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Orbital Myositis in Scleritis Zfhmboonman,Rjwdekeizer, H S Graniewski-Wijnands, P G Watson

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Orbital Myositis in Scleritis Zfhmboonman,Rjwdekeizer, H S Graniewski-Wijnands, P G Watson 38 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.87.1.38 on 1 January 2003. Downloaded from Orbital myositis in scleritis ZFHMBoonman,RJWdeKeizer, H S Graniewski-Wijnands, P G Watson ............................................................................................................................. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:38–42 which one or more of the extraocular muscles are affected. The Aims: To investigate the association between scleritis and clinical course of orbital myositis is usually characterised by an myositis. acute onset, severe pain in and around the eye, pain on move- Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative case series. ment, occasional diplopia and chemosis, a rapid response to Records and ultrasonograms were examined of 132 systemic steroids and short duration, although recurrences patients, with a diagnosis of episcleritis or scleritis, who may occur in some cases.45These symptoms and signs are very attended the ophthalmology department at Leiden Univer- similar to those encountered in patients with posterior scleri- sity Medical Center between 1997 and 2000. 103 were tis. eligible for comprehensive examination. Medical records This study was instituted to determine the importance of were evaluated. Ultrasonography was performed in all the association between myositis and scleritis, whether the patients diagnosed with episcleritis or scleritis. Clinical extraocular muscles were involved secondary to the scleral features, precipitating factors, systemic associations, disease, and whether it was sometimes bilateral even though ocular complications, treatment, and outcome of each only one eye was affected with the scleral disease. patient were assessed. Results: Of the 103 patients, 27 (26.2%) had episcleritis and 76 (73.8%) had scleritis. Myositis was found to be MATERIALS AND METHODS present in 11 patients. It was present in 14.5% of all We reviewed the records of 132 patients with episcleritis or patients with scleritis and 30.5% of those in whom the pos- scleritis attending the department of ophthalmology at the terior sclera was affected. The presence of the associated Leiden University Medical Center between January 1997 and myositis did not worsen the visual prognosis and the pres- April 2000. Of the 132 records identified, 29 were excluded ence of myositis was not associated with other systemic because of insufficient clinical detail to ensure a correct diag- diseases. There were no cases of unilateral scleritis with nosis or lack of insufficient follow up data for the 3 year study bilateral orbital myositis. During an attack ocular period. The follow up period was at least 6 months. All the complications were more common in patients with scleritis patients were examined during the 3 years before the end of and myositis (64%) than in patients with scleritis alone the study. (30.4%), indicating a more diffuse and potentially danger- Scleritis was divided into anterior and posterior. Anterior ous inflammation. There was no evidence that the scleritis incorporated diffuse, nodular, necrotising with in- http://bjo.bmj.com/ inflammatory changes in the orbit had spread to involve flammation (necrotising), and necrotising without inflamma- tion (scleromalacia perforans). Episcleritis was not further the sclera, so it is assumed that the muscle changes are an 1 extension of a generalised response to intense inflamma- subclassified into diffuse or nodular. tion of the episclera and sclera. In this department all patients diagnosed with scleritis or Conclusion: This study found a frequent association episcleritis have B-scan ultrasonographs in addition to the between myositis and scleritis. Prognosis for vision was not clinical and laboratory examinations. The diagnosis of myosi- tis was made clinically and by ultrasonography using the affected by coexistence of myositis. on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. techniques followed in the orbital clinics.67 Ultrasonically myositis shows diffuse thickening of both the tendon and muscle fibres with low internal reflectivity. One person nflammation of the wall of the eye and its mesodermal cov- (HGW), who is experienced in making both A-mode and erings can present in many ways from the benign simple B-mode ultrasounds of the orbit, performed all the patients’ Iepiscleritis to the severe necrotising scleritis and is scanning, using the Biovision-B-S with a 10 MHZ transducer sometimes known to involve the overlying muscles. The and a standardised A-mode transducer and techniques of differential diagnosis of episcleritis from scleritis and between standardised ultrasonography. The transducer was placed per- diffuse, nodular, and necrotising disease affecting the anterior pendicular to the medial rectus muscle so that the muscle’s segment of the eye is well recognised.1 