Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip

Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip.

Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence May 2020 Ref: 2173-TFC-00-ZZ-RE-L-8001

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Contents

Introduction ...... 6 1.1. Background ...... 6 1.2. Report structure ...... 6 1.3. Project brief...... 6 1.4. Site location ...... 7 1.5. Site Access ...... 7 Planning Policy and Guidance ...... 7 1.6. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019) ...... 7 1.7. National Design Guide (2019) ...... 10 1.8. Somerset Minerals Plan up to 2030 (2015), Somerset County Council ...... 11 1.9. Local Plan Part 1: 2006-2029 (2014) and the emerging Local Plan Part 2, Mendip District Council...... 12 1.10. Leigh-On-Mendip Parish Plan (2006) ...... 14 1.11. Leigh-On-Mendip Village Design Statement (VDS) ...... 14 1.12. Summary ...... 15 Landscape Qualities, Function and Character ...... 15 1.13. National Character Assessments: NCA 141 Mendip Hills, Natural England ...... 15 1.14. Regional Level: Landscape Character Assessments ...... 18 1.15. District level: Landscape Assessment of Mendip District (May 1997), Mendip District Council ...... 18 1.16. Summary ...... 20 Landscape elements, Qualities, Functions and Character ...... 21 1.17. General description of the site and landscape setting ...... 21 1.18. Geology (strata and profile) ...... 21 1.19. Topography ...... 21 1.20. Natural Hydrology ...... 22 1.21. Soils ...... 22 1.22. Vegetation (trees, hedges and woodland) ...... 22 1.23. Other vegetation ...... 23 1.24. Sensitive ecological areas ...... 23 1.25. Settlements and cultural connections ...... 24 1.26. Roads, lanes and tracks ...... 24 1.27. Historic Routes (Footpath, Bridleways) ...... 25 1.28. Access and recreation ...... 25 1.29. Historic Features (time-depth) ...... 26 1.30. Scale...... 26 1.31. Settlement setting (Field Pattern) ...... 26 1.32. Perceptual Qualities: Tranquility, aural, visual...... 26 1.33. Perceptual Qualities: Dark night skies ...... 26 1.34. Perceptual Qualities: Openness / enclosure ...... 27 1.35. Perceptual Qualities: Visual / Scenic Beauty ...... 27 1.36. Summary ...... 27 Views ...... 27 1.37. Views ...... 28 1.38. General description of visibility ...... 28 1.39. Specific viewpoints (refer to Figures 13 and 14) ...... 28 1.40. Receptor Sensitivity ...... 28

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1.41. Views from published village walks ...... 29 1.42. Views from surrounding footpaths ...... 29 1.43. Views from surrounding rural lanes ...... 30 Summary of key design drivers, constraints and opportunities ...... 30 1.44. Design Evolution. Initial Advice to the Client and Design Team ...... 30 1.45. Key Drivers ...... 31 1.46. Opportunities and Constraints ...... 31 1.47. Issues to consider ...... 31 1.48. Constraints ...... 32 1.49. Opportunities (inherent mitigation) ...... 32 1.50. Opportunities (considered as enhancements) ...... 32 1.51. Ecological Mitigation ...... 33 1.52. Residual mitigation measures ...... 33 References ...... 34 Appendix 1: LVE Methodology ...... 1 Appendix 2: Figures ...... 7

Appendices Appendix 1: LVE Methodology

Appendix 2: Figures:

Landscape Character Baseline Figure 1 - Site Location Figure 2 – Heritage and Landscape Designations Figure 3 - Ecological Designations Figure 4 – Historic map progression Figure 5 - Topography Figure 6 - Public Access land and Rights of Way (PRoW) Figure 7 - Public Rights of Way (Close) Figure 8 – Landscape Character Areas (LCA’s), Mendip District Council Figure 9 – Landscape Character Types (LCT’s), Mendip District Council Figure 10 - Landscape Character (photographic illustration) Figure 11 - Landscape Character (photographic illustration) Figure 12 – Historic Landscape Characterisation Visual baseline Figure 13 - Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) (upto 3km) Figure 14 - Viewpoint Location diagram (up to 1km) Figure 15 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 1-2 Figure 16 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 3-5 Figure 17 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 6-8 Figure 18 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 9-10 Figure 19 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 11-12 Figure 20 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 13-14 Figure 21 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 15-17 Figure 22 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 18-19 Figure 23 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 20-22 Figure 24 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 23-25 Figure 25 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 26-27 Figure 26 - Photographic record of baseline conditions: Representative viewpoints 28 Figure 27 – Constraints Plan Figure 28 – Opportunities Plan

Project reference: 2173 Business and Technology Park, Barns Close Quarry, Leigh-On-Mendip, Somerset

Date Rev By Chk Comments 20.05.20 00 AC LF Original report and supporting figures. 29.05.20 01 AC LF Issued to Client. DRAFT 20.10.20 02 AC LF Section 1.8 added, policies updated. 17.11.20 03 AC LF AIA information added re: trees and landscape value 07.12.20 04 AC CB Building sq. m amended.

Introduction

1.1. Background

1.1.1. The terra firma Consultancy was appointed in May 2020 on behalf of Gryphon Land Limited to provide landscape architectural services in support of the proposed development of land at Barns Close Quarry at Leigh-On-Mendip. Our services involve the production of a Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Assessment (LVE&IA) based on the scoping response from Somerset County Council. The purpose of the LVIA process is to: • Develop an understanding of the site and its setting. • Defining what matters most about the landscape and visual aspects. • Incorporating these into the best possible development proposals which maximises opportunities and potentials; and • Minimise and mitigate potential harm.

1.1.1. For the purposes of the planning process the above work is presented in two volumes: • Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence (LVE) comprises our understanding of the site and its setting, leading to an identification of what is important. This is critical in developing context-appropriate proposals and minimising harm and is the starting point for our work. The design and assessment should not be viewed as a linear process but rather an iterative one, with the identification of potential harm and mitigation informing the design at every stage, along with the work of other disciplines. • Volume 2 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment will comprise the assessment section of the final landscape report which will be completed once the final design is confirmed. This will be as an impartial assessment of the landscape and visual effects of the final proposals.

1.2. Report structure

1.2.1. This report contains the following:

• Introduction; report structure; project brief; site location; • Policy framework; planning policies; landscape character assessments; planning evidence; • Landscape elements, qualities, functions and character: description and sensitivities; • Views: description and sensitivities; • Summary of emerging key design drivers; constraints and opportunities. • Appendix 1: Landscape and Visual Evidence methodology • Appendix 2: Figures

1.3. Project brief

1.3.1. The application site is an existing Barns Close Quarry that extends to approximately 11 hectares, of which 6 hectares has been identified for development of a new business and technology park. No longer a working quarry, its southern section currently contains open workings, an access road and several buildings.

1.3.2. The brief to the design team is to produce a detailed planning application for the infilling of the quarry with development of industrial estate comprising 5000sq.m of flexible B1, B2 and B8 Units.

1.3.3. The brief for landscape architectural input is to advise on a landscape led approach to develop the location and arrangement of development on the site, to assess the impact of the proposals including access route on landscape character and views and support the applicant with future discussions with Mendip District Council.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 6 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.4. Site location

1.4.1. The application site comprises Barns Close Quarry located to the north of the village of Leigh On Mendip, Radstock in Somerset (see Figure 1 Site Location, Appendix 2).

1.4.2. Leigh On Mendip as a small village approximately 5 miles from Frome, Radstock and Shepton Mallett. The site has close links with the A361, A37, A367 and A362. The M4 is 27 miles to the north and the M5 is 24 miles to the west.

1.5. Site Access

1.5.1. The site is surrounded on two sides by rural lanes; Whitehole Hill runs along the northern edge of the quarry. To the east the site is defined by Quarry Lane with its single gated entrance directly opposite the Tarmac Halecombe Quarry Depot.

1.5.2. Quarry Lane is a narrow two-way rural minor road (over 4m wide). Grass verges and vegetation line the majority of the route. From the village a narrow tarmac path and kerb follow the road, terminating approximately 60-65m from the quarry entrance.

1.5.3. The site is not open to the public, except for a short section of public right of way (footpath) that crosses the south- east corner along a rock terrace, exiting out onto Quarry Lane to one side of the main entrance.

1.5.4. Further to the east lies the larger, fully operational Halecombe Quarry managed by Tarmac Ltd. Entry to this quarry is via a separate entrance and lane on its far eastern side.

Planning Policy and Guidance

1.6. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019)

1.6.1. The NPPF confirms that the purpose of planning is to help achieve sustainable development and that there should be a presumption in favour of sustainable development. Planning policymaking and decision-making should take into account the roles and character of different areas and recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services.

1.6.2. Paragraph 170 (a-e) states that the planning system should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by:

• ‘protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, sites of biodiversity or geological value and soils (in a manner commensurate with their statutory status or identified quality in the development plan) • ‘recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services – including the economic and other benefits of the best and most versatile agricultural land, and of trees and woodland’ • ‘minimising impacts on and providing net gains for biodiversity, including by establishing coherent ecological networks that are more resilient to current and future pressures’

1.6.3. Section 6 outline the Government’s policy in supporting a prosperous rural economy, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 83 and 84.

1.6.4. Paragraph 83, part (a) indicates decisions should enable the sustainable growth and expansion of all types of business in rural areas, both through conversion of existing buildings and well-designed new buildings.

1.6.5. Paragraph 84 states “sites to meet local business and community needs in rural areas may have to be found adjacent to or beyond existing settlements, and in locations that are not well served by public transport. In these circumstances it will be important to ensure that development is sensitive to its surroundings, does not have an unacceptable impact on local roads and exploits any opportunities to make a location more sustainable (for example by improving the scope for access on foot, by cycling or by public transport). The use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, should be encouraged where suitable opportunities exist”.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 7 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.6.6. Section 8 outline the Government’s policy promoting healthy and safe communities, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 92, 95 and 98.

1.6.7. Paragraph 92 provide the social, recreational and cultural facilities and services the community needs through part (b) supporting the delivery of local strategies to improve health, social and cultural well-being for all sections of the community.

1.6.8. Paragraph 95 seeks to promote public safety (a) anticipating and addressing possible malicious threats and natural hazards, especially in locations where large numbers of people are expected to congregate….”and the layout and design of developments, should be informed by the most up-to-date information available from the police and other agencies about the nature of potential threats and their implication”.

1.6.9. Paragraph 98 states: “decision should protect and enhance public rights of way and access, including taking opportunities to provide better facilities for users, for example by adding links to existing rights of way networks”.

1.6.10. Section 9 outline the Government’s policy promoting sustainable transport, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 102, 104, 105, 109 and 110.

1.6.11. Paragraph 102 indicates transport issues should be considered from the earliest stages of plan-making and development proposals, so that opportunities to promote walking, cycling and public transport use are identified and pursued.”

1.6.12. Paragraph 104 indicates the need to “provide for high quality walking and cycling networks and supporting facilities such as cycle parking (drawing on Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plans)”.

1.6.13. Paragraph 105 looks at the setting of parking standards for non-residential development taking into account (c) the type, mix and use of development and (e) the need to ensure an adequate provision of spaces for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles”.

1.6.14. Paragraph 109 states: “Development should only be prevented or refused on highways grounds if there would be an unacceptable impact on highway safety, or the residual cumulative impacts on the road network would be severe”.

1.6.15. Paragraph 110 states: “applications for development should give priority first to pedestrian and cycle movements, both within the scheme and with neighbouring areas, address the needs of people with disabilities and reduced mobility and creating places that are safe, secure and attractive that avoids unnecessary street clutter and responds to local character and design standards”;

1.6.16. Section 11 outline the Government’s policy in making effective use of land. Paragraph 118 that (a) encourage multiple benefits from …… rural land, including through mixed use schemes and taking opportunities to achieve net environmental gains – such as developments that would enable new habitat creation or improve public access to the countryside; and (b) recognise that some undeveloped land can perform many functions, such as for wildlife, recreation, flood risk mitigation, cooling/shading, carbon storage or food production”

1.6.17. Section 12 outline the Government’s policy concerned with achieving well-deigned places, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 124, 125, 127, 128 and 131.

