DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of Tho2 As a Structural Analogue for Spent Nuclear Fuel Dissolution Under Repository Conditions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigation of Tho2 As a Structural Analogue for Spent Nuclear Fuel Dissolution Under Repository Conditions IENCE C • •S T S E Investigation of ThO2 as a structural analogue for N C O H I N spent nuclear fuel dissolution under repository S O I V Dissertation L • conditions O S 156 G T Y H • R G I E L VTT SCIEN CE S H E G A Currently, the preferred option for the long-term disposal of spent I R H C nuclear fuel (SNF) in Finland and Sweden is disposal in a H geological repository. In deep bedrock, the release of Th, U and 1 5 6 other radionuclides through man-made barriers and the geo- and biosphere will be controlled by the dissolution of the fuel by groundwater. Thorium dioxide is isostructural to uranium dioxide, sharing the same fluorite structure (space group Fm3m) and making it a useful analogue material for nuclear fuel, which mainly Investigation of ThO consists of UO2 (>95%). This thesis aimed to investigate the dissolution of ThO2, which was synthesised to approximate as closely as possible the microstructure of UO2 in a nuclear fuel matrix. The investigation consists of dissolution studies conducted using pellets, fragments 232 2 (2 to 4 mm) and particles (80 to 160 µm) of ThO2. The evolution of dissolving surfaces and grain boundaries were examined by as a structural analogue for... combining different microscope imaging techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM with electron backscattering diffraction detector (SEM-EBSD) and profilometer imaging). High resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS) was used for analyses of low thorium concentrations in leaching solutions. Part of the dissolution experiments were conducted in the presence of a 229Th tracer to gain additional data on the dissolution and precipitation Investigation of ThO2 as a by following the change in isotopic ratio 229Th/232Th. Furthermore, the pellets from these experiments were measured with direct alpha structural analogue for spent spectrometry to estimate the contents and thickness of the 229Th- nuclear fuel dissolution rich layer formed on the pellet surface. under repository conditions ISBN 978-951-38-8547-2 (Soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-8546-5 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) ISSN-L 2242-119X ISSN 2242-119X (Print) ISSN 2242-1203 (Online) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-38-8546-5 Emmi Myllykylä VTT SCIENCE 156 Investigation of ThO2 as a structural analogue for spent nuclear fuel dissolution under repository conditions Emmi Myllykylä ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in lecture hall A110, Deparment of Chemistry, on 16th of June 2017, at noon. ISBN 978-951-38-8547-2 (Soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-8546-5 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) VTT Science 156 ISSN-L 2242-119X ISSN 2242-119X (Print) ISSN 2242-1203 (Online) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-38-8546-5 Copyright © VTT 2017 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy PL 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) 02044 VTT Puh. 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 Teknologiska forskningscentralen VTT Ab PB 1000 (Teknikvägen 4 A, Esbo) FI-02044 VTT Tfn +358 20 722 111, telefax +358 20 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd P.O. Box 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) FI-02044 VTT, Finland Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001 Juvenes Print, Tampere 2017 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 12 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 14 2.1 History and utilization of thorium ............................................................. 14 2.2 Thorium in nature ................................................................................... 14 2.3 Chemistry of thorium .............................................................................. 16 2.4 Characteristics of thorium dioxide ........................................................... 17 2.5 The role of spent nuclear fuel in final disposal ......................................... 20 2.6 Thorium dioxide as analogue material for Uranium dioxide ...................... 21 2.7 Thorium dioxide in future fuel concepts ................................................... 22 3. EXPERIMENTAL........................................................................................... 24 I & II 3.1 Fabrication and characterisation of ThO2 pellets ................................ 24 I 3.2 Production of ThO2 fragments for the dissolution experiments ................ 24 3.3 Dissolution and solubility experiments I ................................................... 25 Pre-experiments........................................................................... 25 Dissolution and solubility experiments with fragments I .................. 25 Dissolution experiments for surface investigations I & II ................... 26 Dissolution experiments with a 229Th tracer III ................................ 27 4. Analysis techniques .................................................................................... 29 4.1 Sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryI, II & III ............. 29 4.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattering diffraction detector (EBSD) I & II ............................................................................... 31 4.3 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) II ............................................................ 