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Commercial Potentials and Agronomic Status of Etlingera Elatior, A 665 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2021. 43(3): 665-678 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science www.agrivita.ub.ac.id Commercial Potentials and Agronomic Status of Etlingera elatior, a Promising Horticulture Plant from Zingiberaceae Family Muhamad Fahmi Yunus1*), Nor Asiah Ismail2), Tamil Chelvan Meenakshi Sundram1), Zarina Zainuddin1) and Norsalsabila Mohd Rosli1) 1) Department of Plant Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2) Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Selangor, Malaysia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Etlingera elatior or torch ginger is a species under the Zingiberaceae Botany family, primarily distributed in tropical forests and humid, shady places. Breeding It is a coarse herb often growing in large colonies, characterized by Medicinal plant elongated leafy stems up to 5 m height arising from underground Ornamental plant rhizomes. It is known as kantan in Malaysia and kecombrang in Plant physiology Indonesia. The inflorescence is famous as an ingredient in Malay, Indonesian and Thai dishes. The extract from its stem is used to reduce Article History: swelling, and post-partum women use the leaves while the fruits are Received: March 2, 2021 used to treat earache, diarrhea, coughs, and mouth sores. Because it Accepted: July 30, 2021 has a beautiful appearance, it is also widely marketed as a promising floriculture and horticulture plant. Recently, the rising demand from ) * Corresponding author: customers for the versatility and durability of cut flowers has made E-mail: [email protected] farmers and the horticulture industry search for new cultivars. Thus, researchers are keen to generate cultivars with various colors, shapes, yields, and longer vase life. This could be done through different techniques such as intensive germplasm collection, hybridization programs, and plant biotechnology techniques. Towards achieving these aims, this review provides current insight on E. elatior from botanical, physiological growth, breeding, taxonomy, ecology, commercial potential, postharvest, medicinal, and food nutritional aspects. INTRODUCTION Malaysia is located in one of the floristic regions globally and recognized as one of the mega Genus Etlingera is found in Southeast Asia, biodiversity countries diverse in exotic plant species. South Asia, and the Pacific Islands, with Borneo and The export value of Malaysia’s floriculture industry Papua New Guinea serving as epicenters of species stands at US$ 119 million (RM 500 million) in 2017, richness. This genus has many plant species in which created 50,000 jobs opportunities. Moreover, various colors, sizes, and shapes (Poulsen, 2006). Malaysia is ranked 8th in the world as an exporter Etlingera plants have a lot of potential as cut flowers of floriculture products. Thus, the expansion of and ornamental plants. The plants themselves the industry will increase the national income are beautiful, and their blossoms have a lot of and strengthen the nation’s economy (Nik Mohd decorative value. As of 2020, 129 Etlingera species Masdek, Ahmad, Mazwan Muhammad, Ahmad, & were reported by Plants of the World (2020). Out of Abu Dardak, 2020). Interestingly, the government the 1587 species known globally, at least 25 genera of Malaysia has targeted E. elatior as one of the and 650 species of Etlingera are found in Malaysia potential herbs to be commercialized. In Malaysia, (Sirirugsa, 1999). E. elatior has increased steeply from 905.07 metric ISSN: 0126-0537 Accredited First Grade by Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia, Decree No: 30/E/KPT/2018 Cite this as: Yunus, M. F., Ismail, N. A., Sundram, T. C. M., Zainuddin, Z., & Mohd Rosli, N. (2021). Commercial potentials and agronomic status of Etlingera elatior, a promising horticulture plant from Zingiberaceae family. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 43(3), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v43i3.2957 666 Muhamad Fahmi Yunus et al.: Commercial Potentials and Agronomic Status of E. elatior................................................ tons in 2014 to 1,787.13 metric tons in 2018, where span. The inflorescences of the Etlingera species, Pahang remains the primary producer of this plant either with short stems or the inflorescence, appear (Department of Agriculture, 2018). In addition, the above the surface, except for E. elatior, E. venusta, floriculture industry remains economically viable E. corneri, E. hemispherica and E. pyramidosphera even during the economic downturn (Nik Mohd which have long peduncles (Yeats, 2013). Masdek & Ab Halim, 2016). The varying shades E. elatior is one of the most commonly of white, pink, and red colors of the bracts and known species of Etlingera. Based on Yeats (2013), flowers make this species an attractive ornamental the genus Etlingera was first described by Paul plant. Due to the commercial value of the plant, in- Dietrich Giseke in 1792. This genus is also known depth biological studies have been performed by as torch ginger or wax flower due to the striking the researchers on ecology, habitat, growth habit, resemblance of the inflorescence to a flaming torch. life cycle, postharvest, and development of new Cultivated throughout the tropics, E. elatior is native cultivars. Hence, this review highlights the insight of to Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Larsen, E. elatior from the botanist, ecologist, physiologist, Ibrahim, Khaw, & Saw, 1999). and breeder perspectives that will help the industry Previously, E. elatior has been classified in the future. under few different scientific names: Alpinia elatior Jack; Nicolaia elatior (Jack) Horan.; Phaeomeria The Taxonomy of Etlingera elatior magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum.; Phaeomeria Zingiberae, Hedychieae, Alpineae, and speciosa (Blume) Koord. However, in later years, the Globbeae are the four tribes that make up the genus is named after a German botanist Andreas monocotyledonous Zingiberaceae family (Larsen, Ernst Etlinger. Meanwhile, the species name is Ibrahim, Khaw, & Saw, 1999). Plants of the Worlds elatior, derived from the Latin word “taller” (Yeats, Online, an online database developed by Royal 2013) . On the other hand, many other Etlingera Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, stated that this species have vast potential for development, family consists of 58 accepted genera with 1587 such as Philippine endemic ginger, E. dalican, E. accepted species. The systematics of this family, pandanicarpa, E. fimbriobracteata and E. burtii however, is far from complete. Zingiberaceae family (Acma & Mendez, 2018). Below is the taxonomical is resilient to climate change with high adaptability classification of E. elatior: towards different growing conditions. The Domain: Eukaryota Zingiberaceae plants are rhizomatous, perennial Kingdom: Plantae and they grow on the ground of tropical forests Phylum: Spermatophyta and humid, shady places (Hintze, 2013). Perennial Subphylum: Angiospermae herbaceous plants from the family of Zingiberaceae, Class: Monocotyledonae are well-known for their ornamental, unique flavors, Order: Zingiberales and medicinal values (Zahara, Hasanah, & Zaliand, Family: Zingiberaceae 2018). Zahara, Hasanah, & Zaliand (2018) also Genus: Etlingera specified that all or some parts of the plant from Species: E. elatior Zingiberaceae family are usually aromatic. That is why this ginger family is commonly found as primary Ecology, Habitat, and Botanical Description ingredients in food, spices, medicines, dyes, and E. elatior grows in open areas within its native perfume (Kumar, Saxena, Singh, & Saxena, 2013). range, at primary and secondary forest margins, and The majority of the Zingiberaceae family is widely low elevation. It thrives in partial shade, humus-rich used in traditional medicine in Malaysia (Ibrahim & fertile, well-drained, moist soil and grows on acidic Khamis, 2004; Sivasothy, Sulaiman, Ooi, Ibrahim, soils (Lim, 2012). The plant is known for its beautiful & Awang, 2013) and one of the well-known genera appearance of deep red-colored inflorescence and from Zingiberaceae family is Genus Etlingera. is surrounded by red bracts. Due to its high ability The Etlingera species varies in size, ranging of colonization, its seeds can spread widely across from less than a meter, and can reach 5-6 m. Even forest grounds and unaltered forests, covering new though traditionally used by a large segment of the habitats quickly. Moreover, this plant can grow community, the majority of the Etlingera species in disturbed areas, forest edges, and roadsides lack ornamental value due to their short vase-life (Mertz, 1999). 667 Muhamad Fahmi Yunus et al.: Commercial Potentials and Agronomic Status of E. elatior................................................ E. elatior is a fast-growing medicinal plant, and of inflorescences is pine-cone shaped, consisting of several researchers have described its morphology. spirally overlapping flowers and leafless peduncles It is a large plant with elongated leafy stems arising (Chin, 1999; Choon & Ding, 2016; Larsen, Ibrahim, from underground rhizomes, which may reach up Khaw, & Saw, 1999). Its inflorescence is considered to 4 m in height (Chin, 1999; Choon & Ding, 2016). a terminal flower that emerged from the same The leaves are lanceolate in shape, 38-85 cm in rhizome as the mother plant (Choon, Ding, Mahmud, length, and 8-18 cm wide, with a short leaf stalk. & Shaari, 2016). The
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