Axis Scientific 3-Part Human Skull with Dura Mater, Blood Vessel Pathways, and Sinus Cavities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Axis Scientific 3-Part Human Skull with Dura Mater, Blood Vessel Pathways, and Sinus Cavities A-106695 Middle Cerebral Left Anterior Artery Cerebral Artery Circular Right Anterior Sinus Cerebral Artery Arachnoid Granulations Sphenoparietal Midde Meningeal Sinus Artery Sphenoparietal Sinus Pontine Arteries Anterior, Middle and Posterior Inferior Petrosal Basilar Temporal Branches Sinus Artery of the Cerebral Artery Sigmoid Sinus Marginal Sinus Middle Cerebral Superior Artery Falx Cerebelli Petrosal Sinus Falx Cerebri Midde Meningeal Straight Sinus Artery Circular Bridging Artery Inferior Sagittal Sinus Sinus Middle Cerebral Crista Galli Superior Artery Sagittal Sinus Left Anterior Midde Meningeal Cerebral Artery Artery Superior Right Anterior Sagittal Sinus Cerebral Artery Sphenoparietal Arachnoid Sinus Sigmoid Superior Granulations Sinus Petrosal Sinus Falx Cerebri Falx Cerebelli Sigmoid Sinus Transverse Sinus Tentorium Cerebelli Marginal Sinus Confluence of Sinuses Transverse Sinus Straight Sinus Superior Petrosal Sinus Superior Sagittal Sinus Falx Cerebelli Bridging Artery Tentorium Cerebelli Superior Sagittal Sinus Cavernous Sinus Left Anterior Cerebral Artery Inferior Sagittal Sinus Right Anterior Cerebral Artery Sphenoparietal Sinus Anterior Intercavernous Sinus Straight Sinus Posterior Intercavernous Sinus Marginal Sinus Circular Sinus Arachnoid Granulations Middle Meningeal Artery Crista Galli Pontine Arteries Falx Cerebelli Basilar Artery Falx Cerebri Middle Cerebral Artery Anterior, Middle and Posterior Temporal Tentorium Cerebelli Branches of the Cerebral Artery Inferior Petrosal Sinus Bridging Artery Superior Sagittal Sinus Superior Petrosal Sinus Confluence of Sinuses Sigmoid Sinus Occipital Sinus Transverse Sinus © 2020 AXIS SCIENTIFIC.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations
ORIGINAL RESEARCH INTERVENTIONAL Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations Z.-S. Shi, J. Ziegler, L. Feng, N.R. Gonzalez, S. Tateshima, R. Jahan, N.A. Martin, F. Vin˜uela, and G.R. Duckwiler ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DAVFs rarely involve the sphenoid wings and middle cranial fossa. We characterize the angiographic ﬁndings, treatment, and outcome of DAVFs within the sphenoid wings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and radiologic data of 11 patients with DAVFs within the sphenoid wing that were treated with an endovascular or with a combined endovascular and surgical approach. RESULTS: Nine patients presented with ocular symptoms and 1 patient had a temporal parenchymal hematoma. Angiograms showed that 5 DAVFs were located on the lesser wing of sphenoid bone, whereas the other 6 were on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Multiple branches of the ICA and ECA supplied the lesions in 7 patients. Four patients had cortical venous reﬂux and 7 patients had varices. Eight patients were treated with transarterial embolization using liquid embolic agents, while 3 patients were treated with transvenous embo- lization with coils or in combination with Onyx. Surgical disconnection of the cortical veins was performed in 2 patients with incompletely occluded DAVFs. Anatomic cure was achieved in all patients. Eight patients had angiographic and clinical follow-up and none had recurrence of their lesions. CONCLUSIONS: DAVFs may occur within the dura of the sphenoid wings and may often have a presentation similar to cavernous sinus DAVFs, but because of potential associations with the cerebral venous system, may pose a risk for intracranial hemorrhage.
