4Thauthenticphidippides Run Athens-Sparta-Athens 490 Km
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Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region
Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(s) of an Inland and Mountainous Region Eleni Salavoura1 Abstract: The concept of space is an abstract and sometimes a conventional term, but places – where people dwell, (inter)act and gain experiences – contribute decisively to the formation of the main characteristics and the identity of its residents. Arkadia, in the heart of the Peloponnese, is a landlocked country with small valleys and basins surrounded by high mountains, which, according to the ancient literature, offered to its inhabitants a hard and laborious life. Its rough terrain made Arkadia always a less attractive area for archaeological investigation. However, due to its position in the centre of the Peloponnese, Arkadia is an inevitable passage for anyone moving along or across the peninsula. The long life of small and medium-sized agrarian communities undoubtedly owes more to their foundation at crossroads connecting the inland with the Peloponnesian coast, than to their potential for economic growth based on the resources of the land. However, sites such as Analipsis, on its east-southeastern borders, the cemetery at Palaiokastro and the ash altar on Mount Lykaion, both in the southwest part of Arkadia, indicate that the area had a Bronze Age past, and raise many new questions. In this paper, I discuss the role of Arkadia in early Mycenaean times based on settlement patterns and excavation data, and I investigate the relation of these inland communities with high-ranking central places. In other words, this is an attempt to set place(s) into space, supporting the idea that the central region of the Peloponnese was a separated, but not isolated part of it, comprising regions that are also diversified among themselves. -
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia. -
Greece - Archaeological & Cultural Biking Tour - 8 Days Services
FB France-Bike GmbH Johannesstrasse 28a | D - 47623 Kevelaer Phone : +49 - 2832 977 855 [email protected] Greece - Archaeological & Cultural Biking Tour - 8 days Services: 7 nights in 3*** hotels or appartements 7x breakfast This is a fascinating bike trip for the admirers of Greek Archaeology and cultural luggage transfer between hotels GPS and Maps with routes (1 piece for 2 participants) experiences. It is unique as you start biking high in the mountains and you end up cycling complete information about the area next to the sea for a couple of days. It combines the magnificent fir trees of Mainalon transfer for riders and bikes from Nafplio to mountain with the marvelous endless beaches lying along the Argolic Gulf. You will visit Epidaurus on day 7 some of the most important archaeological sites in Peloponnese such as Epidaurus with the service hotline famous theatre, Mycenae that conquered during the Bronze Age, ancient Mantinea, ancient Tegea, Argos, ancient Lerna with the homonymous lake where Hercules killed the mythic beast, and the walls of ancient Tiryns. Your destination is the Central-Eastern additional services: Peloponnese where the mythical perpetual mountains meet the fantastic blue sea. electric bike 230 € rental bike 21 gears 80 € Day 1: Individual arrival to Vytina race bike 120 € Transfer under request from the Athens airport to Vytina, which is a beautiful traditional settlement that played an Tandem 240 € important role during the Greek Independence War in 1821. The village is located at the foot of the mountain range Mainaloat at an altitude of 1.033 meters and thanks to its excellent nature, is considered one of the most famous tourist resorts of Peloponnese and one of the best in Greece. -
Kleonai, the Corinth-Argos Road, And
HESPERIA 78 (2OO9) KLEONAI, THE CORINTH- Pages ioj-163 ARGOS ROAD, AND THE "AXIS OF HISTORY" ABSTRACT The ancient roadfrom Corinth to Argos via the Longopotamos passwas one of the most important and longest-used natural routes through the north- eastern Peloponnese. The author proposes to identity the exact route of the road as it passed through Kleonaian territoryby combining the evidence of ancient testimonia, the identification of ancient roadside features, the ac- counts of early travelers,and autopsy.The act of tracing the road serves to emphasizethe prominentposition of the city Kleonaion this interstateroute, which had significant consequences both for its own history and for that of neighboring states. INTRODUCTION Much of the historyof the polis of Kleonaiwas shapedby its location on a numberof majorroutes from the Isthmus and Corinth into the Peloponnese.1The most importantof thesewas a majorartery for