It is also known that thickness could be measured accurately. Other extraocular the condition with which the patient first presents usually muscles were evaluated for oedema, fibre structure, and cysts; continues throughout the course of the disease.2 Scleritis is a however, the thickness could not be quantified since the echo’s serious, usually painful, progressive disease of the sclera itself, transducer could not always be placed in an angle of 90º which if left untreated can seriously affect vision. Diffuse and towards the measured muscle. In this clinic the normal upper nodular anterior scleritis if treated early does not normally diameter limit of a medial rectus is 5.4 mm measured over 45 result in any major complications but if the inflammation patients. All the patients were examined by an internist, rheu- extends to or affects the posterior segment of the eye, it matologist, otorhinolaryngologist, or neurologist. Patients frequently results in visual loss. Recent studies using B scan diagnosed with Graves’ disease were excluded from the study. ultrasonography have shown that both episcleritis and scleri- The visual acuity was measured at presentation and at the end tis may involve the posterior segment even though there are of follow up. Visual loss was considered to be defective if there no clinical signs. Even minor changes in the posterior segment was a reduction of two Snellen lines or more. Another disease can threaten vision.3 or complication which may have caused a reduction in visual Primary idiopathic orbital myositis is a relatively common acuity was recorded to determine that the visual loss could be subtype of idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease (IOID) in solely attributed to the scleral inflammation. The data www.bjophthalmol.com Orbital myositis in scleritis 39 Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.87.1.38 on 1 January 2003. Downloaded from Table 1 General characteristics of patients with episcleritis and various scleritis types Scleritis Nodular Characteristic Episcleritis Diffuse anterior anterior Necrotising Posterior Total Patients (%) 27 (26.2) 19 (18.4) 16 (15.5) 5 (4.9) 36 (34.6) 103 (100) Eyes 29 26 22 8 48 133 General features (n=103) Age, mean (SD) 42.6 (13.3) 42.5 (14.4) 51.1 (15.3) 44.0 (14.8) 53.7 (17.9) 47.9 (16.2) Women (%) 18 (66.7) 14 (73.7) 13 (81.3) 3 (60.0) 20 (55.6) 68 (66.0) Age: women mean (SD) 42.3 (14.7) 42.5 (10.5) 50.1 (14.7) 48.0 (19.1) 55.6 (19.5) 48.0 (16.4) Men (%) 9 (33.3) 5 (26.3) 3 (18.75) 2 (40.0) 16 (44.4) 35 (34.0) Age: men mean (SD) 43.3 (10.5) 42.6 (24.0) 55.3 (20.7) 38 (5.7) 51.4 (15.9) 47.7 (16.1) Bilateral 2 (7.4) 7 (36.8) 6 (33.3) 3 (60) 12 (33.3) 30 (29.1) Scleritis patients without myositis 27 (29.3) 19 (19.6) 16 (16.3) 5 (5.4) 25 (27.2) 92 (100) Visual loss at presentation (%) 2 (7.4) 2 (5.6) 5 (31.3) 3 (60) 11 (11.9) 23 (25) Visual loss after treatment (%) – – 5 (31.3) 1 (20) 9 (36) 15 (16.3) Associated eye abnormalities Cornea abnormalities % 2 (7.4) – 3 (18.8) – 1 (4) 6 (6.5) Eye diseases (uveitis, retinal detachment, 1 (3.7) – 5 (31.3) 4 (80) 12 (48) 22 (23.9) glaucoma and cataract) % N=103. SD=standard deviation. concerning the patients were entered into a computerised with unilateral disease had a concurrent iridocyclitis and database to ensure that they were retrievable. Forward developing cataract. The last patient with bilateral scleritis and stepwise logistic regression was undertaken to determine myositis had bilateral concomitant secondary glaucoma. In whether any of the recorded variables had predictive value for the scleritis group without myositis, 21 patients had visual loss responsiveness to treatment, outcome in terms of visual loss, at presentation of whom 15 still had a decrease in visual acu- and the presence of complications. The SPSS statistical software ity after treatment. Vision was especially affected in patients version 10 (SPSS Inc) was used for statistical analyses. with exclusively posterior scleritis both at presentation (44%) and after treatment (36%). Patients with both scleritis and RESULTS myositis did not have any greater risk of developing deficient Of the 103 patients, 76 had scleritis and 27 had episcleritis vision at presentation and after treatment compared to (Table 1). Myositis was found to be present in two patients patients with scleritis alone. Ocular complications were more with posterior scleritis, eight patients with both anterior and common in those patients with scleritis and myositis (64%), posterior scleritis, and in one patient with anterior episcleritis consisting of cataract, keratitis, high intraocular pressure, and posterior scleritis (Table 2). The eight patients with ante- glaucoma, and uveitis compared to those who had scleritis rior scleritis had, besides their myositis and posterior scleritis, (30.4%) alone (OR = 4.0: 1.1 to 14.8). Patients were treated http://bjo.bmj.com/ diffuse anterior scleritis (six) and nodular anterior scleritis both for their scleritis and additional ocular complication. The (two). additional eye disease responded completely after treatment.
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