[Show full text]
A Unique Temporary Collateral Pathway Between Carotid-Vertebrobasilar
Liu et al. BMC Neurology (2020) 20:97 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01651-1 CASE REPORT Open Access A unique temporary collateral pathway between carotid-vertebrobasilar arteries in a carotid dissection patient Xiaogang Liu1†, Bing Li2†, Ying Liu3, Hongliang Wu2* , Huilong Zhang2, Lianwei Dou2 and Chuanyu Liu2 Abstract Background: In adults, the anastomosis between carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries is usually the posterior communicating artery, sometimes the primitive trigeminal artery. In this case, the basilar artery fed the internal carotid artery through the pontine-to-tentorial artery anastomosis after severe stenosis from traumatic carotid dissection. Case presentation: A 32-year-old female was diagnosed with ischemic stroke caused by traumatic carotid artery dissection. Aspirin (100 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) were prescribed. Digital subtraction angiography performed 6 days after stroke onset showed a dissection in the cervical segment of left internal carotid artery with severe local stenosis, and a collateral pathway from BA to the cavernous segment of internal carotid artery through the lateral pontine and tentorial artery. Without interventional therapy, clinical symptoms improved significantly within 10 days after onset. At 3-month follow-up, left common carotid artery angiography showed the stenosis had been significantly improved with a residual aneurysm. There was no collateral pathway between carotid-vertebrobasilar arteries, and a residual small artery originated from the posterior vertical segment of cavernous internal carotid artery. The small artery was clearly visualized by 3-dimensional rotational angiography and identified the tentorial artery. Conclusion: To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of a collateral pathway between carotid vertebrobasilar arteries through the pontine-to-tentorial artery anastomosis.
[Show full text]
CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N.
[Show full text]
Camelus Dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)
Int. J. Morphol., 37(3):1095-1100, 2019. Morphological Configuration and Topography of the Brain Arterial Supply of the One-humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) Configuración Morfológica y Topografía del Suministro Arterial del Encéfalo del Camello de una Joroba (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) Hassen Jerbi1; Noelia Vazquez2 & William Pérez2 JERBI, H.; VAZQUEZ, N. & PÉREZ, W. Morphological configuration and topography of the brain arterial supply of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758). Int. J. Morphol., 37(3):1095-1100, 2019. SUMMARY: This study investigated the anatomy of the arteries of the brain, including the arterial circle of the brain, its branches and junctions, in five camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) following intravascular injection of colored latex via common carotid artery. The course and distribution of the arterial supply to the brain was described and morphological analysis was made. The basilar artery contributed to the blood supply of the brain in the camel in contrast to the situation in other Artiodactyla order. KEY WORDS: Anatomy; Blood vessels; Camelidae; Circulatory system; Cerebral arterial circle. INTRODUCTION Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis gave the most the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) (Kanan, 1970; Smuts detailed anatomic description of the arterial anastomosis at & Bezuidenhout, 1987; Ocal et al., 1999). the base of the brain, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The arterial anastomotic ring that connects the internal carotid The most detailed description of circulus arteriosus arteries, and vertebrobasilar circulation by communicating cerebri was published by Kanan, but this work don´t showed arteries is called circle arteriosus cerebri. In humans and black photographs and topography by sections of these vessels in bears, blood supply to the brain is provided by two internal relation to the different parts of the head and encephalon.
