Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden Rose Gum Myrtle family

George Meskimen and John K. Francis

Eucalyptus grandis is native to the east coast of tween latitude 26” 31’ and 27” 02’ N. and between . Its common name is rose gum or flooded longitude 81” 31’ and 81” 48’ W. Outside that zone gum (a misnomer). Rose gum is one of the premier there are numerous potential planting areas in south forest species in the Australian States of Florida. and New South Wales where it grows 43 to 55 m tall (140 to 180 ft) and 122 to 183 cm (48 to 72 in) in Climate diameter (15). Its form is excellent with tall, straight, clean boles up to two-thirds of the total height. The The climate in the Australian native range of rose bark is thin and deciduous, shedding in strips to gum is humid subtropical with mean minimum expose a smooth surface marked with flowing pat- temperatures during the coldest month ranging from terns of silvery white, slaty gray, terra cotta, or light 2 to 10” C (36 to 50” F) and mean maximums near green. Occasionally a “stocking” of light-gray, plate- 29” C (85” F) during the hottest month. Rainfall like or fissured bark persists over the basal 1 to 2 m averages 1020 to 1780 mm (40 to 70 in); it is con- (3 to 6 ft) on the trunk. centrated in the summer, but monthly precipitation Rose gum is one of the most important commercial during the dry season is at least 20 mm (0.8 in) eucalypts, with more than one-half million hectares (10,21). Coastal areas are generally frost-free, but (1.3 million acres) planted in tropical and subtropical higher altitude, inland areas experience occasional areas on four continents. Massive planting programs frosts (6). have been carried out in the Republic of South Africa Southwest Florida is humid and subtropical. Sum- and Brazil, and there are substantial plantings in mers are long, rainy, and warm; winters are dry and Angola, Argentina, India, Uruguay, Zaire, Zambia, mild but with the threat of damaging frost. Mean and Zimbabwe (21). In southwest Florida rose gum annual rainfall ranges from 1270 to 1400 mm (50 to may be an emerging commercial species for planta- 55 in). Monthly precipitation during the rainy tions. It has been successfully tested for pulpwood season, June through September, averages about 180 and fuel; and its wood has potential for poles, pallets, to 200 mm (7 to 8 in). Rainfall during the dry season, veneer, and other products. In California, Hawaii, November through April or May, averages 50 mm (2 and Puerto Rico, rose gum appears in some species in) per month (40). Dry-season rainfall is unreliable, trials and landscaping. however. Daily maximum temperatures from late May through September exceed 32” C (90’ F) on most days but rarely reach 38” C (100” F). During the Habitat coldest month, daily maximum temperatures average near 24” C (75” F) and daily minimums near 11” C Native Range (52” F) (27). But swift continental cold fronts change balmy afternoons into dangerously cold nights. The Over its central range, rose gum grows on alluvial lowest temperatures recorded in each of 30 winters or volcanic loams in valleys and flats within 160 km averaged -4.4” C (24” F) (22). (100 mi) of the coast, straddling the Queensland- New South Wales border from latitude 26 to 33” S. Soils and Topography Two outlier populations extend the range to the Atherton Tablelands at latitude 13” S. (10,15). This species grows on flats or lower slopes of deep, In Florida, intensive research on rose gum began fertile valleys in Queensland and New South Wales. in 1961 and operational planting in 1972. Through It grows best on moist, well drained, deep, loamy the 1980 planting season, it was commercially soils of alluvial or volcanic origin (6). Clayey soils are planted on 5,650 ha (14,000 acres) in Glades, Hendry, acceptable if they are well drained (23). and Charlotte Counties in southwest Florida be- The rose gum plantations in Florida lie in a physiographic region known as the Western Flat- lands (11). Topography is nearly flat; elevations Authors are Tree Breeder (retired), Southeastern Forest Experi- ment Station, Asheville, NC, and Research Forester, Southern change almost imperceptibly from coastal sea level to Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. (Research on this 6, 12, or rarely 18 m (20 to 60 ft) elevation inland. species was done in cooperation with the University of Puerto Soils are almost exclusively members of the sandy, Rico, Rio Piedras.) siliceous hyperthermic Haplaquods. Derived from

