THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN trinidad and COUNTRY PROFILE 2017–18 SUMMARY Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary republic with two levels of government: national and local. There is no specific constitutional provision for local government; however, the Tobago House of Assembly is enshrined within the constitution. The Municipal Corporations Act 1990 and the Tobago House of Assembly Act 1996 comprise the principal legislation governing local government. The Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government oversees local authorities on Trinidad whilst the Tobago House of Assembly reports directly to the Office of the Prime Minister. The structure of local government comprises a single authority in Tobago and 14 municipal corporations in Trinidad, comprising two city corporations, three borough corporations and nine regional corporations. Following the 2016 election, 30.4% of councillors and 32.0% of mayors/chairpersons were women. In the 2015/16 financial year, local government expenditure was 7.0% of total government expenditure. All cities and boroughs will regain revenue-raising power when the repeal of the current legislation is finalised. National government makes significant contributions, especially to the Tobago authority. However, the Tobago House of Assembly governance structure is devolved in its functions except in the case of national security, revenue generation and international affairs. The local authorities have devolved responsibility for a wide range of functions from policing to primary health and education.

1. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT including the Municipal Corporations Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary republic Act 1990. As the remit of municipalities with a bicameral parliament. The head expands, some of the key legislative of state is the non-executive president, changes being considered, and which who is elected by the members of are outlined in the TLGP 2016, include: both houses for a five-year term. ■■ the term of office for councils to be KEY FACTS Parliament comprises an elected house revised to four years of representatives and an appointed POPULATION (2017 estimate): senate. The 41 members of the house of ■■ councils to have effective executive 1,353,895: representatives are directly elected for a authority, and councillors and aldermen to become full-time, salaried postholders AREA (UN 2006): five-year term by the first-past-the-post ■■ the Integrity in Public Life Act and 5,130 sq km system. The president appoints the 31 senators: 16 on the advice of the prime other relevant legislation to be CAPITAL: minister, six on the advice of the leader amended to apply to chief executive officers, deputy chief executive officers CURRENCY: of the opposition and another nine at the and other senior management staff Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) president’s own discretion. Following the 2015 national election, 31.0% (13/42) of ■■ the amendment of legislation so that HEAD OF STATE: elected representatives and 29.0% (9/31) local government bodies may collect President Paula-Mae Weekes of senators were women.47.1b The prime and retain for use property taxes and HEAD OF GOVERNMENT: minister is appointed by the president fines as identified Prime Minister and is usually the leader of the majority ■■ an expansion in the number of standing party in the house of representatives. The committees within municipalities, to

FORM OF GOVERNMENT: prime minister appoints a cabinet from facilitate the inclusion and management parliamentary republic the members of both houses. of additional responsibilities by local PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: government bodies; bicameral 2. LEGAL BASIS FOR ■■ a review of the legislation governing LOCAL GOVERNMENT the Municipal Police Service to give STATE STRUCTURE: unitary 2.1 Constitutional provisions effect to its expansion as stated in LANGUAGES: Local government is not enshrined in the national government policy, English (official) constitution of the Republic of Trinidad ■■ entrenchment of the decentralisation NATIONAL ELECTIONS: and Tobago, but, the Tobago House of of social service delivery as a key last: 2015, turnout: 69.9%; next: 2020 Assembly is enshrined in Chapter 11A of function of local government 47.1a the constitution. ■■ review of the relevant sections of the WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT (2015): Public Health Act 31.0% (representatives) 29.0% (senators) 2.2 Main legislative texts ■■ a review of sections of the Act governing LOCAL ELECTIONS: The Municipal Corporations Act 199047.2b the Building Inspectorate, to give rise to Trinidad municipal corporations: is the principal legislation governing the Municipal Planning Department last: 2016, turnout: 34.3%; next: 2019 local government in Trinidad, while ■■ confirmation of the role of disaster Tobago House of Assembly: Tobago is principally governed by the management units within local last: 2017, turnout: 49.7%; next: 2021 Tobago House of Assembly Act 1996. government as first responders and provision for strengthening these

