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Pluripotent Muse Cells Derived from Human Adipose Tissue

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Pluripotent Muse Cells Derived from Human Adipose Tissue Simerman et al. Clinical and Translational Medicine 2014, 3:12 http://www.clintransmed.com/content/3/1/12 REVIEW Open Access Pluripotent muse cells derived from human adipose tissue: a new perspective on regenerative medicine and cell therapy Ariel A Simerman, Daniel A Dumesic and Gregorio D Chazenbalk* Abstract In 2010, Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) cells were introduced to the scientific community, offering potential resolution to the issue of teratoma formation that plagues both embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells. Isolated from human bone marrow, dermal fibroblasts, adipose tissue and commercially available adipose stem cells (ASCs) under severe cellular stress conditions, Muse cells self-renew in a controlled manner and do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. Furthermore, Muse cells express classic pluripotency markers and differentiate into cells from the three embryonic germ layers both spontaneously and under media-specific induction. When transplanted in vivo, Muse cells contribute to tissue generation and repair. This review delves into the aspects of Muse cells that set them apart from ES, iPS, and various reported adult pluripotent stem cell lines, with specific emphasis on Muse cells derived from adipose tissue (Muse-AT), and their potential to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy. Keywords: Adult pluripotent stem cells; Muse cells; Non-tumorigenic; Quiescence; Regenerative medicine Review the practical application of ES cells in regenerative Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells: the gold medicine. standard In response, iPS cells quickly assumed their position ES cells have unequivocally taken center stage in the as the new, fervently pursued subject of interest in field of stem cell research. Isolated from human blas- the stem cell field [5,6]. iPS cells are reprogrammable tocysts in the late 20th century, ES cells exhibited the through the induction of “Yamanaka factors,” including potential to treat a plethora of previously irreversible Nanog, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4, and can be uti- disorders through their capacity to generate tissues of lized autologously, resolving issues of immunorejection the three embryonic germlines, and thus to revolutionize at the time of transplantation [6-9]. While iPS cells regenerative medicine [1-3]. Their unlimited prolifera- resolve the bioethical concerns surrounding the use of tion as well as their ability to remain in an undifferen- stem cells extracted from human embryos, the pro- tiated state for extended periods of time secured their duction of teratomas as a consequence of uncontrolled position at the forefront of scientific research for over cell proliferation impede the translational application of two decades. However, evidence has since emerged that these cells for stem cell therapy [10,11]. Furthermore, ES cells exhibit high rates of immunorejection upon mature iPS cells possess an epigenetic memory, wherein transplantation and form teratomas as a result of their the remnants of posttranslational histone and DNA unbridled proliferation [4]. In conjunction with debates modifications prevent complete reprogramming as well surrounding the bioethical issues concerning the usage as their physiological function beyond the range of their of human embryos, this teratogenic propensity precludes cell type of origin [7,12-14]. Investigators have made at- tempts to address these issues, but to little avail [15,16]. * Correspondence: [email protected] Despite excessive monetary and temporal efforts devoted Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine to the study of both ES cells and iPS cells, there has at the University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA © 2014 Simerman et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Simerman et al. Clinical and Translational Medicine 2014, 3:12 Page 2 of 8 http://www.clintransmed.com/content/3/1/12 been little progress made in overcoming the hurdles fa- shown that Muse cells can be isolated from commercially cing these stem cells and their use towards cell therapy. available human adipose stem cells (ASCs) through SSEA-3 cell sorting as well [27]. Much like their relatives derived Adult pluripotent stem cells at a glance from bone marrow aspirates and skin fibroblasts [24], Other, non-reprogrammed pluripotent stem cell popula- Muse-AT cells form cell clusters similar to ES cells when tions have caught the attention of the scientific com- grown in suspension. Muse-AT cells also express