[Show full text]
Vertebrobasilar Contribution to Cerebral Arterial System of Dromedary Camels (Camelus Dromedarius)
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696707 Vertebrobasilar Contribution to Cerebral Arterial System of Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) Ahmad Al Aiyan 1*, Preetha Menon 1, Adnan AlDarwich 1, Moneeb Qablan 1, Maha Hammoud 1, Turke Shawaf 2 and Ken Richardson 3 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia It is hypothesized that in the “more highly evolved” mammals, including the domesticated mammals, that the brainstem and the cerebellum receive arterial blood through the vertebrobasilar system whilst the internal carotid arteries primarily supply the forebrain. Edited by: In camels, the arterial blood supply to the brain differs from that of ruminants since the George M. Strain, internal carotid artery and the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM) are both present and Louisiana State University, United States the basilar artery contributes a significant proportion of cerebral afferent blood. In this Reviewed by: study, we described the anatomical distribution of the vertebrobasilar system arterial Michelle Osborn, supply in the dromedary. Secondly, we determined the direction of blood flow within the Louisiana State University, vertebral and basilar arteries using transcranial color doppler ultrasonography. Thirdly, we United States Louis R. Caplan, quantified the percentage arterial contributions of the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems Harvard Medical School, to the dromedary brain. Fifty-five heads of freshly slaughtered male Omani dromedaries United States aged 2–6 years were dissected to determine the distribution and topography of the *Correspondence: Ahmad Al Aiyan arterial distribution to the brain.
[Show full text]
Parts of the Body 1) Head – Caput, Capitus 2) Skull- Cranium Cephalic- Toward the Skull Caudal- Toward the Tail Rostral- Toward the Nose 3) Collum (Pl
BIO 3330 Advanced Human Cadaver Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Jeff Simpson Department of Biology Metropolitan State College of Denver 1 PARTS OF THE BODY 1) HEAD – CAPUT, CAPITUS 2) SKULL- CRANIUM CEPHALIC- TOWARD THE SKULL CAUDAL- TOWARD THE TAIL ROSTRAL- TOWARD THE NOSE 3) COLLUM (PL. COLLI), CERVIX 4) TRUNK- THORAX, CHEST 5) ABDOMEN- AREA BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE HIP BONES 6) PELVIS- AREA BETWEEN OS COXAS EXTREMITIES -UPPER 1) SHOULDER GIRDLE - SCAPULA, CLAVICLE 2) BRACHIUM - ARM 3) ANTEBRACHIUM -FOREARM 4) CUBITAL FOSSA 6) METACARPALS 7) PHALANGES 2 Lower Extremities Pelvis Os Coxae (2) Inominant Bones Sacrum Coccyx Terms of Position and Direction Anatomical Position Body Erect, head, eyes and toes facing forward. Limbs at side, palms facing forward Anterior-ventral Posterior-dorsal Superficial Deep Internal/external Vertical & horizontal- refer to the body in the standing position Lateral/ medial Superior/inferior Ipsilateral Contralateral Planes of the Body Median-cuts the body into left and right halves Sagittal- parallel to median Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into front and back halves 3 Horizontal(transverse)- cuts the body into upper and lower portions Positions of the Body Proximal Distal Limbs Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Foot Dorsum Plantar Hallicus HAND Dorsum- back of hand Palmar (volar)- palm side Pollicus Index finger Middle finger Ring finger Pinky finger TERMS OF MOVEMENT 1) FLEXION: DECREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 2) EXTENSION: INCREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 3) ADDUCTION: TOWARDS MIDLINE
[Show full text]
The Common Carotid Artery Arises from the Aortic Arch on the Left Side
Vascular Anatomy: • The common carotid artery arises from the aortic arch on the left side and from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side at its bifurcation behind the sternoclavicular joint. The common carotid artery lies in the medial part of the carotid sheath lateral to the larynx and trachea and medial to the internal jugular vein with the vagus nerve in between. The sympathetic trunk is behind the artery and outside the carotid sheath. The artery bifurcates at the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone (C3 level?). • The external carotid artery at bifurcation lies medial to the internal carotid artery and then runs up anterior to it behind the posterior belly of digastric muscle and behind the stylohyoid muscle. It pierces the deep parotid fascia and within the gland it divides into its terminal branches the superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery. As the artery lies in the parotid gland it is separated from the ICA by the deep part of the parotid gland and stypharyngeal muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus. The I JV is lateral to the artery at the origin and becomes posterior near at the base of the skull. • Branches of the ECA: A. From the medial side one branch (ascending pharyngeal artery: gives supply to glomus tumour and petroclival meningiomas) B. From the front three branches (superior thyroid, lingual and facial) C. From the posterior wall (occipital and posterior auricular). Last Page 437 and picture page 463. • The ICA is lateral to ECA at the bifurcation.