WOMEN COUNCILLORS (2016): units so they can respond effectively 30.4% 2.3 Proposed legislative changes ■■ amendment of the Burial Grounds LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE The 2016 government document titled Act and related Acts to allow for as a percentage of total government Transitioning of Local Government relevant functions currently carried out expenditure 2015/16: Policy (TLGP) is guiding a wide-ranging nationally to transfer to local councils. 7.0% revision of local government legislation,

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2.4 National urban policy 3.2 Ministerial oversight borough corporations and nine regional The National Spatial Development The Ministry of Rural Development and corporations. All have the same powers Strategy47.2c (NSDS) is an overarching Local Government47.3b (MRDLG) is headed and responsibilities and are empowered framework that spatially represents by a cabinet minister who is responsible for to make policies and by-laws in relation the sociocultural, economic and the policy directives of the ministry. Under to their functions for the local area. The environmental priorities of Trinidad and Section 269 of the Municipal Corporations council is headed by a mayor in a city Tobago. These strategies and policies Act 1990 the minister can give general or or borough, and a chairperson in the articulate the government’s vision of specific directions to municipal councils regional corporations. Each council also sustainable development and aim to in relation to government policy on any has a deputy mayor/vice-chairperson. describe in broad terms the nature and matter. The minister is also tasked with Municipalities must set up committees location of future development in the promoting an effective and equitable for finance, personnel, public health country.47.2d As a spatial development partnership between national and and infrastructure. Each of the four strategy, distinct from a physical local government in the development committees must have a minimum development plan, the NSDS provides a of socioeconomic growth, balanced membership of 51% of the council and strategic national framework, based on sustainable development and social be headed by a committee chairperson spatial planning principles, and guidance welfare; and also acts as adjudicator in who maintains close contact with to be followed when the Tobago House cases of disputes between municipal officers of the corporation to supervise of Assembly (THA) and municipal corporations. The ministry’s fundamental service delivery. Statutory meetings are corporations are reviewing or preparing functions in relation to the corporations held towards the end of each month to detailed local spatial development plans include: monitoring, evaluation and ratify the business of the committees, and when decisions are being made on adjudication; technical services – making their recommendations binding. specific development proposals. It also engineering and project management; Further discretionary committees can provides a broad spatial development drafting legislation relevant to local include leisure, civic amenities, planning context for key infrastructure and government; developing policy frameworks; development and security. Committees investment decisions. and oversight of financial transfers from can set up and appoint sub-committees. national government. The mayor or chairperson can form an 3. STRUCTURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT executive committee or cabinet and appoint members of the council to it. The 3.1 Local government within the state 3.3 Council types council’s instructions on its policies and Local government is single-tiered in There are two types of local government: programmes are formally received by the both Trinidad and Tobago, with Trinidad municipalities on Trinidad and a single chief executive officer (CEO) at council divided into 14 municipalities/regional House of Assembly on Tobago. meetings. The day-to-day work of the corporations and Tobago having a single council is carried out by its administrative House of Assembly. 3.3.1 Trinidad municipal corporations: arm, which is headed by the CEO and The 14 municipal corporations are of supported by administrative, technical three types: two city corporations, three and skilled workers.

Table 47.1a Distribution of councils and population

Trinidad and Tobago Municipal corporation/ Local areas Population Population % rural parish/House of Assembly (electoral wards) (2011 Census) (2017 estimate) (2010)

