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Nordic Peace and Conflict Resolution Efforts New Nordic Peace New Nordic Peace Nordic Peace and Conflict Resolution Efforts New Nordic Peace Nordic Peace and Conflict Resolution Efforts Anine Hagemann and Isabel Bramsen TemaNord 2019:524 Nordic Peace and Conflict Resolution Efforts Anine Hagemann and Isabel Bramsen ISBN 978-92-893-6142-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-6143-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-6144-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2019-524 TemaNord 2019:524 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2019 Cover photo: Lensman300 - stock.adobe.com. The cover photo shows starlings flying in murmuration formation at dusk. The phenomenon of murmuration can involve thousands of individual birds in flight forming a coherent three-dimensional cloud or shape. The concept of murmuration has been used in social science to capture networked ways of working together, something which this report explores the potential of for Nordic peace and conflict resolution efforts globally. Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not produced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot, therefore, guarantee that the reuse of third-party content does not infringe the copyright of the third party. If you wish to reuse any third-party content, you bear the risks associ- ated with any such rights violations. You are responsible for determining whether there is a need to obtain permission for the use of third-party content, and if so, for obtaining the relevant permission from the copy- right holder. Examples of third-party content may include, but are not limited to, tables, figures or images. Photo rights (further permission required for reuse): Any queries regarding rights and licences should be addressed to: Nordic Council of Ministers/Publication Unit Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone +45 3396 0200 [email protected] Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, economics and culture and plays an important role in European and international forums. The Nordic community strives for a strong Nordic Region in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation promotes regional interests and values in a global world. The values shared by the Nordic countries help make the region one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. The Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel.: +45 3396 0200 www.norden.org Download Nordic publications at www.norden.org/nordpub Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The geopolitical context ..........................................................................................10 1.2 This report .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Zooming in on Nordic peace and conflict resolution ................................................ 11 2. The Nordic Peace brand ..................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Identifying a Nordic Peace brand ............................................................................ 16 2.2 A Nordic umbrella of peace? ...................................................................................18 2.3 “Walking the talk”: The Nordic way of leading by example ......................................18 2.4 Peaceful conflict resolution, mediation and dialogue .............................................. 19 2.5 Inclusive politics, human rights and civil society .......................................................21 2.6 Women’s empowerment ........................................................................................ 22 3. Ways of working together .................................................................................................. 27 3.1 A continuum of working together............................................................................ 27 3.2 Conditions that shape integration ........................................................................... 33 4. Benefits and challenges of working together ..................................................................... 35 4.1 Benefits of working together ................................................................................... 35 4.2 Challenges of working together .............................................................................. 37 4.3 Appetite for further integration .............................................................................. 39 5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................41 5.1 Deepening and broadening the Nordic Peace brand ................................................41 5.2 Non-exclusive Nordic Cooperation ......................................................................... 42 5.3 Policy recommendations ........................................................................................ 44 6. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 47 About the authors .................................................................................................................. 49 References .............................................................................................................................. 51 Sammenfatning ......................................................................................................................55 New Nordic Peace 5 6 New Nordic Peace Summary This report provides an overview of how Nordic countries currently work together on peace and conflict resolution. The report examines the Nordic tradition of supporting peace and conflict resolution efforts and whether an actual Nordic Peace brand exists. We find that a Nordic Peace brand, culture or tradition generally consists of two ele- ments: core values and ways of working. As concerns core values, we investigate how and whether mediation, dialogue, human rights, civil society and women, peace and security, can be elements of a Nordic Peace brand. As regards the ways of working together, the report demonstrates how joint Nordic work on peace and conflict is generally driven by pragmatic like-mindedness and practical solutions. The report categorizes three different types and degrees of working together: coordination, as the least integrated approach, primarily involving information sharing and trust building; cooperation, as a more ritualized yet still politically non-committal form of working together; and collaboration, as a more regular, integrated and in some cases more binding approach, where joint analysis leads to joint solutions. We find that whereas there is often limited appetite for formalizing cooperation, there is a grow- ing appetite among the Nordics to work together, both due to the practical benefits hereof but also due to geopolitical shifts in the Nordic neighbourhood, the increasing pushback against multilateralism and international norms globally. We also find that whereas certain policy areas may pose greater challenges for joint efforts, the bene- fits of working together count the potential to increase impact and gain information and that working together is made easier by shared working cultures, values and high levels of trust among the Nordics. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations re- garding Nordic joint projects and potential mechanisms of working together. We sug- gest two areas that are particularly prone to increased collaboration: women, peace and security, on the one hand, and preventive diplomacy on the other. We further identify a new trend, “non-exclusive Nordic cooperation”, where the Nordics work to- gether along with regional and global actors, arguing that this serves as inspiration for future Nordic peace and conflict resolution efforts. New Nordic Peace 7 8 New Nordic Peace 1. Introduction In recent years, the global geopolitical landscape has changed in ways that affect the im- mediate environment
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