NSS April to June 2013

Home , AIMAll

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 1 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 2 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 3

AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index 01. AZwH´$_oUH$m ...... 01 02. j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ...... 03 03. oZUm©`H$ _ S>b ...... 04 04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...... 05 05. ew^H$m_Zm gßX{e...... 06 06. "ZdrZ em{Y gßgma' H{$ ‡W_ AßH$ H$m od_m{MZ...... 07 07. CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H$m Cfi`Z Edß ‡]ßYZ (S>m∞. b˙_U [admb) ...... 08 08. ^maV _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C⁄m{J H$m [na—Ì`, odH$mg Edß MwZm°oV`m± "EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' ...... 12 (S>m∞. ‡H$meM›– amßH$m) 09. dV©_mZ _{ß g_mO Edß ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß _roS>`m H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. bVm O°Z) ...... 17 10. g{dm H$a amOÒd 'EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' (S>m∞. g[Zm gm{Zr) ...... 21 11. _hmamOm oedmOr amd hm{bH$a H$m d°^d ""Xna`m-_hb'' (S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a) ...... 25 12. gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daU M{VZm 'EH$ X•oÓQ>H$m{U' (S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{ )...... 27 13. Í$[`{ H$m oJaVm ÒVa VWm odX{er Ï`m[ma ZroV (S>m∞. Am^m XrojV) ...... 29 14. ]mb-l_ : EH$ Aoêm[ (‡m{. _rZm _mdr, odO` _mdr) ...... 31 15. ^mfm H$m ]mOmarH$aU Edß _roS>`m (S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er) ...... 34 16. ehrX M›Xé{Ia AmOmX gmJa (Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm g{ odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$m A‹``Z (‡m{. h{_Vm Sw>S>d{) ...... 36 17. _‡ _{ß _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m± 'EH$ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' ...... 38 (S>m∞. _mbogßh Mm°hmZ, S>m∞. AOw©Z gm{bßH$r) 18. _‹`‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã _| g_md{er odH$mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m) ...... 41 19. d°ÌdrH$aU H$m Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg [a ‡^md 'Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ ode{f gßX^© _|' ...... 43 (S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb Jw·m, S>m∞. am_{Ìda Jw·m) 20. ]ma{bm-bm{H$OrdZ Edß bm{H$JrV 'em{Y gmamße' (S>m∞. g{dßVr S>mda, ‡m{. Jm`Ãr Mm°hmZ) ...... 46 21. ]wßX{br bm{H$ H$od B©gwar 'em{Y gmamße' (S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z) ...... 48 22. bm{H$ gmohÀ` : oH$VZ{ aßJ, oH$VZ{ Í$[ (S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{) ...... 49 23. H•$of j{Ã H{$ odH$mg _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. b˙_U [admb) ...... 51 24. CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdÀVm g_Ò`mE{ß Edß g_mYmZ 'em{Y gmamße' (S>m∞. H$_b O°Z, S>m∞._h{e Jw·m) ...... 53 25. _m{]mBb H$m g_mO [a ‡^md 'em{Y gmamße' (S>m∞.[r.[r. [m S{>`, S>m∞. ‡^m [m S{>`) ...... 54 26. oZ_m∂S>r ^mfm H$m ÒdÍ$[ Edß j°Ã 'em{Y gmamße' (S>m∞. _ZOrV Aam{am) ...... 55 27. $_ohbmAm| H$s ajm H{$ obE CR>m`m J`m H$X_ (S>m∞. Za|– Hw$_ma O°Z) ...... 56 28. _‹` ‡X{e _{ß C¿M oejm H$m _mZH$rH$aU Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l) ...... 58 29. _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ _{ß ^maV H{$ am¡`m{ß H$r oÒWoV 'EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' (S>m∞. naI]M›– O°Z) ...... 60 30. Xe[wa AßMb _{ß ô∫$ Edß ˚mß•Jma H$r agog’ H$doòÃ`m± (S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°o›g`m, S>m∞. amO{›– Hw$_ma [°o›g`m)...... 64 31. Zr_M oOb{ _{ß OZmßoH$H$r` [nadV©Z (1971 g{ 2011 VH$) 'EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' ...... 67 (S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m©, Amerf e_m© ) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 4

32. Effect of Duration of Marriage on Marital Adjustment (lr_Vr H$_b{e C[m‹`m`) ...... 72

33. Rotationally Inelastic Collisions in N2- Ne System and Validity of Two Parameter ...... 74 Power-Gap Law ( Dr. N.K.Dabkara, Dr. V.K.Ojha) 34. X-ray absorption studies of some copper (II) mononuclear and binuclear complexes ...... 78 (Dr. R.D.Gupta, Dr. S.K.Joshi, Shashank Dubey) 35. Importance of Computational Chemistry and Fields of application (Sunil Kumar Sikarwar) ...... 80 36. Socio-Economic Status of Fishermen in Western Nimar (M.P.) ...... 85 (Dr. Sunita Bakawale, Dr. R. Kanhere) 37. A Comparative Study Of Organizational Learning Among Public, Deemed And ...... 88 Private Universities Of Rajasthan (Dr. A.k. Chaudhary, N. Jain) 38. A Comparative of Succidal Ideation Among HIV Negative, Positive and aids Cases ...... 94 (Saroj Verma, Ravindra prajapati, Manik Samvatsar) 39. E- Mart: A Necessity Not A Boon (Dr. Devendra Singh Rathore) ...... 98 40. A study of Green Shoe Options in India (Dr. Sanjay Agrawal) ...... 102 41. Perception Of Unorganised Retailers Towards Fdi In Multibrand Retailing In India ...... 107 (Dr. Pradeep Kumar Sharma, Vishwas Sharma, Rishi Mishra) 42. Rural Women Enterprenership Development in India (Dr. Ravi Prakash Pandey) ...... 113 43. Indian Agriculture Sector: After Economic Reforms (Dr. Vinod Kumar Sharma) ...... 116 44. A Correlational Study Of Stress And Adjustment Of Nursing College Students ...... 119 (Dr. Ajay Kumar Chaudhary, Nisha Mod) 45. Impact Of Cotpa Act 2003 On The University And Colleges Of Indore ...... 121 (Yakshita Malhotra, Dr. Sharda Trivedi) 46. Ecological conciousness in Kamla Markandaya's Nectar in a sieve (Mrs. ASHA JAIN) ...... 124 47. Potential of Visual Culture in Voicing Women as Subaltern: Deepa Mehta's Water...... 127 (Veena Singh) 48. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System in India: Problems and Prospects...... 129 (Pardeep Singh) 49. A Comparative study of job satisfaction & health between female teachers of ...... 132 Government and Private schools. (Dr. Rashmi Singh) 50. A Correlation Study of Self Concept and Adjustment of Adolescents ...... 134 (Dr. A.K. Chaudhary, Deepika Jain) 51. A Comparative Study Of Depression Among Hiv Negative, Positive And Aids Cases...... 136 (Ravindra Prajapati, Saroj Verma) 52. Awareness Among Adolescent Girls (10-12yrs) Towards Secondary Sexual...... 140 Changes And Menarche (Yakshita Malhotra, Mrs. Parul Tripathi) 53. ‡W_/o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU H{$ gXÒ`m| H$s gyMr...... 144 54 Copyright Agreement Form: ...... 147 55. Membership Cum Author's Bio-data Form ...... 148 56. Guideline for Authors/Research Scholars ...... 149 57. Advertisement ...... 150 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 5

j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b (Regional Editor Board) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd ...... em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd...... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (04) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S>{ ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr...... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. V[Z Mm°a{...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, odH´$_ odÌd od⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m©...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{ ...... A‹`j, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. H$›`m Òdemgr CÀH•$Ô> ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ..... [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmob`a (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O oÃd{Xr ...... gßMmbH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßXr[ Om{er ...... oZX{eH$, _.[´. gm_moOH$ em{Y gßÒWmZ C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ _mWwa ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ od^mJ, amOÒWmZ odÌdod⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ...... oZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$na`a _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (05) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T> S>...... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌd od⁄mb` ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m© ...... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb` g|Ydm (_.‡.) (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. _{hVm ...... A‹`j, agm`Z Edß O°odH$ agm`Z A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌd od⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.Eg. Mm°hmZ ...... C[‡mMm`©,NIMS B›`y Am∞\$ _°Z{O_|Q>, AO_{a (amO.) (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eb. ohaU ...... g{dmoZd•Œm ‡m‹`m[H$, lr _m{hZbmb gwImo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.)

English Edit by - Arpna Ray, Govt. P.G. College, Neemuch (M.P.)

***************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 6

oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board) _mZX≤ odkmZ gßH$m` JoUV:- ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^m°oVH$s:- ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.H{$. S>]H$am, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) agm`Z:- ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. XmZJ∂T>, g_›d`H$ amÔ≠>r` Bp›Xam Jm±Yr _w∑V odÌdod⁄mb`, H{$›– Zr_M (_.‡.) dZÒ[oV:- ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ‡moUH$s:- ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. JwflVm, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) gmßpª`H$s:- ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) g°›` odkmZ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)

dmoU¡` gßH$m` dmoU¡` :- ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∑H$∂S>, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

‡]ßY gßH$m` ‡]ßY :- ‡m{. S>m∞.am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.)

odoY gßH$m` odoY:- ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za|– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)

H$bm gßH$m`

AW©emÒÃ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) amOZroV:- ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) g_mOemÒÃ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. AmewVm{f Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) oh›Xr:- ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` B›Xm°a (_.‡.) AßJ´{Or:- ‡m{. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) gßÒH•$V:- ‡m{. S>m∞. dr.H{$. e_m©, ‡mMm`© emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Omdam (_.‡.) BoVhmg:- ‡m{. S>m∞. _XZbmb [ßdma, ‡mMm`© emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^yJm{b:- ‡m{. S>m∞. X{d|– H$m°a, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) Xe©ZemÒÃ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_ßV Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) _Zm{odkmZ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. E.Ama. bm{oh`m, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) oMÃH$bm:- ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. dr. Hw$bl{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

J•h odkmZ gßH$m`

J•h odkmZ:- ‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr, g{dmoZd•V ‡m‹`m[H$ emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm BßXm°a (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 7

‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. JwO{oQ>`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV...... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞.]r.Ama. Zbdm`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (05) [´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. eemßH$ Xw]{ ...... O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX (_.‡.) (08) lr Amerf o¤d{Xr...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm (_.‡.) (09) ‡m{. S>m∞.gr.E_. _{hVm...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Omdam (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>r.Eg. o\$am{oO`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam (_.‡.) (11) [´m{. S>m∞. amO|– lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (15) ‡m{. S>m∞.J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞.gwa{eMß– O°Z...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (17) [´m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb JwflVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞.adt– H$m›h{a{ ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. oggm{oX`m...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (25) [´m{. S>m∞. Am¢H$maqgh _{hVm...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg. ^mQ>r ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, AbramO[wa (_.‡.) (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, AßO∂S> (_.‡.) (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eMß– IßS>{bdmb ...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r ...... Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV ...... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` AJ´dmb ...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (34) ‡m{. S>m∞. bVm O°Z...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.Eb. JwflVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (36) ‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.) (38) S>m∞. oXbr[ JJ© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` [Mm{a, oObm-amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (39) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r ...... emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) (40) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr (41) lr_Vr gw_Z doe> ...... amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (42) ‡m{. ‡Xr[ qgJ ...... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (43) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR>...... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.) (44) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (45) S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 8 ew^H$m_Zm gßX{e

_wª`_ßÃr oedamOqgh Mm°hmZ _.‡. emgZ, ^m{[mb _wª`_ßÃr _.‡. emgZ, ^m{[mb

‡g›ZVm H$m odf` h° oH$ Zr_M g{ ""ZdrZ em{Y gßgma""BßQ>aZ{eZb nagM© OZ©b H$m ‡H$meZ ‡maß^ oH$`m Om ahm h°$& Amem h° `h OZ©b AZwgßYmZH$Vm©Am| H{$ em{Y H$m`© H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ Edß g_mO H$m{ Z`{ em{Ym| H$s OmZH$mar X{Z{ _| C[`m{Jr hm{Jm$& hmoX©H$ ew^H$m_ZmAm| gohV !

(oedamOqgh Mm°hmZ)

************ ew^H$m_Zm gßX{e

oZdmg: ]r-11(74 ]ßJbm) ^m{[mb Xya^mf: (_ßÃmb`) 0755-2441128 b˙_rH$mßV e_m© oZdmg: 0755-2551173 \°$∑g- 0755-2570175 _ßÃr, C¿M oejm, VH$ZrH$s oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒH•$oV OZgÂ[H©$ Ymo_©H$ ›`mg Am°a Y_©Òd _‹`‡X{e

