Sudan Journal of Science and Technology (2018) 19(2)

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Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of in Jabal Awlia Dam in Khartoum State, Sudan in 2014 1 2 Nawal Nugud Margani and Ali Saad Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Science Sudan University of Science and Technology ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This study describes bird fauna in Jabal Awlia area (Forest Received: 25/8/2018 and Khazan), with emphasis on wetland. The study was Accepted: 7/9/2018 conducted under natural conditions at Jabal Awlia area, Available online: Sudan.To the best of my knowledge, no previous studies December2018 were conducted in this area, so the studies of the area Keywords: become basic necessity.The objective of this study were to Bird fauna, document avifauna of Jabal Awlia –Identify avifauna, bird diversity, document their seasonal movement, as far as possible, dry season, quantify such changes during the wet and dry seasons. The wet season, Jabal Awlia, investigation was carried out between (April-November Khartoum. 2014).The study area was patrolled by car and on food from 6.30am to 5 pm(direct observation ), identification of was executed using (Williams 1991 and Sinclair and Ryan 2010), Afield binocular Pentax of magnification (10×50) at approximately (4-8m) were used for observation of birds.The result was tabulated in months, there were 44species.The highest numbers of bird which were recorded in wet season was 1615.The Sparrow house domesticus and some Ardeidae , Cattle Bubulcus , Egretta garzetta were the abundant species throughout surveyed area which they represented more than half (53.2).  2018 Sudan University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION: Wet lands include marshes, swamps, According to Ramsar convention vales, ponds.There are two type of (1971); wetlands are defined as areas wetland; natural wetlands and man of marsh, or water, whether natural or made wetlands like dams on the Nile artificial, permanent or temporary, for example Sennar dam and Jabal with water that is static or flowing Awlia dam, Kashm el Girba dam and fresh, brackish or salt, including areas Roseires dam.Jabal Awlia dam was of marine water, the depth of which at constructed in 1937 to augment the low tide does not exceedsix meters. storage of water for summer

Sudan Journal of Science and Technology December (2018) vol. 19 No. 2 89 ISSN (Print): 1605 427x e-ISSN (Online): 1858-6716 irrigation.It is ayearly storage dam summer bird visitors from Europe and with aregime similar to that of Sinnar the rest of the palearctic region. It is dam. It worth mentioning that it is the also considered as an important centre only dam in the Sudan with afish of some African migrant birds which passage way and a navigation lock. spend their summer, especially the Waterbirds constitute one of the most rainy season in the northern part of important faunal components of their range returning south during wetlands (Pescador and Perris, 2007). October after the breeding season. However, these waterbirds are seldom In this paper, we provide a preliminary distributed uniformly in the wetlands survey has been conducted for the bird because some of them only occur for fauna at Jabal Awlia dam during the part of their annual cycles, breeding or period of April-Octoper 2014. The wintering, Moreover, lakes and ponds goal is to provide a solid base of can be important areas of concentration knowledgein order to guide during the annual migration of certain management and conservation the species of birds. The abundance of forest of the dam. these birds is associated with local MATERIALS AND METHOD: environmental conditions as well as the Study Site: the study area consists of the specific demands of each species two parts, the first part; Forest area the (Pescadorand Peris, 2007). Thus, tree species covers the forest is Al- waterbird abundance on a local scale Sunut (Acacia nilotica) which extends depends upon habitat characteristics, to the West, and North beside the area and avabilability and distribution; food of the dam.This area is covered with density and the availability of suitable water in wet season (June – October) breeding sites (pescador and peris .The second part is Al Khazzan (The 2007). The only major publication was dam) area (which is covered with a distribution atlas of Sudan’s birds storage water). The study area is a very (Nikolaus 1987), which recorded more important wetland ecosystem; it than 972 species. Including more than provides a refuge to wildlife including 200 migratory species coming from birds fishes and floral species. It is also Europe and Asia which are palearctic important as rangeland for livestock migrants which come to spend the cold and it's woodland is important habitat months of winter in Sudan. The large for breeding birds especially Little e numbers of African birds have gret and .The seasonal movement within the geographical coordinates are 15° 15´ continent always coinciding with the North 32° 30´ eastwithin 50km south rainy season. Many of the local Sudan of Khartaum, also there were some birds undertake local seasonal farms through this line . There are movements (Nicklaus, 1987). Sudan another species of tree covers the study birds have been classified into three area in few numbers for example, Kiter groups: resident, locally migrating, and (Acacia mellifera) and Meskeat Palearctic migratory birds. (Prosopis glandulosa), and Talih Khartoum is considered a transitional ahmar (Acacia seyal), it is noteworthy, zone between the extreme desert to the because it has several roles to play in north and the dry wood savannah to the the site. Acacia is nitrogen support and south. Therefore, representatives of good habitat for birds; they are like to birds of both Desert and savannah nest at the branches of it. species are found there.It islocated on Climate: the climate of Khartoum is the great migration route of most of the tropical desert .There are three seasons