north- south travel;from the city of Kleonai,the immediatedestinations of this roadwere Corinthto the north and Argos to the south.It is in connec- tion with its roadsthat Kleonaiis most often mentionedin the ancient sources,and likewise,modern topographical studies of the areahave fo- cusedon definingthe coursesof these routes,particularly that of the main 1. The initial fieldworkfor this Culturefor grantingit. In particular, anonymousreaders and the editors studywas primarilyconducted as I thank prior ephors Elisavet Spathari of Hesperia,were of invaluableassis- part of a one-person surveyof visible and AlexanderMantis for their in- tance. I owe particulargratitude to remainsin Kleonaianterritory under terest in the projectat Kleonai,and Bruce Stiver and John Luchin for their the auspicesof the American School the guardsand residentsof Archaia assistancewith the illustrations. -
318136 Vol1.Pdf
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period Thesis How to cite: Walbank, Mary Elizabeth Hoskins (1987). The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1986 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000de1f Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN CORINTH TO THE END OF THE ANTONINE PERIOD Mary Elizabeth Hoskins Walbank, B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted to the Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AvrPr'lor5 1\lJt'\'\bC(: HDK' 303 . :Datrt or 6ubMlsslon; ;(0'''' October R~C, Classics, Faculty of Arts ~ata of- Aw'drc\: 7J}'v\ Januatj 19<97 October 1986 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION This thesis is an unpublished typescript and copyright is held by the author. Photocopy; ng ; sperm; tted on ly wi th the v/ri tten consent of the author. No quotation from this thesis or information derived from it may be published without the written consent of the author. i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: first, to examine and re-assess the material remains of Roman Corinth in the light 'of modern scholarship; secondly, to use this evidence, in combination with the literary sources, and thus to define, more clearly than has been done hitherto, both the nature of the original foundation and the way in which it developed. -
Bakke-Alisoy.Pdf
Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens, Volume 5 Local and Global Perspectives on Mobility in the Eastern Mediterranean Edited by Ole Christian Aslaksen the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2016 © 2016 The Norwegian Institute at Athens Typeset by Rich Potter. ISBN: 978-960-85145-5-3 ISSN: 2459-3230 Communication and Trade at Tegea in the Bronze Age Hege Agathe Bakke-Alisøy Communication is a central part of any discussion of the Aegean Bronze Age and the development of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations. Movement and communication is always present in human society. The archaeological material from the Tegean Mountain plain indicates the importance of inland communication on the Peloponnese during the Bronze Age. I here look at the settlement structure at the Tegean plain in the Bronze Age, and its relation to possible routes of communication and trade. By discussing changes in settlement pattern, land use, and sacred space my aim is to trace possible changes in the local and regional communication networks in this area. During the EH communication and trade networks at Tegea seems primarily to have had a local focus, with some connection to the more developed trade nodes in the Gulf of Argos. A strong Minoan influenced trade network is also observed in Tegea from the MN and early LH with Analipsis and its strong connection to Laconia. The abandonment of Analipsis correlates with changes in the communication patterns due to a strong Mycenaean culture in the Argolid by the end of LH. The changes observed in the communication network suggest that Tegea, with its central location on the Peloponnese, could be seen as an interjection for all inland communication. -
Athens Guide
ATHENS GUIDE Made by Dorling Kindersley 27. May 2010 PERSONAL GUIDES POWERED BY traveldk.com 1 Top 10 Athens guide Top 10 Acropolis The temples on the “Sacred Rock” of Athens are considered the most important monuments in the Western world, for they have exerted more influence on our architecture than anything since. The great marble masterpieces were constructed during the late 5th-century BC reign of Perikles, the Golden Age of Athens. Most were temples built to honour Athena, the city’s patron goddess. Still breathtaking for their proportion and scale, both human and majestic, the temples were adorned with magnificent, dramatic sculptures of the gods. Herodes Atticus Theatre Top 10 Sights 9 A much later addition, built in 161 by its namesake. Acropolis Rock In summer it hosts the Athens Festival (see Festivals 1 As the highest part of the city, the rock is an ideal and Events). place for refuge, religion and royalty. The Acropolis Rock has been used continuously for these purposes since Dionysus Theatre Neolithic times. 