Trinidad 7 33,606 na na

Chaguanas 8 83,516 na na

Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo 13 178,410 na na

Diego Martin 10 102,957 na na

Penal-Debe 9 89,392 na na

Point Fortin 6 20,235 na na

Port of Spain City 12 37,074 na na

Princes Town 9 102,375 na na

Mayaro/Rio Claro 6 35,650 na na

San Fernando City 9 48,838 na na

San Juan-Laventille 13 157,258 na na

Sangre Grande 8 75,766 na na

Siparia 9 86,949 na na

Tunapuna-Piarco 15 215,119 na na

Total Trinidad 14 134 1,267,145 na na

Tobago House of Assembly 1 12 60,874 na na

TOTAL 15 146 1,328,019 1,353,895 19.9

Source: TTALGA communication with CLGF and the 2011 census47.3a

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3.3.2 Tobago House of Assembly: 4.4 Women’s representation Stakeholders, including leaders of An executive council is responsible Following the 2016 election, 30.4% of various religious institutions, community for carrying out the functions of the councillors were women, down from 37.1% groups, village councils and other special assembly. It comprises the chief of councillors following the 2013 elections. interest groups can be called upon by a secretary, deputy chief secretary and up The number of female mayors/chairpersons corporation to sit on various committees to five secretaries drawn from amongst was 32.0%, up from none in 2013, whilst on issues that relate to their specific the assembly members and appointed the percentage of female deputy mayors/ areas of interest. by the president on the advice of the chairpersons was 16.7%, the same as chief secretary. The assembly can also after the 2013 election. A quarter (25%) of 5.3 ICT use in citizen engagement set up committees; it decides their aldermen following the 2016 election were The ministry’s strategic plan composition and terms of reference. women, down from 37.5% after the 2013 includes e-government; this is partly The responsibilities of the assembly are election (see Table 47.1b). implemented and video conferencing carried out through divisions, each under is now used. E-government is facilitated the direction of one of the secretaries. 5. SYSTEMS FOR through ttconnect, a major platform The divisions are: agriculture, marine COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT for the ministry. A complaints affairs and the environment; community 5.1 Legal requirement management software system (CMSS) development and culture; education; Provision is made in the Municipal is being commissioned for use by youth affairs, sport and energy; finance Corporations Act 1990 for the all municipalities to receive and log and planning; health, infrastructure and appointment of sub-committees, as well complaints, which will also be used to public utilities; tourism; transportation; as advisory committees of persons who give citizens the opportunity to share enterprise and settlement. are not members of a council. These ideas for community development and provisions could be used to promote obtain real-time information on issues 4. ELECTIONS community involvement in decision- affecting their communities. 4.1 Recent local elections making at the local government level. The latest elections47.4 for municipal There is no specific legal provision for 6. ORGANISED LOCAL GOVERNMENT corporations in Trinidad were held in community involvement in the decisions 6.1 National local government association 2016 with a turnout of 34.3%, down of the Tobago House of Assembly; The Trinidad and Tobago Association of from 43.5% in 2013 and from 39.5% in however, consultation with citizens Local Government Authorities (TTALGA) 2010. The most recent elections for the is normally undertaken for major was established by the Municipal Tobago House of Assembly were held in development matters, including budgets. Corporations Act 1990. Membership is 2017 with a turnout of 49.7%, down from automatic for municipal councillors on 70.1% in 2013 and 56.4% in 2009. 5.2 Implementation Trinidad and voluntary for members of the Municipal council statutory committee Tobago House of Assembly. 4.2 Voting system meetings are open to the public. In Trinidad and Tobago local government elections use the first-past-the-post Table 47.1b Women councillors and mayors following election 2003 to 2016 system. Councillors in Trinidad are elected for a three-year term, while in Election 2003 2008 2010 2013 2016 Tobago it is for a four-year term. Councillors # % # % # % # % # %

