The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian
Erosion and Topographic Survey
Rampart Scotland Project 002:
Season 3
David Connolly and Murray Cook
February 2012
The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian Erosion and Topographic Survey
Season 3
National Grid Reference (NGR): NGR NT 50760 78260
Rampart Scotland Project No: 002
Prepared by: David Connolly and Murray Cook
Illustration by: David Connolly
Date of Fieldwork: July 2012
Date of Report: February 2013
Abstract
This report represents the results of Rampart Scotland’s Hillforts of East Lothian Project Phase 3 and comprises the results of the continuing archaeological survey at The Chesters, Drem.
The eastern ramparted area continued to be was close contour surveyed, revealing an accurate topographical plan, and the entire area of the site was subjected to erosion survey, providing a damage assessment to be utilised for further management plans.
1 | P a g e Table of Contents
Abstract 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS 5 3 MANAGEMENT ISSUES 5 4 SURVEY OBJECTIVES 7 5 SURVEY METHODOLOGIES 8 6 EROSION SURVEY RESULTS 10 7 MANAGEMENT SURVEY RESULTS (Figure 3 & Table 1) 19 7.1 Livestock and Visitor paths 19 7.2 Gorse growth 20 7.3 Rabbit damage 21 8 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY RESULTS (Figure 4) 26 8.1 Topographic work 26 8.2 Chronological sequencing 27 9 CONCLUSIONS 27 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 28
Appendix 1: Photo List 29 Appendix 2: Discovery and Excavation in Scotland Report 38
Illustrations Figure 1: Location
Figure 2: Previous site surveys
Figure 3: Site plan and erosion survey Figure 4: Figure 4: Topographic survey
2 | P a g e 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. The overarching aim of Rampart Scotland and in particular the Hillforts of East Lothian Project is to provide dating and survey (topographic, geophysical and management) evidence from as many previously unexcavated hillforts in East Lothian as access can be gained to, in order to provide an framework with which to compare and contrast hillforts across Scotland (Connolly & Cook 2010, 2011). This project represents the second of three hillforts being examined by Rampart Scotland in East Lothian, the others being White Castle, Garvald and Sheriffside, Gifford.
1.2. This report presents the results of a second season of archaeological topographic erosion survey on the site of The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian (NMRS NT57NW 1; NGR NT 50760 78260; Figure 1). The project was undertaken in July 2012 in generally sunny conditions using volunteers as part of the ongoing training fieldschool of Rampart Scotland.
1.3. The Chesters faces a range of pressures and the survey was intended to aid its future management. In addition, the survey forms part of an on-going research project into East Lothian’s hillforts and is intended as the first stage of specific project on The Chesters to include more topographic and surveys, geophysical survey and ultimately key-hole excavation.
1.4. The Chesters is one of the largest and best preserved hillforts in East Lothian, if not Scotland, with an internal measurement of c 120m east-west by c 50m north-south. It comprises a multivallate hillfort with up to eight banks and ditches, as well as extensive evidence for internal settlement. The maximum measurement of the visible upstanding remains are c 270m east-west and c 140m north-south. Intriguingly the site is overlooked to the south by a low ridge and is one of the few locations in East Lothian where there is no inter-visibility with Traprain Law.
1.5. To date, the only excavation works to have taken place on site involved the monitoring of the removal of two World War II observation posts, for monitoring the nearby Drem airfield (Yates 1976), which identified no significant archaeological deposits or finds.
1.6. The Chesters sits within an extensive series of cropmarks including undated pit alignments (NMRS NT57NW 46,49, 50, 51 & 52), ring ditch (NMRS NT57NW 45 & 48) and enclosures (NMRS NT57NW 50 & 104). Haselgrove (2009, 236) has suggested that the site may be connected with the local haematite source in the Garleton Hills.
1.7. The Chesters is a Scheduled Ancient Monument (SMR 90072) and a Property in the Care of Scottish Ministers, managed on their behalf by Historic Scotland.
3 | P a g e 2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS
2.1 The Chesters first appears in William Forrest’s Map of Haddingtonshire in 1799. The site was previously surveyed by the Ordnance Survey in 1853/54, in 1893 by J. H. Cunningham (1895) and by RCAHMS in 1914.