`h OmZH$a ‡g›ZVm h˛B© oH$ BßQ>aZ{eZb nagM© OZ©b ""ZdrZ em{Y gßgma"" Zr_M g{ ‡H$meZ oH$`m Om ahm h°$& em{Y H$m`m™{ H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ Ï`m[H$ g_mO ohV _| h°$& em{Y H$m`m™{ H$m{ ‡H$moeV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ nagM© OZ©b AmdÌ`H$ h°$& nagM© OZ©b EH$ _hÀd[yU© ‡H$meZ hm{Vm h°, Bgob`{ BgH$s JwUdŒmm Am°a odÌdgZr`Vm ]hwV AmdÌ`H$ h°$& _wP{ odÌdmg h° oH$ ZdrZ em{Y gßgma Bg oXem _| gmW©H$ ‡`mg H$a{Jm$& ‡H$meZ H{$ ob`{ _a{r hmoX©H$ ew^H$m_ZmE± Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 9 AZ›V lr od^yofV OJX≤JwÍ$ eßH$amMm`© Òdm_r lr oXÏ`mZ›XOr VrW© ^mZ[wam [rR>mYrÌda H{$ H$aH$_bm| ¤mam "ZdrZ em{Y gßgma' H$m od_m{MZ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 10 CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H$m Cfi`Z Edß ‡]ßYZ S>m∞. b˙_U [admb * ‡ÒVmdZm :- gmjaVm AmoX & _.‡. [hbm am¡` h° oOgZ{ g{_{ÒQ>a ‡Umbr ¤mam df© 2008 g{ CÉ * Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg H$r _hVr AmdÌ`H$Vm$& oejm _{ß Ï`m[H$ [nadV©Z H$aZ{ H$m oZU©` ob`m h° & _.‡. ^maV H$m ˆX` oboIV Am°a _m°oIH$ gß‡{fU VWm gßdmX j_Vm, gßJR>Z H$aZ{ H$r ‡X{e h° & `hm± oejm-gßÒH•$oV-H$bm H$r ]hwV [wamZr [aÂ[am h° & dV©_mZ j_Vm, Z{V•Àd H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm, g_Ò`m-g_mYmZ H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm, g_` _{ß ^r `hmß H{$ AZ{H$ odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Am°a _hmod⁄mb`m{ß Z{ CÉ oejm H$m`©H´$_ Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm, gßMmbZ H$r oZ[wUVm AmoX& H{$ j{Ã _{ß CÉÒVar` _mZXßS> ÒWmo[V oH$`{ h¢& `hmß H{$ gßÒWmZm{ß, CÉoejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H{$ Cfi`Z Edß ‡]ßYZ h{Vw emgH$r` ‡`mg - odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß g{ oejm ‡m· AZ{H$ _hÀd[yU© Ïò∫$`m{ß Z{ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` JwUdŒmm oH$gr ^r `m{OZm `m oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ VarH$m{ß H$m{ Wm{[Z{ g{ Zht ª`moV AoO©V H$r h° & dV©_mZ _{ß odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Am°a _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AmVr, ]oÎH$ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm g{ Am gH$Vr h°& `h ‡]ßYZ g^r A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r ‡oVdf© ]∂T>Vr hwB© gßª`m H$m{ X{IV{ hwE JwUdŒmm bm{Jm{ß H{$ gm_yohH$, AoZdm`© Am°a Òd°o¿N>H$ oH´$`mH$bm[m{ß H$m ZVrOm hm{Vm `w∫$ oejm ‡Xm` H$aZ{ H$m gßH$Î[ AmgmZ Zht Wm, oH$›Vw d°pÌdH$ h°& A[Zr ^mdZm H$m{ H$m`© _{ß Am°a H$m`© H$m{ gÂ[yU© M{VZm Am°a _Z g{ H$aZ{ _{ß [naoÒWoV`mß{ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE `h oZU©` ]hwV OÍ$ar Wm & JwUdŒmm Òd`ß AmVr h°& oH$gr ^r H$m`© _{ß Z{V•Àd ^mdZm Am°a EH$mJ´ —oÔ>> CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - ∑`m{ß ? H$m g_md{e H$aZ{ g{ Cg_ß{ oZohV JwUdŒmm Òd`_{d ‡H$Q> hm{Z{ bJVr h°& CÉ oejm H$m C‘{Ì` g^r gß]ßoYV Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm d CÉ oejm _{ß g{_{ÒQ>a [’oV EH$ gwodMmnaV H$m`© `m{OZm h° oOg [a oXem Xe©Z H$aZm h°& Òd`ß A[Z{ H$m{ `h Am^mg H$amZm ^r h° oH$ H$m`© MbH$a od⁄mWr© Am°a oejH$ Xm{Zm{ß hr em{Y Am°a odH$mg H{$ [W [a AmJ{ ]∂T> H$aZm EH$ ]mV h° Am°a H$m`© _{ß JwUdŒmm bmZm Xygar ]mV h°& JwUdŒmm bmZ{ gH$V{ h¢& CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H{$ Cfi`Z Edß ‡]ßYZ h{Vw oH$`{ Om ah{ H{$ obE h_{ß A[Zr A¿N>mB`m{ß H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ _O]yV H$aZm, H$_Om{a [jm{ß emgH$r` ‡`mgm{ß H$r l•ßIbm Bg ‡H$ma h° : [a ‹`mZ X{Zm, gwAdgam{ß H$m bm^ CR>mZm, Òd`ß _{ß _mZogH$ —∂T>Vm bmZm * EÂ]{g{S>a ‡m‹`m[H$ `m{OZm A[{ojV h°& Bg Vah Òd`ß _{ß Am°a gßÒWm _{ß ""JwUdŒmm-gßÒH•$oV'' H$m{ odH$ogV * ‡oV^mdmZ ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H$m naoS>flbm`_{ßQ> H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm oZÂZ H$maUm{ß H$r * Ò_mQ©> Edß dMw©Ab ∑bmg{g H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A‹`m[Z Ï`dÒWm dOh g{ AoZdm`© hm{ JB© h° :- * Òd: lr b˙_Uogßh Jm°∂S> Ò_•oV [waÒH$ma * ]∂T>Vr VH$ZrH$r oZ^©aVm & * CÉ oejm od^mJ H$r d{]gmB©Q> [a ‡oVoXZ ZdrZ oZX}em{ß H$r * _yÎ` [aH$ am{OJmam{›_wIr oejm ‡XmZ H$aZm& OmZH$mar * AYm{gßaMZmÀ_H$ T>mßM{ _{ß ]Xbmd & * oejH$-Ao^^mdH$ `m{OZm * d°pÌdH$ MwZm°oV`m{ß g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ ob`{ Z`{ odf`m{ß Edß Z`{ [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß * \°$H$ÎQ>r naMmO© ‡m{J´m_ H$m{ bmJy H$aZm & * dmof©H$ [oÃH$m Edß ›`yO b{Q>a H$m ‡H$meZ * AH$mXo_H$ ZdmMmam{ß H$m g•OZ & * ""ÒdmQ>'' odÌb{fU (VmH$V, H$_Om{na`mß{, Adgam{ß Edß IVamß{ H{$ ]ma{ * —oÔ>>H$m{U _{ß [nadV©Z & _{ß OmZZm) * Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm & * ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H$r j_Vm _{ß Ao^d•o’ H{$ Adga (E.[r.AmB©. Jm{[Zr` * AmßVnaH$ ‡{aUm H$m{ OmJ•V H$aZm & MnaÃmdbr) * odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Edß _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß g{_rZma/H$m`©embmAm{ß H$m * `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ^maVr` [aÂ[am Am°a ‡JoV H{$ ]rM gm_ßOÒ` ]ZmH$a Am`m{OZ A[Z{ odH$mg H{$ amÒV{ H$m{ MwZZ{ H$m odH$Î[ X{Zm & * ey›` Edß g{Vw H$jmAm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ * AH$mXo_H$ oS>J´r H{$ gmW-gmW [`m©· H$m°eb Am°a hwZa ogImZm & * ÒQy>S{>›Q> MmQ©>a * Z`{ j°Ã _{ß am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ß H$r C[b„YVm H$m ]∂T>Zm$& * ‡mMm`© H$m AmÀ_mdbm{H$Z ( 38 o]›Xw ) ‡]ßY, odŒm, ]¢oHß$J, ]r_m, odoY, AmoS>oQß>J, ]OoQß>J, Hß$gÎQ{>ßgr, * oejH$ H$m AmÀ_mdbm{H$Z ( 19 o]›Xw ) [o„bH$ nab{e›g, H$mCo›gobßJ, [ÃH$mnaVm, ‡H$meZ, AZwdmX, * od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ AmÀ_odH$mg h{Vw _hÀd[yU© oZX}e ( 6 o]›Xw ) oS>OmBoZßJ, odkm[Z, Eo∑Qß>J, o\$Î_, gßJrV, _Zm{aßOZ, EodEeZ, * gVV g_J´ _yÎ`mßH$Z h{Vw _mJ©Xer© oZX}e [`©Q>Z, hm{Q>b, [mH$ H$bm AmoX& * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß JwUdŒmm Edß AmÌdmgZ ‡H$m{> H$r ÒWm[Zm * AmdÌ`H$ H$m°eb AoO©V H$aZ{ H{$ j°Ã H$m ]∂T>Zm$& * am{OJmam{›_wIr [na`m{OZm H$m`© h{Vw _mJ©Xeu oZX}e ]m°o’H$, gÂ‡{fUr`, gßJR>ZmÀ_H$, BßQ>a-[g©Zb nab{eZ, A›d{jU, * g{_{ÒQ>a ‡H$m{> Edß AmßVnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z ‡H$m{> H{$ H$m`© odX{er ^mfm H$m{ g_PZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm, JUZr` j_Vm, H$Âfl`yQ>a * oejH$ Edß ‡mMm`© H{$ Xmo`Àd

* ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` - Òdm_r odd{H$mZ›X emgH$r` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 11

* gVV _yÎ`mßH$Z h{Vw gwPmB© JB© 16 odoY`mß CÉ oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ JwUdŒmm`w∫$ ]ZmZ{ _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mEß- * J´ßW[mb, H´$r∂S>m AoYH$mar, _wª` obo[H$, b{Im[mb H{$ ob`{ oZX}e _‹`‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm _{ß g{_{ÒQ>a ‡Umbr H$m{ bmJy hwE 05 df©hm{ J`{ * AoVoW od¤mZm{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$`mß h¢& od^mJ ¤mam ‡oVdf© Bg_{ß Z`{ [nadV©Z Am°a gßem{YZ oH$`{ Om ah{ h¢& * [na`m{OZm H$m`© H{$ Xm°amZ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ oZX}e JV df© CÉ oejm od^mJ Z{ JwUdŒmm df© H{$ Í$[ _{ß _Zm`m VWm Mmbw df© * _hÀd[yU© oXdgm{ß Edß O`ßoV`mß{ H$m Am`m{OZ H$m{ JwUdŒmm odÒVma df© H{$ Í$[ _{ß _Zm`m Om ahm h°& AmO ^r _‹`‡X{e _{ß * oeH$m`V oZdmaU ‡H$m{>/gwPmd [{Q>r CÉ oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ JwUdŒmm `w∫$ ]ZmZ{ _{ß H$m\$r Í$H$mdQ{>ß h¢, oOZ_{ß * ‡mMm`© H$r odd{H$ oZoY g{ ‡_wI Bg ‡H$ma h¢ : * oejH$ ‡Xe©Z H$m CÎb{I H$aZ{ dmbr X°ZßoXZr * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß gVV≤ _moZQ>naßJ H$r Ï`dÒWm Zht h°& * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AbyÂZr Egm{ogEeZ, ‡oV^m ]¢H$, ]wH$ aroSß>J ∑b], * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß H$m`© H{$ ‡oV bm[admh Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ob`{ oH´$EoQ>d amB©oQß>J ∑b], oS>]{Q> Edß Ò[rM ∑b]m{ß H$m JR>Z CoMV X S> H$m ‡mdYmZ Zht h°& * ‡oV^membr od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r odo^fi `m{OZmEß * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß H$m`© H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ob`{ * ‡oV`m{Jr [arjmAm{ß H{$ [yd© od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ _mJ©Xe©Z (H∞$naà CoMV g_`mdoY _{ß [waÒH$ma `m ‡_m{eZ X{Z{ H$m oZ`_mZwgma H$m{B© _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>) ‡mdYmZ Zht h°& * od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ h{Vw odo^fi H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m Am`m{OZ- * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _ß{ na∫$ [Xm{ß [a ÒWmB© oZ`wo∫$ H{$ ob`{ R>m{g gm_m›` kmZ ‡oV`m{oJVm, ^mfm gwYma Ao^`mZ, ""AZ© ÏhmBb `y ‡oH´$`m Edß oZ`_ H$m A^md h°& bZ©'' od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ [∂T>mB© d H$_mB© gmW-gmW, gmohoÀ`H$ * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _ß{ C[b„Y gßgmYZm{ß (oejH$, H$m`m©b`rZ JoVodoY`mß, aMZmÀ_H$ b{IZ, ‡^mdr gßMmbZ, dmX-oddmX, ÒQ>m∞\$, H$_am{ß, \$Zr©Ma, oH$Vm]m{ß, C[H$aUm{ß) H{$ AZw[mV _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß ^mfU d [naMMm©Am{ß H$m Am`m{OZ, [m±M aßJm{ß H{$ [•>>m{ß dmbr S>màr, H{$ ‡d{e H{$ oZ`_ Zht h°& oZOr "EZgm`∑bm{[roS>`m', Imbr g_` H$m gmW©H$ C[`m{J, [wÒVH$mß{ * oejH$m{ß H$m{ ZdmMma g{ Om{∂S>Z{ h{Vw dmof©H$ ‡oejU X{Z{ H$m ‡mdYmZ H$m A‹``Z AmoX& Zht h°& _‹`‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm H$r Xem Edß oXem- * gßÒWm ‡_wI g^r H$m`© j°Ã _{ß A[Z{ H$Œm©Ï`m{ß Edß Xmo`Àdm{ß H{$ ‡oV ^maV O°g{ ‡JoVerb X{e _{ß Hw$b ]OQ> amoe H$m _mÃ 4.2 ‡oVeV gOJ Zht hm{Z{ g{ gßÒWm H$m{ ‡JoVerb ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ Zht hm{ [m ^mJ hr oejm [a Ï`` oH$`m OmVm h°& BgH$m ^r 80 ‡oVeV ^mJ ÒHy$br ah{ h¢& oejm [a Ï`` hm{Vm h°, e{f 20 ‡oVeV ^mJ CÉ oejm H{$ ob`{ IM© * ÒWmZr` amOZroV (gmßgX, odYm`H$, OZ^mJrXmar A‹`j d oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg 20 ‡oVeV amoe H$m ^r bJ^J 95 ‡oVeV ^mJ gXÒ`JU, N>mÃ gßJR>Z d A›`) H{$ X]mdm{ß H{$ H$maU ^r gßÒWm d{VZ Am°a gßMmbZ [a Ï`` hm{Vm h°, e{f 5 ‡oVeV ^mJ hr CÉ oejm H{$ ‡_wI A[Z{ H$Œm©Ï`m{ß Edß Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ _{ß A[Z{ Am[H$m{ odH$mg h{Vw o_b [mVm h°& `h oÒWoV Xw^m©Ω`[yU© Edß gm{MZr` h°& Aghm` _hgyg H$aV{ h¢& AmOmXr H{$ 66 dfm}ß H{$ ]mX ^r _‹`‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm H$r Xem Am°a * H$jmAm{ß _ß{ C[oÒWoV Zht ]∂T>Zm ^r EH$ ‡_wI g_Ò`m h°& H$jmAm{ß _{ß oXem [a Jm°a H$a{ß oH$ h_Z{ oH$Z j°Ã _{ß ‡JoV H$r Am°a oH$Z j°Ã _{ß oJamdQ> C[oÒWoV Zht hm{Z{ g{ A›` [mR>`{Œma JoVodoY`m{ß (EZ.Eg.Eg./ AmB© Vm{ VÒdra Hw$N> Bg ‡H$ma oXImB© X{Vr h° : EZ.gr.gr./H´$r∂S>m/ `wdm CÀgd / gmohoÀ`H$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß) _{ß ^r ey›`Vm H$m ^md oXImB© X{ ahm h° & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 12