4.3 Elected representatives Female councillors na ~27 na na na 29.5 na 32.0 na 30.4 4.3.1 Trinidad’s municipal corporation Male councillors na ~73 na na na 70.5 na 68.0 na 69.6 councillors are elected for each municipality using the first-past-the-post Total councillors na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 system, followed by a secondary election where councillors elect aldermen Mayors/chairpersons # % # % # % # % # % from a pool of candidates who have ‘demonstrated knowledge, expertise or Female mayors/ na ~5 na na na 18.2 na 0.0 na 32.0 chairpersons experience in professional or vocational occupations suited to the development Male mayors/chairpersons na ~95 na na na 81.8 na 100.0 na 68.0 focus of the municipality’. The number of aldermen varies depending on the size Total mayors/chairpersons na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 of the council. Mayors and chairpersons Deputy mayors/ # % # % # % # % # % are indirectly elected from among the chairpersons aldermen and councillors for a three- year term. A total of 134 councillors and Female deputy mayors/ na na na na na 9.1 na 16.7 na 16.7 31 aldermen were elected in the 14 chairpersons municipal councils, including five mayors in the cities and boroughs and nine Male deputy mayors/ na na na na na 90.9 na 83.3 na 83.3 chairpersons chairpersons in the regional corporations. Total deputy mayors/ na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 4.3.2 The Tobago House of Assembly chairpersons has 12 elected assemblymen plus Aldermen # % # % # % # % # % four appointed councillors (three appointed by the chief secretary and Female aldermen na na na na na 29.2 na 37.5 na 25.0 one by the leader of the opposition). The assemblymen elect a chief secretary, Male aldermen na na na na na 70.8 na 62.5 na 75.0 who is leader of the assembly, and a Total aldermen na 100.0 na 100 na 100.0 na 100.0 na 100.0 deputy chief secretary. Source: MRDLG correspondence with CLGF 2017

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The association is funded by member 8. MONITORING SYSTEMS There is a commitment to ’the regional subscriptions and government subvention The auditor general, the ombudsman and municipal corporations having a and its main activities include promoting and the Joint Select Committee of direct relationship with the Ministry effective and efficient management by parliament all have the power to call of Finance [..] to ensure adequacy of local government bodies, and acting municipal corporations in to explain funding, and they should be given the as a communication link between their actions. A Tobago unit of the Office autonomy to develop and implement local government bodies and the of the Ombudsman was set up in 2002. their own regional policies, plans and national government and its agencies. programmes, within the framework of The association is also responsible for 9. FINANCE, STAFFING AND RESOURCES national policy’. developing a code of ethics to which all 9.1 Local government expenditure members must adhere. In 2015/16, local government expenditure 9.4 Loans was 7.0% of total government No information available. 7. INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS expenditure, down from 7.7% in Direct contact between national 2009/10. This includes transfers to the 9.5 Local authority staff government and the Trinidad municipal Tobago House of Assembly (4.2%), as The Statutory Authority Service corporations is through the Ministry well as total expenditure of the Trinidad Commission and Public Service of Rural Development and Local municipalities (2.8%). Commission within national government Government, and regular meetings are responsible for recruiting professional are held between corporations staff. Local authorities only recruit those and the minister and permanent 9.2 Locally raised revenue employees on daily rates. secretary. The meetings usually focus Municipal corporations are responsible on implementation of projects, for collecting revenues; however, the management and operational issues. majority of funding comes from grants 9.5.1 Trinidad municipal mayors The chief secretary of the Tobago House from national government. The present and chairpersons and their deputies of Assembly may, at the invitation of the administration is currently considering are considered part-time salaried prime minister, attend meetings of the the reintroduction of land and building posts. There is also a pay structure national government cabinet to provide taxes based on a different model to that for councillors and aldermen. The information on decisions that have used previously. Salaries Review Commission, a been taken by the House of Assembly national government body, determines or to represent Tobago on matters that 9.3 Transfers remuneration. Staff in the regional affect it. Additionally, the Tobago House National government provides municipalities are paid directly by of Assembly Act 1996 set up a dispute substantial general and specific grants to national government. Municipalities resolution committee to intervene in any municipal corporations, for example via must have a chief executive officer, a dispute between the government and its public-sector investment programme corporation secretary, a treasurer, an the assembly on budgetary allocations. and road improvement fund. The Tobago engineer and a medical officer of health. This committee comprises two House of Assembly receives a large part All municipalities have similar staffing appointees from the Tobago House of of its income from national government structures, with the chief executive Assembly, two government appointees (4.7% of the national budget). officer as head of the paid service and a and the ombudsman (or similarly tier of chief officers reporting to him or qualified person) as chairperson. her. All chief executive officers report to the permanent secretary of the ministry.