1.6.18. Paragraph 124 states: “The creation of high-quality buildings and places is fundamental to what the planning and development process should achieve. Good design is a key aspect of sustainable development, creates better places in which to live and work and helps make development acceptable to communities “ and carry out “effective engagement between applicants, communities, local planning authorities and other interests throughout the process”.

1.6.19. Paragraph 125 indicating that neighbourhood plans can play an important role in identifying the special qualities of each area and explaining how this should be reflected in development.

1.6.20. Paragraph 127 states that decisions should ensure that developments Will function well, (b) visually attractive because of good architecture, layout and appropriate and effective landscaping and (c) be sympathetic to local character and history.(d) establish or maintain a strong sense of place, using the arrangement of ….spaces, building types and materials to create attractive, welcoming and distinctive places to ….work and visit; and (e) optimise the potential of the site to accommodate and sustain an appropriate amount and mix of development (including green and other public space) and support local facilities and transport networks and (f) create places The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 8 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 that are safe, inclusive and accessible and which promote health and well-being.

1.6.21. Paragraph 128 requires “Design quality should be considered throughout the evolution and assessment of individual proposals….”

1.6.22. Paragraph 131 states “great weight should be given to outstanding or innovative designs which promote high levels of sustainability, or help raise the standard of design more generally in an area, so long as they fit in with the overall form and layout of their surroundings”.

1.6.23. Section 13 outline the Government’s policy on the protection of Green Belt Land with Paragraph 145 (g) limited infilling or the partial or complete redevelopment of previously developed land, whether redundant or in continuing use (excluding temporary buildings), which would: ‒ not have a greater impact on the openness of the Green Belt than the existing development

1.6.24. Section 14 outline the Government’s policy to meet the challenge of climate change, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 148, 150,153 and 165.

1.6.25. Paragraph 148 supports the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate.

1.6.26. Paragraph 150 requires new development to be planned to address impacts arising from climate change including (a) the planning of green infrastructure; and b) can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as through its location, orientation and design. Any local requirements for the sustainability of buildings should reflect the Government’s policy for national technical standards

1.6.27. Paragraph 153 expects new development to (b) take account of landform, layout, building orientation, massing and landscaping to minimise energy consumption.

1.6.28. Paragraph 165 states that major developments should incorporate sustainable drainage systems and where possible, (d) provide multifunctional benefits.

1.6.29. Section 15 outline the Government’s policy for conserving and enhancing the natural environment, the key paragraphs with respect to this development are 170 (a-e), 174, 175 and 192.

1.6.30. Paragraph 170 (a-e) states that the planning system should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by:

1.6.31. “Protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, geological conservation interests and soils”

1.6.32. “recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services – including the economic and other benefits of the best and most versatile agricultural land, and of trees and woodland”.

1.6.33. Paragraph 174 requires the protection and enhancement of biodiversity and geodiversity, through (a) the identification of designated sites of importance for biodiversity; wildlife corridors and stepping stones that connect them; and areas identified by national and local partnerships for habitat management, enhancement, restoration or creation”. (b) promote the conservation, restoration and enhancement of priority habitats, ecological networks and the protection and recovery of priority species; and identify and pursue opportunities for securing measurable net gains for biodiversity.

1.6.34. Paragraph 175 sets out in sub paragraph c and d that development that results in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable habitats (such as ancient woodland and ancient or veteran trees) should be refused and that opportunities to incorporate biodiversity improvements in and around developments should be encouraged, especially where this can secure measurable net gains for biodiversity.

1.6.35. Paragraph 178 requires the proposed use of sites should take into account ground conditions and any risks arising from land instability and contamination, including risks arising from natural hazards or former activities such as mining and any proposals for mitigation including land remediation (as well as potential impacts on the natural environment arising from that remediation).

1.6.36. Paragraph 180 requires new development to (a) mitigate and reduce to a minimum potential adverse impacts resulting from noise from new development; (b ) identify and protect tranquil areas which have remained relatively undisturbed by noise and are prized for their recreational and amenity value for this reason; and (c) limit the impact

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 9 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 of light pollution from artificial light on local amenity, intrinsically dark landscapes and nature conservation.

1.7. National Design Guide (2019)

1.7.1. The National Design Guide supports paragraph 130 of the NPPF which states that ‘permission should be refused for development of poor design that fails to take the opportunities available for improving the character and quality of an area and the way it functions’. The NDG sets out the Government’s priorities for well-designed places in the form of ten characteristics to be used to inform development proposals and their assessment by local planning authorities. The most relevant characteristics to LVE are:

1.7.2. Characteristic 1: Context: Enhances the surroundings:

1.7.3. Para 37 describes this ‘the location of the development and the attributes of its immediate, local and regional surroundings.’ Para 38 states that ‘An understanding of the context, history and the cultural characteristics of a site, neighbourhood and region influences the location, siting and design of new developments. It means they are well grounded in their locality and more likely to be acceptable to existing communities. Creating a positive sense of place helps to foster a sense of belonging and contributes to well-being, inclusion and community cohesion.’

1.7.4. Para 39 states that well-designed places are:

• based on a sound understanding of the features of the site and the surrounding context, using baseline studies as a starting point for design; • integrated into their surroundings so they relate well to them; • influenced by and influence their context positively; and • responsive to local history, culture and heritage.

1.7.5. Characteristic 2: Identity: Attractive and distinctive

1.7.6. Para 49 describes this as ‘the identity or character of a place comes from the way that buildings, streets and spaces, landscape and infrastructure combine together and how people experience them. It is not just about the buildings or how a place looks, but how it engages with all of the senses. Local character makes places distinctive. Well-designed, sustainable places with a strong identity give their users, occupiers and owners a sense of pride, helping to create and sustain communities and neighbourhoods.’

1.7.7. Para 50 states that Well-designed places, buildings and spaces:

• have a positive and coherent identity that everyone can identify with, including residents and local communities, so contributing towards health and well-being, inclusion and cohesion; • have a character that suits the context, its history, how we live today and how we are likely to live in the future; and • are visually attractive, to delight their occupants and other users.

1.7.8. Characteristic 5: Nature: Enhanced and optimised

1.7.9. Para 90 describes this as ‘Nature contributes to the quality of a place, and to people’s quality of life, and it is a critical component of well-designed places. Natural features are integrated into well-designed development. They include natural and designed landscapes, high quality public open spaces, street trees, and other trees, grass, planting and water.’

1.7.10. Para 91 states that well-designed places:

• integrate existing, and incorporate new natural features into a multifunctional network that supports quality of place, biodiversity and water management, and addresses climate change mitigation and resilience; • prioritise nature so that diverse ecosystems can flourish to ensure a healthy natural environment that supports and enhances biodiversity; • provide attractive open spaces in locations that are easy to access, with activities for all to enjoy, such as play,

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 10 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 food production, recreation and sport, so as to encourage physical activity and promote health, well-being and social inclusion.

1.8. Somerset Minerals Plan up to 2030 (2015), Somerset County Council

1.8.1. The Somerset Minerals Plan policies map indicates the site lies within the Mineral Safeguarding Area (Map 1) and listed as a dormant aggregate site (Carboniferous Limestone – Clifton Down Limestone and Hotwells Limestone) with an area of permission 13.73 hectares in the minerals plan site profiles.

1.8.2. The minerals plan sets out the need to balance demand for Somerset's mineral resource against other community interests and the need to promote biodiversity and protect the county's wealth of natural and historic assets. Ecological networks are illustrated on maps 7a and 7b.

1.8.3. The Minerals Plan sets out several Development Management policies related to landscape, however advice on the relevance of policies regarding post extraction and closure is being sought. • DM1: Landscape and visual amenity. The plan indicates that the influence of the adjacent AONB extends to 1km from the designation boundary and that the County Council must consider proposals in the context of the wider Development Plan including reference to District planning policies. DM1 policy states a) the proposed development will not generate unacceptable adverse impacts on landscape and visual amenity; and b) measures will be taken to mitigate to acceptable levels adverse impacts on landscape and visual amenity. It follows with all mineral development proposals shall be informed by and refer to the latest relevant character assessments, nationally and locally. It also recognizes that acoustic properties of an area help shape its character. • DM2: Biodiversity and geodiversity The minerals plan seeks gains in biodiversity, with Somerset County Council taking a species-led, landscape- scale approach to planning for biodiversity conservation – based on core areas, steppingstones and matrix areas. And habitat Evaluation procedure to demonstrate net gain. For mineral sites where impacts on geodiversity cannot be avoided, the County Council supports the retention of geological exposures (or re-exposure of equivalent geological strata) to help maintain geological heritage and for use as education purposes. • DM4: Water resources and flood risk The protection of Source Protection Zones (SPZ's) and proposed developments that have the potential to affect any water resource should consult the Environment Agency and ensure proposals support the Water Framework Directive (WFD) targets. • DM6: Public rights of way The mineral plan states where possible, public rights of way should remain in their current position on the legal line of path. Where proposals area likely to have an unacceptable adverse impact on the right of way network, a satisfactory, authorized replacement route (either temporary or permanent) will be provided based on relevant criteria., without causing significant disturbance to wildlife. • DM7: Restoration and aftercare The policy requires topsoil stripping prior to working should be re-employed in the restoration scheme, also using materials appropriate for the stated purpose. The use of subsoil in areas requiring poor substrate when establishing species-rich flower meadow or enhancing to create certain properties would be considered appropriate. The minerals plan indicates types of after-uses – including leisure activities or certain types of business activities – would only be acceptable if they do not have an intrusive and /or adverse impact on the local environment. Larger aggregate quarries may provide suitable sites for certain types of other business development. Restoration Proposals will be subject to a five-year period of aftercare. Where proposals require a longer period of management, this will only be permitted if it includes details of how this will be achieved. The reclamation checklist (table 7) indicates under impacts the need to (7). Ensure there are no adverse impact on water quality, (11). Provide for potential after uses for the community that do not conflict with biodiversity and ecological networks, (12). Improve public access to the natural environment, making use of existing corridors The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 11 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 where they already exist and (13). Contribute to the conservation of Somerset's geological heritage and geodiversity, including maintaining geological exposures for educational purposes • DM8: Mineral operations and protection of local amenity • Paragraph 19.7 sets out the design and extent of screening features will be considered from all public and residential viewpoints. Designs should attempt to minimize the visual contrast between new development and existing landscapes through seasonal changes. While this relates to mineral development, the principles are also applicable for future development of the site. • The effects of light pollution on the night-time environment in rural locations can have a significant affect on residents and wildlife. Development should ensure good external lighting design is used and demonstrates that measures have been taken to minimise required lighting and effects of glare, sky glow and light spillage on the surroundings.

1.9. Local Plan Part 1: 2006-2029 (2014) and the emerging Local Plan Part 2, Mendip District Council.

1.9.1. The village of Leigh on Mendip and landscape setting is not subject to Conservation Area designation; however, several listed buildings and their settings lie on the settlement northern boundary.

1.9.2. Development Policies with respect to protecting the landscape with respect to this development are DP1, DP3, DP4, DP5, DP7, DP8, DP9 and DP16.

1.9.3. DP1: Local Identity and Distinctiveness. The purpose of this policy is ensuring development contributes positively to the maintenance and enhancement of local identity and distinctiveness across the district, proposals should appreciate and respect the built and natural context recognising: • 2. “views, scenery, boundary walls or hedges, trees, rights of way and other features collectively generate a distinct sense of place and local identity” and • 3. Where a development proposal would adversely affect or result in the loss of feature or scenes recognised as being distinctive, the Council will balance up the significance of the feature or scene to the locality, the degree of impact the proposal would have upon it, and the wider benefits which would arise from the proposal if it were approved. Any decisions will also take into account efforts made by the applicant to viably preserve the feature, avoid, minimise and/or mitigate negative effects and the need for the proposal to take place in that location”.

1.9.4. DP3 Heritage Conservation. The purpose of this policy is to highlight the wealth of historic buildings and places which contribute greatly to the character and appearance of the local environment and form part of a distinctive and cherished local scene, and identifies Areas of High Archaeological Potential (AHAP) within which there is reason to believe that archaeological remains exist but limited or no investigations have yet taken place. Am AHAP covers the village and to the east lies Mells is a Registered Park and Garden.

