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Improving Oil Recovery(IOR) with Polymer Flooding in a Heavy-Oil River-Channel Sandstone Reservoir

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Improving Oil Recovery(IOR) with Polymer Flooding in a Heavy-Oil River-Channel Sandstone Reservoir Improving Oil Recovery(IOR) with Polymer Flooding in A Heavy-Oil River-Channel Sandstone Reservoir Von der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau der Technischen Universität Bergakademie Freiberg genehmigte DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor Ingenieur Dr.-Ing. vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Hongjiang Lu geboren am 20.11.1969 in Shandong, VR China Gutachter.: Prof. Dr. habil. Häfner Prof. Dr. Köckritz Dr. -Ing. Voigt Prof. Dr. Geistlinger Tag der Verleihung: 23.04.2004 Acknowledgments At the time of the completion of this dissertation, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. F. Häfner of Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany. My appreciation also goes to Prof. Wenguang Feng of Chengdu University of Technology, China. Without their supervision the research could not have been completed successfully. Their attitude to science and persistent pursuit of truth will always be of great inspiration for me forever. I am grateful for DAAD and Mrs. Schädlich. DAAD has financed me for two and half years, which made it possible for me to continue my research in Freiberg University of Mining and Technology. Mrs. Schädlich ha s provided much information and help, which made my life easy and comfortable. Many thanks also go to Prof. Dr. F. Häfner, Mrs. Pötzschke and Mrs. Beyer. They gave me great help not only in my work but also in my daily life. Their warm-hearted help guaranteed me an excellent working environment. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for all those who helped me. Mrs. Wenbo Sheng in Shengli Oil Limited Company has provided much useful basic information for this work; Dr. N. Hot h, Dr. A. Behr, Dr. H.D. Voigt, Dr. S. Wagner, Dr. H. Strauß and Dr. A. Pohl of the Institute of Drilling Technology and Fluid Mining in Freiberg University have given me good advice about the dissertation. Dr. A. Moulkamanov and Mr. T. Friedel have helped me with using ECLIPSE. Dr. Yuguo Li of FU Berlin has exchanged idea with me about finite element method. Mrs. Monecke and Prof. Monecke have given me advice and encouragement about how to obtain my doctorate from Freiberg University of Mining and Technology. Mrs. Sandner and Dr. Sandner in Dresden have offered their kindness from the first day till to the end when I was in Germany, which eased my homesickness. Mrs. Xiumei Pu carefully did the English proofreading of this dissertation. I feel also grateful for my Chinese friends in Freiberg, they are Dr. Yonghua Hao, Dr. Fulin Shang, Dr. Guijun Wang, Dr. Dewen Zeng, Dr. Xiaoping Wu, Dr. Tao Wang, Prof. Dr. Chen Yang, Prof. Dr. Yan Jiang, Prof. Yong He, etc. My parents, my brother and sister have always given me encouragements in the whole course of my study. Thanks for all. Summary Most of the old oil fields in China have reached high water cut stage, in order to meet the booming energy demanding, oil production rate must be kept in the near future with corresponding IOR (Improving Oil Recovery) methods. Z106 oilfield lies in Shengli Oilfields Area at the Yellow River delta. It was put into development in 1988. Since the oil belongs to heavy oil, the oil-water mobility ratio is so unfavourable that water cut increases very quickly. Especially for reservoir Ng21, the sand rock is sediment from river channel, the permeability heterogeneity and heavy oil properties together lead to extremely poor water flooding efficiency. In order to improve the oil recovery, IOR methods are needed urgently. Considering all practical situations for this reservoir and present technique level, polymer flooding method has been selected as an IOR test with numerical simulation. For polymer flooding, since polymer resolution has the capability of enlarging water viscosity, it controls the mobility of water phase and at the same time improves the driving efficiency. During polymer flooding simulation, many factors must be taken into account for the construction of mathematical model, such as inaccessible pore volume, polymer shear thinning effect, polymer adsorption, relative permeability reduction factors, etc. All simulations were done with black oil model with polymer option in ECLIPSE. Simulation results for a theoretical river channel reservoir with serious permeability heterogeneity and heavy oil, and simulation results for practical reservoir Ng21, both have 1 shown that polymer flooding is a feasible method for IOR. For reservoir Ng2 , with polymer slug size of 0.235 PV, polymer concentration at 1.5 kg/m3, the final oil recovery after polymer flooding could reach 12.8%, the enhanced oil recovery is about 5%. If only the developable oil reserve being