[Show full text]
Venous Infarct
24F with Down Syndrome, presents with confusion & left sided weakness. Krithika Srikanthan, MD Jeffrey Guzelian, MD Leo Wolansky, MD Image with annotations • Please include findings in captions ? Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis with Venous Infarct • Hyperattenuation of straight dural sinus (red arrow) • Hypoattenuation of right thalamus and surrounding basal ganglia (blue arrow) Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Internal Cerebral Vein Vein of Galen Increased density of straight sinus, extending into the inferior sagittal sinus, vein of Galen, & internal cerebral veins Magnified view shows hypodense edema of splenium (yellow arrow) contrasted by relatively normal genus of corpus callosum (white arrow). Axial DWI demonstrates hyperintensity involving the right thalamus (blue arrow) • Postcontrast subtraction MRV demonstrates near complete occlusion of straight dural sinus (red arrow) • The superior sagittal sinus is patent (blue arrow) Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Dural Sinus Cortical Vein Thrombosis Thrombosis Deep (Subependymal) Cerebral Vein Thrombosis CT Findings Non-contrast CT – Early imaging findings often subtle – Hyperdense sinus (compare to carotid arteries) • Usually > 65 HU • Distinguish thrombus vs. hyperdense sinus from high hematocrit (HCT) – HU:HCT ratio in thrombus 1.9 ± 0.32 vs. 1.33 ± 0.12 in nonthrombus – ± hyperdense cortical veins ("cord" sign) – ± venous infarct (50%) • White matter edema • Cortical/subcortical hemorrhages common • Thalamus/basal ganglia edema (if straight sinus, vein of Galen, and/or internal cerebral vein occlusion) CT Findings • Contrast Enhanced CT – "Empty delta" sign (25-30%) • Enhancing dura surrounds nonenhancing thrombus – "Shaggy," enlarged/irregular veins (collateral channels) – gyral enhancement – prominent intramedullary veins • CTA/CTV – Filling defect (thrombus) in dural sinus • Caution: Acute clot can be hyperdense, obscured on CECT/CTV – Always include NECT for comparison Differential Diagnosis • Asymmetric anatomy: hypoplasia or atresia of the transverse sinus.
[Show full text]
Human and Nonhuman Primate Meninges Harbor Lymphatic Vessels
SHORT REPORT Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI Martina Absinta1†, Seung-Kwon Ha1†, Govind Nair1, Pascal Sati1, Nicholas J Luciano1, Maryknoll Palisoc2, Antoine Louveau3, Kareem A Zaghloul4, Stefania Pittaluga2, Jonathan Kipnis3, Daniel S Reich1* 1Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States; 2Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States; 3Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States; 4Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States Abstract Here, we report the existence of meningeal lymphatic vessels in human and nonhuman primates (common marmoset monkeys) and the feasibility of noninvasively imaging and mapping them in vivo with high-resolution, clinical MRI. On T2-FLAIR and T1-weighted black-blood imaging, lymphatic vessels enhance with gadobutrol, a gadolinium-based contrast agent with high propensity to extravasate across a permeable capillary endothelial barrier, but not with gadofosveset, a blood-pool contrast agent. The topography of these vessels, running alongside dural venous sinuses, recapitulates the meningeal lymphatic system of rodents. In primates, *For correspondence: meningeal
[Show full text]
THE SYNDROMES of the ARTERIES of the BRAIN AND, SPINAL CORD Part II by LESLIE G
I19 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.29.329.119 on 1 March 1953. Downloaded from - N/ THE SYNDROMES OF THE ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN AND, SPINAL CORD Part II By LESLIE G. KILOH, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.M. First Assistant in the Joint Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary and University of Durham The Vertebral Artery (See also Cabot, I937; Pines and Gilensky, Each vertebral artery enters the foramen 1930.) magnum in front of the roots of the hypoglossal nerve, inclines forwards and medially to the The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata and unites The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arises with its fellow at the lower border of the pons to from the vertebral artery at the level of the lower form the basilar artery. border of the inferior olive and winds round the The posterior inferior cerebellar and the medulla oblongata between the roots of the hypo- Protected by copyright. anterior spinal arteries are its principal branches