1.9.5. DP4 Mendip’s Landscapes. The purpose of this policy is to highlight the rich and varied landscapes across the Mendip district. Within the district are several Designated Regionally Important Geological Site (RIGS); which are examples of scientifically valuable or educationally important rock formations and landforms. Policy indicates: • RIGS do not restrict development, however where development is proposed in close proximity to such sites applicants will need to ensure that the qualities of the recorded feature are not compromised. • 3. Outside of designated landscape areas, proposals should demonstrate that their siting and design are compatible with the pattern of natural and man-made features of the Landscape Character Areas, including cultural and historical associations, as detailed in the “Landscape Assessment of Mendip District. • 4. Proposals affecting Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) should seek to ensure that the integrity of the area designated is not compromised.

1.9.6. DP5 Biological and Ecological networks – covers local wildlife site to NE, Leigh wood SNAW to NW. The purpose of this policy is to maintain and develop the ecological network as a connected group of natural and semi-natural habitats which are large enough and sufficiently joined-up to enable the survival of viable populations of flora and fauna species.

1.9.7. The policy seeks through sensitive site location and master-planning sustainable development that will not lead to The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 12 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 the loss, damage, deterioration or disturbance of Core Areas, Corridors or Stepping Stones, and will generate a net gain for biodiversity by enhancing Restoration Areas and Buffer Zones.

1.9.8. The policy gives further guidance on the type of interventions / components of ecological networks. • “Core Areas are existing areas, features, or resources of importance for biodiversity, often made up of existing designated sites”. • “Corridors are existing linear features providing structural connectivity between Core Areas and into the wider landscape. Types may include linear corridors (e.g. substantial well established hedgerows) landscape corridors (e.g. scarped unproductive land) or stepping stones (e.g. copses within a wider area of arable land that provide stop over points in transit between core areas)”. • “Restoration Areas are areas, features or resources with the potential to become future Core Areas, or to improve connectivity, if they are enhanced or restored”. • “All of these components are either enclosed by a Buffer Zone (Core Areas) or have a buffered element included within them (Corridors and Stepping Stones) which reduces the potential for indirect disturbance”.

1.9.9. DP7 Design and Amenity of New Development states proposals for new development should demonstrate that they: a) are of a scale, mass, form and layout appropriate to the local context b) optimise the potential of the site in a manner consistent with other requirements of this policy c) incorporate all practical measures to achieve energy efficiency through siting, layout and design. d) maximise opportunities for: (i)The use of sustainable construction techniques (ii) The use of sustainable drainage systems (iii) Renewable energy generation on site (iv) The use of water efficiency measures, recycling and conservation (v) minimise, re-use or recycle waste (f) use locally sourced or recycled materials wherever practically possible (g) meet the access needs of a wide range of users (h) incorporate appropriate crime prevention measures (i) undertake construction in a manner that makes efficient use of materials and minimises waste.

1.9.10. DP 8 Environmental Protection requires that development should not impose burdens on natural systems or human health that would be detrimental to their wellbeing. Development in Source Protection Zones or affecting Principal or Secondary aquifers will be required to demonstrate there will be no adverse impact on groundwater. Development proposals in a rural setting and close to villages should make all reasonable efforts to minimise noise and light pollution impacts.

1.9.11. Noise is a form of pollution which can give rise to significant adverse impact on health and quality of life. Consideration of development proposals will take account of all national noise policy, noise action plans and identified land uses nearby. • 1. Development (either cumulatively or individually) will be required to demonstrate that it does not give rise to unacceptable adverse environmental impacts on the quality of water resources, whether surface river or groundwater, biodiversity, light pollution, land quality and ground stabilization and residential amenity.

1.9.12. DP9 Transport impact of new development states: • 2. Development proposals will be supported where they (b) avoid causing traffic or environmental problems within the wider transport network or generating any requirement for transport improvements which would harm the character or locality; and

1.9.13. DP16 Open Spaces and Green Infrastructure. The purpose of this policy relates primarily to new residential development, however policy indicates that Green Infrastructure Strategies will be used to inform whether on-site The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 13 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 provision of open space is appropriate as part of a development or if financial contribution to improve the quality of existing open spaces within the settlement may be more appropriate.

1.10. Leigh-On-Mendip Parish Plan (2006)

1.10.1. The Parish Plan refers to the strong equestrian activity in the locality and many public footpaths that connect the village to the surrounding countryside. Riding and walking as noted as key activities with residents attaching great value to the wildlife and natural surroundings.

1.10.2. The Recreation Field on the northern edge of the village supports more energetic activities such as regular football and cricket matches, as well as providing a children’s play area and basketball net. The field provides a substantial open space within the village for play, quiet relaxation or sitting on one of the many benches.

1.10.3. Various businesses contribute to the overall productivity and stability of the community. Farming, arable and dairy, is carried out in various locations. To the north-east of the village Halecombe quarry re-opened in 1984 is still in operation, with Tarmac Ltd. extracting limestone for road construction and as a basis for cement.

1.10.4. The Parish Plan identifies several issues and opportunities: • The village and surrounding lanes have been affected by large lorries passing through, speeding cars and ad- hoc parking causing hazard and obstructions. • St Giles’ Church tower seen from the surrounding area is an important landmark. Concern is raised over new development that may affect its setting and the view experienced from the surrounding rights of way. • the quality of finger post and signage has had a detrimental impact on the landscape quality. The residents survey supports the improvement of the PRoW and local roads, the replacement of stiles with kissing gates, and the creation of new environmental wildlife areas, new paths and children’s walk, and routes that provide a combined bridleway and cycleway. • The village is served by a regular bus service from Frome to Wells via Shepton Mallet. It receives many visitors, arriving by car and public transport to explore the local area on foot and to visit the public house. • New businesses employing local people would be strongly supported. • More activities/facilities for young people is strongly supported. e.g. cyber café, as well as more active sports.

1.10.5. Section 8 the Parish Plan sets out a range of priority actions (table 6). The importance of each action indicates the value that residents have placed on their village surroundings. The Parish Plan seeks to deliver a range of environmental benefits, with several (listed below) that could be potential opportunities for landscape mitigation and enhancement: • More/better finger posts (short term). • The creation of wildlife areas – partnerships with local landowners, Somerset Wildlife Trust and Environmental advisors. • The creation of new cycleways and bridleways, maintenance of exiting paths (Action 10).

1.11. Leigh-On-Mendip Village Design Statement (VDS)

1.11.1. The Parish Plan refers to an early village design statement (below) that sets out the character of the village and surrounding landscape in detail. Adopted by Mendip Council as supplementary planning guidance (SPG) in December 1998, the Village Design Statement identifies the local character of the village and gives a guidance and recommendations to protect its amenity, and Mendip landscape.

1.11.2. However, this VDS is not included in the list of ‘endorsed’ VDS within the Mendip District Council’s Local Plan part 1, and therefore it remains unclear if this SPG has any weight as a planning material consideration. In the absence of clarity this VDS has been referred to within the appraisal as it provides information on the value and importance of features that contributes to understanding the wider landscape context. This VDS also includes detailed analysis of the local building typology to accompany a ‘colour and materials palette’.

1.11.3. Key points raised in the VDS include:

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 14 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Existing hedgerows and trees should be retained. • New development should include indigenous mature planting and landscaping. • Development must not detract from existing rural views. • Future development should not detract from the magnificence of the church nor obstruct views of it. (St Giles’ Church) • Established footpaths must be maintained and protected. • Off street parking for future developments is to be encouraged • Developers and utility companies should conceal future installations underground. • Signposts and street names should be in keeping with existing street furniture. Road safety signs should be of modest and unobtrusive design. • Local natural stone should be used for boundary walls. • Developers are advised to consult the guidance on the colours and materials of the “local palette”. • The size, style and materials used for doors and windows should match those of the original building and/or adjacent buildings, thus retaining the 1ocal characteristics of the particular site. • New buildings at least should be pointed with cream-coloured and lime-rich mortars. Residents are encouraged to consider lime when repointing and rebuilding older buildings. • Developers and residents are encouraged to consider the “local palette” of colours when painting woodwork, walls and render and to consider paint in favour of exterior woodstains. • Artificial or reconstituted stone should not be used.

1.12. Summary

1.12.1. The key implications of the above policies, assessments and VDS guidance must been considered in relation to landscape and visual aspects of the new development.

1.12.2. The VDS guidelines are particularly relevant in choosing the type of materials and in the colour, construction and appearance of any new buildings.

Landscape Qualities, Function and Character

1.12.3. Relevant published landscape character assessments are listed below. These have been reviewed and the relevant key characteristics and guidelines taken into account in the design of the development proposals outlined in the LVIA Volume 2.

1.13. National Character Assessments: NCA 141 Mendip Hills, Natural England

1.13.1. Natural England has produced profiles for England’s National Character Areas (‘NCA’s’) that divides England into 159 distinct natural areas, defined by a unique combination of landscape, biodiversity, geodiversity and cultural and economic activity.

1.13.2. The Site and surrounding landscape falls within NCA profile 141: Mendip Hills Character Area. This profile contains the striking landform of the Mendip Hills that rises abruptly from the flat landscape of the Somerset Levels and Moors. This Carboniferous Limestone ridge, with its more weather-resistant sandstone peaks dominates the landscape, containing many features of interest. Features that have been exploited by man, resulting in ‘complex ritual, industrial and agricultural landscapes extending from the prehistoric period to modern times.

1.13.3. The eastern Mendips are a more complex landscape of wooded valleys and agricultural land on intervening ridges. Hedgerows of varying height with many hedgerow trees enclose improved pasture used for dairy cattle. Ancient woodland occurs in the valleys and out onto the less steep ground. There are a few small conifer plantations. Marshy land is common in the valley bottoms and the area includes some neutral unimproved meadows and damp woodlands of high nature conservation interest. Large parks around country houses are a feature of the eastern Mendips, including those at Mells The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 15 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.13.4. Key characteristics of the NCA 141 Mendip Hills (relevant to the site and immediate surroundings) include: • Large-scale quarrying of limestone is particularly active in the eastern Mendips • Sandstone outcrops form the highest features. • The slopes and valleys surrounding the plateau have a wide range of woodlands forming an attractive mosaic with calcareous grassland and agriculture. There is a more wooded nature to the eastern Mendips • smaller, irregular fields with hedgerows on the scarp slopes and eastern Mendips. • The NCA is a net contributor of water, the Mendip aquifer. Natural surface water on higher permeable ground generally absent however abandoned mine workings have retained, or created over time, areas of water. • The majority of the NCA is under improved pasture for dairy farming. • The caves, woodland, hedgerows and grazed fields provide excellent conditions for greater horseshoe bats which are recognised in two Special Area of Conservation (SAC) designations • Many industrial archaeological sites. • Largely rural the concentration of ‘29 geological and mixed-interest Sites of Special Scientific Interest demonstrates the geological importance of this relatively small National Character Area (NCA).’ • The area is renowned for its tranquillity and inspirational qualities, offering views right across Somerset to Dorset on a good day and to Glastonbury Tor. • Buildings are constructed of red conglomerate, grey limestone and pale grey Doulting Stone. A greater variety of building materials is to be seen in this eastern area, including thatch, honey-coloured oolite, greyer Doulting Stone and White Lias. • Villages are concentrated along the springline at the foot of the scarp slopes. Elsewhere, settlement is scattered. Characteristic church towers are visible from great distances and designed landscapes of country houses with wooded parks are prominent in the east. • Roman roads cross the hills contrasting with narrow sunken lanes which negotiate the scarp slopes. • Many recreational opportunities. • Large-scale quarrying, with associated impacts on landscape, tranquillity and hydrology. Lack of, or inappropriate, management threatens areas of habitat and geological and historical interest. • Minimising light pollution sources where possible to retain the dark skies quality of the area. • out-of-character development is a continuing risk to the essential nature of the area.