10 This mosaic-tiled theatre was the site of Classical Greece’s drama competitions, where the tragedies and Propylaia comedies by the great playwrights (Aeschylus, 2 At the top of the rock, you are greeted by the Sophocles, Euripides) were first performed. The theatre Propylaia, the grand entrance through which all visitors seated 15,000, and you can still see engraved front-row passed to reach the summit temples. marble seats, reserved for priests of Dionysus. Temple of Athena Nike (“Victory”) 3 There has been a temple to a goddess of victory at New Acropolis Museum this location since prehistoric times, as it protects and stands over the part of the rock most vulnerable to The Glass Floor enemy attack. -
THE ISLAMIC COINS Athens at BY
THE ATHENIANAGORA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS VOLUME IX THE ISLAMIC COINS Athens at BY GEORGE C. MILES Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of o go only. .,0,00 cc, 000, .4. *004i~~~a.L use School personal American © For THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1962 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Athenian Agora ® www.jstor.org PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For PRINTED IN GERMANY at J.J. AUGUSTIN GLO CKSTADT PREFACE T he present catalogue is in a sense the continuation of the catalogue of coins found in the Athenian Agora published by MissMargaret Thompson in 1954, TheAthenian Agora: Results of the Excavations conductedby the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Volume II, Athens Coins from the Roman throughthe Venetian Period. Miss Thompson's volume dealt with the at Roman, Byzantine, Frankish, Mediaeval European and Venetian coins. It was in the spring of 1954 that on Professor Homer A. Thompson's invitation I stopped briefly at the Agora on my way home from a year in Egypt and made a quick survey of the Islamic coins found in the ex- cavations. During the two weeks spent in Athens on that occasion I looked rapidly through the coins and that their somewhat and their relative Studies reported despite unalluring appearance CC-BY-NC-ND. -
THE CORINTH BASIN, GREECE Richard
SEDIMENTARY FACIES EVOLUTION IN CONTINENTAL FAULT-BOUNDED BASINS FORMED BY CRUSTAL EXTENSION: THE CORINTH BASIN, GREECE Richard E.Ll. COLLIER October 1988 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dept, of Earth Sciences University of Leeds LS2 9JT U.K. 1 Now Xenophanes holds that the earth is recurrently mingled with the sea and then as time passes is freed again of moisture. He puts forth such proofs as these: that shells are found far inland and on mountains; and that in the quarries of Syracuse imprints of a fish and of seaweed have been found, and in Paros the imprint of a small fry deep in the stone, and in Malta flat slabs [bearing the impressions] of all sorts of fish. He says that the imprint, made long ago when everything was covered with mud, then dried in the mud. 1: Xenophanes of Colophon (c.570-475 B.C.) Hippolytus, Refutations of All Heresies I 14.5-6 (Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker I 122) 2 ABSTRACT Characteristic half-graben and graben geometries are generated by extensional tectonics. The sedimentary infill to such basins reflects their structural evolution. The actively extending basins of central Greece have provided an opportunity to study the mechanisms that control sediment distribution and the resultant facies patterns and geometries produced in such environments. The modern and precedent Neogene to Quaternary sediments studied, and their controlling processes, provide predictive templates for the analysis of controls acting upon ancient extensional basin fills. On a basinwide scale, facies patterns are controlled by the geometry of major basin-controlling normal faults and by the structural level of the basin - determining alluvial, lacustrine or marine environments. -
The Geotectonic Evolution of Olympus Mt and Its