2.2 The ongoing close contour survey is the first detailed examination of the topography of the site and the geophysical survey is now adding to the growing understanding on the site as a whole.
3 MANAGEMENT ISSUES
3.1. The Chesters is both open to the public and an element of a working farm and as such has a series of management problems including:
o Gorse roots o Rabbit damage o Visitor pressure o Stock pressure from cattle movement and grazing
3.2. Previous active removal of gorse has exposed bare ground which is now open to erosion. At present there are no signs of grass regeneration.
3.3. Rabbit damage is in some places quite extensive, however, no rabbits were observed during the period of the survey, though active burrows were recorded. Some burrows have collapsed causing the surrounding rampart to slump. In addition, in areas of cattle movement, there are signs of further collapse.
3.4. Visitor pressure is limited to well established routes that lead directly to the summit, crossing ramparts and causing deep scarring and rampart degradation. In some respects, the established path in some respects encourages visitors to follow it, thus increasing the damage. Significantly a new visitor entrance some 50 m to the southwest was established in 2012 (Figure 3).
3.5. During the survey a herd of some 20-30 dairy cows were present on the site, and while this clearly manages the level of grass, there is also however evidence for erosion tracks across upstanding features.
5 | P a g e The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian
1799
William Forrest, 1799
Ordnance Survey - Six-inch 1st edition, Scotland, 1854
1854
1893
Coles and Cunningham from PSAS(1896) - surveyed 1893
1914
RCAHMS; 1914 Fig 2: Previous site surveys 4 SURVEY OBJECTIVES
4.1 The principal objectives of the survey were:
a. To document the extent and severity of the various sources of damage to The Chesters visible from surface traces; b. To provide a report on the findings of the survey for the use as a resource by Historic Scotland for the future management of the site; c. To provide a survey to guide future research on the site; d. As an ideal location for the teaching of survey to archaeology students, adult education classes and volunteers; e. To compare and contrast management practices and results at The Chesters with White Castle.
4.2 This report highlights key findings relating to the erosional condition, topographic, geophysical and documentary research into The Chesters, making general recommendations and identifying future research proposals.
7 | P a g e 5 SURVEY METHODOLOGIES
5.1 The erosion survey methodology was based upon that developed by the CFA, as outlined by in Historic Scotland’s Technical Advice Note 16: Burrowing Animal and Archaeology (Dunwell & Trout 1999). The survey recorded visitor tracks, stock tracks, gorse damage and rabbit burrows (Figure 3).
5.2 A close contour survey was undertaken over interior of the site (Figure 4). Points were taken at a spacing of c. 1-3 metres along top and bottom of banks and ditches in addition to any discernible breaks in slope. In addition, random points were taken in the intervening spaces to ensure adequate coverage.
5.3 The survey was conducted using a Leica TCR 805 series Total Station with internal data logger. All points were processed through Lecia Geo-Office software and attributed on point-type. The survey was processed through Penmap software to produce a maximum resolution contour plot of 10cm intervals.
8 | P a g e 52
15 14 16 35 36 37 67 51 18 53 13 38 17 62 33 34 32 12 40 49 19 54 39 50 31 55 63 56 23 7 66 21 22 41 24 8 10 20 42 5 59 30 43 64 9 65 25 6 3 44 58 48 4 26 2 29 47 27 61 1 28 Damage Colour code 60 45 46 57 Yellow - surface damage only Old Entrance Green - low damage/recovering Blue - Moderate damage/intact Red - severe damage/degredation
Rabbit damage
New Entrance Tracks (Animal / Visitor )
Gorse
0 100 metres Figure 3: Site plan and erosion survey 6 EROSION SURVEY RESULTS
6.1 As described in Section 3.2, four different types of erosion were recorded in 2010 and 2011 (Connolly and Cook 2010, 2011): rabbit damage, cattle tracks, visitor tracks and gorse damage.
6.2 The updated 2011 results of the survey are presented in Table 1 and Figure 3, with the associated photographic record presented in appendix.
Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
1 Visitor Active / From layby to interior, track Superficial crossing all ramparts No Change No Change From visitor entrance onto site
2 Visitor Active / Intrusive As before with little track noticeable change Over ramparts Improvement No Change and ditch, deep cutting and up to 1.60m wide
3 Cut Stabilised / There are signs of new Gorse Intrusive No Change Worse growth and slumping of area exposed
4 Visitor Active / Intrusive No real sign of track improvement Track over Improvement No Change rampart causing slumping
5 Cattle Active / Signs of stabilisation track Superficial No Change Improvement and grass cover Beside fence
6 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Some stabilisation and scrapes grass cover Exposes bedrock Improvement No Change and rampart material
7 Cut Stabilised / No sign of regrowth and Gorse Intrusive bank material stabilised Improvement Worse
10 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
8 Visitor Active / Intrusive No sign of regrowth /Anim though bank material Over ramparts al track No Change No Change stabilised and ditch, deep cutting and up to 60cm wide
9 Cut Stabilised / New growth and Gorse Intrusive continued heavy erosion of bank Although Worse No Change stabilising, there has been erosion of material down slope
10 Visitor Active / Intrusive No sign of regeneration, track but no worse than Track causing before serious damage No Change No Change to rampart, creating a deep cut
11 Cut Stabilised / Some new growth Gorse Superficial appearing No Change No Change Roots have exposed soil for erosion
12 Cut Stabilised / Signs of new growth Gorse Superficial appearing though No Change Worse previous bank material Roots have slumping has stabilised exposed soil for erosion
13 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse Roots have No Change exposed soil for erosion
14 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse Gorse is regenerating – No Change roots causing further damage to rampart
15 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse No Change Gorse exposed rampart
11 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
16 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse Roots have No Change exposed soil for erosion
17 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse Roots have No Change exposed soil for erosion
18 Cut Active / Intrusive Worse New growth appearing Gorse No Change Area now used by active rabbit
19 Cut Active / Intrusive Some new growth Gorse No Change No Change appearing Gorse is starting regeneration
20 Cut Active / Intrusive No sign of regrowth but Gorse although bank material Roots have Improvement No Change stabilised grass growth exposed soil for is not present erosion
21 Cut Active / Intrusive Signs of new growth Gorse appearing though Roots have No Change No Change previous bank material exposed soil for slumping has stabilised erosion - regenerating
22 Cut Active / Intrusive Signs of new growth Gorse appearing though Roots have No Change No Change previous bank material exposed soil for slumping has stabilised erosion - regenerating
23 Cut Active / Intrusive Signs of new growth Gorse appearing though Roots have No Change No Change previous bank material exposed soil for slumping has stabilised erosion -
24 Cut Active / Signs of new growth Gorse Superficial appearing - bank material slumping has Roots have stabilised exposed soil for No Change Worse erosion – regenerating
12 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
25 Cut Active / Intrusive No sign of regrowth - Gorse bank material stabilised Roots have and grassing over. exposed soil for Improvement Improvement erosion – collapse in several areas.
26 Cut Active / Intrusive New signs of regrowth Gorse and bank material Roots have stabilised exposed soil for Improvement Worse erosion – collapse in several areas.
27 Cut Active / Intrusive New growth appearing Gorse bank material slumping Roots exposed Worse Worse has continued to erode soil for erosion – collapse in several areas.
28 Cut Active / No sign of regrowth and Gorse IntrusiveRoots bank material stabilised have exposed soil Improvement Improvement for erosion Seems to be under control just now
29 Cut Active / Intrusive New signs of regrowth Gorse though bank material Roots have stabilised (stone core exposed soil for Improvement Worse and revetment of erosion – rampart is still exposed) rampart & core exposed
30 Isolate Old / Intrusive Activity seems to be d No Change Worse increasing with enlarged Burrow Exposes stone burrows core of rampart
31 Isolate Active / Intrusive Still active but stable d No Change No Change Warre 5 burrows n evident
32 Isolate Active / Intrusive Rabbits active – d returned to reinhabit Warre 8 burrows n evident Improvement Worse
13 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
33 Isolate Stabilised / Rabbits no longer active d Intrusive Warre Improvement Improvement n 3 burrows evident
34 Area Active / Intrusive Still active – causing Warre more damage to banks n 12-15 burrows evident – Worse Worse extensive undermining of rampart
35 Area Active / Intrusive Rabbits still now Warre occupying burrows. n 10 burrows evident with Improvement Improvement deep scarring of rampart exterior face
36 Isolate Active / Intrusive Rabbits no longer active d Improvement Improvement Warre 3 burrows n evident
37 Isolate New / Intrusive Still active d Warre New burrows removing n No Change No Change material and with track 52 causing severe collapse of rampart
38 Isolate Stabilised / No longer inhabited d Intrusive No Change Improvement Warre n
39 Isolate Active / Intrusive Rabbits active – track d still used burrow Rampart s degrading with Improvement Worse Compound problem – track 53. where multiple erosional issues cause damage
40 Area Active / Intrusive Still active with Warre population Rampart n No Change No Change degrading with animal track 54 over