1.13.5. The NCA’s Statements of Environmental Opportunity provide a further indication of landscape value and potential sensitivities, with purposes such as: • to ‘conserve the…. land uses that have shaped the Mendip Hills. Safeguard the inward and outward views of and to the distinctive hill line and conserve and enhance the special qualities, tranquillity, sense of remoteness and naturalness of the area’ (SEO1) • is to safeguard the rich geological features associated with …. the historical mining legacy, enabling access, continued research, interpretation, understanding and enjoyment of the extensive geological and historical resource’ (SEO2); and • extracted in full from SEO3 ‘the need to ‘conserve and sustainably manage the rural agricultural landscape and enhance the network of nationally and internationally important sites and semi-natural habitats associated with the distinctive geology and topography to create a coherent and resilient ecological network, enabling ecosystems to adapt to climate change and for the benefits to biodiversity, water flow, water quality and protection of the aquifer, soil quality, regulating soil erosion, rural heritage and culture’.

1.13.6. The NCA lists several opportunities that are pertinent to the design of this development, they include: • Considering hedgerow restoration and replacement tree planting in some of the eastern parts of the area where hedgerow removal and tree loss have produced an open landscape that is out of character. (SEO1) • Ensuring that new development respects local settlement patterns and local vernacular architecture and building materials in keeping with the character of the whole of the NCA, particularly in the east which is not provided with the extra protection of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). (SEO1) • Contributing to consultations on the impacts of proposed developments that will impact on the views and

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 16 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 tranquillity of the NCA (SEO1) • Minimising the impact of road traffic and road signs (SEO1) • Maintaining the appropriate balance of grassland and heath, limestone exposures and farmed land in keeping with the landscape character of the area (SEO1) • Maintaining the diversity of geology and traditional buildings that contributes to the NCA by using, promoting and encouraging locally sourced materials and skills for walling and building repair and construction (SEO1) • Conserving and protecting the archaeological features of the plateau and the industrial archaeology features of the whole NCA, which are vulnerable to damage and neglect, scrub invasion (SEO2) • Maintaining the largely good condition of geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest and other geological sites in this area and working with landowners to improve the condition where required, for example controlling scrub encroachment on rockfaces and other geological and archaeological features (SEO2) • Recognising, conserving and enhancing significant geological sites and features by advising landowners and users, for example climbers and cavers, about management issues. (SEO2) • Promoting and ensuring responsible recreational use of geological and archaeological sites through provision of information and well-designed visitor infrastructure (SEO2) • Maintaining views of geological features and exposures and where appropriate improving access to cuttings, quarries and other exposures of geological features including soils to enable improved understanding and enjoyment of geodiversity and sense of history (SEO2) • Enhancing and promoting the research interest of the geology and conserving geological heritage such as mining and quarrying history (SEO2) • Realising opportunities for enhancements to the public rights of way network through rights of way management plans. Improved access opportunities should incorporate enhanced interpretation, particularly of heritage assets and features (SEO2) • Conserving and appropriately managing the historic environment, including heritage assets, for its contribution to local character and sense of identity and as a framework for habitat restoration and sustainable development. (SEO2) • Quarries - proper consideration is given to after-use and restoration to enhance the ecological network (SEO3) • Bringing neglected woodlands back into appropriate management for biodiversity and landscape value (SEO3) • Encouraging community management of key woodland habitats where possible and promoting the importance of woodland habitats in neighbourhood planning activities throughout Mendip. (SEO3) • Restoring, expanding and linking existing fragmented areas of broadleaved woodland to create coherent, resilient ecological networks. (SEO3) • New woodlands are created in suitable locations and include native species, contributing to the biodiversity resource, making habitats more resilient to climate change, avoiding damage to historic features and strengthening landscape character. (SEO3) • ash woodlands which make up the majority of ancient semi-natural woodlands on the Mendip Hills. Encouraging research and field trials for appropriate best alternatives to ash, in the face of extensive ash dieback in Mendip woodlands (SEO3) • Protecting, managing and expanding the lowland calcareous grassland network throughout the NCA (SEO3) • promoting sympathetic management of species-rich grassland on road verges and tracks. (SEO3) • maintaining the purpose and function of typical landscape features such as walls, hedges (SEO3). Encouraging the maintenance and restoration of hedgerows across slopes to slow run-off and reduce soil erosion. • Encouraging farmers to maintain or improve soil condition of cultivated soils through incorporation of appropriate levels of organic matter, increasing water retention and infiltration but not causing groundwater pollution. (SEO3). • minimise impacts on groundwater hydrology, including that of the Bath hot springs, a nationally significant tourist attraction in the neighbouring Cotswolds NCA. (SEO3).

1.13.7. NCA Ecosystem services

1.13.8. The Landscape character closely reflects the land use and geology, highlighting valued services such as: The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 17 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Food provision: Dairy is prevalent. • Regulation of soil erosion, with most soils at risk where management results in loss of stabilizing vegetation. • Regulating water quality is important aspect as a large part of the NCA is within a Groundwater Source Protection Zone. Mells River and Whatley Brook emerging at the far eastern end are of good ecological status. • Sense of place/inspiration: The Mendip Hills have a very strong character defined by geology. The landscape to the west containing rectilinear drystone wall enclosures, contrasting with the valleys to the east, which are often well settled and wooded and have complex hedgerow patterns. • Sense of landscape history: presence of industrial archaeology, indicating the areas importance to quarrying and mining • Recreation: Cycling, walking and caving are popular activities, central to awareness and immersion in a sense of place • Biodiversity: SSSI’s, SAC’s and NNR’s. Ash woodland and calcareous grasslands are internationally designated as well as sites for greater horseshoe bats. • Geodiversity: 18 nationally designated geological SSSI in this NCA, plus 11 of mixed interest and 37 Local Geological Sites, reflecting the importance of the geological interest within this comparatively small NCA. • Geological interest and long history of quarrying and mining which ties it closely to the history and culture of the area.

1.13.9. While the NCA gives a good indication of the broad landscape character and its valued features, for areas in the eastern area of the Mendip district that involve small-scale development it is more instructive to consider the specific attributes that define the landscape’s character at a more localised level referring to the regional, county and district level landscape character assessments given below.

1.14. Regional Level: Landscape Character Assessments

1.14.1. The Assessment of Special Landscape Features (2012) is not relevant to this site and appraisal.

1.15. District level: Landscape Assessment of Mendip District (May 1997), Mendip District Council

1.15.1. This Landscape Assessment prepared by Chris Blandford Associates (CBA) identifies eight broad principal Landscape Character Areas within the district based on their distinct physical, natural and cultural qualifies. This assessment is based on several earlier studies describing the district’s landscape including the Mendip Hills Landscape Assessment (CBA 1996a), The Landscape Assessment of the Fringes of Mendip’s Towns (CBA August 1996) and Somerset County Council’s Landscape Classification.

1.15.2. For this area Quarries, Ancient Woodland, Historic Park and Garden, Water Protection Zone and Area of High Biodiversity are highlighted as The Principle Features and Designations (CBA Figure 3h).

1.15.3. The site lies within the north east area of the district, situated within Principle Character Area (ii) The East Mendip Hills, on the northern edge of Landscape Type 10 Irregular slopes and ridges with pasture and wholly within Landscape Character Area A9 Leigh/Binegar/Coleford Slope - Sub-area A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill.

1.15.4. Principle Landscape Character Areas (LCA).

1.15.5. The East Mendip Hills Principle Character Area is described as having a complex landform of undulating ridges, levels area containing good soils supporting arable with much of the land as pasture in medium sized fields (in 1997). Several large villages, some dominated by church towers and buildings constructed in golden oolite or grey limestone, a high industrial archaeological interest, the valleys have a great variety of wildlife habitats with limestone quarrying a conspicuous feature in parts of this area. To the south lies the ridge of high ground: Cranmore Ridge.

1.15.6. As a notable area of high ground, the key characteristics of the Cranmore Ridge and Slopes should also be

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 18 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 considered within the appraisal of landscape and visual effects.

1.15.7. Landscape Types

1.15.8. Refer to Figure 9 – Landscape Types.

1.15.9. The boundaries between landscape character units are much less distinct in East Mendip then Central Mendip, 20 landscape types have been identified across the district. Within 1-2km of the site four landscape types are represented: • Landscape Type 2 Plateau and ridge with parliamentary enclosures is described as a 'sparsely-populated undulating landscape with very little tree cover and a strong pattern of rectilinear fields, bounded mainly by drystone walls'. This is less typical of the landscape that surrounds the site, however the sparsely populated aspect to character is still relevant. • Landscape Type 8 Steep-sided variable valleys with fast flowing streams is described as ‘some of these valleys have quite wide heads formed by several streams….they are frequently wooded and heavily settled with the agricultural land being predominantly in pasture use. Many of the settlements have fast-flowing stream, running through them’. • Landscape Type 9 Rolling farmland with frequent arable is described as a 'rolling landscape with occasional large woodland blocks is often intensively farmed and arable quite frequent’. The hedgerow pattern is irregular. There are some blocks of small fields with frequent hedgerow trees, but also much more open, large tree less, areas with low hedges. This accurately describes the key features in the landscape that forms the setting to the village of Leigh-On-Mendip and immediately surrounds the site. The gently rolling topography, natural vegetation, arable land use and pattern are all noticeable features, with the vegetation being the one component most likely to be affected by development proposals within and around the quarry perimeter. • Landscape Type 10. Irregular slopes and ridges with pasture is described as ‘this is a varied landscape of small, irregular ridges, steep minor valleys, frequent settlement, medium sized fields, small woodlands and frequent hedgerow trees’.

1.15.10. Landscape Character Areas

1.15.11. Refer to Figure 8 – Landscape Character Areas (LCA’s). The site lies within the gently undulating and sometimes flat land of landscape character area A9 Leigh/Binegar/Coleford Slopes, at the northern edge of sub-area A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill.

1.15.12. Immediately to the north lies the adjacent LCA A10 East Mendip Valleys with its sub areas A10.1 Nettlebridge valley to the west and A10.2 The Lower Mells River Valley to the east. To the south-west lies A5 Cranmore Ridge and A11 South East Farmlands lies to the south and east.

1.15.13. Key Characteristics of Landscape Character Area A9 Leigh/Binegar/Coleford Slopes

1.15.14. LCA A9 is described as a complex character that is relatively flat (contains the site) and defined by the Cranmore Ridge to the south. To the north it transitions into open agricultural land of the Northern and Eastern farmlands. • Associated with cloth, and more recently mining and quarrying • Older underlying pattern of farmsteads and sunken lanes • Mixed pattern of irregular, sub rectilinear fields • Good tree cover, with little woodland in contrast to the abundant woodland of the Mells River Valley which it surrounds

1.15.15. Relevant Characteristics of Sub-area A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill

1.15.16. Described as ‘Predominant character is of pasture with substantial hedgerows and hedgerow trees, and with small fields around villages and hamlets, occasionally with horse grazing’. • Irregular shelf adjacent to steep valley. • Mix of flat and undulating land. • Arable on flatter land, lower hedgerows around larger fields. • Pasture surrounded by large hedgerows.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 19 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Frequent hedgerow trees. • Each of the three village has a different effect on the surrounding landscape. Leigh-On-Mendip is spread out along a ridge, with fifteenth century tower a local landmark and visible from the surrounding areas. The use of red roof tiles and white render to newer buildings dominate, older C17, C18th cottages and large houses show older origins.

1.15.17. Relevant Characteristics of Landscape Character Area A5 Cranmore Ridge

1.15.18. This ridge overlooks the River Mells valley to the north; with notable wide (panoramic) views out and the ridge is a prominent feature in views from the surrounding lower ground.

1.16. Summary

1.16.1. The site and its immediate village setting contain several features that strongly contribute to the appearance and character of this landscape. Guidance set out in the NCA will inform the constraints and opportunities, along with detailed fieldwork.

1.16.2. The components and qualities described in Landscape Types 9,10 and landscape Character Areas A9 and A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill and the panoramic views from the A5 Cranmore Ridge form the basis of elements against which the landscape effects of the proposed development will be assessed in Volume 2. • Landscape Type 9 Rolling farmland. Medium sensitivity. • Landscape Type 10 Irregular slopes and ridges with pasture. Medium sensitivity. • Landscape Character Area A9 Leigh/Binegar/Coleford Slopes. Medium sensitivity. • Landscape Character sub-area A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill. Contains landscape elements that are closest and surround the site. High sensitivity. • NCA 141 Mendip Hills. High sensitivity.