Table 47.2a Aggregate income and expenditure for municipalities 2015/16 9.5.2 Tobago House of Assembly Income 2015/16 Expenditure by type 2015/16 members are paid a monthly allowance to cover the cost of office facilities and Centre–local transfers TT$m Administration TT$m staff. The Salaries Review Commission Restricted 1,649.30 Staff 336.61 sets the level of this allowance. The chief secretary is a full-time, salaried position Unrestricted Other administrative costs 535.28 including allowances and other benefits, similar to that of a state government Locally raised revenue Equipment purchase 7.69 minister. It is a statutory requirement for the assembly to have a chief Property taxes 0.00 Current transfers 30.03 administrator to head the administrative set-up, and a clerk to be responsible for Other income 16.85 Services legislative matters. There is also provision Local public health 324.09 for the secondment of staff from other statutory bodies for up to five years. TOTAL INCOME 1,666.15 Roads 204.78 10. DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE General administration 86.53 DELIVERY RESPONSIBILITY Buildings/grounds 38.32 10.1 Overview of service delivery The minicipalities in Trinidad and the Markets/abattoirs 12.28 Tobago House of Assembly have differing service delivery responsibilities. Cemeteries 6.60

Other 2.43 10.1.1 Municipalities in Trinidad: These have statutory responsibility for: TOTAL INCOME 1,666.15 TOTAL EXPENDITURE 1,585.64 policing; street management; nurseries and childcare; homes for the elderly; Source: Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government 2017 bus and taxi shelters; maintenance