32 4.4 Alpha spectrometry combined with chemical separation procedureIII ........ 33 4.5 Direct alpha spectrometry and advanced alpha-spectrometric simulations (AASI)IV 35 5. RESULTS and DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 37 5.1 Characteristics of sample pellets and fragments ...................................... 37 ThO2 pellets ................................................................................. 37 ThO2 fragments............................................................................ 38 I 5.2 Results of the dissolution and solubility of ThO2 ...................................... 40 Pre-experiments under atmospheric conditions ............................. 40 ThO2 dissolution in anaerobic conditions ....................................... 41 The solubility of ThO2 ................................................................... 44 5.3 Results of the surface investigationsI & II .................................................. 45 I SEM imaging of leached ThO2 surfaces ....................................... 45 Integrated imaging with VSI, AFM and SEM-EBSDII ...................... 47 5.4 Results from dissolution experiments with a 229Th tracerIII ........................ 49 3 Solution results with SF-ICP-MS ................................................... 49 Dissolution results by ICP-MS compared with alpha spectrometry . 53 5.5 Direct alpha measurement of pellets and advanced simulationsVI ............. 54 6. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 58 4 Supervised by Associated Prof. Marja Siitari-Kauppi Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki Senior Scientist, Kaija Ollila VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd Reviewed by Prof. Nicolas Dacheux Université Montpellier Marcuole Institute for Separative Chemistry Dr. Ian Farnan Reader in Earth and Nuclear Materials Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Dissertation Opponent Prof. Mats Jonsson Applied Physical Chemistry KTH Royal Institute of Technology 5 I would like to dedicate this thesis for the memory of my beloved grandfather. He was the one, who taught me noble skills of debate and argument at the age of two. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Sometimes you have to go up really high to understand how small you really are.” - Felix Baumgartner The Ph.D. journey has been like a long and challenging hiking path with slippery rocks, steep slopes, strong wind, refreshing rain and sometimes warm sunshine. From such an adventure, you cannot survive without excellent gear, skills and attitude. The bigger the challenge, the more crucial is the company and assistance of others. From this thesis project, I would have not survived without the help of others. First of all, I like to express my warmest appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Marja Siitari-Kauppi, who has encouraged me and guided me through this. I have really enjoyed working with her, and she believed in me even on those very moments I did not. Special thanks go to three unique ladies, Kaija Ollila, Riitta Zilliacus and Maija Lipponen, who have long experience in research and science. I have been privileged to learn from them about dissolution studies and ICP-MS analytics. Thanks also to Professor Jukka Lehto and team leader Kari Rasilainen. They have provided good environment to conduct the research and write the thesis at the University of Helsinki and at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. The research of this thesis has been mostly conducted in the frame of the EU project, REDUPP (2011-2014), funded from the European Atomic Energy Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under grant agreement No. 269903. Posiva, SKB, VTT, are acknowledged as partners of the REDUPP project. The research was continued in the PANCHO project in the research program SAFIR2018, and in the YTERA and the CHEMS doctoral schools. All are acknowledged for their financial support for this thesis. I am grateful to all collaborators. Collaboration is the special spice
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • The Stability of Lead Isotopes from Thorium
    MAY 24, I9I7] NATURE ---------------------------------------------------------245 but I Prof. Stefan lYle:yer may be I .have pointed out the unsuitability of makmg some exammatwn of the radiations of the thonum mmerals for age determination or correlation material, and the results he obtains will therefore be and this is particularly so i.n the case of minerals of very great value in deciding this point. the Palreozoic igneous rocks of Langesundfjord, Nor­ FREDERICK SoDDY. way. Mr. Lawson and myself based our former con­ Aberdeen, May 14. that lead could not be the end product of thonum largely on analyses of these minerals. How­ . PRO.F. SoDDY. having given me the privilege of read­ e:ver, I have recalculated the ratiQs on the assump­ mg h1s letter m advance, I should like to take the twn that thonum has one-seventh the lead-producing opportunity of directing attention to the geological age power of uranium, and it is satisfactory to find that :>f the thorium minerals of Ceylon, and to a few further when thorium is less than five times a·s abundant statistics bearing on the suggestion that only 35 per uranium, the ratios agree as closely on th'ts calculation cent. of thorium produces a stable isotope of lead. as do the simple lead-ratios. When thorium is more than five times as abundant as uranium neither set I a!ll to my friend, Mr. E. J. Wayland, late of ratios gives any approach to agreement although of Ceylon, for the follow­ mg prov1s1onal classdicat10n (in order of age) of the the minerals from anv one locality agree am'ong them­ older rocks of the island :- selves.