1.16.3. Based on planning policy and guidance given in the landscape character assessments new development proposals must consider: • Protecting the geological and mixed-interest Sites of Special Scientific Interest • seek to provide access to geological features, for educational purposes. • Protect the natural hydrology – preserving water flow, water quality and infiltration into the mendip aquifer. • Relating to quarrying (and quarries) seek to reverse the lack of, or inappropriate, management that could threaten areas of habitat and geological and historical interest. • Maintain soil quality, regulating soil erosion. • Minimise light pollution. • Impacts of new development on the ecological network. • The perception of remoteness, naturalness and tranquillity. • The preservation of buildings and landmarks of rural heritage and mining culture. • Protect the inspirational qualities and views (from A5 Cranmore Ridge).

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 20 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 Landscape elements, Qualities, Functions and Character

1.17. General description of the site and landscape setting

1.17.1. Photographs in Figure 10 and 11 illustrate the site and its landscape setting.

1.17.2. The application site is a dormant quarry which is not subject to restoration condition. The quarry has previously been used for the storage and repair of quarry machinery plant equipment. The site is generally rectangular in outline with an existing gated access point and turning area onto the rural road.

1.17.3. The quarry is surrounded by agricultural land in productive use and stands isolated approximately 212m to the north of Leigh-on-Mendip village edge.

1.18. Geology (strata and profile)

1.18.1. The Somerset County Council’s Minerals Plan and Landscape Assessment of Mendip District (May 1997) identifies the site is situated within a band of carboniferous limestone running east-west. To the north lies a band of coal measures. To the south a narrow band of Old Red Sandstone (Cranmore Ridge) with several sites across the district are designated as Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS). The landscape surrounding the site is generally a mix of flat and undulating land.

1.18.2. As examples of scientifically valuable or educationally important rock formations and landforms, RIGS are locally designated are a material consideration under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990.

1.18.3. The site is designated as a Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Site (RIGS). Quarrying has removed the top and subsoils, exposing the limestone cliffs and bedrock. The Local Plan policy (DP4) ‘does not restrict development, however when development is proposed in close proximity to such sites applicants will need to ensure that the qualities of the recorded feature are not compromised’.

1.18.4. The exposed geological features e.g. rock faces, associated habitats and microclimates are highly sensitive and susceptible to adverse change. As landscape receptors the geological appearance, exposure to sunlight and shade are closely interrelated with the type of vegetation and the site’s visible appearance.

1.18.5. Any effects on the exposed strata and geology will be confined to the lower (northern) part of the site itself. The geology is protected by RIGS designation and considered to be of high value with a high susceptibility to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity as High.

1.19. Topography

1.19.1. Refer to Figure 5 – Topography.

1.19.2. The quarry lies within an area of farmland extending across on a natural plateau at approx.181m AOD. The natural topography contains the village at a similar level and gently rises towards the 190m contour in the west.

1.19.3. Internally, the topography in the quarry is defined by two excavated levels with localised deeper levels varying across the quarry floor. Excavation has been deepest in the northern area with ground levels varying between 167 to 165m at its deepest point, to the south the ground varies from 170 to 175m AOD at the entrance onto Quarry Lane. Steep, vertical cliffs with mid terrace form the quarry sides to a height of approximately 180m AOD at the lip. Infilling of the quarry is proposed to produce a level building platform set at 169.50m, a height difference of approximately 11.5m.

1.19.4. Drawing BQ-102A Existing Sections (sheet 1 of 2) submitted as part of the planning submission indicates the quarry’s existing profile.

1.19.5. The value attributed to topography of the site is low (due to previous quarry workings) with a low susceptibility to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity as Low.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 21 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.20. Natural Hydrology

1.20.1. The site lies within Groundwater source protection zone 3 and is a principle bedrock aquifer.

1.20.2. Located on a ridge of Limestone the surrounding land (including the site) is permeable and naturally absorbs rainwater into the aquifer below. The surrounding water courses and ditches are sensitive to changes in farming practice and the use of chemicals.

1.20.3. There is no watercourse or feature that crosses the quarry; however the site is prone to flooding and has on occasion experienced periods of standing water. Development has the potential to alter the natural drainage and percolation of rainwater into the underlying bedrock.

1.20.4. Any effects on hydrology are likely to be contained and directly affect the natural drainage in the site. While the value is low, the hydrological function is susceptible to increase in impermeable surfacing or level changes. This appraisal rates sensitivity as medium.

1.21. Soils

1.21.1. Figures 27 to 32 illustrate the condition of soils found across the site.

1.21.2. The Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) of England and Wales is designed to prevent the loss of England’s best and most versatile land in line with the principles of sustainable development. • The Regional Land Classification Map South West Region (ALC006) indicates the surrounding agricultural land (including the site) is Grade 3 Good to Moderate, with Grade 4 Poor further to the north. • Soils across the site compose exposed bedrock, loose stone and subsoil with fragile topsoil’s extending in patches across the quarry basin. Unimproved lowland calcareous grassland and native scrub indicating poor quality soils are noted within the quarry at the higher level.

1.21.3. Soil quality across the upper levels of the site is largely typical of the local conditions and of moderate value. Within the lower levels the soils have been removed and now virgin limestone / bare rock. The remaining thin fragile soils across the upper levels are considered to be highly valuable as they support habitats with a unique range of flora and fauna unique to this limestone setting and partly contribute to the RIGs designation.

1.21.4. Any effects on topography and soils will be confined to the site itself. The site topography and soils are of moderate value and have a moderate susceptibility to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity as Medium.

1.22. Vegetation (trees, hedges and woodland)

1.22.1. Refer to Figure 2 - Landscape Designations.

1.22.2. The site lies within open countryside. To the north, west and south of the site lies arable farmland. To the east lies Halecome Quarry. Leigh Wood Ancient Woodland approx.250m away to the north-west of the site. Melcome Wood Ancient Woodland is located 380m to the north-east.

1.22.3. The site contains several characteristic components/ attributes highlighted in the LCA, notably: • Native scrub vegetation including larger trees around the perimeter • An area of lowland calcareous grassland which is of high ecological value. • Semi-native broadleaved woodland containing indicative species • Native hedgerows

1.22.4. The Tree Survey and Arboricultural Impact Assessment (AIA November 2020 V1.0) by Hellis Solutions Ltd. Indicates: • Large areas of vegetation and tree cover inside the quarry has self-set over a 45 year period. • All trees across the site and around the perimeter are category C - trees of low quality

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 22 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Tree cover has an anticipated life expectancy of at least 10 years. • Existing trees are considered to be of no material conservation or other cultural value. • These trees offer low or only temporary/ transient landscape benefits. Present in groups or woodland, collectively these trees are not visually important as arboricultural and / or as a landscape features. In terms of collective landscape value, these trees are considered to be of limited landscape and visual value.

1.22.5. The AIA indicates the trees are of low landscape value but with high habitat and screening value, thus providing a degree of inherent mitigation potentially of benefit to several protected and non-protected species of flora and fauna.

1.22.6. The presence of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) within boundary vegetation is showing signs of disease. Fieldwork notes indicate Ash Dieback is present and affecting some areas of the wider woodland. This will influence future visibility with potential loss of screening and a change in the perception of landscape character.

1.23. Other vegetation

1.23.1. The site contains sheer limestone cliff faces with self-seeded ash (Fraxinus excelsior) saplings and butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii) and native scrub. Within and around the perimeter several broadleaved woodland blocks and lines of woodland boundary features.

1.23.2. The Ecological Survey indicates the dominant species of trees within these areas are: Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna),Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Elder (Sambucas nigra), English oak (Quercus robur), Hazel (Corylus avellana), Willow (Salix spp.), Field maple (Acer campestre), Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii). The understory of the woodland blocks was dominated by species such as: wild garlic (Allium ursinum), lesser celandine (Ficaria verna), wood anemone (Anenome nemorosa), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), cleavers (Galium aparine), lords and ladies (Arum maculatum), primrose (Primula vulgaris), ivy (Helix hedera), common nettle (Urtica dioica) and hart’s tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium).

1.23.3. The vegetation supports a wide range of habitats, adding diversity and contributing to the site's Local Wildlife Designation. The semi-broadleaved woodland, native trees and scrub around the upper perimeter are important features of this landscape's character and appearance. The larger trees and hedging around the quarry perimeter are important visual and landscape features. Within the wider agricultural landscape, the views are typically either contained or framed by woodland, hedgerows and individual hedgerow / field trees.

1.23.4. Any effects on vegetation will be confined to the site itself and at the site entrance facing Quarry Lane. The vegetation is of high value and depending on age, stature and species has a moderate to high susceptibility to the type of change proposed.

1.23.5. On balance, this appraisal rates the sensitivity of vegetation viewed collectively as Medium.

1.24. Sensitive ecological areas

1.24.1. Refer to Figure 4 - Ecological Designations.

1.24.2. The site does not fall within any statutory designated areas, however, is designated as a non-statutory Local Wildlife Site. The south-west corner of the site is a designated Local Wildlife Site (LWS) with areas and fragments of Lowland calcareous grassland considered high ecological value. The citation indicates the LWS designated is based on its geological interest and presence of lowland calcareous grassland and semi-native broadleaved woodland and scrub habitats.

1.24.3. The sensitivity of individual and combined habitats, presence of protected species, flora and fauna is outlined in The Ecology Partnership, Preliminary Ecological Appraisal, dated July 2017 submitted with the application.

1.24.4. The site is part of a wider ecological network of sites that contribute to the habitat diversity, scenic qualities and connections that contribute to the surrounding landscape character. Statutory designations within 2km of the site include: • Elford Wood and Meadows SSSI • Mendiip Woodland Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Located approx. 1.4km to the south-east. The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 23 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Mells Valley SAC. (3.3kmn to the west) • Asham Woods and Meadows SSSI. (0.4km to the south-east) • Cookswood Quarry SSSI. (2.2km to the west) • Moons’ Hill Quarry SSSI. (3.8km to the south-west) • Cloford Quarry SSSI. (3.8km to the south east) • Old Ironstone Works, Mells SSSI. (4.8km to the east) • There are also 24 non-statutory sites within 2km of the site, the closest of which are Melcombe Wood Local Wildlife Site (200m to the north-east) and White Hole farm LWS (400m to the north west)

1.24.5. The impacts of development on sensitive ecological habitats is subject to specialist assessment by qualified ecologists and therefore outside the scope of this appraisal.

1.25. Settlements and cultural connections

1.25.1. Quarrying is a highly characteristic feature in the wider landscape with close ties with the surrounding villages. The nearest village of Leigh-on-Mendip is typical of many historic ribbon settlements centred along a main street with rural lanes connecting it to the larger market towns and open countryside. Quarries are typically accessed from narrow rural lanes or main roads and situated not too distant beyond the settlement edge

1.25.2. Within Sub-area A9.1 Leigh-Oakhill the three village has a different effect on the surrounding landscape. Leigh-On- Mendip is spread out along a ridge, with fifteenth century tower a local landmark and visible from the surrounding areas. The use of red roof tiles and white render to newer buildings dominate, older C17, C18th cottages and large houses show older origins.

1.25.3. According to published sources the quarry has had close ties and cultural connections with the village, both today and since 1931 when it first opened, closing in the 1970's. Quarrying in the area has been and continues to be a major feature and defining element in and of this landscape's character and Somerset as a county.

1.25.4. While the village of Leigh-On-Mendip is at a distance from the site, and properties remain unaffected there is a visual connection from inside the site to the tower of St. Gile's Church, but not in the other direction due to the intervening vegetation, buildings and height of the tower. If the vegetation within intervening fields is reduced or lost due to farming practices and/or disease (most notably Ash dieback) the perceived change to the village setting perceived by residents may start to alter.

1.25.5. The sparsely populated character of the landscape (considering the village itself as landscape receptor) is a key feature of the landscape character. Compared to the village, the quarry contains few buildings closely tied to its industrial function.

1.25.6. The village is of high sensitivity with buildings located within the quarry as medium to low sensitivity.

1.26. Roads, lanes and tracks

1.26.1. Quarry Lane and Whitehole Hill is illustrated on the O.S map of 1884 and is very likely to be part of a much older network of rural lanes crossing this landscape.