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. XLVII 2013 Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, τομ. XLVII , 2013 th ου Proceedings of the 13 International Congress, Chania, Sept. Πρακτικά 13 Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου, Χανιά, Σεπτ. 2013 2013 THE GEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF OLYMPUS MT. AND ITS MYTHOLOGICAL ANALOGUE Mariolakos I.D.1 and Manoutsoglou E.2 1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic, Tectonic & Applied Geology, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, GR 157 84, Athens, Greece, [email protected] 2 Technical University of Crete, Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Research Unit of Geology, Chania, 73100, Greece, [email protected] Abstract Mt Olympus is the highest mountain of Greece (2918 m.) and one of the most impor- tant and well known locations of the modern world. This is related to its great cul- tural significance, since the ancient Greeks considered this mountain as the habitat of their Gods, ever since Zeus became the dominant figure of the ancient Greek re- ligion and consequently the protagonist of the cultural regime. Before the genera- tion of Zeus, Olympus was inhabited by the generation of Cronus. In this paper we shall refer to a lesser known mythological reference which, in our opinion, presents similarities to the geotectonic evolution of the wider area of Olympus. According to Apollodorus and other great authors, the God Poseidon and Iphimedia had twin sons, the Aloades, namely Otus and Ephialtes, who showed a tendency to gigantism. When they reached the age of nine, they were about 16 m. tall and 4.5 m. wide. -
Cleaning Operations
European Roma Rights Center Greek Helsinki Monitor CLEANING OPERATIONS Excluding Roma in Greece Country Report Series, No. 12 April 2003 3 Cleaning Operations: Excluding Roma in Greece Copyright: © European Roma Rights Center, April 2003 All rights reserved. ISBN 963 206 873 4 ISSN 1416-7409 Graphic Design: Createch Ltd./Judit Kovács Printed in Budapest, Hungary. For information on reprint policy, please contact the ERRC 4 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................7 1. Executive Summary ..........................................................................................8 2. Introduction.................................................................................................... 20 3. A Short History of Roma in Greece ............................................................. 28 4. Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment: The Housing Rights of Roma in Greece........................................................................................................ 42 4.1 Residential Segregation of Roma in Greece.......................................... 44 4.2 Forced Evictions.................................................................................... 50 4.3 Threatened Expulsion of Roma by Municipal Authorities .................... 74 4.4 Refusal of Municipal Authorities to Register Roma as Local Residents ..................................................................................... 76 4.5 Harassment of -
Arkadian Landscapes”
Parker, C. (2006) “Arkadian Landscapes”. Rosetta 1: 10-21 http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/Issue_01/Parker.htm Rosetta 1. http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/Issue_01/Parker.htm Arkadian Landscapes Catherine Parker University of Birmingham Introduction People far removed from all things Greek might just about be forgiven for thinking that Arkadia is perhaps not a real place at all. In many people’s minds it looms large as an imaginary, idealized landscape, a paradise treated as such by Virgil in the 1st Century BCE1, employed as the backdrop of landscape paintings by Poussin in the 18th Century and still the subject of modern novels about journeys to paradise.2 This view would not be wrong but, unlike the comparable Elysian, Arkadian ‘fields’ are tangible and can be visited in person. It is a region of both modern and ancient Greece, the landscapes of which deserve a reappraisal. This paper attempts to do just that, during a period that raises questions regarding continuity and change; the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (c.1600-800 BCE). This involves using a post-processual, interpretive approach, which employs an empathic view of landscape – an approach perhaps more at home in British prehistoric archaeology.3 Archaeological Investigation of Arkadia Located in the central Peloponnese, Arkadia has received relatively little attention archaeologically compared to other areas of Greece. This has been the case particularly for the LBA and EIA, although the 1990s saw a plethora of surveys take place which, due to their diachronic nature have provided evidence for the period in question.4 Nonetheless, much of the archaeological work in Arkadia (as in the rest of Greece) has been motivated by a desire to illustrate well known ancient literary sources, concerned with individual sites and well-known periods, for example the temple of Bassae, Mantinea, Megalopolis, Tegea and Stymphalos.5 That these sites were located in Arkadia was hardly relevant.