the classic munity as an alternative to ethically contentious ES cells pluripotency markers SSEA3, Sox2, Oct3/4, Nanog and and genetically modified iPS cells. However, though TRA1-81 [24,26]. several populations of adult stem cells that possess plu- ripotency have been put forth, many have faced a great Pluripotency of muse cells in vitro and in vivo deal of suspicion due to irreproducibility and pluripo- Muse cells grow in suspension as cell clusters reminiscent tency marker identification. Isolated from bone marrow, of embryonic stem cells. Muse cells intrinsically express multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), both plu- classic pluripotency markers including SSEA3, Nanog, ripotent and non-tumorigenic, were reported to con- Oct3/4, Sox2, TRA1-60 and TRA1-81 [24,26]. Further- tribute to chimeric offspring when injected into a mouse more, Muse cells, both spontaneously and under specific model and to regenerate damaged tissue in vivo [17,18]. culture conditions, express mesodermal (α-smooth muscle Human marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible actin, desmin, DLK, Bodipy and myosin D), endodermal (MIAMI) cells and very small embryonic-like stem cells (α-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 7, GATA6 and pan keratin), (VSELs), isolated from umbilical cord blood in addition and ectodermal (neurofilament-M, MAP2, Glut-R, and to bone marrow, were soon to follow, exhibiting similar NeuroD) markers [24,26]. Intravenously administered pluripotent and non-tumorigenic properties [17-19]. GFP-labeled human Muse cells injected into damaged Like VSELs, unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), skin, muscle, and liver tissue of immunodeficient mice isolated from umbilical cord blood, are reportedly pluri- were able to integrate and differentiate accordingly in vivo potent but lack the classic pluripotent stem cell marker and contribute vastly to tissue regeneration within 2–4 expression [20]. These adult pluripotent stem cell lines weeks [24]. Human Muse cells were successfully applied have all been publically flagged for further investigation in models of fulminant hepatitis, muscle degeneration and and reproduction, or in the case of VSELs, negated en- skin injury in different mouse-disease models [21]. tirely [21,22]. Muse cells, induced to grow into 3D cultured skin Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP), in vitro, have the capacity to give rise to mature melano- characterized by exposing splenic CD45+ lymphocytes cytes, contributing to tissue regeneration after engraftment to acidic conditions followed by incubation with leukae- into damaged skin [28]. The authenticity of Muse-derived mia inhibitory factor (LIF), has recently been described melanocytes is supported both molecularly and mor- as a method of bestowing pluripotency upon somatic phologically. Muse-derived melanocytes were pigmented, cells [23]. However, STAP cells form teratomas, hinde- as compared to the negative control. Furthermore, they ring their clinical application. STAP cells are currently differentially expressed human melanocyte markers. This under investigation to determine the overall validity of evidence suggests that variousskindiseasesduetomelano- the published results as well as the mechanism behind cyte dysfunction, including the prevalent vitiligo, could be their reprogramming. treated using Muse-derived melanocyte transplantations. The advent of muse cells Muse cells and non-tumorigenicity: a scientific anomaly In 2010, a research team at the Tohoku University in Sendai, The definition of pluripotency relies upon a cell’s ability to Japan, identified a population of pluripotent mesenchymal differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers, and in stem cells (MSCs), named Multilineage Differentiating the case of stem cells, to self-renew [29]. Tumor formation Stress Enduring (Muse) cells, through the induction of coincides with both pluripotency and self-renewal and has severe cellular stress. Initially isolated from bone marrow emerged as a critical factor in determining the pluripotent aspirates and human skin fibroblasts, this cell population capacities of both ES and iPS cells [30-33]. However, as seen expresses the pluripotency marker stage-specific embryonic in ES and iPS cells, the capacity for tripoblastic differenti- antigen-3 (SSEA-3) as well as the mesenchymal cell marker ation and self-renewal is frequently uncontrolled, and often CD105 [24,25]. Our research team at the University of materializes in teratoma formation, hindering the exploit- California, Los Angeles, discovered that Muse cells exist in ation of their pluripotency for regenerative purposes. How- human adipose tissue as well [26]. Imposing alternate,
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