    [Show full text]
  • Stillwellite-(Ce) (Ce, La, Ca)Bsio
    Stillwellite-(Ce) (Ce; La; Ca)BSiO5 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 3: As °at rhombohedral crystals, to 4 cm, and massive. Twinning: Observed about [100]. Physical Properties: Cleavage: One imperfect. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 6.5 D(meas.) = 4.57{4.60 D(calc.) = 4.67 » Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Red-brown to pale pink; colorless in thin section. Streak: White. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+) to biaxial (+). ! = 1.765{1.784 ² = 1.780{1.787 2V(meas.) = 0±{6± Cell Data: Space Group: P 31: a = 6.841{6.844 c = 6.700{6.702 Z = 3 X-ray Powder Pattern: Mary Kathleen mine, Australia. 3.43 (s), 2.96 (s), 2.13 (ms), 4.44 (m), 1.864 (m), 2.71 (mw), 2.24 (mw) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 22.40 22.06 La2O3 27.95 19.12 MgO 0.06 UO2 0.22 Ce2O3 33.15 30.82 CaO 0.95 0.34 ThO2 5.41 Pr2O3 1.82 F 0.30 + B2O3 12.23 [13.46] Nd2O3 5.36 H2O 0.85 Al2O3 0.42 Sm2O3 0.34 H2O¡ 0.10 Y2O3 0.74 0.28 Fe2O3 0.18 P2O5 0.67 Total [100.00] [99.26] (1) Mary Kathleen mine, Australia; recalculated to 100.00% after removal of very small amounts of uraninite and apatite determined by separate analysis. (2) Vico volcano, near Vetralla, Italy; by electron microprobe, B2O3 calculated from stoichiometry, original total given as 99.23%; corresponds to (Ce0:50La0:31Nd0:08Th0:05Pr0:03Ca0:02Sm0:01)§=1:00B1:02Si0:97O5: Occurrence: Locally abundant as a metasomatic replacement of metamorphosed calcareous sediments (Mary Kathleen mine, Australia); in alkalic pegmatites in syenite in an alkalic massif (Dara-i-Pioz massif, Tajikistan).
    [Show full text]
  • Radiological Significance of Thorium Processing in Manufacturing
    Attention Microfiche User, . The original document from which this microfiche was made was found to contain some imperfection or imperfections that redtice full comprehension of some of the text despite the gcod technical quality of the microfiche itself. The imperfections may be: - missing or illegible pages/figures - wrong pagination - poor overall printing quality, etc. We normally refuse to microfiche such a document and request a replacement document (or pages) from the National INIS Centre concerned. However, our experience shows that many months pass before such documents are replaced. Sometimes the Centre is not able to supply a better copy or, in some cases, the pages that were supposed to be missing correspond to a wrong pagination only. Me feel that it is better to proceed with distributing the microfiche made of these documents than to withhold them till the imperfections are removed. If the removals are subsequestly made then replacement microfiche can be issued. In line with this approach then, our specific practice for microfiching documents with imperfections is as follows: 1. A microfiche of an imperfect document will be marked with a special symbol (black circle) on the left of the title. This symbol will appear on all masters and copies of the document (1st fiche and trailer fiches) even if the imperfection is on one fiche of the report only. 2. If imperfection is not too general the reason will be specified on a sheet such as this, in the space below. 3. The microfiche will be considered as temporary, but sold at the normal price. Replacements, if they can be issued, will be available for purchase at the regular price.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamic Properties of Thorium Dioxide from 298 to 1200 Ok
    JO URNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards-A. Physics and Chemistry Vol. 65, No.2, March- April 1961 Thermodynamic Properties of Thorium Dioxide From 298 to 1,200 oK Andrew C. Victor and Thomas B. Douglas (November 26, 1960) As a step in developing new standards of he.at ca l ~ac i ty applicable up to very h~gh temperatures, t he heat content (enthalpy) of thol'lum dlOxldoe, I h02 , relatn:,e to 2~3 K , was accurately measured at ten temperatures from 323 to 1,173 K . A Bunsen 1.ce ca l ol'l~neter and a drop method were used to make t he mea ~ urements on two samples of ":ldely d Iff erent bulk densities. The corresponding heat-capacity values for the hIgher denSIty sample ~re represented within t heir uncertain ty (estimated to be ± 0.3 to 0.5 %) by the followlI1g empirical equation 1 (cal mole- I deg- I at T OK) : C ~ = 17 . 