Sudan Journal of Science and Technology December (2018) vol. 19 No. 2 90 ISSN (Print): 1605 427x e-ISSN (Online): 1858-6716 per year cool winter,dry season and a identify all species of birds as far as rainy season (wet season). The rain possible.Afield binocular Pentax of fall is about 150mm per annum. The magnification (10×50) at forest which is nearest to the khazzan approximately (4-8m) and two field (dam) is flooded during the rainy guides (Williams 1991 and Sinclair season (June -October). Later, during and Ryan 2010) were used for winter and dry season, the forest identification and recording of birds becomes totally dry. species. Identification of birds sound Investigation of bird diversity: the was also used to supplement the direct study area was reached and patrolled field observation. on foot by in order to record and Table (1): Estimates of the numbers of individual bird species seen at Jabal Awlia during the study period (April –November 2014) Estimated numbers of birds in study area Common name Scientific name Apr Ma Jun July Aug Sept Octob Nove White Pelican onocrotalus 0 0 0 3 6 5 0 0 Long tailed Phalacrocorax africanus 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phalacrocorax carbo 8 `7 5 0 0 0 0 0 Grey Ardea cinerea 3 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 5 5 15 30 80 65 13 2 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 9 12 100 86 25 11 0 0 Great White Egret Egretta alba 7 3 20 13 3 0 2 0 African Open –bill Anastomus lamelligerus 23 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ciconia nigra 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abdims Stork Ciconid abdimii 5 3 8 7 0 0 0 0 Plegadis falcinellus 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 Spur-winged Vanellus spinosus 10 6 17 11 3 0 0 0 Whiskered Chlidonias hybrida 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Black Milvus migrans 5 3 4 2 10 17 20 15 Namaqua dove Oena capensis 12 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens 0 2 1 0 4 1 2 0 Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis 8 10 0 0 0 0 6 4 Pink-headed Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea 6 1 4 0 2 0 2 5 Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 Eurasian Swift Apus apus 13 10 0 11 20 8 3 3 Alpine Swift Apus melba 6 0 0 0 0 0 13 12 Blue-napped Mouse bird Urocolius macrourus 5 0 3 0 0 2 0 4 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 20 0 0 0 0 35 32 0 Eurasian Roller Coracias garrulus 0 0 0 1 6 4 1 0 Common Upupa epops 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 Chestnut back Sparrow Eremopterix leucotis 0 0 0 14 8 0 0 0 Eurassian Hirundo rustica 2 3 1 0 3 0 0 3 times a every months at different sites. Bird species were identified and quantified. Discussion with local The count of birds was done at every 30 minute intervals, number of birds people was carried out to determine avifauna species and their numbers, for each species sighted were recorded, wether perching on trees, wire of breeding activity, feeding location. The survey period covered one years from electericity, flying overhead and for a session of two hours. April to November 2014. Observation started at 6.30am and ended at 5 pm Data Analysis: SPSS (version 20) software packages were used for and the species and the number were recorded from the start point (my statistical analyses. home) which was a fixed point using The total number of all bird species for each site was calculated as: line transect methods (Gaston, 1975 and Girish & Pooja, 2015) and point The number of birds seen+ the number of birds heard, according to the count methods(Altman, 1974 and Girish & Pooja, 2015). General surveyed area. observations were carried out two