1.26.2. Both lanes are narrow and generally appear tranquil, attractive and defines by native hedges and trees. The hedge-lined grass verges, trees and vegetation and stone walls are all highly sensitive landscape features that are susceptible to damage by increases in the number of vehicles and HGV movements. The accumulation of dust, mud and wheel erosion can be a common occurrence especially where the lanes are narrow or close to quarry extraction and industry.

1.26.3. The appearance, vegetation type and verge banks that characterise the rural lanes are of high value and susceptible to disease, pollution and damage from increases in traffic movements. This appraisal rates sensitivity of the rural lane network as High.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 24 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.27. Historic Routes (Footpath, Bridleways)

1.27.1. Refer to Figure 7- Public Rights of Way. Several public rights of way (all footpaths) surround the site.

1.27.2. The ancient rights of way (PRoW) network and views from footpaths are an important and integral part of the immediate village setting and parish landscape character. Several footpaths surround the quarry.

1.27.3. Arriving from the south; two footpaths leave the village and converge at the quarry edge. Footpath FR8/21 meets Footpath FR 8/19 which turns due east to run through the south-eastern tip of the site before existing on to Quarry Lane. From this point the highway footpath runs south into the village of Leigh-On-Mendip.

1.27.4. Arriving from the north; three footpaths: FR8/11, FR8/12 and FR8/25 exit onto Lane. Lane runs along the length of the quarry north boundary. • Footpath heading north to north-west from Sparks’ Farm. • Footpath heading north to north-east passes between the site and Halecombe Quarry in the west.

1.27.5. Footpath FR8/21 passes through the southern edge of the site along the higher terrace. The appearance and amenity of this route is illustrated in Figure 25, viewpoint 27.

1.27.6. Since 1884 the surrounding networks of lanes, footpaths and field pattern remains largely the same pattern as today. These are key features that contribute to the landscape’s perception of character.

1.27.7. Historic map progression indicates • from 1884 up to 1949 land to the north of the village comprised of agricultural fields. The excavation of Barns Close Quarry replaced 3 irregular, medium sized fields, enclosed by hedgerows and crossed by three public rights of way (footpaths). • Up to 1958 both footpaths continued in a north east direction across fields (now quarried) to join FR8/25 and Soho (lane), forming a triangle with a third section of path ( now lost entirely).These paths exited onto Quarry Lane and Whitehole Hill connected to footpaths arriving from the north (Soho). • By 1958 the western half of Barns Close Quarry appears with the footpath from Quarry Lane to Soho providing marking the eastern boundary. The field to the east remaining undisturbed. with field undisturbed to east. • Post 1958 the quarry later expanded east into the adjoining field, resulting in the loss of the footpath connection to reach its present-day boundary along Quarry Lane.

1.27.8. The Parish Plan contains a booklet produced by the parish council to assist new residents and visitors keen to explore the local area. The Leigh-On-Mendip Village Access Walks (2015) includes an illustrated plan of the local village walks start from the village. It indicates the Bell Inn is a popular venue for visitors from across Somerset and is a focal point for the community as a whole. Walks starting and returning to the centre of the village linked to the Bell Inn and Church are likely to be popular and well used daily e.g. dog walking and improving health and during weekends.

1.27.9. Two circular walks are indicated, one to the south of the village and the second, a circular walk around Halecombe quarry. Other routes following footpaths to the north (linked to the site) are also shown. Published sources indicate footpaths are have historically surrounding the village and highly valued by residents and visitors. All footpaths bin their alignment, general amenity and in relation to the panorama and nature of each view within 1km of the site are considered to be highly sensitive to change.

1.27.10. Any effects on the historic routes will be confined to the southern half of the site itself and at the site entrance facing Barns Close Lane. With the partial loss of earlier routes (crossing the field that is now quarried) the footpaths (public right of way) are of high value and have a high susceptibility to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity as High.

1.28. Access and recreation

1.28.1. The site is not publicly accessible, except for access along Footpath FR8/21 that passes through the southern edge of the site.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 25 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.29. Historic Features (time-depth)

1.29.1. Refer to Figure 3 - Heritage and Landscape Designations, Figure 4 – Historic Map Progression and Figure 12 – Historic Landscape Characterisation

1.29.2. The closest designations to the site are: • Mells Park. A Registered Park and Garden lies approximately 420m to the east of the site. An C18/C19 park, incorporating a C17 deer park, with early C20 gardens by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll around a country house. The c.140 Ha park extending to the north-east, east, south, and west of Park House which sits at the high point; a plateau overlooking the undulating landscape park and countryside to the west.

1.29.3. Fieldwork indicates there is a lack of intervisibility between Mells Park and the site due to its woodland screening and secluded nature. Due to distance Mells Park will not be taken forward as a landscape or visual receptor.

1.30. Scale

1.30.1. The landscape is dominated by medium scale field pattern. Native hedgerows and frequent hedgerow trees along rural lanes are a key defining characteristic, creating a human sense of scale.

1.30.2. The site is small scale compared to Halecombe and other quarries in the landscape character area. The extent of vegetation around the perimeter make this quarry less visually intrusive helping to reduce its scale.

1.31. Settlement setting (Field Pattern)

1.31.1. The wider landscape contains a mixed pattern of irregular, sub rectilinear fields divided by narrow, winding rural lanes. Arable on flatter land with lower hedgerows enclosing larger fields is in contrast to pasture surrounded by large hedgerows.

1.31.2. Since 1884 the surrounding networks of lanes, footpaths and field pattern remains largely the same pattern as today. These are key features that contribute to the landscape pattern and perception of character.

1.31.3. Any effects on the field pattern are likely to be linked to the effects on the surrounding vegetation, located closest to the site. The field pattern is of moderate value and is located beyond the site indicating a low susceptibility to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity of field pattern as Low.

1.32. Perceptual Qualities: Tranquility, aural, visual

1.32.1. The noise from the operational Halecombe Quarry continues to have a detrimental effect on tranquillity. Away from this area, sounds of nature, appreciation of trees and landscape is more noticeable. The perception of tranquillity appears higher from surrounding footpaths crossing farmland. The regeneration of vegetation around the perimeter of the site (Barns Close Quarry) adds to the overall sense of tranquillity.

1.32.2. Walkers entering the quarry along the public right of way will be aware of its remoteness, with birdsong and natural sounds dominating. The secluded nature and depth of the quarry adding to the sense of remoteness. High levels of tranquillity are a key characteristic of the site largely due to the depth of excavation and sense of enclosure, the absence of people, vegetation and distance from the surrounding lanes.

1.32.3. The sense of tranquillity has been affected by adjacent land uses. Further away from the site and to the west the perception of tranquillity walking through the farming landscape naturally increases. High value with a susceptibility to change beyond the site. This appraisal rates sensitivity as High.

1.33. Perceptual Qualities: Dark night skies

1.33.1. The site lies in a rural setting with limited lighting.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 26 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.33.2. The perception of rural, dark night skies noticed from rural lanes and by residents of the village and from the wider landscape are of high value and depending on the nature and scale of the proposals could be susceptible to change. This appraisal rates sensitivity as High.

1.34. Perceptual Qualities: Openness / enclosure

1.34.1. Within the wider landscape the mix of enclosure and openness is derived from the field pattern and vegetation that surrounds the site. The ‘Predominant character is of pasture with substantial hedgerows and hedgerow trees, and with small fields around villages and hamlets, occasionally with horse grazing’. (LCA 9)

1.34.2. The depth of excavation and rock faces create a strong sense of enclosure, becoming more open and expansive as the ground rises towards the entrance onto Quarry Lane. Views out are largely well contained by sheer rock faces and dense woodland planted around the perimeter. Only at the entrance and at occasional points can the quarry be glimpsed from surrounding lanes.

1.34.3. The strong sense of enclosure, both physical and experientially is a key characteristic feature of the site, is stronger that that found in the wider landscape setting.

1.34.4. The sense of enclosure inside the site is a highly valued attribute value and is highly susceptible to the type of change proposed. This appraisal rates sensitivity as High.

1.35. Perceptual Qualities: Visual / Scenic Beauty

1.35.1. New Development proposals needs to consider views from the A5 Cranmore Ridge: • The notable wide (panoramic) views out from the ridge overlooking the River Mells valley to the north. • The ridge is a prominent feature in views from the surrounding lower ground.

1.36. Summary

1.36.1. The potential impact of development on the following landscape receptors will be covered in Volume 2. Landscape Receptors are: • Geological and exposed strata / features contributing to RIGS designation • Soils • Natural hydrology • Trees and vegetation: − Native scrub vegetation including larger trees around the perimeter − An area of lowland calcareous grassland which is of high ecological value. − Semi-native broadleaved woodland containing indicative species − Native hedgerows • Landscape features associated with the historic rural lane network, specifically Quarry Lane and Whitehole Hill. • Views from surrounding footpaths and public places that include the Church Tower. • Public Rights of Way (Footpath and Bridleways) connecting Leigh-On-Mendip to isolated farmsteads and neighbouring villages • Footpaths and public places that contain views of St. Giles’s church tower. • Perception of Tranquillity and dark rural night skies. • Views from the A5 Cranmore Ridge.

Views The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 27 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04

1.37. Views

1.37.1. The visibility of the site is influenced by the topography of the surrounding area and the presence of features such as buildings and vegetation. The topography of the area is illustrated in Figure 5 is the baseline for the diagram showing the zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) Figure 13. The ZTV is used to guide fieldwork, ruling out areas where the likely proposed development would be screened by landform.

1.38. General description of visibility

1.38.1. The site is well screened from the surrounding footpaths, the settlement, and roads. The tree cover and vegetation around the perimeter forms a backdrop to the surrounding fields and is seen from certain directions as a mound of woodland against the skyline. There are some sensitive view receptors within and close to the quarry on its southern edge. These footpaths are illustrated on Figure 7: Public Rights of Way (close).

1.38.2. The generated Zone of Theoretical Visibility map (see Figure 13 ZTV) takes the 11.5m level difference and the height of new buildings into account.

1.39. Specific viewpoints (refer to Figures 13 and 14)

1.39.1. Viewpoints represent as wide a range of situations as possible within the area of possible visibility as defined by the ZTV and include identified important views, sequential views along key routes, and views representative of a range of contexts and view receptors, at a range of distances. Close views are defined as those located between 0m and 1km, mid-range views between 2km and 3km, and distant views greater than 3km. The visual study zone has been limited to 3 km, beyond which views are unlikely to be affected.

1.39.2. Figure 14 indicates the location of photographic viewpoints. Figures 15-26 set out photographs annotated to describe the distance of the viewpoint from the site, the direction of the view. Further information is given on the nature of the viewpoint (e.g. within the conservation area or an industrial estate), type and relative numbers of visual receptors and the visibility of the existing site below. The potential visibility of the proposed development and any seasonal changes to that visibility are also described next to each photograph and this informs the emerging development proposals. This forms the visual baseline.

1.39.3. Fieldwork has found that the site is well-screened by vegetation, intervening buildings including the village and undulations in the local topography. Walkers and drivers beyond the 1km zone will not be aware of the site or development within.

1.39.4. The effect on views relating to private houses are excluded from the visual appraisal (see methodology appendix 1). The ZTV indicates a small number of properties may experience a change in view, depending on the height and type development, they include: • ‘Greenshutters’ off Quarry Lane. Located on the eastern edge of the site, surrounded by woodland potential views from downstairs and upstairs windows and garden would need to be separately assessed. This would require access to be arranged. • Soho Cottage. Looking from the NE (this view is represented in Figure 19, viewpoint 11) • Sparks’ Farm (this view is represented in Figure 19, viewpoint 11) • Properties off Bellfield. Located to the south of the site potential views from upstairs windows and garden would need to be separately assessed.

1.40. Receptor Sensitivity

1.40.1. Mendip District Council’s Local Plan provides applicants with LVIA guidance on determining sensitivity in relation to different users. It states:

• ‘Understanding the character quality and value of the landscape determines the sensitivity of that landscape to accommodate change through development. The sensitivity of receptors (people) to changes in view is

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 28 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 dependent upon the activity, location and nature of the view experienced. • ‘People engaged in outdoor sports or occupiers of commercial buildings are considered to be of low sensitivity, with road users, footpath users and views from upper storeys of residential properties of medium sensitivity. Residents experiencing views from principal rooms and people visiting well-known beauty spots are considered of high sensitivity to change.’