taken into account, the final oil recovery is about 34%, and enhanc ed oil recovery from polymer flooding is more than 12%. For such heavy oil river channel reservoir to reach such a final oil recovery, it could be concluded as a great success. Since there are still many such oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfields Area, poly mer flooding will be of great importance for improving oil recovery in this area in the near future. Zusammenfassung Die Durchführbarkeit der Polymerflutung für Schweröllagerstätten wurde durch Simulation einer hypothetischen fluviatilen Lagerstätte und der realen Lagerstätte Z106Ng21 getestet. Die Simulationsresultate zeigen, dass diese IOR Methode zur Erhöhung der Ölgewinnung anwendbar ist. Für die Lagerstätte Ng21 kann bei einem Verbrauch an Polymerlösung von 0,235 PV und einer Polymerkonzentration von 1,5 kg/m 3 ein maximaler Grad an Ölausbeute von 12,8% erreicht werden, was einem Zuwachs von 5 Prozent entspricht. Wird ausschließlich der vorhandene Ölvorrat zugrunde gelegt, beträgt der maximale Ausbeutegrad 34%, d.h. es tritt eine Verbesserung von ca. 12% ein. Für eine Schweröllagerstätte mit so heterogenen Speichergestein kann diese Ausbeute als großer Erfolg gewertet werden. Die im Rahmen der Untersuchungen erbrachten Erkenntnisse können in Zukunft auf die Vielzahl analoger Lagerstätten im Shengli-Ölfeld angewendet werden und so zu einer Erhöhung des Ausbeutegrades infolge des Einsatzes von Polymerfluten beitragen. Contents Acknowledgments Summary 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….(1) 1.1 Oil production situation of China and Shengli Oilfields…………………………….(1) 1.2 Researching area - Z106 Oilfied……………………………..…...……………….…(2) 1.3 Possible IOR method for Z106 Oilfield – Polymer Flooding...…….……...……….. (3) 2 Theoretical basis for reservoir simulation with polymer flooding……………………..(6) 2.1 Reservoir rock – Porous medium…………………………………………………….(6) 2.2 Mathematical model for reservoir simulation and its simplification………….…….. (8) 2.2.1 Multi-phase multi-component model……………………………………….....(8) 2.2.2 Black oil model…………………………………………...………..…….…..(10) 2.3 Polymer transport in porous media ……………………………………..…….….…(13) 2.3.1 Polymer types and their properties…………………………….……………..(13) 2.3.2 Viscosity of polymer solution and its shear thinning…………..……….….…(15) 2.3.3 Inaccessible pore volume in polymer flooding……………………..…….…..(16) 2.3.4 Polymer retention in porous media and its effects………………….……..….(17) 2.3.5 Mathematical model of polymer transport in porous media ……….….….…..(22) 3 Numerical treatment of mathematical model……………………………….…….…..(24) 3.1 Discretization of equations with control-volume finite element method………..….(25) 3.2 PEBI grid…….……………………………………………………………………...(27) 4 Polymer flooding model in ECLIPSE 100 and ECLIPSE Office……………..….…..(29) 4.1 Polymer flooding model of ECLIPSE 100…………………………………….…...(29) 4.1.1 The mathematical model of polymer flood option in ECLIPSE………….…..(29) 4.1.2 Treatment of fluid viscosities in ECLIPSE polymer flood model………..…..(31) 4.1.3 Treatment of polymer adsorption………………………………………...…..(32) 4.1.4 Treatment of permeability reductions and dead pore volume…………….…..(32) 4.1.5 Treatment of shear thinning effect………………………………………..…..(33) 4.2 ECLIPSE Office…………………………………………………………….……....(34) 5 Reservoir characterization of Ng21 in Z106 Oilfield……………………………..…..(36) 5.1 Basic geology of Shengli Oilfields Area and Z106 Oilfield………………………..(36) 5.2 The general situation of Z106 Oilfield………………………………………….…..(38) 5.3 Detailed reservoir description Ng21…………………………………………….…..(39) 5.3.1 Sandstone distribution of Ng21 and its top surface structural map………...…...(39) 5.3.2 Reservoir rock properties……………………………………………….….…...(41) 5.3.3 Comprehensive interpretation of geological model with production data……...(42) 5.3.4 Fluid properties………………………………………………………….…...…(43) 5.4 Production history……………………………………………………………..……(44) i 6 Simulation model construction and history matching…………………………...……(46) 6.1 Simulation model construction……………………………………...………...……(46) 6.1.1 Grid construction………………………………………………………………..(46) 6.1.2 PVT……………………………………………………………………….…….(50) 6.1.3 Capillary pressure and relative permeability……………………………..…….(50) 6.1.4 Well specification and time step………………….…………………………….(54) 6.1.5 Summary section ……………………………….……………………..….…….(54) 6.2 History matching…………………………………………………………………....(55) 6.2.1 History Matching Preparation - The appreciation of observed data……...…….(57) 6.2.2 Error Function Definition And its Sensitivity to Different Parameters…..…….(58) 6.2.3 Well production history matching result and analysis………………………….(61) 6.2.4 Well bottom hole pressure matching result and analysis……………………….(64) 6.2.5 Matching result for whole reservoir…………………………………………….(65) 7 Residual oil distribution and production prediction under water flooding……..…….(67) 8 Polymer flooding simulation………………………………………………………….(69)
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