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Relative abundance (RA) was sites extended through the forest area calculated for families by the number and they nest in colony. of species included in that family/the Among the recorded species, 20 were total number of species recorded in the Palaearctic migrants, 4 were local area. migrants, 13 species were resident, 4 RESULTS: species were summer visitors and 3 Changes in the bird fauna: there was species were vagrant. Species that annual variation in species and number were found in the study area are listed of birds in the study area (Table, 1). in Table (2), and the percentage status The total number of species was of birds species in study area in Table 44species, recorded throughout the (3). study period. The number of species Notes on selected species: Long-tailed showed considerable fluctuation in cormorant (Phalacrocorax africanus) some species, while some species large number move the area in wet registered small variation. Although season usually feeds in shallow water. some bird species were not water birds, Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax but as they occurred in wetland they carbo) small numbers not recorded in were classified as waterbirds, Pink- wet season. headed Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea African Open bill stork (Anastomus Laughing Dove (Streptopelea lamelligerus) large flocks of it near the senegalensis), Milvus migrans, river bank Namaqua dove Oena capensis, Eurasian Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) in pairs or Roller Coracias garrulous, Eurassian small flocks near the rivers bank. Swallow Hirundo rustica, Ethiopian Black Kite (Milvus migrans). I saw it Swallow Hirundo aethiopica, House in all visits, but the large flocks of it SparrowPasser domesticus, Sudan seen in September, October, and golden Sparrow Passer November when the nestling of Cattle luteus,Common Bulbul Pycnonotus Egret and Little Egret became adult to barbatus and Crimson-rumped Waxbill live the nest or became observe in the Estrilda rhodopyga. nest. (Hirundo The onest of rains resulted in a aethiopica) flight over the river of considerable influx of birds. including dam. European Swallow (Hirundo Little Egret, Great egreat ,Cattle egret , rustica) flight over the river of dam. ,Abdmis Laughing dove (Streptopelia stork,Chestnut back sparrow lark, Blue senegalensis) which were seen in small -eared Glossy ,Ruppells- flocks, the maximum numbers in May, longtailed glossy Starling, Red billed nesting in the in the forest of Khazan. Fire ,and Namaqua dove (Oena capensis) seen were recorded for wet season. In dry in large flocks in May and nest in the season there were few numbers of forest of Khazan. species recorded; Great cormorant, (Chlidonias hybrid) seen over the lake long tailed cormorant, Open bill Stork, of the dam in few numbers. black stork. It can be seen that there Spur-winged (Vanellus were marked seasonal changes in bird spinosus) seen in large number in the inhabiting the study area.Some species bank of the river. Schestnut back were recorded breeding in study area sparrow lark (Eremopterix nigriceps) especially the Little Egret and Cattle seen in large numbers in pairs in the Egret which were having their nest bank of the river. (Ardea cinerea) which were seen in flock near

Sudan Journal of Science and Technology December (2018) vol. 19 No. 2 92 ISSN (Print): 1605 427x e-ISSN (Online): 1858-6716 the water bank, one was nesting on Acacia nilotic in May.