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marine deposits, these soils are mainly sands, seed orchard, selling occurred with a frequency of 10 strongly acid, poorly drained, and underlain by to 38 percent, caused 10 recognizable detrimental spodic horizons that are commonly impervious to abnormalities, and depressed the height growth of root penetration and water drainage. The combina- outplanted seedlings 8 to 49 percent compared to tion of high seasonal rainfall, flat topography, and crossed progenies (19). Flowering precocity is strong- low elevation results in high water tables, shallow ly inherited; a few families bloom at plantation-age root zones, and local inundation during the rainy 1 year, many more at age 2, and 97 percent of the season. Conversely, during the dry season these orchard at age 3. sandy soils rapidly become moisture deficient. From 2 to 3 weeks after blooming, the stamens and style wither and fall away, leaving a woody, urn- Associated Forest Cover shaped seed capsule closed by four to six valve covers. The capsules are about 8 mm long by 6 mm In its native range, rose gum grows in tall, open in diameter (0.3 by 0.25 in). Most umbels carry five forests associated with the eucalypts E. intermedia, to seven capsules to maturity. E. pilularis, E. microcorys, E. resinifera, and E. salig- na, as well as , 57istania con- Seed Production and Dissemination-Seed ferta, and Casuarina torulosa. Rose gum also com- capsules are mature for harvest 6 or 7 months after monly grows on the fringes of and occasionally flowering. However, the capsules remain closed on the within rainforest (6). In Florida, rose gum planta- tree for at least 1 year after maturity, so it is possible tions are most frequently established on palmetto to gather two seed crops at a time by harvesting in prairies. The characteristic vegetation of palmetto alternate years. Seed capsules should be harvested by prairies consists of a ground cover of Serenoa repens, severing the umbel stalks; the alternative of clipping Aristida stricta, Andropogon spp., Myrica pusilla, M. seed-bearing twigs reduces the next flower crop. cerifera, Ilex glabra, and Quercus minima, with the The valves of the capsules dry out, open, and scattered trees, Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, release seeds. Capsules scattered loosely on a dry and Pinus palustris (12). surface release their seeds after about 2 hours in full sun. Commercial bulk lots can be extracted in about Life History 1 week in chambers equipped with open-mesh shel- ves, heating from 30 to 35” C (86 to 95” F), forced-air Reproduction and Early Growth circulation, and dehumidification. Individual trees bear from 3 to 25 sound seeds per Flowering and Fruiting-Rose gum, like all capsule, with an average near 8 (20) and a much eucalypts, bears perfect flowers. Buds form in axil- greater mass of infertile ovules called “chaff.” Fertile lary umbels with usually seven buds per cluster. seeds are tiny, only about 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter. Each flower consists of a central style surrounded by Chaff particles are lighter colored and only minutely stamens standing about 8 mm (0.3 in) tall and form- smaller and lighter than seeds. Seed cleaning involves ing a bloom about 20 mm (0.8 in) in diameter. The sorting by size and shape through multiple sieves, then puffy clusters of creamy white blooms are attractive separating by weight in a pneumatic separator. and conspicuous but not of horticultural quality, In Florida, operational quantities of seeds can be The main blooming season is mid-August through harvested from an orchard at age 3.7 years and late September, but some trees start blooming early production increases annually to a plateau at about in August and the latest finish in mid-November. age 10. Seed production is reliable year to year, but This blooming season of late summer-early fall there is great tree-to-tree variation in the quantity, matches the low-elevation blooming season in South purity, and viability of seed crops. The l-year seed Africa but contrasts with the late fall-early winter crop from some 7-year-old trees was as follows: bloom at high elevations (18) and the midwinter bloom in Australia (5). Each tree blooms serially over Volume of uncleaned seeds, liters 1.70 a period of 5 to 10 weeks, with an average of only 12 quarts 1.80 Weight of uncleaned seeds, kg 0.99 percent of a tree’s bud crop in prime bloom during a lb 2.18 given week. Healthy germinants per gram 688 Foraging insects, particularly honeybees, pollinate per ounce 19,504 the flowers. In an individual flower, the stigma is not Healthy germinants per tree 694,115 receptive until after pollen shed, but because each tree blooms serially, there is, unfortunately, ample Seeds have been successfully stored for 20 years opportunity for self-fertilization. In a South African by either freezing at -8” C (18” F) or refrigerating at