1.40.2. This is reflected in the terra firma methodology on sensitivity and receptors given in Appendix 1.

1.41. Views from published village walks

1.41.1. Local Village Walks

1.41.2. The welcome pack produced by the Parish Council contains a map promoting several local walks of interest in and around the village, highlighting places of interest, including the dramatic viewpoint and panorama overlooking Halecombe Quarry. Easily accessible and generally flat the walks around the village are likely to be well used and highly valued by both residents and visitors starting from the Bell Inn.

1.41.3. Views from the east (viewpoints 14, 15, 18 and 20)

1.41.4. These photographs are representative of the circular walk around Halecombe Quarry, returning to the village via the footpath (illustrated in viewpoint 20 and 21). Receptors are likely to be walkers, residents and dog walkers. Views from the east are of Medium sensitivity.

1.41.5. Views from the south, leaving the village edge (viewpoints 22-27)

1.41.6. These views represent a progression along village walk. Leaving the village to the north, two footpaths lead directly to the edge of Barns Close Quarry. Starting from Leigh Street the routes pass by the popular Bell Inn and St Giles’s Church (illustrated in viewpoints 22-25, 27). Receptors are likely to be visitors to the popular Bell Inn, weekend walkers, residents and dog walkers. The views experienced approaching from the south are of Medium sensitivity.

1.42. Views from surrounding footpaths

1.42.1. Views from the north and north west (viewpoints 7, 10,12 and 13)

1.42.2. Other local walks include a mix of footpaths and sections of the surrounding rural lanes. Receptors are likely to be weekend walkers, residents and dog walkers. The views experienced approaching from the north and north west are of Medium sensitivity.

1.42.3. Views from the west (viewpoints 25 and 26)

1.42.4. Two footpaths pass to the west (of the site), heading north crossing Whitehole Hill (lane) and through Leigh Wood an area of Ancient woodland. Receptors are likely to be weekend walkers, residents and dog walkers. The views experienced approaching from the west are of Medium sensitivity.

1.42.5. Views from the south east (viewpoint 2)

1.42.6. Other local walks include a mix of footpaths and sections of the surrounding rural lanes. Receptors are likely to be walkers passing through or exploring the wider area. Sensitivity is medium. Fieldwork confirms that from Knap Hill and footpath on the edge of 1km views of the site are obscured by dense tree cover. The views experienced approaching from the south east are of Medium sensitivity.

1.42.7. Views from the south (Viewpoints 3 and 4)

1.42.8. Receptors are likely to be walkers using the PRoW’s passing through or exploring the wider area. Sensitivity is medium. Views of the site from footpath FR8/33 linked to Old Wells Road on the edge of 1km. Only the upper canopy of the woodland surrounding the site is visible in the far distance. The views experienced approaching from the south are of Medium sensitivity.

The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 29 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 1.42.9. Views from Higher ground to south west (Cranmore Ridge)

1.42.10. Receptors are likely to be walkers and drivers passing through or exploring the wider area. Drivers are less aware of their surroundings with attention on the road ahead. The views appreciated from Cranmore Ridge to the south west are of Medium sensitivity.

1.43. Views from surrounding rural lanes

1.43.1. Views from Soho (viewpoint 1)

1.43.2. Receptors are likely to be drivers either passing through the village, or leaving and returning to the village from work. Drivers are less aware of their surroundings with attention on the road ahead. The rural lanes may be used to a lesser extent by residents out walking the dog or the occasional walker crossing Whitehill Lane to reach the next footpath. The views experienced from the lane are of Low sensitivity.

1.43.3. Views from Whitehole Hill (viewpoints 8, 9 and 11)

1.43.4. A rural lane that passes by the northern edge of the site. Receptors are drivers either leaving and returning to the village from work or visitors passing through. The occasional walker may be using the narrow lane to reach another PRoW. Drivers are less aware of their surroundings with attention on the road ahead. The views experienced from the lane are of medium to Low sensitivity.

1.43.5. View from Blacker’s lane to the west and south west (viewpoints 5 and 6).

1.43.6. Receptors are Receptors are likely to be drivers along the rural lanes and occasional walkers using the PRoW’s exploring the wider landscape. The views experienced from the west and south west are of medium to low sensitivity.

1.43.7. Views from Quarry Lane (viewpoints 16, 17, 19 and 21)

1.43.8. A rural lane enclosed by dense vegetation, and overgrown hedgerow that passes the eastern side of the site. Sections by the main entrance is open to full view (viewpoint 19). Receptors are drivers either leaving and returning to the village from work or visitors passing through, drivers exiting the Depot opposite and walkers arriving from the village along the roadside path or on footpath FR8/21 as it leaves the site entrance.

1.43.9. Walkers will be most aware of changes for a longer duration and will experience changes in the existing views, the movements of vehicles at close range and to a lesser extent an awareness of new buildings introduced at mid- range. Drivers are less likely to be aware of the change in their of surroundings with attention on the road and junction ahead (low sensitivity) with views taken at speed. On balance the appraisal should be based on the effects experienced by the walker rather than the more frequent driver.

1.43.10. On balance, the views experienced from the entrance (and footpath where it exits the quarry) are of medium sensitivity.

Summary of key design drivers, constraints and opportunities

1.44. Design Evolution. Initial Advice to the Client and Design Team

1.44.1. Issues arising from a review of the baseline information, planning policy and fieldwork photographs have been discussed, and a review of the opportunities and constraints will be used to inform the design development process going forward.

1.44.2. To meet with planning policy the business park development proposals will need to address: • Importance of the Mendip aquifer. Water flow, water quality and protection of the aquifer • Protecting the geological and mixed-interest Sites of Special Scientific Interest • quarrying (and quarries) the lack of, or inappropriate, management that could threaten areas of habitat and geological and historical interest. The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 30 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 • Maintaining soil quality, regulating soil erosion • Minimizing light pollution • The ecological network • sense of remoteness and tranquillity • sense of naturalness of the area • rural heritage and culture • access to geological features; for education. • inspirational qualities and views

1.45. Key Drivers

1.45.1. The recommendation is to seek opportunities in the design of the development layout to deliver benefits to the ecosystem services and meet National Character Area SEO’s (strategic environment objectives) and where feasible, seek to deliver the objectives in the VDS (see 1.12.3).

1.45.2. Key drivers: • enhance the network of nationally and internationally important sites and semi-natural habitats associated with the distinctive geology and topography • Retain a presence of the past industrial archaeology / heritage – whether through exposed quarry faces and terraces or repurposing old mine buildings and structure that are tied closely to the history and culture of the area. • Regulate soil erosion, retaining stabilising vegetation where possible. • Introduce areas of standing water. • Replant Ash woodland (at risk from disease) with other suitable alternative spp. and expand areas of existing calcareous grassland, linking to other habitats where possible. • Consider ways to enable ecosystems able to adapt to climate change • Restore, expand and link existing fragmented areas of broadleaved woodland to create a coherent, resilient ecological network. • Increase opportunities for cycling, walking and other quiet recreational sports. • Maintain the complex field / hedgerow pattern and access to good quality airy pasture • Protect the sunken rural lanes. Promote sympathetic management of species-rich grassland on road verges and tracks • Appropriate management of neglected woodlands for biodiversity and landscape value

1.46. Opportunities and Constraints

1.46.1. The outcome of the desktop analysis and fieldwork has raised several key issues, constraints and opportunities. To aid the next stage of design guidance on the constraints and opportunities are given below, to be read I conjunction with Figure 27 Constraints Plan and Figure 28 Opportunities Plan.

1.47. Issues to consider

1.47.1. Issues identified include: a) Compliance with RIGS Designation. Further guidance is required from MDC, Natural England and specialist consultants as to the extent of change permitted. b) There is a need to protect the appearance, vegetation and verges that line the narrow country lanes. Quarry Lane and historic sunken lanes linking the surrounding local villages are important elements to protect intact. c) Proposals that could lead to an increase in traffic, whether it is from cars or lorries is a major issue for the The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 31 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 residents of Leigh-On-Mendiip. Any increase in vehicles is likely to influence the relative tranquillity, sensitive habitats along verges along narrow country lanes and historic features such as sunken lanes, removal of mature hedgerows, individual hedgerow trees to accommodate sightlines. These types of change are likely to have an adverse effect on the landscape character. d) Materials and colour applied to buildings in this landscape can be viewed as both a constraint and opportunity. In this locality colour and building material will be an important aspect of the design to consider. The Leigh-On- Mendip the Village Design Statement highlighted in the Parish Plan provides guidance and detailed investigation into the local building vernacular. The VDS includes a detailed analysis of the materials and colour, which in turn reflects important qualities of the surrounding landscape to guide future new development and property alterations. The use of light render, natural stone including ashlar would reinforce the local landscape character and be consistent with the other buildings locally and the village. e) The village and surrounding landscape may contain hidden archaeology. Further investigations to determine the potential risk relating to the site is advised.

1.48. Constraints a) Compliance with RIGS Designation. The recommendation is to retain sections of the exposed quarry face unaltered where possible. Retention minimizing disturbance to the existing habitat and vegetation structure. b) Existing areas of high value calcareous grassland and management requirements set out in The Ecology Partnership Report. c) Badger set: 30m buffer applies d) The protection and retention of native hedgerows, hedgerow trees and grass verges that contribute to the characteristic medium scale field pattern and appearance of Whitehole Hill and Quarry Lane. e) Domestic, ornamental forms of planting should be strongly resisted to avoid introducing alien plant species. The placement and type of new planting shall be mindful of altering the effects of microclimate, sunlight, hydrology and severing links between sensitive habitats. Planting will need to comprise entirely of native species. This is to protect the rural character and the sensitivities associated with the areas of Ancient Woodland in the locality f) The placement and type of new buildings shall be mindful of altering the effects on the microclimate and hydrology.

1.49. Opportunities (inherent mitigation)

1.49.1. Inclusion as additional mitigation would be beneficial to maintaining and enhancing the natural capital and protecting the qualities of landscape character. e) Any proposals on the terrace and around / immediately beyond the quarry perimeter - the use of native hedgerows, individual trees (not woodland) would help reinforce landscape character. f) Create new areas of calcareous grassland within the site, linked to existing areas. g) To recharge the aquifer using sustainable attenuation measures e.g. shedding rainwater from hard surfaces (paving, car parking areas) into shallow hollows and ditches; collecting / retain rainwater allowing it to percolate through the exposed bedrock. This may also add to and benefit the habitat diversity. h) Within the quarry, tree, shrub, and scrub planting should comprise entirely of native species. i) On the buildings the use of green and blue roof technologies, addressing ecosystem services e.g. sustainable drainage, water collection, habitat creation and mitigating any potential effects on amenity of footpaths overlooking the quarry. j) Fieldwork has confirmed that the new buildings below ground level will be largely seen at close range and from above. This presents an opportunity to design buildings that are of bold, contemporary design, yet showcase the use of local vernacular materials and reflect guidance on the colour palette, creating a new modern vernacular style that perhaps would be not be appropriate if located elsewhere, in full view above ground level. k) Retain buildings that reflect the area’s industrial heritage.

1.50. Opportunities (considered as enhancements)

1.50.1. Consider the following enhancements: The terra firma Consultancy Volume 1 Landscape and Visual Evidence 32 Ltd. www.terrafirmaconsultancy.co m Barns Close Quarry Business and Technology Park, Leigh on Mendip Landscape and Visual Evidence and Impact Appraisal Revision 04 a) Consider proposals that could enhance the quality of the wider PRoW network linked to the village. Improvements to surfacing, signage, kissing gate (not stiles) and interpretation. b) Provide a new circular walk within the quarry linked to the existing footpath network for use by workers initially and later dedicated for use by the public. Link the route to local walks starting at the Bell Inn and Church. c) Set aside an area of the quarry for residents to undertake a wildlife creation project; in partnership with landowner (Parish Plan aspiration) d) New bridleway e) Repurpose buildings of industrial heritage; options could include the creation of small visitor centre showcasing the quarries geological and flora points of interest, future café, picnic area. f) Permanent body of water; with depressions to aid attenuation and percolation aimed at diversifying the range of habitats.