14 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
41 Isolate Active / Intrusive Still active d Damage is Warre No Change No Change n increased by gorse cover removal 20.
42 Isolate Active / Intrusive Still active d Burrow Large amount of No Change No Change rampart interior excavated.
43 Isolate Active / Severe Still active with a larger d extent of burrowing Warre Noticeable No Change Worse n deflation of rampart
44 Isolate Active / Severe Still active d Warre 11 burrows No Change No Change n honeycombing area
45 Isolate Active / Severe Still active but not d extending No Change No Change Warre 5 burrows n
46 Area Active / Intrusive Still active with a larger Warre extent of burrowing n several burrows undermining No Change Worse profile and causing rampart slump
47 Area Active / Intrusive Still active but no more Warre damage than 2011 n burrows undermining No Change No Change profile and causing rampart slump
48 Isolate Active / Intrusive Extensive activity in d area, causing bank Burrow 2 burrows close collapse and undermine to summit, with – continues to be a some slumping Worse Worse problem
15 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
49 Stock Active / Very little additional Track Superficial damage
Track beginning Path is stabilising No Change Improvement to erode surface
50 Stock Active / Intrusive Very little additional Track damage Track causing Improvement Improvement damage to Path is stabilising more summit of than before rampart
51 Stock Active / Intrusive Some areas have same Track level of damage as Two tracks before though more converge on of No Change Improvement signs of some rampart – upper stabilisation track on summit is causing damage
52 Stock Active / Severe Some areas have same Track level of damage as Two tracks No Change No Change before though signs of converge to cut some stabilisation through ramparts
53 Stock Active / Severe Some areas have same Track level of damage as Track causing No Change No Change before though signs of deflation of some stabilisation rampart
54 Stock Active / Severe Some signs of Track stabilisation Rampart Improvement Improvement breached and slumping due to cattle track
55 Stock Active / Intrusive Some signs of Track Improvement Improvement stabilisation Small breach in rampart
56 Stock Active / Intrusive Some signs of Track stabilisation Small breach in rampart and Improvement Improvement traverses up exterior
16 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
57 Stock Active / Superficial Stock track in cleared Track gorse area is visible but Stock track trough no worse than it was. cleared gorse area is No Change causing visible damage.
58 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Active burrows with burrow fresh soil from bank Active burrows with No Change core large amount of fresh soil from bank core
59 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Active burrows though burrow no more soil from bank Active burrows (3) No Change core with fresh soil from bank core
60 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Active burrows (5) with burrow soil from bank core – Active burrows (6) No Change though seems to be less with fresh soil from activity bank core
61 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Active burrows (6) with burrow soil from bank core Active burrows (6) No Change with fresh soil from bank core
62 Rabbit Active / Intrusive Active burrows (4) with burrow soil from bank core Active burrows (4) No Change with fresh soil from bank core
63 Gorse Active / Intrusive
New Gorse beginning regeneration – this is new
64 Gorse Active / Intrusive
New Gorse regeneration – this is new
65 Rabbit Active / Intrusive burrow Active burrows (6) with fresh soil from bank New core – may relate to [48]
17 | P a g e Type 2010 Condition 2011 Condition 2012 Condition Notes
66 Rabbit Active / Intrusive burrow New Active burrows (2) with fresh soil from bank core
67 Rabbit Active / Intrusive burrow New Active burrows (5) with fresh soil from bank core
Table 1: Erosion survey results
18 | P a g e 7 MANAGEMENT SURVEY RESULTS (Figure 3 & Table 1)
7.1 Livestock and Visitor paths
7.1.1 The damage from visitors is very localised and clearly follows established paths. Visitor access is focussed along Tracks 1 and 2, leading directly into the interior, and there is no evidence for ad hoc alternative routes. Of course while this activity minimises the overall spread of erosion it concentrates it in particular locations. The new entry has had no effect on visitor activity, as they seem to continue on the old routes after entering the site via the new pathway. (Figure 3)
7.1.2 It is likely that the visible stock erosion PLATE 1: VISITOR DAMAGE 2 THROUGH UPPER RAMPART has been in place for years, as many of the rampart breaches such as those associated with Tracks 10, 52 and 54, are significant and are likely to have taken some time to ‘wear’ through the rampart. Again, like the visitor tracks, these are now established and are in continued use, causing further but localised damage.