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10” C (50” F). Rose gum seeds require no presowing Vegetative Reproduction-After harvest, under treatment. favorable conditions, rose gum plantations regenerate by coppicing (sprouting) from the stumps. Seedling Development-Germination of rose Two or three coppice rotations are commonly har- gum is epigeal and takes place in 7 to 14 days after vested before it is necessary to replant seedlings. sowing (44). Moist, bare soil is required for natural Coppice shoots initially grow faster than seedlings, regeneration; fire, erosion, and flood deposits provide but that advantage is partially offset by stump mor- satisfactory seedbeds. In commercial forests, the tality, which usually runs about 5 percent per rota- species is almost always regenerated by planting. tion in South Africa (39). In many areas, coppice Seedlings are usually raised to 20 to 30 cm (7.8 to forms equally well regardless of the season of har- 11.8 in) tall, which takes 3 to 5 months (29). Due to vest. In Florida, however, it was shown that summer the sensitivity to desiccation, seedlings are normally harvests (June-September) reduced coppicing ability. Vegetative propagation has been a difficult chal- grown in containers. Rigid containers with multiple lenge. Cuttings from tiny seedlings root readily, but cavities from which the seedlings are removed with rooting capability ceases before seedlings are 1 m (3 roots and soil intact are almost always used in large ft) tall because of natural rooting inhibitors produced operations. Seedlings are also grown in plastic nurs- by adult (32). However, even in adult trees, ery bags. In the absence of frost and drought, seed- cuttings from epicormic shoots induced at the base of lings can be planted throughout the year. In many the tree by felling or girdling retain the ability to areas seedling production and planting must be care- root. Rooting success varies substantially among fully timed. In Florida, planting must coincide with clones, and there are strong seasonal influences and summer rains to give sufficient time for seedlings to exacting cultural requirements for each geographic grow into hardy saplings before facing winter frosts. area. The technique is particularly advantageous in multiplying outstanding hybrid individuals. Starting Site Preparation and Planting in Florida- in the mid-1970’s, some commercial plantations were Success in establishing rose gum in plantations propagated by rooted cuttings in Brazil (8,17), where depends on double chopping or cross disking to great- the method is now used to establish major clonal ly reduce vegetative competition, then broadcasting plantations (9). Reproduction through tissue culture 1.12 t/ha (0.5 ton/acre) of ground rock phosphate to techniques has also been demonstrated (38). overcome a severe natural phosphorus deficiency, Clonal seed orchards have been produced by graft- and finally bedding to elevate the seedlings out of the ing in South Africa, but delayed graft incompatibility standing water during the first rainy season (25). is a common, debilitating problem. Incompatibility can be greatly reduced by grafting scions onto sibling Saw-palmetto rhizomes are thick, fibrous, and deeply or half-sibling rootstocks (45). rooted, requiring heavy equipment for chopping and bedding. Landowners prepare sites in the spring when the deepening drought enhances the kill from Sapling and Pole Stages to Maturity chopping or disking. Also, spring offers little time or moisture for weed competition to colonize the beds Growth and Yield-Growth of rose gum on short before summer planting starts. rotations is rapid. Mean height growth of 2 m/yr (6.5 Planting crews use high-clearance wheel tractors ft) is common (291, and a rate of 4 m/yr (13 ft) has to straddle the beds and pull planting machines been reported (35). Mean yields are about 27 m31ha/yr (386 ft3/acre/yr) (21). Wood increment on the fitted with racks holding four cartons containing a best sites is even more impressive: total of 1,400 to 2,000 containerized seedlings. This number is sufficient to traverse several rows as long Country Period Yield Reference as 1 km (0.6 mi). Recommended planting density is 1,495 seedlings per hectare (605 seedlings/acre) on (years) (m31halyr) beds spaced 3.7 m (12 R) apart and seedlings spaced Colombia 4.5 25 (24) 1.8 m (6 ft) along the beds (26). India 8 to 10 20 to 25 (31) SouthAfrica - 35 (29) In the first 2 years of machine planting, survival Uganda - 17 to 45 (29) averaged 86 percent in an extremely wet season and Kenya 6 (coppice) 46 (29) 75 percent in a dry year. Survival after machine Brazil 7 to 8 45 to 73 (35) planting probably averages about 84 percent. Hand planting routinely achieves at least 95 percent sur- Mean annual increment for height growth cul- vival. minates early in Florida. On good sites, growth may