* od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV H$m ghr X[©U ]ZmZ{ _{ß gßÒWm ‡_wI A[Z{ CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H{$ Cfi`Z h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd- AYrZÒWm{ß H$m{ CoMV _mJ©Xe©Z X{Z{ _{ß g\$b Zht hm{ [m ah{ h¢& oObm d°pÌdH$ A[{jmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma oejm OJV _{ß ]Xbmd bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ h_{ß ÒVa Edß gß^mJ ÒVa [a ^r g^r oejU gßÒWmEß Bg g_Ò`m [a `h ‹`mZ aIZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h° oH$ h_ma{ ¤mam bm`m OmZ{ dmbm [naVd©Z h_ma{ EH$_V Zht h¢& X{e /‡X{e H$r [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ AZwHy$b hm{ & CÉ oejm H{$ b˙`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· * H$_ C[oÒWoV H$r Xem _{ß N>mÃd•oŒm ‡Xm` H$aZm/Zht H$aZm ^r EH$ H$aZ{ VWm JwUdŒmm H{$ Cfi`Z h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :- _hÀd[yU© g_Ò`m h°& * ‡X{e H{$ g^r CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$r gVV _moZQ>naßJ H$r Ï`dÒWm * oejH$ dJ© ^r oejU H$m`© H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` H$m`m~ _ß{ CbP{ ahZ{ g{ hm{Zr Mmoh`{& `h _moZQ>naßJ Ï`dÒWm oObm, gß^mJ Edß am¡` ÒVa d{ oejm H{$ _yb C‘{Ì`m{ß g{ Xya hm{V{ Om ah{ h¢& d{ Mmh H$a ^r A›` H$m`m~ [a Jm{[Zr` od^mJ ¤mam H$amB© OmZm Mmoh`{& H$m{ g_`mdoY _ß{ [yam H$aZ{ H$r hm{∂S> _{ß A[Z{ odf` H$m A‹``Z- * CÉ oejm gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß H$V©ÏòZÓR> Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ob`{ CoMV [waÒH$ma A‹`m[Z Zht H$a/H$am [m ah{ h¢& Edß bm[admh Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ Xo S>V H$aZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ CoMV g_`mdoY * gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ ZroVJV \°$gbm{ß _{ß ^r gßÒWm ‡_wI ¤mam g^r oejH$m{ß _{ß hr hm{Zm Mmoh`{& H$r am` Z b{H$a A[Zr [gßX H{$ oejH$m{ß g{ hr [am_e© H$aH{$ gßÒWmAm{ß * ‡X{e H{$ CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß na∫$ [Xm{ß [a erK´ hr oZ`wo∫$ H$r H$m{ MbmZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmVm h°& ‡oH´$`m ‡maß^ H$aH{$ C›h{ß ÒWmB© Í$[ g{ âm OmZm Mmoh`{& * oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ AYm{gßaMZmÀ_H$ T>mßM{ _{ß ]Xbmd bmZ{ h{Vw [`m©· * oOZ gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß AmdÌ`H$Vm g{ AoYH$ ÒQ>m∞\$ hm{ C›h{ß dhmß g{ H$m`©_w∫$ _mÃm _{ß odŒm H$r C[b„YVm od^mJ ¤mam Zht H$r OmVr h° & H$aH{$ A›` gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß Ohmß CZH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{ dhmß [XÒW oH$`m * gßÒWm ‡_wIm{ß _{ß CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$m{ AmYwoZH$ OmZm Mmoh`{& C[H$aUm{ß d VH$ZrH$r g{ Om{∂S>Z{ h{Vw CXma _Z g{ H$m`© H$aZ{ * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ‡d{e dhmß C[b„Y gßgmYZm{ß H$r ‡oV]’Vm H$m Z hm{Zm& (oejH$, H$m`m©b`rZ ÒQ>m∞\$, \$Zr©Ma, H$_am{ß, oH$Vm]m{ß, C[H$aUm{ß) H{$ AmYma [a hm{Z{ Mmoh`{& * AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ ]rM d{VZ odgßJoV`mß{ H$m * g{_{ÒQ>a ‡Umbr H{$ AßVJ©V ÒZmVH$/ÒZmVH$m{Œma g{_{ÒQ>am{ß _{ß H$Âfl`yQ>a oZamH$aU Zht hm{ [mZm& oejm d nagM© _°œS>m{bm∞Or H$r oejm AoZdm`©V: emo_b H$r OmZr * H{$›– H{$ g_mZ am¡` gaH$ma H{$ CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß H$m`©aV Mmoh`{, oOgg{ H$r od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ CÉ ÒVar` ‡m{O{∑Q> ]ZmZ{ _{ß AoYH$mna`m{ß d H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ ^Œm{ d AZwbm^ ‡m· Z hm{Zm& oZ[wUVm ‡m· hm{ gH{$& * gßÒWm ÒVa [a OZ^mJrXmar go_oV`m{ß ¤mam ÒWmZr` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß * oejH$ dJ© H$m{ ^r ZdmMma g{ Om{∂S>V{ hwE H$Âfl`yQ>a d nagM© g{ gß]ßoYV H{$ AZwgma H$m`© `m{OZm ]ZmH$a C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß, gmßgXm{ß, odYm`H$m{ß d dmof©H$ ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm emgZ ÒVa [a oH$gr gßÒWm ¤mam A›` gÂ[fi Ïò∫$`m{ß g{ odŒm C[b„Y H$amH$a gßÒWm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw oZò_V Í$[ g{ H$r OmZr Mmoh`{& aMZmÀ_H$ H$m`m~ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß CÀgmh g{ H$m_ Zht oH$`m * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß g{ amOZ°oVH$ hÒVj{[ H$m{ g_m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ Om ahm h°& emgZ ÒVa [a JoR>V OZ^mJrXmar go_oV`m{ß _{ß A‹`j Edß A›` * oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _ß{ AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß _{ß JwQ>]mOr d [Xm{ß [a od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ hr Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& Am[gr g_›d` H$m A^md hm{Z{ g{ ^r ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a V^r ghr _m`Z{ _{ß ÒWmZr` AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ AZwÍ$[ oejU gßÒWmZmß{ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß H$B© g_Ò`mEß gßÒWm ‡_wI H{$ gm_Z{ od⁄_mZ H$m odH$mg gß^d hm{ gH{$Jm& ahVr h¢& Bg dOh g{ d{ gH$mamÀ_H$ H$m`m~ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ _{ß A[Z{ * AoVoW ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ oZò_V H$aZ{ h{Vw ÒWmB© Í$[ g{ H$m`© `m{OZm Am[ H$m{ Aghm` [mV{ h¢& ]ZmB© OmZm Mmoh`{& * CÉ oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$r _m°obH$ Edß ÒWmZr` g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Xya * H$jmAm{ß _ß{ od⁄moW©`mß{ H$r C[oÒWoV ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ gm_yohH$ ‡`mg hm{Z{ Mmoh`{& H$aZ{ _{ß ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ H$m [yU© gh`m{J ‡m· Zht hm{Vm h°& * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _ß{ amÔ≠> H$r g{dm h{Vw EZ.gr.gr. Edß g_mO g{dm h{Vw * gßÒWm ‡_wIm{ß H$m{ CXma _Z g{ gßÒWm ohV _ß{ H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ AoYH$mam{ß EZ.Eg.Eg. H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ [mR>ÁH´$_ H{$ EH$ odf` H{$ Í$[ _ß{ g^r d ep∑V`m{ß H$m gÂ‡{eU CÉ AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam erK´Vm g{ ‡Xm` od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ obE AoZdm`©V: oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& BgH{$ ob`{ H´$r∂S>m Zht oH$`m OmVm h°& gmW hr AYrZÒW AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß AoYH$mar H$r Vah hr emgZ ÒVa [a [X oZo_©V H$aH{$ ÒWmB© H$m gh`m{J ^r gßÒWm ‡_wIm{ß H$m{ Iwb{ _Z g{ ‡m· Zht hm{ [mVm h°& EZ.gr.gr. Edß EZ.Eg.Eg. AoYH$mna`m{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$`mß bm{H$ g{dm * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß g{ [arjmAm{ß H{$ Am`m{OZ, [naUm_ Am`m{J H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$r OmZr Mmoh`{& d A›` AH$mXo_H$ H$m`m~ _{ß g_`-g_` [a aMZmÀ_H$ gh`m{J ‡m· * ‡À`{H$ emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m oZYm©naV _m[X S>m{ß H{$ AZwgma Zht hm{Vm h°& emgH$r` ^dZ hm{Zm Mmoh`{, Om{ [yU©Í$[{U gm\$ gwWam, gwgo¡OV * emgZ ¤mam oZYm©naV AH$mXo_H$ H{$b{ S>a H$m ^r odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß d ham-âm hm{, oOg_ß{ I{b _°XmZ, oO_, dmMZmb`, J´ßWmb`, ]JrMm, ¤mam [yU© Í$[{U [mbZ Zht oH$`m OmVm h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ [∂T>Z{ H{$ ob`{ [`m©· H$j, H$Âfl`yQ>a gwodYm Edß * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß Z`{ [mR>ÁH´$_ d Z`{ odf`m{ß H$m{ ‡maß^ H$aZ{ H$r ]mC S≠>rdmb AoZdm`©V: hm{Zm Mmoh`{& AZw_oV`mß d A›` AmdÌ`H$ ‡_mU-[Ã ^r odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß g{ * _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV oZò_V od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ S≠>{g H$m{S> erK´Vm g{ ‡m· Zht hm{ [mV{ h¢& AoZdm`© oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 13

* Jar] Edß H$_Om{a od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ CÉ oejm A‹``Z h{Vw _hmod⁄mb` * gßÒWm ‡_wIm{ß H$r AZweßgm [a gßÒWm ohV _{ß H$m`© Zht H$a ah{ H$r OZ^mJrXmar go_oV g{ o]Zm „`mO [a F$U gwodYm C[b„Y AoYH$mna`m{ß d H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m ÒWmZmßVaU CoMV g_`mdoY _{ß hr H$amB© OmZr Mmoh`{, Om{ od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ 10 _mh _{ß g_mZ oH$ÌVm{ß _{ß A›` gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& dm[g br OmE& * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß ÒWmZr` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ 01_mh/ * EÂ]{g{S>a ‡m‹`m[H$ H$m{ J´m_rU Edß XwaÒW AßMbm{ß H{$ E{g{ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß 03_mh/ 06_mh Edß 12 _mh H$r AdoY H{$ goQ©>o\$H{$Q> H$m{g}g ‡maß^ _{ß Ohmß oejH$m{ß H$m A^md h° dhmß ‡À`{H$ g·mh _{ß EH$ oXZ AoZdm`©V: oH$`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{, Om{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ôdÓ` _{ß am{OJma Edß Òdam{OJma A‹`m[Z h{Vw ^{Om OmZm Mmoh`{& oOb{ H{$ d{ _hmod⁄mb` Om{ eham{ß _{ß C[b„Y H$amZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{ gH{$& oÒWV h¢ Edß Ohmß [`m©· _mÃm _{ß odf` g{ gß]ßoYV ‡m‹`m[H$ C[b„Y * gßÒWm ‡_wIm{ß ¤mam ÒZmVH$ Edß ÒZmVH$m{Œma AßoV_ df© H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß hm{ß, dhmß EÂ]{g{S>a ‡m‹`m[H$ H$m{ ^{OZ{ H$m H$m{B© Am°oMÀ` Zht h°& H{$ ob`{ H{$Â[g M`Z h{Vw ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a \$_© Edß H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$m{ * CÉ oejm g{ Ow∂S{> ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ ""AmÀ_-odÌb{fU'' H{$ AmYma Am_ßoÃV H$a H{$Â[g BßQ>aÏ`y H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m{ ‡oVdf© Am`m{oOV H$am`m [a H$m`© H$aZm Mmoh`{& OmZm Mmoh`{& gmW hr `h ^r ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ oH$ BZ * ""e°joUH$ ^´Ô>>mMma"" H$m{ ‡^md[yU© Edß Z°oVH$ VarH$m{ß g{ am{H$m OmZm BßQ>aÏ`y _{ß AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hm{& Mmoh`{& * CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß aMZmÀ_H$ JoVodoY`m{ß Edß ZdmMmam{ß H{$ Cfi`Z Hw$N> R>m{g oZU©`m{ß H$m{ bmJy H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm :- h{Vw odŒm H$r H$_r Am∂S{> Zht AmZr Mmoh`{& CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H{$ Cfi`Z Edß ‡]ßYZ h{Vw oZÂZ R>m{g oZU©`mß{ H$m{ * oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß ZdmMmam{ß h{Vw XmZXmVmAm{ß g{ XmZ Edß AZwXmZ erK´Vm g{ A_b _{ß bm`m OmZm Mmoh`{, oOgg{ od⁄mWr© odo^fi ‡oV`m{Jr b{H$a `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ H$m`©Í$[ _{ß [naoUV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ gßÒWm ‡_wImß{ [arjmAm{ß _{ß g\$b hm{ gH{$ß VWm AoO©V kmZ Am°a H$m°eb g{ A[Zm ôdÓ` H$m{ Ò[Ô>> oZX}e Edß AoYH$ma oX`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{& ]Zm gH{$ß& oZÓH$f© * gr.gr.B©. _{ß \{$b/AZwVrU© od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ Cgr g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß Xm{]mam ‡X{e H{$ gdm™JrU odH$mg H{$ obE CÉ oejm H{$ g^r Am`m_m{ß [a gr.gr.B©. Zht b{Z{ H$m ‡mdYmZ hm{Zm Mmoh`{& ‹`mZ X{Zm OÍ$ar h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ CÉ oM›VZ H{$ o]Zm ^maVr` [aÂ[amAm{ß Am°a * od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV oZYm©naV ‡oVeV g{ H$_ hm{Z{ [a AoVna∫$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ AmH$ma X{Zm gß^d Zht h°& _mZd gßgmYZ H$jmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ CZH$r C[oÒWoV ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ [a C›h{ß odH$mg H$m{ JwUmÀ_H$ odH$mg g{ Om{∂S>V{ hwE g{_{ÒQ>a [’oV H$m{ Bg ‡H$ma Òdm‹`m`r [arjmWr© H{$ Í$[ _{ß [arjmAm{ß _{ß emo_b oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{, C[`m{Jr ]Zm`m Om` oOgg{ _‹`‡X{e H{$ CÉ oejm gßÒWmZm{ß Am°a od⁄m VWm E{g{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ _hmod⁄mb` H$r g^r gwodYmAm{ß g{ (N>mÃd•oŒm, [nagam{ß g{ [∂T>H$a oZH$bZ{ dmb{ od⁄mWr© odo^fi ‡oV`m{Jr [arjmAm{ß _{ß I{bHy$X, EZ.gr.gr., EZ.Eg.Eg., J´ßWmb`, dmMZmb` AmoX) C›h{ß g\$b hm{ gH{$ß Am°a AoO©V kmZ d H$m°eb g{ A[Zm ôdÓ` ]Zm gH{$ß& dßoMV oH$`{ OmZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ hm{Zm Mmoh`{& CÉ oejm H{$ g^r ohVJ´moh`m{ß - od⁄mWr©, [mbH$, oejH$ AWm©V≤ * od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m ZH$b ‡H$aU ]ZZ{ [a C›h{ß VrZ df© VH$ oZò_V gma{ g_mO H$r M{VZm H$m{ JhamB© g{ gßÒH$mnaV H$aZ{ _{ß CÉ oejm H$r _hmZ od⁄mWr© H{$ Í$[ _{ß [arjm X{Z{ g{ dßoMV aIZ{ H$m gªV ‡mdYmZ hm{Zm ^yo_H$m h°& BgobE CÉ oejm od^mJ g{ Ow∂S{> hwE AoYH$mna`m{ß - H$_©Mmna`m{ß Mmoh`{& Am°a ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ CÉ oejm _ß{ JwUmÀ_H$ odH$mg H{$ obE o_bH$a H$m_ * od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r a{oJßJ d A›` AZwemgZ aohV JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß gßbæVm H$aZm hm{Jm, V^r JwUdŒmm H$m{ ]∂T>m`m Om gH{$Jm& [m`{ OmZ{ [a C›h{ß gßÒWm g{ oZÓH$mogV H$aZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ gßÒWm gßX^© gyMr :- CÉ oejm od^mJ, _‹`‡X{e emgZ ^m{[mb ¤mam Omar CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm ‡]ßYZ ‡_wIm{ß ¤mam gªVr g{ bmJy oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& [woÒVH$m df©2011-12 Edß Ïò∫$JV AZw^dm{ß H{$ AmYma [a ************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 14 ^maV _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C⁄m{J H$m [na—Ì`, odH$mg Edß MwZm°oV`m± : EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. ‡H$meM›– amßH$m * gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r 21dt eVm„Xr H$m g]g{ ‡^mdH$mar VßÃ h°, oOgZ{ ^maV H{$ gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r j{Ã H$r ohÒg{Xmar XwoZ`m â _{ß ]Xbmd H{$ Z`{ `wJ H$m gyÃ[mV oH$`m h°& `h amÓQ≠>r` Jm°ad H$r 5.24 ‡oVeV h°& Bg_{ß bJ^J 25 bmI g{ AoYH$ bm{{J ‡À`j Edß [am{j ]mV h° oH$ h_ma{ X{e Z{ gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ j{Ã _{ß A^yV[yd© ‡JoV H$r h°& Í$[ g{ H$m_ H$a ah{ h°, oOgg{ `h gdm©oYH$ am{OJma ‡Xm` H$aZ{ dmb{ j{Ãm{ß Bg ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r _{ß ‡oeojV ^maVr` bm{J odX{em{ß _{ß ^r ]S>∂{-]∂S{> H$m_ H$aH{$ _{ß g{ EH$ ]Z J`m h°& o[N>b{ 05 dfm™{ _| (2006-11) _{ß GDP _{ß d•o’ H{$ ^maVr` `wdm ‡oV^m H$m Sß>H$m ]Om ah{ h¢& `h ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r ‡emgZ, ]¢oHß$J, ‡oVeV _{ß 6.6 ‡oVeV `m{{{JXmZ AmB© Q>r j{Ã H$m ahm h°& Ï`m[ma, C⁄m{J, oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, g_mO g{dm O°g{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß C[`m{Jr ^yo_H$m o[N>b{ 10 dfm} _{ß X{e _{ß Om{ am{OJma C[b„Y hwAm h°, CgH$m bJ^J oZ^m ahr h°& Bgg{ H$m`© Vm{ erK´ hm{Vm hr h°, [maXoe©Vm ^r ]Zr ahVr h° 40% AmB© Q>r j{Ã Z{ hr C[b„Y H$am`m h°& X{e H{$ ]mha oÒWV CgH{$ AmB© VWm ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß h{am\{$ar [a AßHw$e [mZ{ _{ß _XX o_bVr h°& Q>r Am°a AmB© Q>r B© Eg C⁄m{J _{ß 13-14% H$r dmof©H$ d•o’ Jm°ad[yU© h° VWm h_{ß `h gwZH$a oH$VZm gwIX bJVm h° oH$ gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r _| ^maVr` bJ^J EH$ H$am{S> bm{Jm{ H$m{ am{OJma o_b ahm h° Am°a 2020 VH$ BgH{$ ode{fkm{ß H$r Hw$ebVm H$m bm^ XwoZ`m H{$ odH$ogV X{e ^r CR>m ah{ h°& oZ`m©V g{ 1 Ia] 75 Aa] S>mba H$m amOÒd ‡m· hm{Z{ H$r gÂ^mdZm h°& AmO odÌd _{ß ^maV H$m{ Om{ ZB© [hMmZ o_br h°, dh gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r _{ß VmobH$m 1. CgH$r ‡JoV g{ hr h°& ^maVr` ‡oV^mAm{ß H$r oZV ZB© Im{O g{ odH$ogV j{Ãdma AmB©.Q>r.- AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg. H$m oZ`m©V gm∞‚Q>d{à Am°a H$Âfl`yQ>a g{dm C⁄m{J g{ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ g_•’embr (n]nb`Z A_{naH$s S>m∞ba _{|) gßgmYZm{ß Am°a CZg{ Am` H{$ Ûm{Vm{ß _{ V{Or g{ d•o’ hm{ ahr h°& ^maV _{ß AmB© Q>r (gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r) C⁄m{J X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß g]g{ JoVerb j{Ãm{ _{ß emo_b hm{ J`m h¢$& o[N>b{ XeH$ _{ß AmB© Q>r g{dm C⁄m{J _{ß AZ{H$ [nadV©Z hwE h°& oZ`m©V amOÒd 1999-2000 H{$ 4 Aa] S>m∞ba g{ ]∂T>>H$a 2011-12 _{ß 69 Aa] S>mba VH$ [hwßM J`m h°& Bgr AdoY _{ß Ka{by amOÒd ^r 1.9 Aa] g{ ]∂T>H$a ÒÃm{V- ZmgH$m∞_ Edß S>rAmB©Q>r dmof©H$ na[m{Q>© 19 Aa] S>mba hm{ J`m h°& gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r Edß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r OoZV g{dmAm{ß (AmB© Q>r - AmB© Q>r B Eg) _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ H$r gßª`m Ohmß VmobH$m 2. 2000-01 _{ß 5 bmI 20 hOma Wr dht 2011-12 _{ß 28 bmI hm{ JB© h°& j{Ãdma Ka{by AmB©.Q>r.- AmB©. Q>r.B©.Eg. C⁄m{J g{ amOÒd AV: ^maV H{$ AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J H{$ BoVhmg _{ß df© 2012 H$m{ EH$ `wJm›VH$mar (n]nb`Z A_{naH$s S>m∞ba _{|) df© df© H{$ Í$[ _{ `mX oH$`m OmEJm& Bg df© Bg C⁄m{J H$m Hw$b amOÒd EH$ Ia] A_arH$r S>mba g{ ^r AoYH$ hm{ J`m h°, Om{ JV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß 14 ‡oVeV AoYH$ h°& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß ^maVr` AmB© Q>r-]r [r Am{ C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg H{$ MaUm{ß H{$ gmW, am{OJma H$r dV©_mZ oÒWoV, MwZm°oV`m{ß Am°a Adgam{ß H$m JhamB© g{ odõ{fU H$aZ{ H{$ gmW ^mdr [na—Ì` H$r gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H$m ^r ÒÃm{V- ZmgH$m∞_ Edß S>rAmB©Q>r dmof©H$ na[m{Q>© odd{MZ H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& ^maV oZ_m©U `m{OZm H{$ VhV≤ AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J ^maV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg AmB© Q>r-AmB© Q>r B© Eg C⁄m{J H$m ^maV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß AoV _{ß _XXJma og’ hm{Z{ H{$ gmW bm{Jm{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß H´$mo›VH$mar ]Xbmd _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m ahr h°& [ya{ odÌd _{ß "gm∞‚Q> [mda' H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^maV H$r bm`m h°& AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J g{ ‡m· g{dm`{ß oZÂZoboIV j{Ãm{ßß _{ß gdm©oYH$ gmI ]∂T>r h°& \$m¿`y©Z 500 Am°a Ωbm{]b 2000 _{ß emo_b AoYH$mße C[`m{Jr gmo]V hm{H$a ^maVr` OZ-OrdZ H{$ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, H$Â[oZ`mß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r Am°a Cg [a AmYmnaV g{dmAm{ß H{$ obE ^maV Ï`m[mnaH$, e°ojH$, Ymo_©H$ Am°a amOZroVH$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß O]X©ÒV [nad©VZ [a oZ^©a h°& ^maV odÌd â _{ß A[Z{ J´mhH$m{ß H$m{ AZ{H$ _hÀd[yU© g{dmEß bmH$a Z`{ ^maV H$r aMZm _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahr h°° - ‡XmZ H$a ahm h°& ^maVr` H$Â[oZ`mß{ Z{ [ya{ odÌd _{ß g{dm ‡Xm` H{$›– Im{b 01. a{Îd{ oQ>H$Q> Edß AmajU H$m H$Âfl`yQ>rH$aU aI{ h°, oOZg{{ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß _{ g{dmEß ‡XmZ H$r Om ahr h°& 2007 _{ß odÌd H{$ 02. ]¢oHß$J H$m`m{} _{ß H$Âfl`yQ>a Edß EQ>rE_ gwodYm 48 X{em{ß H{$ 184 eham{ß _{ß 340 g{dm ‡Xm` H{$›– W{, O]oH$ dV©_mZ _{ß 70 03. B›Q>aZ{{Q> g{ a{b oQ>H$Q>, hdmB© oQ>H$Q> H$m AmajU X{em{ß H{$ 200 ZJam{ß _{ß 560 H{$›– H$m_ H$a ah{ h°ß & 04. B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ E\$.AmB©.Ama.

* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j AW©emÛ, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 15

05. ›`m`mb`m{ß H{$ oZU©` Am∞ZbmB©Z C[b„Y H$am`{ Om ah{ h°°& H$m hwAm Om{ oH$ 2006-07 H{$ _wH$m]b{{ XwJwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ h° Edß 1999- 06. oH$gmZm{ß H{$ ^yo_ naH$mS>m} H$m H$Âfl`yQ>rH$aU 2000 H$r A[{jm 17 JwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ h°& 07. BßOroZ`naßJ _{ß ‡d{e h{Vw Am∞ZbmB©Z Amd{XZ Edß Am∞ZbmB©Z BZ oZ`m©Vmß{{{ _{ß ]r [r Amß{ H{$ oZ`m©V ^r emo_b W{& òX AH{$b{ gyMZm H$mCßgobßJ ‡m°⁄m{{oJH$r g{dmAmß{ H$r ]mV H$aß{ Vm{ h_ [mV{ h° oH$ BZH{$ oZ`m©V _{ß ‡oVdf© 08. Am∞ZbmB©Z [arjm`{ß d•o’ —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vr h°& 2011-12 _{ß AmB© Q>r g{dmAm{ß H$m oZ`m©V 39.2 09. H$B© od^mJm{ß _ß{ Am∞ZbmB©Z Q{>{{{ S>a o]ob`Z A_arH$r S>mba hwAm Om{ oH$ o[N>b{ 05 dfm} (2006-07) H$r 10. _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß Am∞ZbmB©Z ‡d{e A[{jm XwJwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ h°& 11. [mg[m{Q©>, S≠>mB©odßJ bmB©g{ßg Am∞ZbmB©Z ]ZmZm AmB© Q>r-AmB© Q>r B© Eg C⁄m{J H$m Ka{by amOÒd 2011-12 _{ß 19 12. H$B© od^mJm{ß _{ß H∞$m›\$rS{>o›g`b na[m{Q©> Am∞ZbmB©Z â{{ Om ah{ h°& o]ob`Z S>mba Wm, Om{ oH$ 1999-2000 H{$ 1.9 o]ob`Z S>mba g{ bJ^J 13. od^mJr` oeH$m`V{ß Am∞ZbmB©Z H$r Om gH$Vr h°& 10 JwZm h°& gaH$ma Z{ amÓQ≠>r` B©-‡emgZ `m{OZm (NEGP) H{$ VhV 14. H$B© od^mJm{ß H$r ]hwV gmar OmZH$mna`mß Am∞Z bmB©Z C[b„Y h°& AZ{H$ ]S{> H$X_ CR>m`{ h°ß, oOZg{ AJb{ 05 dfm} _{ß AmB© Q>r g{dmAm{ß H{$ j{Ã 15. "gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma' H{$ VhV≤ ^r ]hwV gr OmZH$mna`mß Am∞ZbmB©Z H$s Ka{by _mßJ _{ß ^mar d•o’ hm{Z{ H$r gÂ^mdZm h°& Xr Om ahr h°& oZ`m©V C⁄m{J _wª`V: VrZ ‡_wI j{Ãm{ß _{ß H$m`© H$aVm h° -1. AmB© Q>r 16. Am`H$a naQ>Z© Edß \$mBobßJ Am∞ZbmB©Z C[b„Y h°& g{dmEß 2. ]r [r Am{ Edß 3. BßOroZ`naßJ g{dmEß& AmB© Q>r g{dmEß Bg C⁄m{J ^maV H{$ AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg H$m{ VrZ MaUm{ß _{ßß od^moOV H$r g\$bVm H$m _wª` AmYma h°, O]oH$ ]r[rAm{ß Edß BßOroZ`naßJ g{dmAm{ß oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° - H$m j{Ã ^maV H{$ _yÎ`-AmYma [a odH$ogV hwAm h°& AmO VrZm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß _{ß 1.1.1. 1998-2000 VH$ ‡W_ MaU - df© 1998 _{ß hr Bg C⁄m{J Z{ g_{oH$V g{dm ‡XmVmAm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW odoeÓQ> g{dmEß ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr ^maV _{ßß A[Zm AmH$ma J´hU H$a ob`m& gm∞‚Q>d{à Ed B›Q>aZ{Q> g{dmEß H$Â[oZ`mß _m°OyX h°& (X{oIE VmobH$m 3) BgH{$ odH$mg H{$ Z`{ gßMmbH$ ]Z{& ^maV _{ß Bg C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg H{$ o[N{> amOÒd Edß am{OJma H$r oÒWoV - df© 2000 (dmB© Qy> H{$) H$r odbjVm H$m ode{f `m{JXmZ ahm VWm BgH$r A_arH$m h_mar AmB© Q>r g{dmAm{ß H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m J´mhH$ ahm h°& A_arH$m dmof©H$ odH$mg Xa 50 ‡oVeV H{$ bJ^J hm{ JB©& Bg AdoY _{ß gm∞‚Q>d{à H$m{ oZ`m©V g{ 2011-12 H{$ Xm°amZ amOÒd _{ß 17 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ H$m H{${ odo^fi "EflbrH{$e›g' VWm BgH{$ AZwgßYmZ Edß odH$mg [a ode{f AZw_mZ h°, `moZ CgH{$ ]mOmam{ß _{ß h_mar 62 ‡oVeV H$r gdm©oYH$ ohÒg{Xmar ‹`mZ oX`m J`m& hm{Jr& 2012-13 VH$ o]Zm hmS©>d{à H{$ ^r ^maVr` AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J H$r 2.2.2. 2001-05 VH$ o¤Vr` MaU - Bg AdoY H{$ ‡maÂ^ _{ß "S>m∞Q> Am_XZr H{$ 1200 Aa] S>mba H$m{ Ò[e© H$a b{Z{ H$r j_Vm h°, O]oH$ H$m_' gßH$Q> H{$ gmW-gmW C⁄m{J H{$ gm_Z{ AZ{H$ gßH$Q> C[oÒWV hwE, 2011-12 _{ß CgH$r Am_XZr 87 Aa] 70 H$am{S> S>mba Wr& [a›Vw ^maV H$r AmB© Q>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß Z{ odÌd H$r ZH$mamÀ_H$ _mZogH$ oÒWoV `h bJ^J 14 ‡oVeV odH$mg H$m{ Xem©Vr h°& VmobH$m-05 _{ß AmB© _{ß ^r gßH$Q> _m{MH$ ]ZH$ d°oÌdH$ Edß ÒdX{er ]mOmam{ß H$m{ g{dmE ‡XmZ Q>r j{Ã H{$ oZ`m©Vm{ß g{ ‡m· amOÒd H{$ b˙`m{ß H$m{ ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°& H$aZm Omar aIm VWm A[Zr CÉ odH$mg Xa ]ZmE aIr& VmobH$m H{$ g_ßH$m{ß g{ kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ AmB© Q>r j{Ã H{$ Hw$b oZ`m©V Edß 3.3.3. 2006 g{ dV©_mZ VH$ V•Vr` MaU - odÌd _{ß A[Zr g{dmAm{ß Ka{by ]mOma g{ ‡m· Hw$b amOÒd H$m b˙` ]mahdr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H$m Sß>H$m ]OmV{ hwE 05 ^maVr` ]∂S>r AmB© Q>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß Z{ A^yV[yd© ‡JoV (2012-17) _{ß 170 o]ob`Z A_arH$r S>mba H$m aIm J`m h° Om{ oH$ H$m{ ‡Xoe©V oH$`m& odH$ogV X{{{em{ß H$r ^mar _mßJ H{$ H$maU BZ H$Â[oZ`mß{ Z{ 2007-2011 H{$ b˙` (76.2 o]ob`Z A_arH$r S>mba) H$r VwbZm _{ß 45 Aa] Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ H$m amOÒd AoO©V oH$`m& ]r [r Am{ g{dmAmßß{ H{$ XwJwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ h°& odH$mg Am°a odXem{{{ß{ß _{ßß g^r AmB© Q>r g{dmEß EH$ _wÌV ‡XmZ H$aZ{ O°g{ [°H{$O gw—T> AmYma Edß ^mar _mßJ H$r gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ _‹`ZOa ^maV E{gr H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z g{ ^maVr` AmB© Q>r g{dmAm{ß H{$ J´mhH$mß{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ _ßß{ ^mar oÒWoV _ß{ h° oH$ dh 2018 VH$ AmB© Q>r j{Ã _ß{ odÌd H$m Z{V•Àd H$aZ{ _ß{ gj_ d•o’ hwB© h°& A] A_arH$m O°g{ X{e H$r _mßJ _{ gßV•o· H$r oÒWoV ]Z OmZ{ g{ hm{ gH$Vm h°& A[Z{ AmB© Q>r Edß ]r[rAm{ oZ`m©V _{ß 13.8 ‡oVeV H$r g_J´ AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J `yam{[ O°°°°°°°°°°°°°g{ Z`{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H$r Im{O H$a ahm h°& dmof©H$ Xa g{ d•o’ H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm aIVm h°& (VmnbH$m 5) odH$mg H{$ V•Vr` MaU _{ß ode{fH$a 2010-11 Am°a 2011-12 H$r A[Z{ Hw$b oZ`m©Vm{ß g{ 18 Ia] 30 Aa] S>mba H$m VWm Ka{by ]mOma g{ AdoY _{ß Bg C⁄m{J Z{ ^maV H{$ g{dm j{Ã _{ß CÑ{IZr` Va∑H$r H$r h°& Bg C⁄m{J 40 Aa] S>mba H$m amOÒd ‡m· H$aZ{ H$r R>m{g gÂ^mdZmEß h°& ^maV _{ß Z{ d°oÌdH$ H$mam{]mar [nad{e H$r AoZoÌMVVmAm{ß H{$ ]mXb oN>VamV{ hwE 2011- odX{er ‡À`j oZd{e H{$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m odõ{fU (VmobH$m-03) H$aZ{ [a 12 _{ß 1000 Aa] S>mba H$m amOÒd ‡m· H$a EH$ Ah_ _rb H{$ [ÀWa H$m{ [ma Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ H$Âfl`yQ>a gm∞‚Q>d{à Edß hmS©>d{à H{$ j{Ã _{ß od{X{er oZd{e H$aZ{ H$m l{` ‡m· oH$`m& df© 2010-11 H{$ _wH$m]b{ bJmVma 14.7 ‡oVeV A‡{b 2000 g{ oXgÂ]a 2011 H$r AdoY _{ß 490.4 o]ob`Z Í$[`{ hwAm H$r odH$mg Xa H$m{ ‡m· H$aH{$ 2011-12 H{$ df© H$m{ gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r-]r [r Om{ oH$ XyagßMma Edß D$Om© j{Ã H{$ ]mX V•Vr` ÒWmZ [a AmVm h°& `h Hw$b E\$ Am{ C⁄m{J H$m `wJm›VH$mar df© H$hbmZ{ H$m Jm°ad hmogb oH$`m& S>r AmB© H$m 6.9 ‡oVeV h°& VmobH$m-05 H{$ g_ßH$m{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ o[N>b{ ]∂T>Vm oZ`m©V Edß AmßVnaH$ AmB© Q>r ]mOma H$m odÒVma - 05 dfm} H$r VwbZm _{ß AmJm_r 05 dfm} _{ß AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J g{ ‡m· amOÒd H$m VmobH$m 01 Edß VmobH$m 02 ^maV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß gyMZm b˙` XwJwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ h°& ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ ]∂T>V{{ H$X_ H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h°& df© 2011-12 _{ß gyMZm AmB© Q>r-AmB© Q>r B© Eg C⁄m{J _{ß am{OJma H$r oÒWoV H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ ‡m°⁄m{{oJH$r gm∞‚Q>d{à Edß g{dmAmß{ H$m oZ`m©V bJ^J 69 o]ob`Z S>mba [a kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ o[N>b{ XeH$ _{ß Bg j{Ã _{ß 22 bmI 80 hOma am{OJma Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 16

