AU-NATO Collaboration: Implications and Prospects Foreword by H.E. Dr. Mbuya Isaac G. Munlo, Ambassador of the Republic of Malawi to the African Union, the Economic Commission of Africa, and Ethiopia Edited by Brooke A. Smith-Windsor NATO DEFENSE COLLEGE and INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY STUDIES AU-NATO Collaboration: Implications and Prospects Foreword by H.E. Dr. Mbuya Isaac G. Munlo, Ambassador of the Republic of Malawi to the African Union, the Economic Commission of Africa, and Ethiopia Edited by Brooke A. Smith-Windsor NATO DEFENSE COLLEGE NATO Defense College Cataloguing in Publication-Data: “AU-NATO Collaboration: Implications and Prospects” (NATO Defense College “NDC Forum Papers Series”) Forum Paper edited by Brooke A. Smith-Windsor Copy-editing: Mary Di Martino ISBN: 978-88-96898-08-6 The views expressed in this NDC Forum Paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the NATO Defense College, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Institute for Security Studies, or any of the institutions represented by the contributors. Extracts of this NDC Forum Paper may be quoted or reprinted without special permission for academic purposes, provided that a standard source credit line is included. Extracts may be copied, republished or posted on the World Wide Web only subject to prior written permission from the NATO Defense College. © NDC 2013 all rights reserved Limited copies of this NDC Forum Paper are available and may be obtained directly from the NATO Defense College, Research Division Via Giorgio Pelosi, 1 - 00143 Rome, Italy Fax +39-06-50 52 57 97 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ndc.nato.int Printed and bound by DEd'A srl Viale dello Scalo San Lorenzo 55, 00185 Rome, Italy www.dedaedizioni.com AU-NATO COLLABORATION: IMPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS Table of Contents List of Figures, Maps and Tables p. 6 Contributors p. 7 List of Acronyms p. 13 Foreword p. 15 Acknowledgements p. 17 INTRODUCTION 1. Building an AU-NATO Partnership for the 21st Century Brooke A. Smith-Windsor p. 18 PART 1: AU-NATO Relations in Perspective 2. NATO and the AU Partnership: The Challenge of Risk Management in a Global Age Christopher Coker p. 39 3. AU-NATO Collaboration: Defining the Issues from an African Perspective Bola A. Akinterinwa p. 50 4. The AU and NATO: What Manner of Partnership? J. Shola Omotola p. 66 4 5. Prospects for AU-NATO Cooperation Markus Kaim p. 77 6. Forging and Charting a Judicious and Realistic Partnership: Rethinking the Interfaces between the African Union and NATO Kumbirai Hodzi p. 88 7. Critical Alliances for Africa’s Future: AU-NATO Cooperation and the Implementation of the Peace and Security Architecture Christopher L. Daniels p. 100 PART 2: Lessons from Libya 8. The 2011 NATO Military Intervention in Libya: Implications for the African Union Kay Mathews p. 113 9. Paternalism or Partnership? The AU-NATO Relationship and the Libyan Crisis: Implications for Security Governance in Africa Adesoji Adeniyi p. 122 10. NATO Military Operations in Libya in Relation to International Humanitarian Law Christian Kabati p. 135 11. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Intervention in Libya and its Political and Legal Implications for the Peace and Security Architecture of the African Union: A View from Africa Mehari Taddele Maru and Solomon Ayele Dersso p. 146 5 PART 3: Crafting a Collaborative Counter- Piracy Regime 12. Towards an Enduring Counter-Piracy Partnership: Prospects for AU-NATO Cooperation James Marcus Bridger p. 167 13. The Maritime Dimension of AU-NATO Relations: the Case of the Gulf of Guinea José Francisco Pavia p. 184 PART 4: The Challenge of External Actors' Engagement 14. The Transatlantic Partnership and the AU: Complementary and Coordinated Efforts for Peace and Security in Africa? Sally Khalifa Isaac p. 209 15. NATO and the EU as AU Partners for Peace and Security in Africa: Prospects for Coordinated and Mutually Reinforcing Approaches Kai Schaefer p. 229 16. Canadian Interests in Building Cooperation Between NATO and the African Union Alexander Moens and Jimmy Peterson p. 246 Annex I: North Atlantic Treaty p. 265 Annex II: Constitutive Act of the African Union p. 270 Selected Bibliography p. 288 Index p. 302 6 List of Figures, Maps and Tables Figure 7.1 Troops Airlifted by NATO into Sudan p. 102 Figure 7.2 Key Events in the 2011 NATO Libyan Intervention p. 107 Figure 7.3 Results of Previous REC - Led Interventions p. 108 Figure 12.1 Attacks by Somali Pirates 2003-2011 p. 168 Figure 12.2 Counter-Piracy Expenditures by National Governments 2011 p. 174 Map 13.1 Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa (MOWCA) p. 190 Map 13.2 Extraction of Main Mineral Resources - Africa p. 191 Map 13.3 Oil and Gas Fields in Africa p. 193 Map 13.4 2011 Incidents of Maritime Piracy p. 195 Map 13.5 Cocaine Trafficking p. 196 Map 13.6 Somalian Piracy p. 205 Map 14.1 Countering Piracy in the HOA - Area of Responsibility p. 222 Table 14.1 Transatlantic Support for the APSA p. 212 Table 14.2 EU Operations in Support to Africa p. 219 Table 14.3 NATO Operations in Support to Africa p. 220 7 Contributors Adesoji Adeniyi is a researcher and analyst on peace, security and development. His primary focus is on sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific perspective on governance and security, post-electoral violence, conflict analysis, environmental security, resource conflicts and peace building. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Leeds (United Kingdom), and holds additional postgraduate degrees in Political Science and International Relations from the University of Lagos (Nigeria) and the University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). Bola Akinterinwa is a Sorbonnard (PhD) and the Director-General of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). He has in the past served as the Special Assistant to Nigeria’s Ministers of Foreign and Internal Affairs. Professor Akinterinwa is a member of several professional organizations, including the Nigerian Society of International Law, the Nigerian Political Science Association, and the African Association of Political Science. He was formerly the Editorial Page Editor of, and a Monday/Sunday Columnist (Vie Internationale) with, the ThisDay newspaper. From 1989 to 1994, Professor Akinterinwa served as the Editor of the Nigerian Journal of International Affairs. James Marcus Bridger is a Maritime Security Consultant with Delex Systems Inc. He holds a Master’s degree from the University of Toronto, where his thesis focused on the foreign relations of Somaliland. As a maritime and African security analyst, formerly affiliated to the Atlantic Council of Canada, his research interests include Somali piracy, foreign intervention in Somalia and transnational insurgent groups in the Sahel. Mr. Bridger is the recipient of generous research funding from the Canadian Department of National Defence. He has previously worked as a teacher and educational program coordinator in Cape Town, Republic of South Africa. 8 Christopher Coker is a Professor of International Relations and Head of Department at the London School of Economics (LSE), a former Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian Staff College and a Visiting Professor to a number of institutes, including the National Institute of Defence Studies (Tokyo) and the Rajaratnam Centre (Singapore). Professor Coker is a serving member of the Washington Strategy Seminar, the Brenthurst Foundation (Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa) and the Moscow School of Politics. He is the author of many books, including Warrior Geeks: how technology is changing the way we fight and think about war (2012), War in an Age of Risk (2009), Warrior Ethos (2007) and NATO, the Warsaw Pact and Africa (1985). Christopher Daniels is a Professor of Political Science in the Center for Global Security and International Affairs at Florida A&M University. He received his PhD in African Studies from Howard University, and has conducted research on security, governance and economic development in several countries across the African continent. His previous assignments include working with the Department of State in the Bureau of African Affairs at the United States Embassy in Maseru, Lesotho. Solomon Ayele Dersso is a Senior Researcher at the Peace and Security Council Report Program of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). An Adjunct Professor of human rights law with the Institute for Human Rights and the Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University, he holds a PhD in international human rights and constitutional law from the University of Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa. His current research focus includes legal and institutional developments in Africa concerning human rights, democracy, and peace and security; the dynamics of human security; and global governance, with a focus on the AU’s role and its relations with other actors. 9 Kumbirai Hodzi is a London-based academic and researcher in the areas of rule of law, democracy and peace and security, with a focus on the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. He is also a practising international relations lawyer, and a doctoral candidate in Security Studies at the University of London. Mr. Hodzi has served on the Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe, and has been actively involved in pro-democracy civic organizations, including the SADC chapters of Transparency International, Lawyers for Human Rights and the Media Defence Committee. Sally Khalifa Isaac is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt. She is currently a Visiting Scholar at the Research College: The Transformative Power of Europe (KFG), at the Freie Universität Berlin in Germany. Dr. Isaac holds a BSc degree in Political Science from Cairo University, and a PhD in International History from the University of Milan. Her publications centre on US-Egyptian relations, European-Mediterranean relations, NATO-Arab relations, NATO- African relations, and Egyptian domestic and foreign policies.