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average 3.5 m (11.5 ft) annually for the first 4 years, the retreating water table during the long dry then taper off to average 2.4 m (7.9 ft) over an &year season. rotation. Adequately stocked commercial plantations have not reached harvest age, but preliminary Reaction to Competition-Rose gum is in- growth data support the following planning assump- tolerant of shade. Seedlings can only develop in full tions: or nearly full sunlight; trees must maintain a An &year seedling rotation. dominant or codominant canopy position to long sur- Trees averaging about 18 m (60 ft) tall at age 8 vive. Suppressed trees quickly die and intermediate years. trees must grow to an overstory position or eventual- Annual yield for volume and weight in the follow- ly lose vigor and die. ing range: Despite their startling growth capacity, newly planted rose gum seedlings compete poorly with Volume Dry Weight weedy vegetation, tolerating neither root competition nor shading. In Florida, they need 3 months mVha fEplacre tlha tonelacre reasonably free of competition to grow about 1.5 m Pessimistic 12.9 184 5.4 2.4 (5 ft) tall and dominate the site. The local planting Realistic 16.1 230 6.9 3.1 effort concentrates on virgin prairies and cutover Optimistic 19.3 276 8.3 3.7 pineland where chopping and bedding control the native ground cover sufficiently to permit rose gum These indicated annual yields are well below world establishment without post-planting weed control. standards, and are probably due to south Florida’s However, early vegetative competition often retards infertile soils and seasonally high water tables. growth and probably contributes to large tree-to-tree Yields include about 18 percent bark by volume and variation within stands. Post-planting weed control 14 percent by weight. Density averages about 0.45 by herbicides and cultivation is beneficial (37). An g/cm” (0.026 oz/in3) for wood and about 0.32 g/cm” increase in volume at 5 years of 48 to 55 percent was (0.018 oz/in3) for bark. Moisture content is about 0.50 obtained by combinations of cultivation and herbicide g/cm” (0.029 ozlin3) for wood and 0.72 g/cm” (0.042 spraying during the first 24 months (30). Competing oz/in3) for bark (14). vegetation also contributes to the fire danger. Rose gum completely occupies suitable sites in Florida Rooting Habit-Natural seedlings develop a with adequate stocking by plantation-age 2.5 years pronounced taproot with few laterals if conditions and herbaceous ground cover mostly disappears. On permit. The roots of containerized seedlings more or poor sites, intense competition may continue for 5 less assume their natural form after being out- years. planted, regardless of previous restrictions (3). Rose Competitive relationships develop early among the gum does not develop lignotubers (6). plantation trees and stay well defined throughout the The soils of south Florida drastically sculpture the 8-year rotation. In Florida’s first commercial planta- root systems of rose gum trees. These spodosols fea- tion (fig. 11, 75 percent of the sample trees that were ture a thin, sandy A1 horizon with meager accumula- in the top quartile for height at age 2.5 years were tions of nutrients and organic matter. Below lies a still in the top quartile at age 8.5 years; and 73 strongly leached AS horizon of white, sterile sand. percent of the trees in the bottom quartile at age 2.5 The AZ changes abruptly to a Bzh, the spodic horizon, were either dead or still in the bottom quartile at 8.5 consisting of fine sand accreted with organic and years. Similarly, out of 131 sample crop trees at 8.5 aluminum compounds. In some areas this spodic years, 85 percent had been predicted as crop trees at hardpan perches water tables and resists root 2.5 years; of 37 sample trees that were culls or dead penetration both physically and by aluminum at 8.5 years, 68 percent had been predicted as culls toxicity (4). Typically, taproots penetrate about 50 cm at 2.5 years. deep (20 in), then divide into two or more smaller taproots that terminate barely into the spodic Damaging Agents-The greatest threat to rose horizon (4). Excavated trees show an abrupt fringe gum survival is a lapse in soil moisture at outplant- of dead lateral and feeder roots in the AZ horizon, ing time. If this occurs, managers must be prepared apparently anoxia mortality from perched or raising to stop planting until the rains begin again. Severe water tables during the summer rainy season (4). nursery losses have been suffered from a stem-gird- This shallow anoxic zone restricts the exploitable soil ling fungal canker caused by Cylindrocladium during the prime summer growing season, and the scoparium, but alternating sprays of chlorothalonil roots cannot penetrate the spodic horizon to pursue and benomyl prevent or control it (I).