PLATE 2: STOCK DAMAGE 10 OF RAMPART BANK AND SLOPE
19 | P a g e 7.1.3 Tracks 51 and 53 also interact with rabbit damage to create further erosion, with the undermined rampart more susceptible to collapse
7.1.4 A new stock Track 57 has appeared on the south east flank of the site (Figure 3) which runs along the slope for a distance of circa 40 metres. This is in part due to the clearance of gorse which has now allowed stock access to this slope.
7.2 Gorse growth
7.2.1 The 2010 gorse clearance removed large areas of this intrusive vegetation and is to be welcomed in principle. However, the removal resulted in the exposure of unvegetated and loose soil and rampart material leading to some erosion.
7.2.2 There is also clear evidence of gorse regeneration and it is recommended that the situation is continued to be monitored.
7.2.3 Several locations are showing signs of new growth, though this may be controlled with grazing, however, although some areas of gorse are showing no sign of life, there is a potential that gorse could begin re-colonisation if left unchecked.
7.2.4 Indeed on the 3rd season of survey, there was not only signs of some limited regeneration of new growth, but also areas where previously there was none present (Gorse 63 & 64).
20 | P a g e
PLATE 3: REGENERATING GORSE AREA 24.
7.3 Rabbit damage
7.3.1 The effects of rabbit infestation on archaeological monuments are now well attested and described in detail in the Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note (Dunwell & Trout 1999). There is evidence for intense colonisation across the whole site, although the east and south slopes are favoured. The loose composition of the rampart material favours burrows, and it is suggested that there is little depth to the inner area soil profile, which will in general prohibit intense rabbit activity.
21 | P a g e 7.3.2 In very specific locations, for example, the south slope, where warrens and isolated burrows penetrate the once-covered gorse slopes (Rabbit Damage 43–48) the erosion represents a real threat to the structural integrity of the rampart, with deep burrows and clear activity throwing up large amounts of core material. As mentioned above (Section 7.1.3) Rabbit Damage (31-39) combine with cattle tracks (Tracks 52 and 53) to increase the level of collapse. It is unclear as to whether the rabbit population is increasing or has decreased at the present as new damage is clearly in evidence (Damage 58-62) but other locations seem to be no longer active (Rabbit Damage 32,33,35 &36).
7.3.3 It is clear that that rabbit activity is constant and while individual burrows may be abandoned one year they will be reused in subsequent years (30 & 32 for example).
22 | P a g e
PLATE 4: NEW RABBIT DAMAGE [59]
Comparative damage record example
23 | P a g e
PLATE 5: DAMAGE 56 IN 2010 AND 2011
PLATE 6: DAMAGE 56 IN 2012
24 | P a g e 0 100 metres 10cm contour intervals
2011 survey area
Rectangular platforms
2012 survey area
2010 survey area
Figure 4: Site plan and topographic survey 8 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY RESULTS (Figure 4)
8.1 Topographic work
8.1.1 The 1914 RCAHMS plan indicated a number of hut circles and enclosures and a complex configuration of banks and ditches. The topographic survey allowed a new close contour examination of the interior of the monument, which enhanced the level of detail to a point where subtle stratigraphic interpretation of these structures could be postulated. It is hoped to refine and report upon this survey and interpretation in future years.
8.1.2 The initial 2010 survey was concentrated on the interior, within the rampart while the 2011 survey extended the area to the east down as far as the large erratic stone boulder. This has already clarified several previously confused elements of the banks and ditches, where previous surveys had amalgamated banks or misaligned features.