H{$ Adga CÀ[fi hwE& 2011-12 _{ß Bg j{Ã _{ß Hw$b 28 bmI bm{J ‡À`j gß]ßY h°, d{ C⁄m{J _{ß Hw$b am{OJma H{$ 32 ‡oVeV H$m g•OZ H$aV{ h°& e{f 22 Edß [am{j Í$[ g{ OwS{> hw`{ W{ Om{ oH$ 2000-01 H{$ 5 bmI 20 hOma H$r ‡oVeV H$m g•OZ Ka{by gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r/]r[rAm{ j{Ã _{ß hm{Vm h°& `h ^r CÎb{IZr` h° oH$ Bg j{Ã g{ gß]ßoYV j{Ãm{ß O°g{ H{$Q>naßJ, gwajm, [nadhZ, ^maV _{ß 8 ]∂S{> AmB© Q>r H{$›– (HUBS) AmYwoZH$ am{OJma H{$ Amdmg H{$ aIaImd AmoX _{ß bJ^J 89 bmI bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma oXbmZ{ ]∂S{> H{$›–m{ß H{$ Zm_ g{ ‡og’ hm{ JE h° - H$m l{` ^r OmVm h°& BZ_{ß g{ H$m\$r am{OJma X{e H{$ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H$m{ ^r a¢H$ eha H$m Zm_ oddaU C[b„Y hm{ OmV{ h°& 01 ]¢Jbm{a `h eha ^maV H$r "ogbrH$m∞Z d°br' H{$ Zm_ gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r/]r[rAm{ C⁄m{J H$m{ Jd© h¢ oH$ BgZ{ ^maV H$m{ odÌd g{ VWm "gm∞‚Q>d{à oZ`m©VH$ H$m _woI`m' H{$ H{$ Z∑e{ _{ß A[Zr N>m[ N>m{∂S>Z{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© h°& hmbmßoH$ Zm_ g{ ‡og’ hm{ J`m h°& Bg{ d°oÌdH$ d°oÌdH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß AoZoÌMVVmAm{ß H$m I{b ]am]a Omar h°, o\$a ^r VH$ZrH$ H{$›– ^r H$hm OmVm h°& ^maVr` gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r ]XbV{ Ï`m[mnaH$ _mhm°b _{ß A[Z{ H$m{ T>mbV{ 02 h°Xam]mX Bg ]∂S{>ß AmB© Q>r H{$›– H$m{ "gmB]am]mX hwE odH$mg [W [a AJ´ga h°& (Cyberabad)í H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmZ{ bJm ^maV H{$ AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J H$r g{dm j{Ã _{ß odoeÓQ>rH$aU Edß d°oÌdH$ h°, Ohmß JwJb, \{$g]wH$, _mB©H´$m{gm∞‚Q>, g›X^© _{ß gm[{j ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$r l{Ur H$m{ [aIZ{ H{$ obE "]mbmgm B S{>∑g' A_{OZ, Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ AmQ©> O°gr ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ RCA (Ralative Comparative Advantage) odoY H$m H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ H$m`m©b` h°& ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& òX RCA H$m _yÎ` BH$mB© g{ AoYH$ AmVm h° Vm{ BgH$m Ame` `h h° oH$ dh X{e Cg odoeÓQ> g{dm j{Ã _{ß e{f odÌd H{$ X{em{ß 03 M°fiB© `h ]r[rAm{ C⁄m{J H$m ]S>m H{$›– h°& `hmß H{$ _wH$m]b{ VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ bm^ H$r l{Ur H$m gm_œ`© aIVm h°& VmobH$m- Q>r.gr.Eg. Edß H$m{JZrO{ Q> H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ ]∂S{> 06 _{ß g{dm j{Ã H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß H$m oZ`m©Vm{ß H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß RCA H{$ _yÎ` H$r H$m`m©b` ^r h°$& JUZm H$r JB© h°& VmobH$m H{$ g_ßH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ h° oH$ oZ`m©Vm{ß H{$ g›X^© _{ß 04 _wÂ]B© ^maV H$r odŒmr` amOYmZr _wÂ]B© _{ß ^r H$B© ^maV H{$ H$Âfl`yQ>a Edß gyMZm VH$ZrH$ j{Ã H$m RCA gZ≤ 2010 _| gdm©oYH$ ]∂S>r AmB© Q>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß Z{ A[Z{ H$m`m©b` 7.9 h°, Om{ `h og’ H$aVm h° oH$ ^maV AmB© Q>r OoZV C⁄m{J _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ ÒWmo[V oH$`{ h¢$& Í$[ g{ odÌd _{ß ]hwV ¡`mXm bm^, \$m`X{ Edß _O]wV ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$r l{Ur _{ß 05 oXÑr ^maV H$r amOYmZr ZB© oXÑr Am°a BgH{$ Amg h°& AV: AmZ{ dmb{ dfm} _{ß X{e _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ odH$ogV hm{Z{ H$r [mg Jw∂S>Jmßd Edß Zm{`S>m gm∞‚Q>d{à odH$mg ]hwV A¿N>r gÂ^mdZmEß h°& H{$ g_yh H{$›– ]Z JE h¢$& h_ma{ kmZ H$m j{Ã `wdmAm{ß ¤mam gßMmobV hm{Vm h°& Bg C⁄m{J H{$ 06 [yU{ `hmß AZ{H$ ]∂S>r ^maVr` Edß ]hwamÓQ≠>r` \$_m} H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r Am°gV Am`w 25 g{ 30 df© H{$ _‹` h°& 2025 _{ß 70 ‡oVeV H{$ ]∂S{> H$m`m©b` ÒWmo[V h°& [yU{ "gr-S{>H$' ^maVr` H$m`©erb Am`w _{ß hm{ßJ{ß Om{ oH$ A^r H{$ 61 ‡oVeV H{$ AZw[mV g{ H{$ _wª`mb` H{$ Zm_ g{ ^r OmZm OmVm h°& ]{hVa h¢& ^maVr` l_ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma 2025 VH$ 30 H$am{∂S> `wdm H$m`©erb 07 H$m{bH$mŒmm ^maV H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m eha gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r OZgßª`m _ß{ emo_b hm|J{ VWm AJb{ 03 dfm} _{ß odÌd H{$ lo_H$m{ß _{ß g{ 25 H{$ oZ`m©V _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm h°& ‡oVeV ^maVr` hm|J{& ^maV _{ß ‡oVdf© 5 bmI g{ AoYH$ `wdm N>mÃ- N>mÃmE{ß AmB© Q>r, Bb{∑Q≠>moZ∑g Edß gßMma j{Ã H{$ BßOroZà odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß 08 oVÍ$dZ›V[wa_ H{$ab H$r amOYmZr `h eha AmB© Q>r oZ`m©V g{ CŒmrU© hm{H$a oZH$b ah{ h°& AmO A›` oH$gr X{e _{ß _mZd gßgmYZ H$m H{$ `m{JXmZ H{$ gmW Am∞a{H$b, Q>r.gr.Eg. BVZm ]∂S>m Edß Hw$eb VH$ZrH$r AmH$ma C[b„Y Zht h°& AV: ^maV H$r B›\$m{ogg AmoX H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ H$m`m} _ß{ AmB© Q>r j{Ã _{ß AJÚr ahZ{ H$r â[ya gÂ^mdZmEß h°& _hÀd[yU© gh`m{Jr h°& ‡_wI g_Ò`mEß Edß MwZm°oV`mß - VwbZm _{ß 5 JwZ{ g{ ^r AoYH$ W{ AWm©V o[N>b{ 10 dfm} _{ß Bg j{Ã _{ß am{OJma CÉ odH$mg Xa H{$ ]mdOyX ^maV _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C⁄m{J H{$ gm_Z{ H$r Hw$b d•o’ 81 ‡oVeV hwB© Om{ oH$ A›` j{Ãm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß H$ht ¡`mXm H$B© g_Ò`mEß h°& 08 ]∂S{> _hmZJam{ß _{ß hr gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m h°& CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ Bg j{Ã _{ß H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m H{$›–r`H$aU hm{Z{ g{ Amdmg g_Ò`m H{$ gmW-gmW Hw$b bmJVm{ß _{ß d•o’_mZ ‡oVeV 30 g{ ^r AoYH$ h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ `h j{Ã Xa g{ d•o’ hm{ ahr h°, VWm A›` eham{ß _ß{ A[`m©· ]woZ`mXr gwodYmAm{ß H{$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gdm©oYH$ am{OJma ‡XmZ H$aZ{ _{ß H$m_`m] hwAm h°& H$maU ‡oVÒ[Ym© _{ß H$_r —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{ ahr h°& VmobH$m 04 H{$ g_ßH$m| g{ Ò[Ô> hm{Vm h° oH$ ^maV H$r 05 ]∂S>r AmB© Q>r MrZ Z{ odoZ_m©U j{Ã _{ß ‡_wIVm H{$ ]mX A] g{dmAm{ß H$m _wª` H{$›– g{dm H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$m{ X{Im OmEß Vm{ gdm©oYH$ 2,54076 H$_©Mmar Q>r gr Eg ]ZZ{ H$r R>mZ br h°& MyßoH$ Bg C⁄m{J _{ß AoYH$ [yßOr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht _{ß H$m`©aV h°, oOgH$m Hw$b amOÒd 2012 _{ 10.17 o]ob`Z A_arH$r h°& AV: MrZ H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` X{em{ß ]´mOrb, [m°b{ S>, hßJar, o\$br[tg, S>mba h°& gdm©oYH$ am{OJma ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr H$Â[oZ`m{ß _{ß Q>r gr Eg, gr od`VZm_, _{o∑gH$m{, o_Ú AmoX X{em{ß g{ h_{ß H$∂S>r ‡oVÒ[Ym© o_b gH$Vr h°& Q>r Eg, od‡m{, B›\$m{ogg VWm EM gr Eb H{$ Zm_ g]g{ D$[a h°& AmB© Q>r `{ X{e AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ ‡m{ÀgmhZ A[Zr ‡oV^mAm{ß H$m{ X{ ah{ h°, oOgg{ h_ma{ g{dm oZ`m©V j{Ã Edß Ka{by C⁄m{J j{Ã g]g{ ]S{> oZ`m{∫$m h°& Hw$b ‡À`j obE `h IVam h° oH$ H$ht CZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> X{e ‡mWo_H$ Ûm{V _{ß Z ]Xb OmEß& am{OJmam{ß _{ß BgH$m ohÒgm 47 ‡oVeV h°& Ohmß VH$ ]r[rAm{ß oZ`m©Vm{ß H$m ^maV _{ß Hw$H$a_wŒmm{ß H$r Vah ]∂T>V{ BßOroZ`na®J H$m∞b{Om{ß H{$ ]mdOyX Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 17

`m{Ω` ‡oV^membr gm∞‚Q>d{à Edß hmS©>d{à BßOroZàm{ß H$m A^md ^r EH$ MwZm°Vr[yU© g_Ò`m h°& h_{ß oejm H$r JwUdŒmm [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{Jm& ewÍ$ _{ß ^maV _{ß gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C⁄m{J H$m Ï`dgm` A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` J´mhH$ dJ© H{$ obE Wm& gm∞‚Q>d{à ‡m{J´m_ Edß A›` g{dmEß `⁄o[ ^maV _{ß odH$ogV H$r JB©, b{oH$Z BZH$m C[`m{J A›` odH$ogV X{em{ß _{ß hr oH$`m OmVm Wm& Bg C⁄m{J H$m{ ^maVr` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ T>mbZ{ _{ß Wm{∂S>m g_` bJm& VWm Bg_{ß ]hwV gr g_Ò`mEß AmB© oOZ_{ß g{ H$B© A^r ^r _m°OyX h°& o]Obr H$r [`m©· Am[yoV© Z hm{Zm, gmjaVm H$r H$_r, [yßOr bJmZ{ H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZVm, gßMma gwodYmAm{ß H$m A^md gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß VH$ [hwßMmZ{ _{ß _wª` ]mYmEß h°& JwUdŒmm `w∫$ BßOroZ`naßJ H$m∞b{Om{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm H{$ gmW H$m°eb odH$mg H{$ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ am{OJma `m{Ω` `wdmAm{ß H$r H$_r H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ JÂ^ra ‡`mgm{ß H{$ gmW gm∞‚Q>d{à Edß g{dm j{Ã H$r gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H$m X{e H{$ References: odH$mg Am°a ‡JoV H{$ obE C[`m{J oH$`m OmE& oZd{e, oZ`m©V, am{OJma 1. Basu, Kaushik and Annemie Maertens (2007). The pattern and g•OZ Am°a Or S>r [r _ß{ `m{JXmZ H{$ obE gm∞‚Q>d{à Am°a g{dm j{Ã H$m causes of economic growth in india" CAE working paper April 2007 AoYH$V_ C[`m{J hm{ VmoH$ odÌd _{ß AmB© Q>r/]r[rAm{ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^maV H$m 2. Chanda Rupa (2002) "Globalization of services india"s Z{V•Àd ]aH$ama ah{& [na[π$ Am°a CâV{ ]mOmam{ß _{ß AmB© Q>r j{Ã H$r _mßJ opportunities and constraitant" oxford university press, New Delhi. ]Zr ah{ß& gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m{ Jmßdm{ß VH$ [ßhwMmZm, J´m_rU OZVm 3. DIPP (2011) "Consolidated FDI policy (Effective from April 1, 2011)" Ministry of commerce and Industry Govt.of India March H$m{ BgH$m bm^ CR>mZ{ H{$ obE ‡{naV H$aZm ^r EH$ MwZm°Vr[yU© H$m`© 2011, New Delhi h°& Bg_{ß h_mar g\$bVm X{e H{$ gßVwobV odH$mg Edß OZ geo∫$H$aU 4. DIPP (2012) "Consolidated FDI policy (Effective from April 1, H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV H$a{Jr& 2012)" Ministry of commerce and Industry Govt.of India March d°oÌdH$aU, CXmarH$aU Edß oZOrH$aU H$r ZroV`m{ß Z{ ^maV H{$ AmB© Q>r 2011, New Delhi 5. Kumar Gulshan and Neeraj Dhingra (2011) "Impact of Libralization C⁄m{J H$m{ JhamB© VH$ ‡^modV oH$`m h°& o[N>b{ XeH$ _{ß oZ_m©U, gßMma, in FDI structure in India" Instruction journal on economic research ]r_m, ]¢oHß$J, odŒm Am°a BgH{$ ]mX IwXam H$mam{]ma C⁄m{J X{e H{$ AmB© Q>r Vol-2 (2), 80-94, March-April 2011 C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg aW H{$ _hÀd[yU© MmbH$ og’ hwE h°& b{oH$Z ôdÓ` _{ß `h 6. Hw$Í$j{Ã, \$adar 2006 - [•ÓR> 27-28 Ò[ÓQ> —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{ ahm h° oH$ "_m{]mB©b EoflbH{$e›g' "h{ÎW H{$à', D$Om© 7. Hw$Í$j{Ã, OZdar 2012 - [•ÓR> 05-09 XjVm Edß gVV odH$mg AmB© Q>r C⁄m{J Edß Bgg{ OoZV g{dmAm{ß H{$ _hÀd[yU© 8. Vœ` ^maVr, A∑Qw>]a 2001- [•ÓR> 30-31 B™YZ gmo]V hm{J{ßß&