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oldest pilot-scale plantation increased from 15 per- cent at age 7 to 50 percent at age 11 (2). Infected trees in Florida do not seem debilitated, but mor- tality has been serious in Brazil (30 percent) and Surinam (50 percent). Basal cankers may appear in trees less that 2 years old. Lightning occurs with an unusually high frequency in southwest Florida (36). Over an 8.5-year rotation on a 67-ha (165-acre) plantation, 4.4 percent of the sample trees suffered lightning strikes or splashes and 2.5 percent actually died as a result. No hurricane has struck southwest Florida since commercial planting began, but there is a lo-percent hurricane probability for any given year. A hurricane would cause serious windthrow, as hurricane Allen did to Eucalyptus in Jamaica (41). Termites which devour seedlings during the first years, have been a serious problem in rose gum plan- tations in India (28). Also worth mentioning is the serious tendency of rose gum logs to end-split. Losses can be kept at a minimum by milling within 3 days of cutting, bucking to lengths as long as possible, and sawing carefully (33).

Special Uses The sapwood of rose gum is pale pink and the heartwood light to dark red. The wood is straight grained, coarse textured, and moderately strong (6). It is moderately durable at best, but the sapwood is generally resistant to spp. borers (6,7). The Figure l-Eucalyptus grandis in southwestern Florida, plantation specific gravity varies from 0.62 to 0.80 (6,7,23). Rose age 7.5 years. gum timber is used for general construction, joinery, plywood, panelling, boat building, flooring, utility poles, mine timbers, and posts (6,7). Severe frost damages rose gum saplings even in In 1972, rose gum wood harvested from an 8.5-ha the commercial plantation zone, but they sprout and (21-acre) research planting supported a commercial- regrow vigorously. Frost has cost a season’s growth scale trial run in a Florida pulpmill. A mixture of 70 several times but never a plantation. South Florida percent rose gum and 30 percent native hardwood usually has inversion freezes, with lower tempera- was manufactured into quality facial tissue with ex- tures at ground level than at 2 m (6.6 R). There is a cellent properties of strength and softness (42). Ear- strong positive correlation between freeze resistance lier laboratory tests showed that debarked rose gum and rapid early growth; resistant trees develop larger wood gave screened yields of kraft bleached paper stems with thicker, insulative bark close to the pulp equal to those of representative native ground, and also elevate tender terminal tissue into hardwood furnish at comparable kappa numbers. the higher, warmer air. Each additional year of Brightness of bleached pulp was equal or superior to growth reduces the risk of frost damage. Since - native hardwood controls at equivalent or slightly ing research began in 1961, severe damage has been higher processing costs (14). However, strength suffered 1 out of 3 years by seedlings in their first properties of handsheets were generally inferior to winter, 1 out of 5 years by saplings in their second those of native hardwood controls. winter, and only 1 out of 19 years by trees in their A pyrolysis test was conducted to determine the third winter or older. energy value that could be recovered from whole-tree Local plantations are suffering an increasing in- chips of g-year-old rose gum grown in southwest cidence of basal cankers caused by the fungus Florida. Seventy percent of the energy contained in Cryphonectria cuber&. Canker incidence in the the dry chips could be recovered as char and oil,

309 Eucalyptus grandis

which could be transported and stored. Twenty-one dm3 or 0.52 ft3); third-generation families, 127 per- percent of the trees’ energy value was converted to cent more (17.0 dm3 or 0.60 ft3); and fourth-genera- noncondensed volatile oil and low-energy gas that tion families, 163 percent more (19.7 dm3 or 0.70 ft3). could only be used on site or sold to an adjacent user A study designed to measure realized gain com- (34). pares the following three populations, each in repli- cated block plantings: Genetics Premier-Six advanced-generation families (average 3.5 generations of selection) that are top- Rose gum is most closely related to E. deanei and ranked for the combined traits of volume produc- E. saligna (6). No subspecies or varieties are recog- tion, cold hardiness, form, and coppicing. nized. Rose gum trees planted in southwest Florida con- Commercial-The 33 advanced-generation families stitute a land race developed through three genera- (average 2.9 generations) included in the seed mix tions of selection and progeny testing in the local for the 1979 commercial