pond CS WOODHALL CLOSE TCB CROWNSMEAD RIVERSTONE WAY Pond GLOUCESTER AVENUE 84.4m 62.8m BOSWORTH CLOSE Ponds Ward Bdy Drain Car Park COVERACK CLOSE 74.1m NENE VALLEY WAY Drain 75.7m 99.7m Subway REDRUTH CLOSE CLOSE El Sub Sta LANCASTER WAY 74.8m FB Travelling CAULDECOTT 109.1m NECTAR WAY Play 92.0m Subway Area FRIAR'S CLOSE CR Pond Crane El Sub Sta Drain Drain TOWTON COURT Posts 109.7m 107.0m Path Hunsbury Hill C Tunnel Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy LC FB Industrial Boro Const Bdy CLOSE Estate BOWMANS Path 73.3m LB 94.4m 100.5m Hunsbury Hill FRIAR'S AVENUE CROWNSMEAD SENTINEL ROAD PAVILION DRIVE Play Area Fort Gantry Lake Drain COB DRIVE Path WHADDON CLOSE FRIAR'S CRESCENT GREENGLADES Cycle Hire Station 100.6m 98.8m Trees GREENGLADES 90.3m El Sub Sta LYNMORE CLOSE
    [Show full text]
  • Title: New Constraints on Equatorial Temperatures During a Late
    1 Title: New constraints on equatorial temperatures during a Late 2 Neoproterozoic snowball Earth glaciation 3 4 5 Authors: Ryan C. Ewing1*, Ian Eisenman 2, Michael P. Lamb 3, Laura Poppick4, Adam C. 6 Maloof4, Woodward W. Fischer3 7 8 Affiliations: 9 10 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 11 12 2Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. 13 14 3Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. 15 16 4Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. 17 18 * Correspondence to: [email protected] 19 20 21 22 23 1 24 Abstract: 25 26 Intense glaciation during the end of Cryogenian time (~635 million years ago) marks 27 the coldest climate state in Earth history - a time when glacial deposits accumulated 28 at low, tropical paleolatitudes. The leading idea to explain these deposits, the snowball 29 Earth hypothesis, predicts globally frozen surface conditions and subfreezing 30 temperatures, with global climate models placing surface temperatures in the tropics 31 between -20°C and -60°C. However, precise paleosurface temperatures based upon 32 geologic constraints have remained elusive and the global severity of the glaciation 33 undetermined. Here we make new geologic observations of tropical periglacial, 34 aeolian and fluvial sedimentary structures formed during the end-Cryogenian, 35 Marinoan glaciation in South Australia; these observations allow us to constrain 36 ancient surface temperatures. We find periglacial sand wedges and associated 37 deformation suggest that ground temperatures were sufficiently warm to allow for 38 ductile deformation of a sandy regolith.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Item Page
    Shire of Wiluna Ordinary Council Meeting Minutes 8 July 2015 Page 1 of 56 Table of Contents Item Page 1. DECLARATION OF OPENING AND ANOUNCEMENT 3 OF VISITORS 2. RECORD OF ATTENDANCE / APOLOGIES AND LEAVE 3 OF ABSENCE PREVIOUSLY APPROVED 3. RESPONSE TO PREVIOUS PUBLIC QUESTIONS TAKEN 3 ON NOTICE 4. PUBLIC QUESTION TIME 3 5. APPLICATIONS FOR LEAVE OF ABSENCE 4 6. NOTATIONS OF INTEREST 4 7. PETITIONS AND DEPUTATIONS 4 8. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES OF PREVIOUS MEETING 4 9. ANNOUNCEMENTS BY PRESIDING MEMBER WITHOUT 4 DISCUSSION 10. REPORTS OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 6 10.1. Chief Executive Officer Reports 6 10.1.1. 2014/15 Road Works Budget Amendment and Information 6 10.1.2. 2015 Australian Uranium Conference 10 10.1.3. Main Street Revitalisation Strategy 12 10.1.4. Councillor Remuneration Review 14 10.2. Principal Environmental Health Officer and Building Surveyor 21 Reports 10.2.1. Liquid Waste Disposal Site 21 10.3. Executive Manager Corporate Services Reports 24 10.3.1. Accounts paid by Authority – May 2015 24 10.3.2. Financial Report – May 2015 41 10.3.3. Financial Investment Report - May 2015 42 Shire of Wiluna Ordinary Council Meeting Minutes 8 July 2015 Page 2 of 56 10.4. Executive Manager Technical Services Reports 46 10.4.1. Stock Grid Policy 46 11. ELECTED MEMBERS MOTION OF WHICH PREVIOUS 53 NOTICE HAS BEEN GIVEN 12. URGENT BUSINESS APPROVED BY THE PERSON 53 PRESIDING OR BY DECISION OF COUNCIL 13. MATTERS BEHIND CLOSED DOORS 55 14. CLOSURE 56 ___________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX 10.1.1.
    [Show full text]