VmobH$m 3. ^maV _{| ndX{er ‡À`j nZd{e H$m j{Ãr` ‡dmh Edß Aße (n]nb`Z Í$[`m{| _|)

Source: Calculated on available data compiled from various issues of SIA newsletters, DIPP, Govt of India Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 18

VmobH$m 4. ^maV H$s 5 ]∂S>r AmB©.Q>r. g{dm H$Â[nZ`m{| _{| amOÒd Edß am{OJma H$s nÒWnV

Source: wikipedia.org/wiki/information_technology_in_india

VmobH$m 5. gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$s C⁄m{J _{| amOÒd H$m b˙` (n]nb`Z A_{naH$s S>m∞ba _{|)

ÒÃm{V- AmnW©H$ g_rjm , ^maV gaH$ma 2010-11 Edß 2012-13

VmobH$m 6. g{dm j{Ã H{$ oZ`m©V _{ß ^maV H$m RCA *

*Relative comparative advantage (as per the Balassa's Index 1965) Calculated from UNCTAD Database on"International Trade Service" Source: http://unctadstat.org/reportfolder.aspx (last accessed on March 2, 2012) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 19 dV©_mZ _{ß g_mO Edß ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß _roS>`m H$r ^yo_H$m S>m∞. bVm O°Z *

bm{H$V›Ã _{ß _roS>`m H$m Mm°Wm ÒVÂ^ BgrobE _mZm J`m h°, oH$ dh g_mO _{ß ]Xbmd H{$ dmhH$ - VrZm{ß A›` ÒVÂ^m{ß H$m gß]b ]Z{& CZH$r aMZmÀ_H$Vm ]ZmE aI{ d C›h{ß g_mO _ß{ ]Xbmd H{$ H$B© _roS>`m dmhH$ h° Om{ ZB© VH$ZrH$r H{$ gmW [maXer© ]ZmE& _roS>`m H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r emo›V - CgH$m odd{H$ h°, Om{ gm_moOH$ ‡JoV H$m{ Xem©V{ h¢& g]g{ ‡W_ ÒVa [a XyaXe©Z h° & XyaXe©Z gÀ` [a AmolV d AmYmnaV ahVm h°& ‡m`m{oOV odd{H$ _roS>`m H$r H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ g_` g{ hr BgH$m b˙` Wm, oejm H{$ ‡gma H{$ gmW OmJ•oV gmI H$_ H$aVm h°& _roS>`m H$m VH$ZrH$r odH$mg Mmh{ oOVZm hm{ OmE CÀ[fi H$aZm VWm g_mO H$m{ ZB© oXem ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW ÒdmÒœ` _Zm{aßOZ [a gm_moOH$ Xmo`Àd H{$ oZd©hZ Am°a Odm]X{hr g{ dh _w∫$ Zht hm{ Edß oejm H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ Am_ OZVm VH$ [hwßMmZm& gH$Vm& Bg Xmo`Àd H$r ajm H$aH{$ hr dh odÌdgZr` hm{ gH$Vm h°, VWm ^maV O°g{ bm{H$V›Ã _{ß A[Zr oZUm©`H$ eo∫$ AoO©V H$a gH$Vm h°& gmohÀ` g_mO H$m X[©U hm{Vm h°& _roS>`m H{$ gßX^© _{ß `h ]mV eV ‡oVeV gÀ` h° oH$ g_mMma [Ã oH$gr amÓQ≠> H$r X°Zo›XZ H$m BoVhmg hm{Vm h°& `h EH$ E{gm AmBZm h° Om{ X{e/ g_mO _{ß ahZ ghZ, aroV nadmO, Y_©, [aÂ[amE±, H$mZyZ, \°$eZ, OZ_V, emgZ ‡emgZ H$m{ ‡oVo]ßo]V H$aVm h°& dV©_mZ ‡oV`m{oJVmdmXr `wJ _{ß Bg{ bm{H$V›Ã H$m MVwW© ÒVÂ^ _mZm J`m h°& _m‹`_m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m H$m{ b{H$a BZH{$ O›_ g{ hr dmX oddmX hm{Vm Am ahm h°& AmO o‡›Q> _roS>`m H$r A[{jm Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ _roS>`m H$m ‡^md g_mO _{ß [nabojV hm{ ahm h°& CXmarH$aU VWm ^y_ßS>brH$aU H{$ ‡^mdm{ß H{$ H$maU _m‹`_m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m ^r ‡^modV hwB© h° VWm AmoW©H$ b˙`m{ß H$m{ hmogb H$aZ{ H$r Am°a ‡d•Œm hwB© h°& Am_ YmaUm `h ]Z ahr h°, oH$ AmO XyaXe©Z _mÃ gaH$mar XyaXe©Z Zht ahm& odo^fi M°Zbm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ _roS>`m H$m\$r Hw$N> ‡MmamÀ_H$ VÀd AoVaßoOV H$a ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ bJm h°& g{ amÓQ≠>r`, j{Ãr` H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ gmW ‡H•$oV, ]´Âhm S> H$m ahÒ` Im{bZ{ dmb{ _m‹`_m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aZ{ [a VrZ M°Zb ^r C[b„Y h°& g_mO H{$ ha dJ© H$m{ X{e H$r _wª` Ymam _{ß emo_b gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$mE± h_ma{ gm_Z{ AmVr h°- 1. g_mOrH$aU 2. gm_moOH$ H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg XyaXe©Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A¿N>r Vah g{ hm{ ahm h°& [nadV©Z 3. gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU& gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z _{ß _roS>`m H$r ^yo_H$m H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ohm± J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ obE H•$of, [nadma oZ`m{OZ, H$m{ AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© _mZV{ h¢& Bg [nadV©Z H$r ‡oH´$`m ]hwV hr Yr_{ Í$[ _{ß ‡m°∂T> oejm, ÒHy$b oejm odH$mg H$r `m{OZmEß, _ohbm, `wdm Edß odH$mg g{ oXIVr h°, oH$›Vw g_mO _{ß _m›`VmAm{ß Am°a [aÂ[amAmß H{$ [nadV©Z _{ß Bg gÂ]o›YV g_Ò`m O°g{ - Aoejm, H$_ C_´ _{ß oddmh, `m°Z em{fU, _OXya ^yo_H$m H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ h°& Edß _OXyar, O_rZ H$m hH$, [ßMm`V _{ß gh^moJVm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [a gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU H{$ Í$[ _{ß _roS>`m odMmaYmamEß, aroV nadmO, bm{H$ Om{a oX`m Om ahm h°& dht ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß Am_ AmX_r g{ Ow∂S>Z{ H{$ H$m`©H´$_, ‡Wm, \°$eZ, [aÂ[am, Z°oVH$ _yÎ`, Y_© AmoX H{$ gmW gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m ehar CÉ dJ©, _‹`_ dJ© Edß Am_ dJ© g{ Ow∂S>r [mnadmnaH$ Edß gm_moOH$ oZ^mH$a OZ_V≤ ]ZmZ{ _{ß _XX H$aV{ h¢& AV: _m‹`_m{ß H$r EH$ gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß [a ^r grna`bm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ \$m{H$g oH$`m Om ahm h°& ^yo_H$m h° VWm Bg ^yo_H$m H$m{ AÀ`ßV oOÂ_{Xma, _hÀd[yU© Edß gH$mamÀ_H$ kmZdY©H$ M°Zbm{ß O°g{- Z°eZb ¡`m{J´m\$r, oS>ÒH$dar, EZr_b flb{Z{Q> Í$[ _{ß X{Im OmVm h°& VWm `yOrgr H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ ¤mam oH$em{am{ß, `wdmAm{ß _{ß C¡Odb ôdÓ` H{$ dV©_mZ AmYwoZH$H$aU, CXmarH$aU Edß [y±OrdmX H{$ H$maU AmO gmW Amem H$m gßMma oH$`m Om ahm h°& g_mMma [Ãm{ß _{ß odf` dÒVw H$m JhamB© g{ odÌb{fU H$aZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ [a bJ^J g^r H$m`©H´$_ gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z bm ah{ h¢& VH$ZrH$r odH$mg AmH$f©H$ ‡ÒVwVrH$aU [a Om{a oX`m Om ahm h°& Yra{-Yra{ [mR>H$m{ß H$m{ BgH$m Edß hÒVmßVaU H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Am_ AmX_r H{$ OrdZ _{ß H´$mo›VH$mar [nadV©Z AmXr ]Zm`m Om ahm h°& ""AmB©O Am∞Z X ›`yO'' gd}jU g{ `h ]mV Ò[ÓQ> Am`{ h¢& XyaXe©Z H{$ odH$mg H{$ gmW g_mO H$Î`mU H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m\$r d•o’ hwB© h° oH$ [mR>H$m{ß H$r _mZogH$Vm g_mMma [Ãm{ß H$m{ am{MH$ oMÃm{ß d gmO hwB© h°& XyaXe©Z [nadma oOg ‡H$ma ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h° Cgr ‡H$ma BgH{$ g¡Om H$r dOh g{ [gßX H$aZ{ H$r ]ZVr Om ahr h°& o‡›Q> _roS>`m H{$ gmW- Xmo`Àd ^r ]∂T>V{ Om ah{ h°, VmoH$ gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z ghr oXem _{ß hm{ gH{$ß& gmW Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ _roS>`m ^r [yar Vah g{ ]mOmadmX [a AmolV h°& ]rgdr gm_moOH$ ]Xbmd H$r Xygar dmhH$ AmH$medmUr h°& _mZm oH$ XyaXe©Z eVm„Xr _{ß Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ _roS>`m Z{ XÒVH$ Xr Am°a Q>r.dr., H$Âfl`yQ>a, BßQ>aZ{Q> H{$ ‡^md Z{ AmH$medmUr H$m _hÀd H$_ oH$`m h°, oH$›Vw XyaXe©Z H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß VWm d{]gmBQ> Z{ Kam{ß _{ß PmßH$m hr Zht daZ≤ A[Zm EH$ ode{f ÒWmZ ^r g{ C]V{ Xe©H$m{ß Z{ AmH$medmUr H$r Am{a [wZ: Í$I oH$`m h° AmO ^r X{e H{$ oXZM`m© _{ß emo_b oH$`m& bmIm{ß Jm±dm{ß Edß XyaÒW j{Ãm{ß _{ß AmH$medmUr CÉ VH$ZrH$r g{ `w∫$ Q≠>mßoOÒQ>a,

* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j AW©emÛ, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 20 a{oS>`m{ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gd© gwb^ h°& Q≠>mßoOÒQ>a H{$ AmodÓH$ma g{ a{oS>`m{ oZ_m©U o_oS>`m AmYmnaV Vœ`m{ß Am°a Am±H$∂S>m{ß g{ _wª` o]›Xw - _{ß H´$mßoV Am JB© h°, H$_ H$r_V _{ß Bgg{ gÒVm, gwJ_ gmYZ C[b„Y Zht h°& 01. ^maVr` o\$Î_ C⁄m{J H$m Hw$b AmH$ma 8,500 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m h° VWm g_mO Edß AmH$medmUr H{$ gÂ]›Y Edß ‡^md H$m{ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ X{IZ{ BgH$m odX{er ]mOma H$ar] 750 H$am{∂S> Í$. h°& 02. Eoe`m ‡em›V j{Ã _{ß H$ar] 73 ‡oVeV o\$Î_m{ß H$r Am[yoV© ^maV g{ hr hm{Vr h°& 03. ^maV H{$ 12000 ogßJb ÒH´$rZ Am°a 350 _ÎQ>rflb{∑g ha gmb 1000 g{ ¡`mXm o\$Î_m{ß H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aV{ h¢& 04. ^maVr` oS>oOQ>b Â`yoOH$ C⁄m{J H$m H$m{na`m H{$ ]mX Xygam ÒWmZ h°& 05. 109 o_ob`Z Q{>brodOZ Am°a 61 o_ob`Z H{$db Q>rdr dmb{ Kam{ß H{$ gmW ^maV _{ß Q{>brodOZ H$m gßgma A_arH$m H{$ ]am]a h° Amem h° oH$ gZ≤ 2015 VH$ ^maV Om[mZ H$m{ [rN{> N>m{∂S>H$a Eoe`m ‡em›V H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m "[{ Q>rdr' _mH}$Q> ]Z OmEJm& 06. ^maV H$m ‡W_ g_mMma [Ã "]ßJmb JOQ>' 27 OZdar, 1780 H$m{ O{.E. oh∏$r ¤mam H$m{bH$mVm g{ ‡H$moeV oH$`m J`m& 07. g_mMma -[Ã [ßOr`H$ (1 OwbmB© 1956 H$m{ ÒWmo[V) ¤mam ‡ÒVwV [a Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ AmH$medmUr gm_moOH$ ]Xbmd H$r dmhH$ h° H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma 31 _mM©, 2007 VH$ X{e _{ß [ßOrH•$V g_mMma ode{f _ohbm H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß H$mZyZr AoYH$mam{ß, H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_m{ß Edß odH$mg [Ã/[oÃH$mAm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 65032 Wr, BZ_{ß 7.131 X°oZH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r MMm© ‡_wI h°& 374 oÃ/o¤ gm·mohH$, 22116 gm·mohH$, 8547 [mojH$, ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß X{e H{$ g^r ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ g_mZ AmYma [a bmH$a 19456 _mogH$, 4470 Ã{_mogH$, 605 dmof©H$ VWm 2333 g^r ‡H$ma H{$ ^{X^mdm{ß, O›_, Y_© Am°a obßJ [a AmYmnaV Ag_mZVmAm{ß A›` g_`mdoY`m{ß H{$ W{& H$m{ g_m· H$aZ{ H$m Om{ dMZ oX`m h°, gßodYmZ H$m `h gßX{e bm{Jm{ß VH$ 08. ^maV H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r g_mMma EO{ßgr ‡{g Q≠>ÒQ> Am∞\$ Bo S>`m [hw±MmZ{ _{ß AmH$medmUr Z{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m AXm H$r h°& gM Vm{ `h h° oH$ ([r.Q>r.AmB©.) H$r ÒWm[Zm 27 AJÒV, 1947 H$m{ hwB© Am°a BgZ{ AmO AmH$medmUr H$m{ H$m{B© oH$VZm ^r ZH$amÀ_H$ og’ H$a{ _Ja 1 \$adar, 1949 g{ EH$ ghH$mar gßÒWm H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Zr g{dmE{ß OZgm_m›` _{ß M{VZm OJmZ{ Edß [nadV©Z bmZ{ _{ß CÑ{IZr` ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© ‡maß^ H$a Xr& h°& oh›Xr Edß j{Ãr` ^mfmAm{ß H{$ Í$[H$ ^r gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z H$a ah{ h°& 09. X{e _{ß United News of India - UNI H$s ÒWm[Zm 19 oXgÂ]a AmH$medmUr Z{ ]mb oddmh, Xh{O, _mXH$ [XmWm} H$m g{dZ, Ka [nadma, 1959 H$m{ h˛B© Am°a BgZ{ 21 _mM© 1961 g{ H$m`© Amaß^ nH$`m$& J´m_rU odH$mg, H•$of geo∫$H$aU Hw$aroV`m{ß H{$ oIbm\$ gVV≤ Am›Xm{bZ BgZ{ 1982 g{ "`ynZdmVm©' H$m ew^maß^ oH$`m$& Mbm`m h°& Vrgam g]g{ _hÀd[yU© o]›Xw o\$Î_{ß h¢& o\$Î_m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ 10. OZ-gßMma amÓQ≠>r` ‡b{IZ H{$›– (MDCMC) H$r ÒWm[Zm 1976 C[`m{oJVm [a MMm© H$a{ß Vm{ `h ^r `h ^m°oVH$ Edß H$bmÀ_H$ dÒVwAm{ß H$r _{ß H$r JB©& Vah gm_moOH$ OrdZ g{ ‡Ò\w$oQ>V hm{Vr h°& Cgr H$m oMÃU H$aVr h° VWm 11. ^maV _{ß a{oS>`m{ ‡gmaU H$r ewÍ$AmV 1920 H{$ XeH$ _{ß hwB©, [hbm ZH$mamÀ_H$ `m gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$[ _{ß gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& H$m`©H´$_ 1923 _{ß _wÂ]B© H{$ a{oS>`m{ ∑b] ¤mam ‡gmnaV oH$`m J`m& gß`w∫$ [nadmam{ß H$m _hÀd, Qy>Q>Vm J´m_rU [nad{e, ^m°oVH$Vm H$r `WmW©Vm, 12. ^maV _{ß XyaXe©Z H$m [hbm ‡gmaU 15 ogVÂ]a 1959 H$m{ Ymo_©H$ g_[©UVm, ^` Edß [mabm°oH$H$Vm, `wdmAm{ß H$m oXΩ^ó_V hm{Zm ‡`m{JmÀ_H$ AmYma [a AmYm K Q{> H{$ obE{ e°ojH$ Am°a odH$mg AmoX H$r H$B© g_Ò`mAm{ß [a o\$Î_m{ß _{ß ‡H$me S>mbm h°& H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß hwAm Wm, Q{>brodOZ H$r oZò_V ewÍ$AmV oXÎbr- AmOH$b o\$Î_m{ß _{ß Ohmß EH$ Am{a [mnadmnaH$ Edß gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß 1965 _{ß, _wÂ]B©-1972 _{ß, H$m{bH$Vm-1975 _{ß, M°fiB©-1975 _{ß H$m{ ]hwV hr CÂXm VarH{$ g{ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° dht MH$mMm¢Y g{ C[Or o\$Î_m{ß hwB© aßJrZ ‡gmaU H$r ewÍ$AmV gZ 1982 _{ß ZB© oXÎbr _{ß hwB©& Z{ `wdmAm{ß _{ß [nadmam{ß _{ß od^mOZ H{$ ]rO ]m{`{ h¢& Ymo_©H$ odf`m{ß, gßVm{ß H$r 13. X{e _{ß 16 oXgÂ]a 2004 H$m{ 33 Q>rdr M°Zbm{ß VWm 12 a{oS>`m{ OrdZr, BoVhmg AmYmnaV o\$Î_{ß, ÒdVßÃVm Am›Xm{bZ H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß AmB© M°Zbm{ß H{$ gmW DTH (Direct to Home Service) ewÍ$ hwB© dV©_mZ o\$Î_{ß, odkmZ AmYmnaV o\$Î_{ß, gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m{ß [a ‡hma H$aVr o\$Î_{ß _{ß Bg g{dm H$m{ [ya{ X{e _{ß AoZdm`© oH$`m Om ahm h°& AmoX _{ß ^maVr` ogZ{_m H$m E{oVhmogH$ `m{JXmZ h°& oZaßVa CfiV ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r 14. dV©_mZ _{ß XyaXe©Z H{$ 5 AoIb ^maVr` M°Zb, 11 j{Ãr` ^mfmAm{ß Z{ o\$Î_m{ß H{$ oZ_m©U H$m{ gab Vm{ oH$`m hr h° gmW hr Ò[{eb B\{$∑Q> H{$ H{$ C[J´h M°Zb VWm 11 am¡` Z{Q>dH©$ M°Zb gßMmobV oH$E Om ah{ h°& _m‹`_ g{ ZB© H´$mßoV CÀ[fi H$r h°& AmO XyaXe©Z Edß gßMma _m‹`_ H{$ 15. X{e _{ß 24 K Q{> H{$ g_mMma M°Zb 'DD News' H$r ewÍ$AmV 3 odH$mg H{$ gmW o\$Î_m{ß H$r oOÂ_{Xmar Am°a ]∂T> JB© h¢ & gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ ZdÂ]a 2003 g{ hwB© Am°a 18 _mM© 1999 H$m{ I{b M°Zb 'DD odH$mg H{$ gmW-gmW gm_moOH$ CÀWmZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r d•o’ hwB© h°& XyaXe©Z, Sports' H$r ewÍ$AmV hwB©& AmH$medmUr H{$ H$m`©H´$_ oOg ‡H$ma ]∂T>V{ Om ah{ h¢ Cgr ‡H$ma BZH{$ 16. X{e H$m gmd©OoZH$ g{dm ‡gmaH$ XyaXe©Z AmO odÌd H{$ g]g{ Xmo`Àd ^r ]∂T>V{ Om ah{ h¢& BgobE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ BZ H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß Am_ ]∂S{> Q{>brodOZ Z{Q>dH©$ H$r l{Ur _{ß AmVm h°& AmX_r H$m{ ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm emo_b oH$`m OmE& 17. XyaXe©Z Am°a AmH$medmUr H$r JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ gßMmbZ d oZ`ßÃU Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 21

h{Vw 23 ZdÂ]a 1997 H$m{ gmd©OoZH$ ‡gmaU g{dm H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Eoe`m ‡em›V j{Ã _Zm{aßOZ H{$ obhmO g{ odÌdâ "‡gma ^maVr' H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m& _{ß H$m\$r AJÚr ^yo_H$m AXm H$a ahm h°& 18. dV©_mZ _{ß X{e _{ß AmH$medmUr H{$ 231 H{$›– h¢& g_J´ Í$[ g{ X{Im OmE Vm{ `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h{ oH$ ^maVr` _roS>`m 19. AmO X{e H{$ 14 ]∂S{> eham{ß _{ß "›`yO Am∞Z \$m{Z g{dm' C[b„Y h°& Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J H{$ _wª`V: Xm{ ÒdÍ$[ h¢- EH$ _Zm{aßOZ Am°a Xygam 20. odÌd _{ß _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ j{Ã H{$ obhmO g{ ^maV ‡W_ VrZ g_mMma _Zm{aßOZ j{Ã, odkm[Z H{$ obhmO g{ H$m\$r AmH$f©H$ h° Am°a `h amÓQ≠>m{ß _{ß emo_b h°& X{e _{ß AmO ‡oVdf© H$ar] 26 hOma H$am{∂S> Í$. H$r amoe H{$ odkm[Z ]Q>m{a 21. ^maVr` odkm[Z C⁄m{J ‡oV Mma df© _{ß Xm{JwZr d•o’ Xem© ahm h°& ahm h°, O]oH$ g_mMma g{ Ow∂S>m _roS>`m 17 hOma H$am{∂S> Í$. H{$ bJ^J 22. gZ≤ 2013 VH$ ^maVr` odkm[Z C⁄m{J H{$ 61 ‡oVeV VH$ ]∂T>Z{ odkm[Z OwQ>m ahm h°& 17 \$adar, 2009 H$m{ o\$∑H$s (Federation of H$r gß^mdZm h°& Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) Am°a H{$.[r.E_.Or. 23. o\$∑H$s ¤mam Omar na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma oXgÂ]a 2009 VH$ 2200 Zm_H$ gbmhH$ma H$Â[Zr ¤mam Omar gß`w∫$ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma AmO A_arH$m H$am{∂S> Í$. _{ß V„Xrb hm{Z{ dmbr 'Event Industry' ha df© H$ar] H{$ ]mX ›`yO H$m Xygam ]∂S>m ]mOma ^maV ]Z J`m h°& 300 ‡oVeV H$r Xa H{$ gmW ]∂T> ahr h°& ^maV _{ß A^r o‡ßQ> _roS>`m g{ 60 hOma AI]ma Ow∂S{> hwE h¢ Am°a 67 24. dV©_mZ _{ß 500 g{ ¡`mXm ]∂S>r Bd{ßQ> \$_© Am°a hOmam{ß N>m{Q>r \$_} ›`yO M°Zb gßMmobV hm{ ah{ h¢, CÎb{IZr` h° oH$ AmO X{e _{ß AI]mam{ß H$r ^maV _{ß goH´$` h¢& Hw$b ‡gmnaV ‡oV`m± 9.95 H$am{∂S> H{$ H$ar] h° Am°a BZH$r X°oZH$ [mR>H$ 25. df© 2006 _{ß ^maVr` _roS>`m Am°a EßQ>aQ{>Z_{ßQ> C⁄m{J bJ^J 437 gßª`m 31 H$am{∂S> H{$ bJ^J h°, Xygar Am{a 67 ›`yO M°Zbm{ß H$m{ 11.5 H$am{∂S> o]ob`Z Í$[E ahm h°, Om{ 2011 VH$ 1 oQ≠>ob`Z Í$. H$m hm{H$a Bg g{ AoYH$ Q>rdr g{Q> [a 58 H$am{∂S> bm{J X{IV{ h¢& gmW hr AmO X{e _{ß C⁄m{J H{$ 2012 VH$ 1.157 oQ≠>ob`Z Í$[E VH$ [hw±Mm& _m{]mBb \$m{Z ^r _roS>`m H$m ]∂S>m _m‹`_ ]ZVm Om ahm h°& 26. AmO ^maV _{ß a{oS>`m{ß H$m gmbmZm ]mOma H$ar] 500 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m AZ{H$ _m{]mBb g{dm ‡XmVm H$Â[oZ`m± _m{]mBb H{$ OnaE I]a{ß ^r h° Am°a Bg_{ß ha df© 40 ‡oVeV H$r ]∂T>m{Var hm{ ahr h°& ‡{ofV H$aVr h¢, Jm°aVb] Vœ` `h ^r h° oH$ _m{]mBb J´mhH$m{ß H$r gßª`m H{$ 27. ode{fkm{ß H{$ _VmZwgma 'FM-II Policy' H$r dOh g{ a{oS>`m{ C⁄m{J obhmO g{ AmO ^maV odÌd _{ß MrZ H{$ ]mX Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a h°& BgH{$ Abmdm _m°OyXm 5 o]ob`Z g{ 2011 VH$ 17 o]ob`Z Í$[E H$m hm{ J`m& AmO ^maV _{ß 6 H$am{∂S> bm{J BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ h¢ VWm 13 bmI bm{J 28. ^maVr` _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J H{$ gßX^© _{ß o\$∏$r ¤mam Omar „bm∞Jg© ]Z{ hwE h¢ Om{ BßQ>aZ{Q> go\©$ßJ H{$ g_` ‡gmnaV H$r OmZ{ dmbr I]am{ß na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma 2007-08 _{ß ^maVr` J{o_ßJ C⁄m{J H$m{ 270 [a ZOa aIV{ h¢ VWm ‡oVoH´$`m ^r Ï`∫$ H$aV{ h°& H$am{∂S> Í$. H$r Am_XZr hwB©, Om{ oH$ 2006-07 _{ß 205 H$am{∂S> Í$. g{ 32 ‡oVeV ¡`mXm h°& _roS>`m Edß _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J (^maVr` g_mO Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` AmYma) _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J Media and Entertainment (M&E) Industry) EH$ ‡H$ma H$m MH´$r` C⁄m{J h° Om{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg Am°a Am`- ÒVa _{ß d•o’ H{$ gmW Vrd´ JoV g{ ‡JoV H{$ gm{[mZ a{ImßoH$V H$aVm h°$& AmO `h C⁄m{J ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ Vrd´V_ odH$mgm{›_wIr C⁄m{Jm{ßß H$r l{Ur _{ß emo_b hm{ MwH$m h°, Q{>brodOZ, ogZ{_m, a{oS>`m{, odkm[Z, gßJrV, B©d{ßQ> ‡]›YZ O°g{ AZ{H$ gßKQ>H$m{ß H$m{ g_mohV H$aZ{ dmbm ^maVr` _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J 19 ‡oVeV H$r gß`w∫$ dmof©H$ d•o’ Xa [Compounded Annual Growth Rate-CAGR] g{ ]∂T> ahm h°, `h C⁄m{J AmO 530 Aa] Í$. H$m hm{ J`m h° O]oH$ df© 2006-2007 _{ß 438 Aa] ode{fkm{ß H{$ _VmZwgma H$ar] 12.5 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ Xa g{ d•o’ H$aZ{ Í$. H$m hr Wm, "‡mBg dmQ>a hmD$g Hy$[a' (PWC) ¤mam Omar ZdrZV_ dmbm ^maVr` odkm[Z C⁄m{J H$m AmO dmof©H$ H$mam{]ma 22,800 H$am{∂S> na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma gZ≤ 2012 VH$ ^maVr` _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J Í$. h° Om{ gZ≤ 2010 VH$ 36,731 H$am{∂S> Í$. VH$ [hw±M MwH$m h°& 1.157 Ia] Í$. H$m hm{ MwH$m h°& ^maVr` odkm[Z C⁄m{J ‡oV Mma df© _{ß Xm{JwZr d•o’ Xem© ahm h° Am°a Egm{M°_ [Associated Chembers of Commerce and Industry Bg_{ß g{ g]g{ AoYH$ BOm\$m Q{>brodOZ Am°a o‡ßQ> _roS>`m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ of India] ¤mam ‡H$moeV na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma odÌd _{ß _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ odkm[Z X{Im Om ahm h°, b›XZ AmYmnaV _roS>`m flbmoZßJ Edß j{Ã H{$ obhmO g{ ^maV odÌd H{$ ‡W_ VrZ X{em{ß _{ß emo_b h°, Ohm± VH$ ES>daQ>mBoOßJ g_yh "O°oZW Am∞flQ>r_roS>`m' H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma Eoe`mB© X{em{ß H$r ]mV H$a{ß Vm{ dhm± `h j{Ã 8.8 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ H$r Xa g{ odkm[ZXmVm ¤mam O] ‡oV 100 Í$. odkm[Z [a IM© oH$`m OmVm h°, Vm{ ]∂T> ahm h° Am°a gZ≤ 2012 VH$ gÂ[yU© Eoe`m H$m `h ]mOma 508 Aa] 91 Í$. Q{>brodOZ Am°a o‡ßQ> odkm[Z [a, 5 Í$. AmCQ>S>m{a odkm[Z [a VWm S>m∞ba VH$ [hw±M{Jm& Jm°aVb] Vœ` `h ^r h° oH$ AmZ{ dmb{ g_` _{ß e{f 4 Í$. A›` odkm[Z _m‹`_m{ß [a IM© oH$`m OmVm h°& B S>m{Z{oe`m, gD$Xr Aa], od`VZm_, Q>H$r©, [moH$ÒVmZ AmoX amÓQ≠>m{ß H$m na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma df© 2011-12 _{ß Ωbm{]b ÒVa [a odkm[Z C⁄m{J _roS>`m Am°a _Zm{aßOZ C⁄m{J ^r "hm∞Q> j{Ã' ]Z OmEJm, AV: oZ:gßX{h `h 17 ‡oVeV H$r dmof©H$ d•o’ XO© H$a ahm h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 22