season. environment. Because of recurrent selection for local adaptation, the trees perform better than progenies Ancestral-Four imported seed lots from which all of outstanding trees selected in Australia, South six premier families descend and 21 of the 33 com- Africa, or elsewhere. mercial families. A long-range breeding system calls for importing as many rose gum seed lots as possible-preferably At age 1.5 years both premier and commercial collections from selected single trees in Australia- trees significantly exceeded the height of ancestral but some bulk lots and many lots from exotic popula- trees by 23 and 13 percent, respectively. The three tions outside Australia have been included. Each populations all differed significantly in their cold seed lot (family) contributes about 60 seedlings to a hardiness. The premier families suffered mainly large outplanting called the genetic base population. foliar damage, while the commercial and ancestral All individuals of all families are completely ran- families suffered increasingly severe damage to domized in single-tree plots. Trees are measured for foliage and woody parts. growth rate and scored for cold hardiness, stem straightness, branch habit, and general adaptation. Hybrids At 2.7 years (one-third of the rotation age), the trees are selected and the rest are rogued to convert the base population to a seedling seed orchard. The best The Florida land race is predominantly, but not families usually contribute three or four selects to purely, E. grandis. A few seed orchard trees and the seedling seed orchard; most families contribute scattered offspring display recognizable admixtures only one or two; and about one-third of the families of traits from E. robusta, E. tereticornis, and E. drop out of the breeding population for lack of any camaldulensis. Given synchronous flowering and worthy candidates. proximity, rose gum can hybridize with many Select trees exchange pollen in the first massive eucalyptus species. Some of the resultant F1 hybrids bloom at age 3+ years. The following spring the are superior to either parent species for certain ex- resultant seed is collected and used to establish the otic forest environments, but Fn and later genera- next generation’s base population, which also is the tions show classic segregation and hybrid break- progeny test of the seedling seed orchard. Thus, a down. F1 hybrids between E. grandis and E. generation of selection is completed in 4 years. tereticornis seem especially promising in India (43) Progeny test results identify the best commercial and Zambia (16). In Espirito Santo, Brazil, hybrids seed-orchard trees as well as poor seed trees to be between E. grandis and E. urophylla are planted as rogued from the orchard. clonal stands from rooted cuttings (8). In south Each generation of selection enhances the land Florida, there is evidence that Fi hybrids between E. race’s adaptation to local conditions, but new families grandis and E. robusta could be more productive must be imported to broaden the genetic base and than either pure species. minimize inbreeding depression. In the current genetic base population, first- Literature Cited generation Australian families average 7.5 dm3 (0.26 ft3) of stem volume at 2.5 years. Compared with 1. Barnard, E. L. 1981. Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan on those Australian families, second-generation Florida Eucalyptus spp. in a south Florida tree nursery: damage and families average 95 percent more stem volume (14.6 fungicidal control. (Abstract). Phytopathology 71(2):201-202.

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2. Barnard, E. L., and J. T. English. 1980. Basal cankers of 19. Hodgson, L. M. 1976. Some aspects of flowering and Eucalyptus spp. Florida Department of Agriculture and reproductive behavior in Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden at Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Plant J. D. M. Keet Forest Research Station: 2. The fruit, seed, Pathology Circular 219. Tallahassee, FL. 2 p. seedlings, self fertility, selling and inbreeding effects. South 3. Barrett, R. L. 1981. Some observations on root forms of forest African Forestry Journal 97:32-43. trees from planter-flats and their nursery systems. Report, 20. Hodgson, L. M. 1976. Some aspects of flowering and Whattle Research Institute, 1980-1981. University of Natal, reproductive behavior in Eucalyptus grundis (Hill) Maiden at South Africa. p. 104-115. J. D. M. Keet Forest Research Station: 3. Relative yield, 4. Barros, N. F. 1979. Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations breeding systems, barriers to selling and general conclusions. of Eucalyptus grandis in relation to spodosol properties in South African Forestry Journal 99:53-58. south Florida. Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Florida, 21. Jacobs, Max. 1976. Eucalypts for planting. Draft. FO:MISC7610. Food and Agriculture Organization of the Gainesville. 174 p. United Nations, Rome, Italy. 398 p. 5. Blakely, W. F. 1955. A key to the eucalypts. 2d ed. Forest and 22. Johnson, Warren 0. 1970. Minimum temperatures in the Timber Bureau, Canberra, Australia. 359 p. agricultural areas of peninsular Florida: summary of seasons 6. Boland, D. J., M. I. H. Brooker, G. M. Chippendale, N. Hall, 1937-67. University of Florida, Institute of Food and B. P. M. Hyland, R. D. Johnston, D. A. Kleinig, and J. D. Agricultural Sciences, Publication 9. Gainesville, FL. 154 p. Turner. 1984. Forest trees of Australia. Nelson-CSIRO. 23. de la Lama Gutierrez, Gaspar. 1976. Atlas de1 eucalipto. Vol. Melbourne, Australia. 687 p. 1. Ministerio de Agricultura. Sevilla, Spain. ln.p.1. I. Brown, W. H. 1978. Timbers of the world...Australia. Vol. 8. 24. Lambeth, Clements C., and Juan L. Lopez. 1988. A Timber Research and Development Association. High Eucalyptus grundis clonal tree improvement program for Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England. 93 p. Carton de Colombia. Research Report 120. Investigcion 8. Campinhos, Edgard. 1980. More wood of better quality: Forestal, Carton de Colombia. Cali, Colombia. 7 p. intensive silviculture with rapid-growth improved Eucalyptus 25. Meskimen, George. 1980. Planting eucalyptus trees in south spp. for pulpwood. In Proceedings, Tappi Annual Meeting, and central Florida. Florida Division of Forestry, Tallahassee, Atlanta, GA. p. 351-357. FL. 9 p. 9. Campinhos, Edgard, Jr., and Yara K. Ikemori. 1987. Cloning 26. Meskimen, George, and E. C. Franklin. 1978. Spacing Eucalyptus species. In Management of the forests of tropical Eucalyptus grandis in southern Florida: a question of America: prospects and technologies, Sept. 22-27, 1986, San merchantable versus total volume. Southern Journal of Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 291-296. Applied Forestry 1:3-5. 10. Carter, C. E. 1945. The distribution of the more important 27. Mincey, W. F., H. E. Yates, and K. D. Butson. 1967. South timber trees of the genus Eucalyptus. Atlas 1. Commonwealth Florida weather summary. U.S. Department of Commerce Forestry Bureau, Canberra, Australia. 8 p., 34 plates. Weather Bureau and University of Florida Agricultural 11. Davis, John H., Jr. 1943. The natural features of southern Experiment Station, Federal-State Agricultural Weather Florida. Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 25. Tallahassee, Service Weather Forecasting Mimeo WEA 68-l. Lakeland, FL. 311 p. FL. 30 p. 12. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States 28. Nair, K. S. S., and R. V. Verma. 1985. Some ecological aspects and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. of the termite problem in young eucalypt plantations in 148 p. Kerala, India. Forest Ecology and Management 13. Franklin, E. C. 1977. Yield and properties of pulp from 12(3/4):287-303. eucalypt wood grown in Florida. Tappi 60(6):65-67. 29. National Academy of Sciences. 1980. Firewood crops: shrub and tree species for energy production. National Academy of 14. Franklin, E. C., and George Meskimen. 1975. Wood Sciences, Washington, DC. 236 p. properties of some eucalypts for the Southern United States. 30. Osorio, Luis F. 1988. Physical and chemical site preparation In Proceedings, Society of American Foresters National of a pasture for reforestation with Eucalyptus grandis, Convention, Washington, DC. p. 454-458. Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus oocarpa-5 year results. 15. Hall, Norman, R. D. Johnston, and G. M. Chippendale. 1970. Research Report 118. Investigation Forestal, Carton de Forest trees of Australia. Forest and Timber Bureau, Colombia. Cali, Colombia. 10 p. Canberra, Australia. 334 p. 31. Pandey, D. 1987. Modelo para el estudio de1 rendeminto de Eucalyptus grandis x E. 16. Hans, A. S. 1974. Artificial las plantaciones en las zonas tropicales. Unasylva tereticornis hybrids: survival, growth and wood density 39(3/4):74-75. studies. East African Agriculture and Forestry Journal 32. Paton, D. M., R. R. Willing, W. Nichols, and L. D. Pryor. 38:321-324. 1970. Rooting of stem cuttings of Eucalyptus: a rooting 17. Hartney, V. J. 1980. Vegetative propagation of the eucalypts. inhibitor in adult tissue. Australian Journal of Botany Australian Forest Research 10:191-211. 18:175-183. 18. Hodgson, L. M. 1976. Some aspects of flowering and 33. Priest, D. T. 1985. Research results pointing to improved reproductive behavior in Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden at yield and utilization of E. grandis sawn timber. Paper No. J. D. M. 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