1.51. Ecological Mitigation

1.51.1. Consider the following enhancements: a) Use native species of local provenance in landscaping schemes. b) Areas of the woodland on site be retained to maintain habitat and ecological connectivity and green corridors around the site. c) Additional tree planting be carried out along the boundaries of the site to enhance green corridors and provide additional habitat in line with local planning policy. Species of value to wildlife should be used including oak (Quercus sp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), hazel (Corylus avellana), beech (Fagus sylvatica), wild cherry (Prunus avium), apple (Malus sp.), field maple (Acer campestre), elder (Sambucus nigra), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and yew (Taxus baccata). d) The lowland calcareous grassland areas on site should be retained and enhanced. Management to include removal of encroaching scrub removal and sensitive mowing regime has been advised. e) Log Piles. Number to be determined. f) Nest boxes hung on the buildings or surrounding mature trees: Schwegler 1N Deep Nest Box, Schwegler 1B Bird Box and Schwegler Bird House. Number to be determined.

1.52. Residual mitigation measures

1.52.1. These would be dealt with separately, should ‘significant’ visual and landscape effects arising from this development be identified.

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References • National Character Assessment (NCA, 2014) • National Design Guide, Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2019) • National Planning Policy Framework (2019) • National Design Guide (2019) • The Landscape Institute and IEMA ‘Guidelines for landscape and visual impact assessment’ 3rd Edition (2013) • The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage: ’Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland’ (2002) • Residential Visual Amenity Assessment (RVAA), Landscape Institute • Natural England: ‘Agricultural Land Classification mapping’ (2010) • MAGIC website • Leigh on Mendip Parish Plan 2006 • Somerset Minerals Plan up to 2030, (Adopted 2015), Somerset County Council • Local Plan Part 1: 2006-2029 (Adopted December 2014) and the emerging Local Plan part 2, Mendip District Council. • Leigh-On-Mendip Parish Plan (2006) • Leigh-On-Mendip Village Design Statement (VDS) • National Character Assessments: (2014), NCA 141 Mendip Hills, Natural England • Landscape Assessment of Mendip District (May 1997), Mendip District Council • Historic O.S maps; National Library of Scotland • British History Online: Leigh-On-Mendip • www.quarryfaces.org.uk • The Ecology Partnership, Preliminary Ecological Appraisal, dated July 2017

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Appendix 1: LVE Methodology

1. Scope and methodology of study

1.1. Scoping of the study The geographical scope of the landscape baseline includes the site itself and parts of the area immediately surrounding the site deemed by The terra firma Consultancy as likely to be impacted by the proposals. The landscape character of the wider area, as described by landscape character assessments carried out at national, regional and district level has been reviewed and used as context. A detailed character assessment of the site and its immediate setting has been carried out as part of this study. The geographical scope of the visual study was established through the creation of a computer-generated zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) which ruled out some areas where landform would block views. The remaining areas of potential visibility were then checked in the field by visiting publicly accessible areas and photographs were taken to record views towards the site. 1.2. Methodology Guidance This study has been undertaken in a systematic fashion based on the ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment’ 3rd Edition (Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment and The Landscape Institute, 2013), referred to in this report as GLVIA3 and Natural England’s An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment (2014). 1.3. Desktop research The desktop survey included the review of OS maps, aerial photography, landscape character assessment documents and related planning policy, as well as the applicant’s development brief and reports by other consultants on the team. 1.4. Method statements The photographic survey was undertaken in spring / summer, meaning that vegetation was with leaf cover, therefore not able to demonstrate ‘worst-case’ visibility in winter. Where seasonal changes in screening are relevant this has been noted in the photograph descriptions. The ZTV was created in ArcMap by importing a georeferenced Ordnance Survey (OS) map base and bare-earth digital terrain model (DTM). The DTM shows only landform and does not account for structures or vegetation which rise above ground level and potentially screen views. Points were added to represent heights of proposed built form in several locations across the site. Running a viewshed analysis then showed areas from which a 1.65m height viewer could potentially see proposed built form with no structures or vegetation blocking views. Areas with potential views of the proposed development have been visited (where publicly accessible) and photographs taken to record the nature of views. Any areas from which there was no visibility were ruled out of the fieldwork. It should be noted that the establishment of a ZTV is a potentially misleading exercise, showing an indiscriminate level of visibility using a ‘bare earth’ scenario, without consideration for vegetation and built form that may often prevent views, and takes no account of the extent of accessible viewpoints. It is a desktop exercise, a tool to inform the scope of fieldwork that has then to be tested in the field to check the reality of the situation. An LVE and LVIA should be proportional to the nature of the proposals to which it relates and there may be no need to carry out a ZTV exercise. This should be judged on a p r o j e c t by project basis, in consultation with the Local Planning Authority if necessary, when agreeing the scope of the study.

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2. Evaluation criteria for Landscape Sensitivity

2.1. Reporting on the landscape baseline The landscape baseline report should: • Map, describe and illustrate the character of the landscape by appropriate means; • Identify landscape based designations and others (conservation, heritage etc.) that may be impacted by the development; • Identify and describe the individual elements and aesthetic and perceptual aspects of the landscape that contribute to the character; • Indicate the condition of the landscape; • Establish the relative value of the landscape as attached to it by society.

2.2. Landscape receptors The landscape receptors need to be identified; these are components of the landscape such as individual elements or features, qualities or landscape character that are likely to be affected by the scheme. These character areas are as determined by field work (Local Landscape Character Areas; LLCA) or identified in published Landscape Character Assessments at District level or higher as relevant). 2.3. Sensitivity of landscape receptor The sensitivity of the landscape or feature of the landscape as a receptor needs to be established. This is determined by combining judgements on value with those on susceptibility to type of change or type of development proposed.

2.3.1. Determining value of landscape receptor Value can be understood through relevant landscape designations, the use of available landscape character assessments (as a starting point) and information on status of features (such as conservation areas and tree preservation orders). The basis for judgements should be linked back to evidence from the baseline study. A range of other factors can also help in the identification of value: • Landscape quality (condition) of physical state: includes extent to which typical character is represented, intactness and condition of individual elements • Function as an ecosystem service • Scenic quality: level of appeal primarily to the senses (not wholly visual) • Rarity: presence of individual elements or features, or rare Landscape Character Type • Representativeness: where a particular character, or element / feature is considered particularly important example • Conservation interests: where features of interest add value to landscapes such as wildlife, archaeological, or historical / cultural interest. These can have value in their own right. • Society: the relative value attached to the landscape by society, either formally or informally. • Perception: recognition of perceptual aspects such as scenic beauty or tranquillity • Associations: connections to art, literature or events that contribute to perception of value and material available on local or community interests.

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Judgements on value should be determined on a scale of high, medium or low:

High value, with acknowledged or perceived positive character and quality, multi- HIGH functional ecosystem services provision

Moderate value, with acknowledged or perceived positive character and quality that may have been reduced through alteration or degradation of character or features, some provision of ecosystem services. LOW Low value, without acknowledged or perceived positive character and quality, little or no provision of ecosystem services.

2.3.2. Determining the landscape receptor’s susceptibility to type of change Susceptibility to change is the ability of the landscape receptor to accommodate the type of change or type of proposed development without undue consequence for the maintaining of the baseline situation, or the achievement of landscape planning policy or strategies. The basis for judgements should be linked back to evidence from the baseline study. Judgements on susceptibility to change should be determined on a scale of high, medium or low:

Not able to accommodate proposed type of change or type of development HIGH susceptibility to change without detrimental consequences to the baseline situation or landscape planning policies and strategies.

Moderately susceptible to change; may be able to accommodate proposed type of change or type of development without detrimental consequences to the baseline situation or landscape planning policies and strategies.

Low susceptibility to change; able to accommodate proposed type of LOW susceptibility to change change or type of development without undue consequences to the baseline situation or landscape planning policies and strategies.

2.3.3. Level of sensitivity of landscape receptor By combining judgements on value with those on susceptibility to type of change or type of development proposed, the level of sensitivity of a landscape receptor should be defined as high, medium or low. Where judgements on value and susceptibility to change differ (e.g. value may be high, with a medium susceptibility to change) professional judgement will be used to determine the overall sensitivity.

3. Evaluation criteria for visual sensitivity

3.1. Reporting on the visual baseline • The visual baseline report should: • Identify the area in which the development may be visible; • Identify the different groups of people who may experience views of the development; • Identify representative viewpoints where views will be affected and the nature of those views, including where these are within the site area; • Identify any recognized viewpoints (known viewpoints in the landscape); • Identify any views characteristic of the landscape character area; • Identify any illustrative viewpoints (that might identify a particular effect or issue).

3.2. Photographs Photographs were taken using a Nikon D5300 digital SLR camera at a 35mm focal length using a 18-55mm variable zoom lens set at a focal length of 35mm and / or 50mm fixed focal length lens, which is accepted as being equivalent to a fixed 50mm

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lens on a non-digital SLR, which is in turn generally accepted to most closely represent views seen with the naked eye. It has been noted against photographs where a wide-angle focal length setting was used in order to show close up foreground views, or where a zoom setting was used to show more detail in a distant view. 3.3. Visual receptors The visual receptors need to be identified; these are the people within the area who will be affected by the changes in views and visual amenity. 3.4. Sensitivity of the visual receptor The sensitivity of the visual receptor needs to be established. This is determined by combining judgements on value of a particular view with those on susceptibility to type of change or type of development proposed. Addendum: terra firma has taken into account the instruction received from the Mendip District Council’s Local Plan regarding a person’s level of sensitivity (see paragraph 1.38.1 in this report). It reduces the sensitivity of walkers to medium due to being located outside a none designated, high value landscape e.g. AONB or National Park. It states walkers have a moderate susceptible to change in general due to a moderate level of interest in the surrounding landscape. To compare, the terra firma methodology puts walkers at a higher level of susceptibility and high level of interest as they are engaged in outdoor recreation with the attention or interest focused on the landscape irrespective of its value, naturally leading to a higher level of sensitivity. The medium sensitivity applied to comply with the Local plan requirements may reduce the level of visual effect and impact.

3.4.1. Determining value of visual receptor This is a judgement of value attached to the particular view, through planning designations, recognition of historic, tourism or cultural value, or through community or perceived value. The basis for judgements should be linked back to evidence from the baseline study. Judgements on value should be determined on a scale of high, medium or low:

HIGH High value within a high quality landscape, or a recognized viewpoint (at any level from local to national).

Moderate value within a medium quality landscape.

LOW Low value within a low quality landscape.

3.4.2. Determining the visual receptor’s susceptibility to type of change Judgements are dependent on the occupation or activity of people experiencing the views and the extent their attention or interest is likely to be focused on the on views and the visual amenity they experience at particular locations. Judgements on susceptibility to change should be determined on a scale of high, medium or low:

Visual receptors particularly susceptible to change in general due to a high level of interest in the surrounding landscape. Receptors most susceptible to HIGH change are likely to include residents at home, people engaged in outdoor recreation whose attention or interest is likely to be focused on the landscape, visitors to heritage assets where the landscape contributes to the experience and communities where views contribute to the landscape setting enjoyed by residents in the area.

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Visual receptors moderately susceptible to change in general due to a moderate level of interest in the surrounding landscape. Person’s travelling by road, rail and transport routes are likely to fall into a category of moderate susceptibility to change, however where travel involved scenic routes this is likely to increase as awareness of views is heightened.

Visual receptors with a low susceptibility to change in general due to a low level of interest in the surrounding landscape. Receptors least susceptible include people engaged in outdoor sport or recreation that does not involve or depend appreciation of views and people at their place of work where attention is not focused on their surroundings

LOW

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3.4.3. Level of sensitivity of the visual receptor By combining judgements on value of view with those on susceptibility to type of change or type of development proposed, the level of sensitivity of a visual receptor should be defined as high, medium or low. Where judgements on value and susceptibility to change differ (e.g. value may be high, with a medium susceptibility to change) professional judgement will be used to determine the overall sensitivity.

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Appendix 2: Figures

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