8.1.3 In addition to the close contour survey, a visual inspection of the entire monument was carried out in 2010 with the Historic Scotland’s Senior Archaeologist Richard Strachan. During this examination of the earthworks, in relation to the original 1914 plan (Figure 2), it became clear that at least 3 elements of the Second World War gun battery were visible as earthworks cut into the middle rampart on the north side (Figure 5) and that the earthwork configuration on the east side had been slightly muddled in transcription of the RCAHMS survey. It is this area that the 2011 survey was focussed on in order to understand further this section of the monument.
8.1.4 Topographic work in this season was concentrated in the southeast section of the site and was mainly concerned with training students from Edinburgh University, therefore, the amount of actually topographic survey was less than previous years. However, it did extend the area covered and fully micro surveyed the ‘entrance track’ (Figure 4).
8.1.5 This season’s survey highlighted two rectangular platforms of unknown function (marked on Figure 4) to the south of the main east entrance route, both of which are heavily damaged by rabbits.
8.1.6 Further survey will continue to the east, to encompass the area covered by geophysical work in 2011, which itself would be useful to extend to the interior.
26 | P a g e 8.2 Chronological sequencing
8.2.1 The chronological sequence of The Chesters is extremely complex and the visible remains represents to a certain extent the last phases of activity. In advance of physical excavation, let alone the completion of the topographic survey, any proposed sequence must be tentative at best.
8.2.2 The most obvious sequence, and the one outlined below is one of expansion and increasing defensive complexity, however, the excavations at Broxmouth (Hill 1982) demonstrate how much more complex the reality can be. However, a model of increasing complexity is still offered if only to provide a framework to test through excavation in future years.
o Phase 1: Single Rampart and interior occupation o Phase 2: Double Rampart and interior occupation with activity between the two banks o Phase 3: Remodelling of approaches to east and west, with complex outworks and banks o Phase 4: Reuse of a possibly abandoned site, with structures cut into and over the inner rampart bank o Phase 5: World War II artillery emplacements
8.2.3 Further examination of the hut circles would allow perhaps further definition of stratigraphic chronology within the site. This further strengthens the argument for simple cost effective investigation and re-examination of these sites.
9 Conclusions
At present it is still too early to draw any firm conclusions from the survey, however, it is clear that management issues that appear small are persistent and presumably can cause significant damage over the long ter.
27 | P a g e 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Connolly D and Cook M, 2010 Rampart Scotland Project 001: White Castle, Garvald, East Lothian, Data Structure Report and Costed Post Excavation Research Design, unpub rep
Connolly, D 2010 Rampart Scotland Project 002: Chesters Erosion and Topographic Survey, Drem, East Lothian, Data Structure Report, unpub rep
Cunningham, J 1895 Note on the Chesters, a Fort Near Drem, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 30, 267-9
Dunwell, A and Trout, R 1999 Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note 16: Burrowing animals and archaeology, Edinburgh
Forrest, W 1799 Map of Haddingtonshire, Edinburgh
Haselgrove, C (ed) 2009 The Traprain Law Environs Project: Fieldwork and Excavations 2000-
2004. Edinburgh
Hill, P 1982 'Broxmouth Hill-fort excavations, 1977-78: an interim report', in Harding, D W Later Prehistoric Settlement in South-East Scotland, University of Edinburgh, Department of
Archaeology, Occasional Paper No. 8, Edinburgh
Ordnance Survey Maps - Six-inch 1st edition, 1843-1882, Scotland
RCAHMS 1924 Eighth Report with Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of East Lothian, Edinburgh
Yates, M J 1976 'The Chesters Fort, Discovery Excav Scot, 32-3
28 | P a g e Appendix 1: Photo List
Damage Image File Aspect Description Date
01 CH12_001 Southwest Visitor track 12/08/2012
02 CH12_002 West Visitor track 12/08/2012
03 CH12_009 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
04 CH12_003 West Visitor track 12/08/2012
05 CH12_004 West Cattle track 12/08/2012
06 CH12_007 East Rabbit scrapes 12/08/2012
07 CH12_008 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
08 CH12_005 East Visitor/Animal track 12/08/2012
09 CH12_006 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
10 CH12_013 West Visitor track 12/08/2012
11 CH12_063 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
12 CH12_022 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
13 CH12_019 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