057 + 1 8. 06 ( 10 -4) T - 2.5166 (1 05)/1'2 At 298 oK t his equation agrees with previously reported low-temperatu.re measurements made with an adiabatic calorimeter. Values of heat content, heat capaelty, entropy, and Gibb's free energy function are tabulated from 298.15 t o 1,200 oK. 1. Introduction measll remen ts arc soon to be extended up to ap­ proximately 1,800 OK. Current practical and theoretical developm~l!ts However, at higher temperatures aluminum oxide have increased the need for accurate heat capaCltlOs is impractical as a heat standard, for it becomes and related thermal properties at high temp ~rature s, increasingly volatile, and melts at approximately yet the values reported for the same mat~nal from 2,300 OK.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction of Thorium Oxide from Monazite Ore
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work 5-2019 Extraction of Thorium Oxide from Monazite Ore Makalee Ruch University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Chloe Frame University of Tennessee, Knoxville Molly Landon University of Tennessee, Knoxville Ralph Laurel University of Tennessee, Knoxville Annabelle Large University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Part of the Environmental Chemistry Commons, Geological Engineering Commons, and the Other Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Ruch, Makalee; Frame, Chloe; Landon, Molly; Laurel, Ralph; and Large, Annabelle, "Extraction of Thorium Oxide from Monazite Ore" (2019). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/2294 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extraction of Thorium Oxide from Monazite Ore Dr. Robert Counce Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Chloe Frame Molly Landon Annabel Large Ralph Laurel Makalee Ruch CBE 488: Honors
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication of Thorium and Thorium Dioxide
    Natural Science, 2015, 7, 10-17 Published Online January 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ns http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.71002 Fabrication of Thorium and Thorium Dioxide Balakrishna Palanki (Retired) Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, India Email: [email protected] Received 10 November 2014; revised 9 December 2014; accepted 28 December 2014 Copyright © 2015 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Thorium based nuclear fuel is of immense interest to India by virtue of the abundance of Thorium and relative shortage of Uranium. Thorium metal tubes were being cold drawn using copper as cladding to prevent die seizure. After cold drawing, the copper was removed by dissolution in ni- tric acid. Thorium does not dissolve being passivated by nitric acid. Initially the copper cladding was carried out by inserting copper tubes inside and outside the thorium metal tube. In an inno- vative development, the mechanical cladding with copper was replaced by electroplated copper with a remarkable improvement in thorium tube acceptance rates. Oxalate derived thoria powder was found to require lower compaction pressures compared to ammonium diuranate derived urania powders to attain the same green compact density. However, the green pellets of thoria were fragile and chipped during handling. The strength improved after introducing a ball milling step before compaction and maintaining the green density above the specified value. Alternatively, binders were used later for greater handling strength. Magnesia was conventionally being used as dopant to enhance the sinterability of thoria.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystallographic Study of Uranium-Thorium Bearing Minerals in Tranomaro, South-East Madagascar
    Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2013, 1, 347-352 Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmmce) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.16053 Crystallographic Study of Uranium-Thorium Bearing Minerals in Tranomaro, South-East Madagascar Frank Elliot Sahoa1, Naivo Rabesiranana1*, Raoelina Andriambololona1, Nicolas Finck2, Christian Marquardt2, Hörst Geckeis2 1Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (Madagascar-INSTN), Antananarivo, Madagascar 2Institute of Nuclear Waste and Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany Email: *[email protected] Received September 20, 2013; revised October 21, 2013; accepted November 5, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Frank Elliot Sahoa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Li- cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Studies are undertaken to characterize the uranium and thorium minerals of south-east Madagascar. Seven selected uranothorianite bearing pyroxenites samples from old abandoned uranium quarries in Tranomaro, south Amboasary, Madagascar (46˚28'00"E, 24˚36'00"S) have been collected. To determine the mineral micro-structure, they were inves- tigated for qualitative identification of crystalline compounds by using X-ray powder diffraction analytical method (XRD). Results showed that the uranium and thorium compounds, as minor elements, were present in various crystal- line structures. Thorium, as thorianite, is present in a simple ThO2 cubic crystalline system, whereas the uranium com- ponent of the Tranomaro uranothorianite samples is oxide-based and is a mixture of complex oxidation states and crys- talline systems. Generally called uraninite, its oxide compounds are present in more than eight phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Aec-Nasa Tech Brief
    March 1969 Brief 69-10079 sty C AEC-NASA TECH BRIEF YES AEC-NASA Tech Briefs describe innovations resulting from the research and development program of the U.S. AEC or from AEC-NASA interagency efforts. They are issued to encourage commercial application. Tech Briefs are published by NASA and may be purchased, at 15 cents each, from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Preparation of Thorium by Magnesium—Zinc Reduction Stirring Motor Ball Valve Stuffing Box Assembly Sampling Port - Water Annulus Graphitar Bearing 1___._Hea t Shields SST Shaft Ta Thermowell Graphite Secondary Crucible Heated Ta Shaft Graphite Pouring Mold Baffled Crucible^v I SST Shell Ta Paddle THORIUM DIOXIDE REDUCTION APPARATUS A technique for the preparation of thorium metal success of the process. by magnesium—zinc reduction of thorium dioxide has The present method for commercial production of been investigated on a laboratory scale. The extent thorium metal involves metallothermic reduction of of reduction was determined as a function of time, thorium tetrafluoride with calcium in the presence of amount and composition of flux, temperature, agita- zinc chloride. However, calcium is expensive as a re- tion, particle size of the oxide, and magnesium con- ductant and the process requires a prior hydro-fluo- centration in the alloy. It was found that the use of rination step. Using magnesium—zinc alloy for the a flux of the proper composition is essential to the reduction of thorium dioxide has potential economic (continued overleaf) This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the Atomic liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this Energy Commission and/or the National Aeronautics and Space document, or warrants that the use of any information, apparatus, Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Compatibility Storage Group
    CHEMICAL SEGREGATION Chemicals are to be segregated into 11 different categories depending on the compatibility of that chemical with other chemicals The Storage Groups are as follows: Group A – Compatible Organic Acids Group B – Compatible Pyrophoric & Water Reactive Materials Group C – Compatible Inorganic Bases Group D – Compatible Organic Acids Group E – Compatible Oxidizers including Peroxides Group F– Compatible Inorganic Acids not including Oxidizers or Combustible Group G – Not Intrinsically Reactive or Flammable or Combustible Group J* – Poison Compressed Gases Group K* – Compatible Explosive or other highly Unstable Material Group L – Non-Reactive Flammable and Combustible, including solvents Group X* – Incompatible with ALL other storage groups The following is a list of chemicals and their compatibility storage codes. This is not a complete list of chemicals, but is provided to give examples of each storage group: Storage Group A 94‐75‐7 2,4‐D (2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 94‐82‐6 2,4‐DB 609-99-4 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 64‐19‐7 Acetic acid (Flammable liquid @ 102°F avoid alcohols, Amines, ox agents see SDS) 631-61-8 Acetic acid, Ammonium salt (Ammonium acetate) 108-24-7 Acetic anhydride (Flammable liquid @102°F avoid alcohols see SDS) 79‐10‐7 Acrylic acid Peroxide Former 65‐85‐0 Benzoic acid 98‐07‐7 Benzotrichloride 98‐88‐4 Benzoyl chloride 107-92-6 Butyric Acid 115‐28‐6 Chlorendic acid 79‐11‐8 Chloroacetic acid 627‐11‐2 Chloroethyl chloroformate 77‐92‐9 Citric acid 5949-29-1 Citric acid monohydrate 57-00-1 Creatine 20624-25-3