Table (2): Number of families and species recorded in the Jabal Awlia at Khartoum State during April to November 2014. Family Species Status Note Scientific common name English name Pelecanidae Pelican onocrotalus White pelican PM phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax africanus Long tail cormorant LM Phalacrocorax carbo Great cormorant LM Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Grey heron PM Egretta garzetta Little Egret PM NB Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret PM NB Egretta alba Great white Egret PM Ciconidae Anastomus lamelligerus African Open –bill Stork PM Ciconia nigra Black stork PM NB Ciconid abdimii Abdims Stork SV Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis PM Milvus migrans Black Kite R B Charadiidae Vanellus spinosus Spur winged Plover PM NB Chlidonias hybrid Whiskered tern PM Oena capensis Namaqua Dove R NB Streptopelia decipiens Mourning Dove R Streptopelia sengalensis Laughing Dove R Streptopelia roseogrisea Pink-headed Dove R NB Streptopelia turtur Turtle Dove PM Apodidae Apus apus Eurasian Swift PM Apus melba Alpine Swift PM Coliidae Urocolius macrourus Blue- naped Mouse bird R Meropidae Merops apiaster European Bee-eater PM Coracias garrulous Eurasian Roller PM Upupidae Upupa epops Common Hoopoe R Alaudidae Eremopterix leucotis Chestnut- back Sparrow Lark SV Hirundinidae Hirundo rustic Eurassian Swallow PM Hirundo aethiopica Ethiopian Swallow V Riparia riparia PM Pycnontidae Pycnonotus barbatus Common Bulbul R NB Turdidae Cercotrichas galactotes Rufous Bush Chat V Oenanthe deserti Desert Wheatear PM Motacilla alba alba PM Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail PM Tmetothylacus tenellus Golden pipit V Sturnidae Lamprotornis chalybaeus Blue -eared Glossy Starling LM Lamp rotornis Ruppells Long- tailed Glossy LM purpuropterus Starling Nectariniidae Nectarinia pulchella Beautiful Sun bird R Ploceus cucullatus Black headed Weaver R Passeridae Passer domesticus R Passer luteus Sudan golden Sparrow SV Estrilda rhodopyga Crimson-rumped Waxbill R Lonchura malabarica African Silverbill R Lagonosticta Senegala Red billed Fire finch SV The status of it where R = resident (present throughout the year), LM = local migrant (undergoing distinct seasonal movements within itsdistribution), PM = Palaearctic migrant (non-breeding visitors from the Palaearctic) SV= Summer visitor, V=Vagrant (stray records) Note B+ = Breeding, N= Nest

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Table (3): Show the percentage status of birds species in the in Jabal Awlia, at Khartoum State NO Status No of species % 1 Palearctic Migrant(PM) 20 45.5% 2 Resident throughout the study period(R) 13 29.5% 3 Summer Visitor(SV) 4 9.1% 4 Vagrant(V) 3 6.8% 5 Local Migratory(LM) 4 9.1% Total 44 100 seen in the bank of rivers or nesting in Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) Resident in few numbers in dry summer, and the large trees. Sudan golden sparrow (Passer luteus). It was also seen large flocks of it which consist of hundered or more seen breeding in wet around the banks of river in wet season. House sparrow (Passer season in the study area. They were breeding in colonially, the nest of it domesticus) which were seen in large numbers. European RollerCoracias was a flat form built of sticks. Little Egret (Ardea alba) which were seen in garrulous) seen only in wet season in small numbers. small numbers in dry summer but in wet summer the flock of it extended in European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster): the hall of the forest area. They nesting which was seen migration in large flock to the Khartoum North. colonially on Acacia nilotic in wet season. Great White Egret (Egretta Black headed Weaver Ploceus cucullatusWhich were seen in large alba) which were seen in large number in wet Season. There were breeding in numbers in rainy season. the study areas. The Relative abundance in Famillies Abdims Stork (Ciconia abdimii) Very and species: common summer visitor, which were Table (4): The percentage of bird families and species number during study period in April to November 2013 in Khartoum State Family Number of Total Number of Species in Percentage of number of Species study area Families/total number of birds % Pelecanidae 1 14 0.63 phalacrocoracidae 2 44 1.99 Ardeidae 4 516 23.3 Ciconidae 3 66 2.98 Threskiornithidae 1 9 0.41 Accipitridae 1 76 3.43 Charadiidae 1 47 2.13 Laridae 1 10 0.45 Columbidae 5 95 4.31 Apodidae 2 99 4.48 Coliidae 1 14 0.63 Meropidae 1 87 3.93 Coraciidae 1 12 0.54 Upupidae 1 10 0.45 Alaudidae 1 22 1 Hirundinidae 3 25 1.13 Pycnontidae 1 27 1.22 Turdidae 2 11 0.49 Motacillidae 3 35 1.58 Sturnidae 2 81 3.66 Nectariniidae 1 4 0.18 Ploceidae 1 165 7.46 Passeridae 2 660 29.9 Estrildidae 3 82 3.71