14 CH12_020 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
15 CH12_021 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
16 CH12_032 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
17 CH12_034 East Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
18 CH12_031 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
19 CH12_041 South Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
20 CH12_041 South Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
21 CH12_043 Southwest Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
22 CH12_045 Northeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
23 CH12_047 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
24 CH12_048 Southeast Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
29 | P a g e 25 CH12_050 North Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
26 CH12_052 North Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
27 CH12_054 Northwest Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
28 CH12_056 North Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
29 CH12_053 North Cut Gorse 12/08/2012
30 CH12_014 West Isolated Burrow 12/08/2012
31 CH12_023 Southwest Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
32 CH12_024 South Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
33 CH12_025 South Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
34 CH12_026 West Area Warren 12/08/2012
35 CH12_028 East Area Warren 12/08/2012
36 CH12_027 Southeast Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
37 CH12_030 Southeast Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
38 CH12_036 Northeast Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
39 CH12_037 Southwest Isolated burrows 12/08/2012
40 CH12_038 Northeast Area Warren 12/08/2012
41 CH12_042 West Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
42 CH12_044 West Isolated Burrow 12/08/2012
43 CH12_046 North Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
44 CH12_051 Northwest Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
45 CH12_055 Northwest Isolated Warren 12/08/2012
46 CH12_057 Northwest Area Warren 12/08/2012
47 CH12_058 Northwest Area Warren 12/08/2012
48 CH12_012 East Isolated Burrow 12/08/2012
49 CH12_017 West Stock Track 12/08/2012
50 CH12_016 South Stock Track 12/08/2012
30 | P a g e 51 CH12_018 East Stock Track 12/08/2012
52 CH12_029 West Stock Track 12/08/2012
53 CH12_035 Northeast Stock Track 12/08/2012
54 CH12_062 West Stock Track 12/08/2012
55 CH12_049 East Stock Track 12/08/2012
56 CH12_039 Southeast Stock Track 12/08/2012
57 CH12_040 East Stock Track 12/08/2012
58 CH12_059 Northeast Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
59 CH12_060 East Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
60 CH12_061 Southwest Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
61 CH12_040 East Stock Track 12/08/2012
62 - Northeast Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
63 - East Gorse 12/08/2012
64 CH12_010 Southwest Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
65 CH12_011 East Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
66 CH12_015 Southwest Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
67 CH12_033 Southwest Rabbit burrow 12/08/2012
31 | P a g e The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian The Chesters, Drem, East Lothian Appendix 2: Discovery and Excavation in Scotland Report LOCAL AUTHORITY: East Lothian
PROJECT TITLE/SITE NAME: Rampart Scotland: The Chesters Season 3
PROJECT CODE: 002
PARISH: ATHELSTANEFORD
NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR: David Connolly and Murray Cook
NAME OF ORGANISATION: Rampart Scotland
TYPE(S) OF PROJECT: Geophysical, Erosion and Topographic Survey
NMRS NO(S): NT57NW 1
SITE/MONUMENT TYPE(S): Hillfort
NGR (2 letters, 8 or 10 figures) NT 50760 78260
START DATE (this season) July-September 2012
END DATE (this season) July 2011
PREVIOUS WORK (incl. DES ref.) July 2010 – Topographic Survey and Erosion Survey
MAIN (NARRATIVE) DESCRIPTION: As part of on-going research into East Lothian hillforts, further topographic, erosion (May include information from other survey, and limited geophysical survey was undertaken of The Chesters by Rampart fields) Scotland.
This work was a continuation of previous seasons of survey and erosion appraisal first funded by Historic Scotland following a programme of gorse removal. The work was undertaken with volunteers and students as part of a series of training sessions.
PROPOSED FUTURE WORK: Further survey, geophysical survey and key-hole excavation
CAPTION(S) FOR ILLUSTRS: --
SPONSOR OR FUNDING BODY: Historic Scotland and Rampart Scotland
ADDRESS OF MAIN CONTRIBUTOR: 6a Gladstone Place, Stirling, FK8 2NN
EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]
ARCHIVE LOCATION Archive to be deposited in NMRS
38 | P a g e Fieldschool - Research - Training - Discovery A multi-disciplinary accessible investigation into Scotland’s Prehistoric archaeology
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