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Overview Including Uses, Worldwide Resources, and Known Occurrences in Alaska
    A brief overview including uses, worldwide resources, and known occurrences in Alaska Information Circular 61 David J. Szumigala and Melanie B. Werdon STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) 3354 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707 www.dggs.alaska.gov COVER PHOTO CAPTIONS: TOP: Sheeted REE-bearing veins, Dotson Trend, Bokan Mountain property, Alaska. Photo from http://www.ucoreraremetals.com/docs/SME_2010_Keyser.pdf BOTTOM: Rare-earth-element-bearing quartz vein exposed in granite, Bokan Mountain, Alaska. Photo from http://www.ucoreraremetals.com/docs/SME_2010_Keyser.pdf RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS: A brief overview including uses, worldwide resources, and known occurrences in Alaska David J. Szumigala and Melanie B. Werdon GGS Minerals Program The Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS), part of the Department of Natural Resources, is charged by statute with determining the potential of Alaska’s land for production of metals, minerals, fuels, and geothermal resources; the locations and supplies of groundwater and construction Dmaterial; and the potential geologic hazards to buildings, roads, bridges, and other installations and structures. The Mineral Resources Section at DGGS collects, analyzes, and provides information on the geological and geophysical framework of Alaska as it pertains to the state’s mineral resources. The results of these studies include reports and maps, which are used by scientists for various associated studies, by mining company geologists as a basis for their more focused exploration programs, and by state and federal agency personnel in resource and land-use management decisions. This paper provides a brief overview of rare-earth elements, their uses, and current worldwide sources of their production.
    [Show full text]
  • Uranothorite from Eastern Ontario1
    URANOTHORITEFROM EASTERN ONTARIO1 S. C. ROBINSON2 eno SYDNEY ABBEYB Geol,og'ical, Survey of Canadn, Ottawa ABSTRACT Uranothorite is found in manydeposits of the Grenville sub-province in Ontario and Quebec, and in some mines.is an important ore mineral of uranium. Its occurrence, habit, and physical properties are reviewed. Analyses for eleven specimens of uran- othorite are presented and variations in analysesand physical properties are discussed. For chemical analysis, silica was separated by perchloric dehydration and lead by sulphide and sulphate precipitation. Uranium was determined by a cupferron-oxine method, thorium and rare eartfrs via oxalate and "thorin", iron with o-phenanthroline, and calcium by oxalate precipitation. Water was determined by a modified Penfield metJrod, carbon dioxide by acid evolution and total carbon by combustion, each on a separate sample. Panr I: OccunnBxcE AND DBscnrprroN (S.C.R.) Intrad,uction Uranoth5rite was first identified and analysed in Canada by H. V. Ellsworth (L927)4 in specimens from the MacDonald feldspar mine, near Hybla, Ontario. Since that time, it has been identified in many other deposits of the Grenville sub-province of the Canadian Shield, both in eastern Ontario and in southwestern Quebec. In the past four years uranothorite has emerged as a minor ore mineral of uranium in mines of the Bancroft-Wilberforce camp where uraninite is the principal source of uranium. Few additional data on uranothorite in Canada have been published since Ellsworth's original paper. In the course of a field project on the mineralogy of uranium deposits in the Bancroft-Wilberforce region by one of us (S.C.R.), it became obvious that although uranothorite is an important contributor of uranium in ores of some mines, knowledge of its occurrence and com- position was inadequate.
    [Show full text]