glossal nerve. It passes rostrally behind the root- and it sometimes gives off the posterior spinal lets of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to artery. A few small branches are supplied directly the lower border of the pons, bends backwards and to the medulla oblongata. These are in line below caudally along the inferolateral boundary of the with similar branches of the anterior spinal artery fourth ventricle and finally turns laterally into the and above with the paramedian branches of the vallecula. basilar artery. Branches: From the trunk of the artery, In some cases of apparently typical throm- twigs enter the lateral aspect of the medulla bosis of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, oblongata and supply the region bounded ventrally post-mortem examination has demonstrated oc- by the inferior olive and medially by the hypo- clusion of the entire vertebral artery (e.g., Diggle glossal nucleus-including the nucleus ambiguus, and Stcpford, 1935).
[Show full text]
Arterial Supply of the Trigeminal Ganglion, a Micromorphological Study M
Folia Morphol. Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 58–64 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0062 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2020 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 journals.viamedica.pl Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study M. Ćetković1, B.V. Štimec2, D. Mucić3, A. Dožić3, D. Ćetković3, V. Reçi4, S. Çerkezi4, D. Ćalasan5, M. Milisavljević6, S. Bexheti4 1Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 2Faculty of Medicine, Teaching Unit, Anatomy Sector, University of Geneva, Switzerland 3Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 4Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia 5Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 6Laboratory for Vascular Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia [Received: 13 March 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019] Background: In this study, we explored the specific microanatomical properties of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) blood supply and its close neurovascular relationships with the surrounding vessels. Possible clinical implications have been discussed. Materials and methods: The internal carotid and maxillary arteries of 25 adult and 4 foetal heads were injected with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and their TGs subsequently underwent microdissection, observation and morphometry under a stereoscopic microscope. Results: The number of trigeminal arteries varied between 3 and 5 (mean 3.34), originating from 2 or 3 of the following sources: the inferolateral trunk (ILT) (100%), the meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) (100%), and from the middle meningeal artery (MMA) (92%).
[Show full text]
A Study of the Junction Between the Straight Sinus and the Great Cerebral Vein*
J. Anat. (1989), 164, pp. 49-54 49 With 4 figures Printed in Great Britain A study of the junction between the straight sinus and the great cerebral vein* W. M. GHALI, M. F. M. RAFLA, E. Y. EKLADIOUS AND K. A. IBRAHIM Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (Accepted 10 August 1988) INTRODUCTION The presence of a small body projecting into the floor of the straight sinus at its junction with the great cerebral vein, and the nature of such a body have been the subject of controversy. Clark (1940) named it the suprapineal arachnoid body and described it as being formed of arachnoid granulation tissue filled with a sinusoidal plexus of blood vessels. He claimed that this body seemed to provide a ball valve mechanism whereby the venous return from the third and lateral ventricles might be impeded and this, in turn, would exert a direct effect on the secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid. Similar observations have been mentioned by Williams & Warwick (1980). On the other hand, Balo (1950) denied the role played by that body in the regulation of secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus the aim of the present work was to verify the presence of such a body and to investigate its nature and the possible role it might play in haemodynamic regulation in that strategic area. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty brains (15 from the dissecting room and 5 from the postmortem room of Ain-Shams University, Faculty of Medicine) were used for this study. They were of both sexes (12 males and 8 females) and their ages ranged from 40-60 years.
[Show full text]