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Table 47.2b Local government expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure 47.2b Municipal Corporations Act 1990 http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/ 2009/10 2015/16 TT$m TT$m alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/25.04.pdf 47.2c National Spatial Development Total government expenditure 44,355 55,728 Strategy www.planning.gov.tt/ OurTnTOurFuture/documents/ Total local government expenditure 3,437 3,920 Executive_Summary_web.pdf of which Trinidad municipalities 1,168 1,586 47.2d Draft National Development Strategy (NDS) Vision 2030 of which Tobago House of Assembly 2,269 2,334 www.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/ files/Vision_2030_Draft_National_ Local government expenditure 7.7% 7.0% as a percent of total government expenditure Development_Strategy.pdf 47.3a Population and Housing Census Source: MRDLG correspondence with CLGF, national budget statements 2011 Demographic Report http:// cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data and management of street markets, will provide guidance on and access to 47.3b Ministry of Rural Development slaughterhouses and common and local and national services. Residents and Local Government recreation grounds; waste removal and will be able to access information https://rdlg.gov.tt management; and corporation cemeteries on current community-based 47.4 Elections and Boundaries and crematoria. They have discretionary projects and programmes. as well as Commission www.ebctt.com powers for: libraries; management and agricultural, health, political, community 47.5 No reference for this section improvement of the physical environment, development and educational resources 47.6 Trinidad and Tobago Association including parks, open spaces, recreation and information. The hubs will also of Local Government Authorities areas and monuments; other crematoria enable municipalities to automate www.facebook.com/Trinidad- and burial grounds; and development, several services such as accounting, and-Tobago-Association- trade fairs and events. asset management, document and of-Local-Government- procurement management. Authorities-386372844750417 10.1.2 Tobago House of Assembly: 47.7 No reference for this section The Tobago House of Assembly has 10.3 The role of local government 47.8 No reference for this section in achieving the Sustainable delegated powers over finance and 47.9 Based on figures of TT$1,586m Development Goals (SDGs) other matters. Since the 1996 Act the for total expenditure for assembly has powers to take on a wide The Trinidad and Tobago Draft National municipalities (see Table 2), range of responsibilities including: Development Strategy (NDS) Vision TT$2,334m for transfer to Tobago 47.10a finance; customs and excise, licensing and 2030 document, along with Assembly, and a total expenditure valuation; state lands, public buildings the National Spatial Development of TT$55,728m outlined in the 47.10b and infrastructure; highways and roads; Strategy (NSDS), have aligned national budget statement health services and social welfare; national development goals with the for 2017. www.finance.gov.tt/ agriculture, fisheries and food production; UN’s SDGs as the Draft NDS Vision 2030, wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ environment, forestry, housing and marine setting short,medium and long-term Estimates-Expenditure-2017- parks; sports, culture, arts and tourism; goals and objectives, projects and Final-Book-Numbered.pdf and education, museums and libraries.47.10a programmes to achieve the SDGs.47.10c 47.10a Tobago House of Assembly Localising the agenda means the SDGs www.tha.gov.tt will be integrated into the design, 10.2 ICT use in service delivery 47.10b PNM Manifesto 2015 - page 53 implementation and monitoring of The 2016 Transitioning of Local www.pnm.org.tt/images/pdf/ local government policies, development Government Policy document suggested PNM_Manifesto_2015.pdf plans and programmes of work. how ICT can improve service delivery Municipal corporations will be the drivers 47.10c GoRTT and UN collaborate for and its recommendations are expected of this initiative and municipalities first SDG Vision 2030 Mission in to be implemented incrementally. will strive to deliver people-centred Trinidad and Tobago www.news. These include: capacity to store and development. The SDGs provide an gov.tt/content/gortt-and-un- retrieve information electronically, opportunity to develop a regionally collaborate-first-sdg-vision-2030- reducing the need for paper-based relevant approach, and to achieve this mission-trinidad-and-tobago options and speeding up exchanges the national government.is promoting 47.11a UN statistics surface area of information; real-time access to extensive devolution of functions to local http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ information on the ground, to allow government. demographic/products/dyb/ councils to make quick decisions and dyb2006/Table03.pdf respond to the needs of citizens in a 47.11b Commonwealth Local timely manner; remote access capability, REFERENCES AND USEFUL WEBSITES Government knowledge hub allowing end users to access data from 47.1a National government portal www.clgf.org.uk/resource-centre/ their council regardless of geographic www.ttconnect.gov.tt knowledge-hub location; roll-out of a dedicated online 47.1b Women in national parliaments. complaints management system to all Inter-Parliamentary Union http:// 47.11c UNDP HDR Trinidad and Tobago municipal corporations establishment archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm country profile http://hdr.undp. org/en/countries/profiles/TTO of a network of internet service hubs 47.2a Constitution of Trinidad and within community centres to provide Tobago www.ttparliament.org/ internet access for residents. The hubs documents/1048.pdf

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Annex 47a Summary of service provision in different spheres of government in Trinidad and Tobago

Delivering authority

Services National government Trinidad municipalities Tobago House of Assembly Remarks GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Police n n n Fire protection n Civil protection Criminal justice n Civil status register n Statistical office n Electoral register n EDUCATION Pre-school (kindergarten and nursery) n n n Primary n n Secondary n n Vocational and technical n n Higher education n n Adult education SOCIAL WELFARE Family welfare services n n Welfare homes n n n Social security n PUBLIC HEALTH Primary care n Hospitals n Health protection n n HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING Housing n n Town planning n n Regional planning n TRANSPORT Roads n n n Transport n n n Urban roads Urban rail Ports n n Airports n n ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC SANITATION Water and sanitation n n Refuse collection and disposal n n Cemeteries and crematoria n n n Slaughterhouses n n n Environmental protection n n Consumer protection n CULTURE, LEISURE AND SPORTS Theatres and concerts n n Museums and libraries n Parks and open spaces n Sports and leisure facilities n n Religious facilities n UTILITIES Gas services n District heating Water supply n Electricity n ECONOMIC Agriculture, forests and fisheries n n Local economic development/promotion n n Trade and industry n n Tourism n n

n sole responsibility service n joint responsibility service n discretionary service

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