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and thus affects the attractiveness of DISCUSSION: There were noticeable changes in the the site for birds. The second factor which underlies the temporal bird species in the study area between dry season (April-May) and wet season variations is bird migrational patterns, as most of the recorded bird species. (June –September) in 2014. There is The annual movements of migrant little doubt that these changes were associated with the climatic changes birds to and from the site are likely to cause substantial temporal changes in from the onest of rains (1615 individuals were recorded during the the avifauna composition. An outstanding feature of Acacia wet season and only 461 individuals were recorded during the dry season) nilotica is its tolerance of prolonged periods of flood and inundation, which (table1). It is probably that habitats, in the study area flourished during the enables the species to flourish in periodically flooded habitats such as rainy season and became attractive to birds. There was an increase in Sunut forest (Booth, 1966) numbers of individual species as far as Tramer, (1969) has proposed that changes in diversity may be mediated migratory birdsare concerned. They came to the area to breed. Presumably by changes in one or the other component and that these changes the area had satisfied two basic requirements for these birds. First here reflect alternative environmental conditions.The causes of such changes was a highdiversity of flora representing abundance of potential are often difficult to determine because patterns of variation in abundance and nesting sites and nesting materials. Second there was large numbers of distribution differ among species (Hogstad 1993, Holmes & Sherry insect, fish, amphibian and worms. 2001). Also some of the migratory birds used the banks of the rivers and the forest as Hamed and Evans (1982) observed similar pattern at Hantoub Sudan, also stop-over places to rest and feed. There was a big influx of species into Hamed (1994) found a similar pattern at Dinder national park. the study area in the wet season. Particularly the number of Ardeidae Finally the forest habitat and rivers bank support most of the needs of the (Cattle egret, Little egret, Great white egret) local and migratory birds. Change in species composition occurs Not all species are restricted breeders in wet season. Some of the birds because resident and migrant species nested in dry season (e.g Namaqua contribute in varying proportions at different periods of the year (Avery & dove and laughing dove). The aviafauna at the Sunut forest Van, Ribber, 1989). Some resident African birds also migrate from one surrounding the dam was found to show considerable temporal part of the continent to another. The large number of African birds has fluctuations with respect to the abundance and species diversity. These regular seasonal movements within the continent always coinciding with the variations can be attributed to two main factors (e.g. Mac Nally, 1996; rainy season (Hamed and Evans, 1982). Yahner, 1997): first, the seasonal Greig-Smith (1980) provides evidence change in water availability which is associated with the Nile flood, this that birds inhabiting such habitats tend to have local migration. He reports that change influences both vegetation cover and insect density at the forest, Savannah bird species in West Africa

Sudan Journal of Science and Technology December (2018) vol. 19 No. 2 95 ISSN (Print): 1605 427x e-ISSN (Online): 1858-6716 are wide ranging in their habitats and nesting sites. The dam can be attributed this to the patchy distribution considered as an important site for of food in such places some migratory birds. Dodman and Diagana (2006) consider 1. Further surveys were needed on intra-Africa migration as 'the species and diversity of birds and their movement of birds within Africa habitat in Khartoum State. according to continental weather 2. The study emphasized the need for patterns, especially rainfall. Nomadism more field work on breeding biology is displayed by that move of Khartoum birds. irregularly. Nomads are wanderers, REFERENCES: though their movements away from Alerstam, (1990). Bird flight and and to particular areas may be optimal migration. Trend Ecol. predictable, usually relating to climatic Evol. 6: 210-215. conditions. Afew species such as Avery, M.L., Van Ripper, III C. Abdims Stork (Ciconia abdimi) come (1989). Seasonal change in bird to the Sudan from central Africa to communities of the ch-parral breed during the rainy season. and blue-oak wood land in Migration is particularly well Central California. Condor, 91: developed in the cold and temperate 288-295. regions of the northern hemisphere, Blake, J.G, Hanowski, J.M., Niemi, where strongly marked seasonal G.J. & Collins, P.T. (1994). climatic changes force most birds to Annual variation in bird seek refuge during the winter in more populations of mixed conifer- hospitable regions (Dorst, 1962). northern hardwood forestes. Seasonal changes in the bird fauna Condor, 96: 381- 99. there and it seemed likely that they Booth, G. A. (1966). Savanna occurred as a consequence of the forestation in the Sudan. Sudan migratory habits of different species Silva, 11: 15-21. (Hamed, 1994). Factors responsible for Dodman, T. and Diagana, C.H.D. changes in bird population densities (2006). Conservation dilemmas and local distribution include climatic for intra-Afric migratory and /or resource variation on a local waterbirds. In: Boere, G.C., regional or contiuental scale ( Blake et Galbraith, C.A. and Stroud, al, 1994), inter-spcific competition, D.A. (eds) Waterbirds Around density fluctuations of predators and the Worlds. TSO S cotland, changes in the type, amount and spatial Edinburgh, UK. configuration of available Dorst, J. (1962). The Migrations of habitat(Holmes and Sherry, 2001). Birds. The Natural Museum of CONCLUSION AND Natural History, Paris. RECOMMENDATIONS: Girish Chopra, & Rooja Rani (2015). The study form an important indicator Species diversity and for the water birds species in Jabal abundance of birds of Chilli Awlia dam reservoir, the number of Lake, Fatehabad, Haryana. species and the number of individuals International Journal of and the annual variation among them Innovative Research and and showed that there is a gap in some Development ISSN 2278- information and the need for 0211(online) monitoring for the dry season and the Greig-smaith, P.W. (1980). Ranging rainy season, roosting sites, and behavior of birds in savanna

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and riverine forest habitats in Pescador, M. and Peris1, S. (2007). Ghana . Ibis, 122: 209-226. Seasonal and Water Mass Size Hamed, D.M. and Evans, S.M. (1982). Effects on the Abundance and Seasonal changes in bird fauna Diversity of Waterbirds in a at Hantub. Sudan Notes and patagonian National park, Records, Vol: LIX: 176-189 Spain. Hamed, D.M (1994). Bird Funa in Ramsar, Iran, (1971). Appendix 7. Dinder National Park. Sudan Ramsar Wetland Defination, Notes and Records Vol. II. Classification and Criteria for Hogstad, O. (1993). Structure and Internationally Important dynamics of a bird Wetlands. Ramsar Definition of community in a spruce a wetland Under the dominated boreal forst: A 12- Convention on year study. Ann. Zool. Fenn. Wetlands.www.Ramsar/conven 30: 4354. tion .com. Holmes, R.T. & Sherry, T.W. (2001). Sinclair, I. and Ryan, P. (2010). Birds Thirty-year bird population of Africa south of Sahara. A trends in an unfragmented comprehensive illustrated field temperate decidnous forest: guide . Struck Publishers. Cape Importance of habitat change. Town, South Africa Auk 118: 589. Tramer, E.J. (1969). Bird species Mac Nally, R. (1996). A winter's tale: diversity components of Among-year variation in bird Shannons formula. Ecology 50: community structure in a 927-929. southeastern Australian forest. Williams, J.G. (1991). Afield guide to Australian Journal of Ecology, the birds of East and central 21: 28091. Africa. Collins, London Nikolaus, G. (1987). Distribution atlas Yahner, R. H. (1997). Long-term of Sudans, birds with notes on dynamics of bird communities habitat and status. Bonner in a man-aged forested zoologische monographien, landscape. Wilson Bulletin, Bonn. No25.322pp. 109: 595-613.

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Complete nest of the Village Weavers at a palm tree, Phoenix dactylifera

The death of the fledgling of the Village Weavers by rainy storm

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The nest of little egret Egretta garzetta in the Sunnt forest at Jabal Awlia

The nest of White fronted Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus

The one nestling of Spur-wing Plover

The nest of Spur-wing Plover with eggs

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The Sunnt forest which is covers with water in wet season in Jabal Awlia dam

Sudan Journal of Science and Technology December (2018) vol. 19 No. 2 100 ISSN (Print): 1605 427x e-ISSN (Online): 1858-6716