^maVr` _roS>`m H{$ odo^fi gßKQ>H$m{ß H$r gh^moJVm (EH$ ZOa _{ß) ah{ h°& gZ≤ 2006 _{ß oH$E JE EH$ gd} g{ `h Vœ` gm_Z{ Am`m oH$, _‹`_dJr©` [nadma H{$ ]É{ d `wdm —Ì` _roS>`m g{ ‡^modV hm{ AmÀ_hÀ`m d hÀ`m H$aZ{ _{ß ^r Zht ohMH$V{& AmO _roS>`m Z{ gß[yU© g_mO H{$ obE AZoJZV MwZm°oV`mß Am°a AZ{H$ ‡ÌZ I∂S{> H$a oXE h°& oXImE OmZ{ dmb{ ]hwMoM©V grna`Îg Am_ AmX_r H$r oÒWoV, [{ßSw>b_ H$r Vah H$a OrdZ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß Q>H$amhQ> [°Xm H$a [W^´ÓQ>Vm H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV H$a ah{ h¢& Source: www.watplog.com Om{ oZamem d hVmem H$m{ O›_ X{ ah{ h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ _‹`_dJ© OrdZ _{ß Hw$N> _m‹`_ Am°a g_mO _{ß [nadV©Z H$m EH$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [hbw- Edß [aX{ [a Hw$N> Am°a X{I ahm h°& OrdZ H{$ gma{ _yÎ` gßH´$o_V hm{ ah{ h°& ZH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ X{I{ Vm{ _roS>`m Z{ ZB© [r∂T>r H{$ gm_Z{ VH©$, \$mÒQ> \w$S> H$ÎMa Edß [mnadmnaH$ gß]ßYm{ß H$r odH•$oV d ‡XyfU (oddmh ]wo’, oM›VZ, _ZZ Edß _m°obH$ _mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S> _am{∂S> H$a [{e VbmH$ ]hwoddmh) AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r Bg{ Òd¿Nß>X _mZogH$Vm d AoYH$ma oH$`m h° oOg_{ß _m›`VmAm{ß d [aÂ[amAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>Z{ H{$ obE ZE-ZE grna`b H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{I ahm h°& bßM d oS>Za H{$ gmW-gmW ‡ÒVwV hm{ ah{ h°& bd JwÍ$ _Qw>H$ ZmW Mm°Yar, ZB© VH$ZrH$r H$m EH$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [hby oOgZ{ [nadma Edß g_mO [a Jwo∂S>`m H$r Om{ ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md S>mbm h° dh h¢ gm_moOH$ gß]ßYm{ß _{ß Xyna`m±& A] Ïò∫$ H$hmZr, EH$ Xyga{ H{$ Ka AmV{ OmV{ Zht h°, O]oH$ gm_moOH$ gß]ßYm{ß H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ YZßO` MQ>Or© H{$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h° XyaXe©Z H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ H$r oddeVm E{g{ H$B© Am[gr ‡{_, ‡Jm∂T>Vm [a ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md S>mb ahr h¢& CXmhaU h° Om{ hmb hr H{$ dfm~ _{ß XyaXe©Z H{$ odo^fi M°Zbm{ß Z{ ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß Xe©H$m{ß H$m{ ]Ém{ß Edß A[Zr Am{a AmH$of©V oH$`m h°& dht CgZ{ Xygar Am°a bm{Jm{ß H{$ ]rM gÂ]›Ym{ß `wdmAm{ß H$r H$m{ H$_Om{a oH$`m h°& BgH$m ‡^md [nadmam{ß Edß g_mO [a H°$gm [∂S{>Jm `h _mZogH$Vm H$m{ Vm{ AmZ{ dmbm ôdÓ` hr ]Vm`{Jm& ‡^modV H$a ah{ oZÓH$f© h°& `wdm [r∂T>r Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _roS>`m ]mOma H{$ X]md _{ß h° O]oH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° ]mOma H$m{ gm]wZ, e¢[y, _{ß X]md ]∂T>mZ{ H$r& _m‹`_m{ß H$r EH$ gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m h°, Bg{ oOÂ_{Xma, odkm[Z _hÀd[yU© Edß gH$mamÀ_H$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE B›h{ß H$R>[wVbr H$r ^yo_H$m [naoY E∑eZ oW´ba g{ oZH$bH$a ghr AWm~ _{ß gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m AXm H$aZr hm{Jr, Om{ gm_moOH$ oXImH$a _mZogH$Vm H$m{ odH•$V hm{Z{ g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV g‰`Vm O∂S>dV d H$m{ ÒWmo[V H$a gH{$ß& _roS>`m H$m gm_moOH$ Xmo`Àd A[amY H$r ‡d•oŒm H$m{ ^m°oVH$dmXr ]∂T>Z{ Zht X{Zm Edß gm_moOH$, Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ajm H$aZm h°& gm{M H$r Am{a b{ dh `h H$h H$a _wo∫$ [m gH$Vm H$r O°gm g_mO h°, d°gm hr dh oXIm, Om`m Om ahm h°& [∂T>m ahm h°& òX gmohÀ` g_mO H$m X[©U h° Vm{ X[©U H$r _°bm Zht hm{Z{ X{Z{ [nadma _{ß AX] Edß g_mO H{$ M{ha{ [a H$mobI Zht bJZ{ XZ{ H$r Hw$N> ‡oVeV oOÂ_{Xmar H$m`X{ H{$ AW© ^r [r∂T>r Xa [r∂T>r AW©hrZ hm{H$a g_mOrH$aU H{$ [am^d [a _roS>`m H$r h°& AV: _roS>`m H$m{ ‡m{⁄m°oJH$r Edß odkmZ H$m ghr BÒV{_mb ‡^md S>mb ah{ h¢& H$a bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ZB© OmZH$mna`m± X{Zm, ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ ]ZmZm h°& M_H$Xma odkm[Z ]mOmadmX H{$ oeHß$O{ H$m{ Am°a ^r _O]yV H$a ah{ h°, ""gm_moOH$ ‡mUr'' hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{, gm_moOH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m{ OrodV aIZm oOgH{$ ‡^md g{ gm_m›` dJ© A[Z{ Am[H$m{ ]hwV N>m{Q>m Am°a _O]ya _hgyg AoZdm`© h¢, A›`Wm AmX_r EH$mH$r hm{ Om`{Jm, g_mO o]Ia Om`{Jm& H$aZ{ bJVm h°, A›V©¤›X _{ß bmH$a aIVm h°, Om{ gM Zht h° Cg{ hr gM AV: ZroV oZYm©naV H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$m{ `h ^r gm{MZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h° oH$ H$aH{$ oXIm`m Om ahm h°& —Ì` _roS>`m H$m Q{>brodOZ N>m{Q>m [aXm EH$ _roS>`m H$r oXem ∑`m hm{& ""ÒWmo`Àd gh^moJVm H{$ ÒdÍ$[ Am°a CgH$r ‡^mdr _m‹`_ h°& BgZ{ Z H{$db h_mar g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ‡^modV JwUdŒmm g{ AmVm h°& ∑`m gm{eb _roS>`m H$r ^mfm ]Xbmd H$r ^mfm oH$`m h° Ao[Vw, Ïò∫$ H$r AoÒ_Vm Am°a Cgg{ ^r AmJ{ ‡oVoXZ ]mbmÀH$ma, ]Z [m`{Jr ? òX hm± Vm{ o\$a oH$g Vah H$m ]Xbmd ? `h OmZZ{ H{$ ob`{ g{∑g H$m∞bJb© VWm ha j{Ã _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m em{fU Zmar AoÒ_Vm [a Xm{`_ ^r h_{ß ‡Vrjm H$aZr hm{Jr&'' l{Ur H$r _mZogH$Vm H$m{ oMÃmßH$U H$a ahm h°& g›X^© A‹``Z - _roS>`m Z{ A[Z{ AoÒVÀd, ‡oV`m{oJVmdmX H$m{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE ha Cg 1. Òdm_r aßJZmWmZßX, [nadV©Zerb g_mO H{$ ob`{ emÌdV _yÎ` am_H•$ÓU, ZmJ[wa& —Ì` d gm_J´r H$m{ A[Zm`m h°, oOg{ CgZ{ "AmYwoZH$rH$aU' H$m Om_m 2. X°oZH$ AI]mam{ß H$r gwoI©`m Edß b{I& [hZmZ{ H$m Zm_ oX`m h°& Om{ `wdH$-`wdoV`m{ß H$m{ AmYwoZH$ _mZogH$Vm H{$ 3. Bo S>`Z BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> Am∞\$ _mg H$Â`woZH{$eZ, ZB© oXÎbr& ]Xb{ aroV-nadmO d gßÒH$mam{ß g{ VQ>ÒW H$a ah{ h¢& 4. EH{$S{>_r Am∞\$ a{oS>`m{ _{Z{O_{ßQ> oXÎbr Bgr H{$ H$maU 75 `wdm dJ© A[Z{ hr [nadma _{ß ]JmdV H$m o]Jwb ]Om 5. [mòZà _roS>`m ÒHy$b ZB© oXÎbr H{$ ]wb{oQ>Z Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 23

g{dm H$a amOÒd -EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z S>m∞. g[Zm gm{Zr * ‡ÒVmdZm :- ^maVr` H$m`©-]b _{ß H•$of d C⁄m{J H$r A[{jm g{dm j{Ã A‹``Z H$a gßH$obV H$r JB©& g_ßH$m{{ H{$ gßH$bZ H{$ AmYma [a A‹``Z H{$ V{Or g{ Câ ahm h°& ZdrZ ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r d AmodÓH$mam{ß H{$ MbV{ AmB© gyMZm 1994-95 g{ 2010-2011 df© VH$ H{$ g{dm amOÒd H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ‡`mg H´$mßoV Z{ Bg j{Ã H$m{ Vrd´ JoV ‡XmZ H$r h°& g{dm j{Ã H$r dmof©H$ d•o’ Xa oH$`m J`m h° VWm VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H{$ 2008-09 g{ 2010-2011 10% H{$ bJ^J h°& `h j{Ã Hw$b am{OJma H$m bJ^J 35% am{OJma C[b„Y df© H$m{ odÌb{fU H$m AmYma ]Zm`m J`m h° ∑`m{oH$ Bg AdoY _{ß g{dm H$a H$amVm h°& X{e H$r Hw$b amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m bJ^J 60% VWm gH$b Ka{by H$r Xa H$m{ gZ≤ 2008-09 _{ß 12 g{ 10 ‡oVeV KQ>mH$a VWm _mM© 2012 CÀ[mX (GDP) H$m bJ^J 55.6% ^mJ g{dm j{Ã H{$ ‡oVoZoYÀd _{ß AmVm _{ß [wZ: 10 g{ 12 ‡oVeV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm ∑`mß{ [∂S>r ? H$m{ OmZZ{ H$m h° O]oH$ AmOmXr H{$ g_` `h _mÃ 15% Wm& BZ g{dmAm{ß [a bJZ{ dmb{ H$a ‡`mg oH$`m J`m& Edß gaH$ma H$m{ oH$Z g{dmAm{ß [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r g{ bJ^J 80000 hOma H$am{∂S> Í$[`m H$m amOÒd ‡m· hm{Vm h°& oOg AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& ‡H$ma dÒVwAm{ß H{$ odH´$` [a odH´$`H$a bJm`m OmVm h°& Bgr ‡H$ma g{dmAm{ß ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß g{dm j{Ã - H{$ ‡Xm`Jr [a bJm`m OmZ{ dmbm H$a g{dmH$a H$hbmVm h°& `h EH$ A‡À`j g{dm j{Ã H$r JV 5 dfm} H$r dmof©H$ d•o’ Xa [a ZOa S>mbr OmE Vm{ H$a h° oOgH$r dgybr H{$›– gaH$ma H$m CÀ[mX d gr_m ewÎH$ od^mJ g{dm Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ g{dm j{Ã H$r d•o’ Xa C⁄m{J d H•$of j{Ã g{ ]{hVa d oÒWa ‡XmVm g{ H$aVm h° oH$›Vw BgH$m AßoV_ ^ma C[^m{∫$m [a [∂S>Vm h°& ahr h°& AmCgm{og™J Z{ g{dm j{Ã H$m{ ZdrZ Dß$MmB`m± ‡XmZ H$r h°& Q{>brH$m∞_, oejm, ]¢oH$J, ]r_m VH$ZroH$ [am_e©, odŒmr` d odoYH$ [am_e©, oMoH$Àgr` g{dmAm{ß AmoX Z{ ^maV H$m{ g{dm ]mOma _{ß AßVamÓQ≠>r` [hMmZ oXbmB© h°& g{dm j{Ã g{ OwS{> d•hX _mZd ]b d Bg j{Ã H$r ^mdr gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ X{IV{ hwE ^maV _{ß g{dmH$a H$m ‡maß^ 1994 _{ß VrZ g{dmAm{ß Aßem{ H$r Xbmbr, Q{>br\$m{Z o]b, d gm_m›` ]r_m ‡ro_`_ H$m{ goÂ_obV H$aV{ hwE, oH$`m J`m, `h H$a OÂ_w Edß H$Ì_ra _{ß ‡XmZ H$r JB© g{dmAm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a gÂ[yU© ^maV _{ß ‡XmZ H$r OmZ{ dmbr g{dmAm{ß [a bJVm h° Bg H$a H$r Xa ewÍ$AmVr dfm} _{ß 5 ‡oVeV Wr, Om{ gZ≤ 2004-05 _{ß 10 ‡oVeV Am°a Ûm{V - BH$m{Zmo_H$ AmCQ>bwH$ na[m{Q©> 2011-12 2006-07 g{ 12 ‡oVeV 2008 H$r d°oÌdH$ _ßXr H$m{ X{IV{ hwE 10 ‡oVeV H$a Xr JB©, d°oÌdH$ _ßXr H$m Aga [ya{ ^maV [a ahm CgH{$ ]mdOyX C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g{dm j{Ã Am°gVZ 10 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ h_mar odH$mg H$r Xa{ß 7 g{ 9 ‡oVeV H{$ ]rM ahr Bg Xa H$m{ ]Zm`{ aIZ{ _{ß Xa g{ ‡JoV H$a ahm h°& g{dm j{Ã _{ß d•o’ Xa H•$of Edß C⁄m{J j{Ã _{ß d•o’ Xa gaH$ma H$r _m°o–H$ ZroV Edß odŒmr` ZroV`m{ß H{$ gmW Bg g{dm j{Ã H$m g{ AoYH$ h°& df© 2010-11 _{ß H•$of d C⁄m{J j{Ã _{ß d•o’ Xa Ohm± H´$_e: _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ ahm& Bg H$a H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡oVdf© ZdrZ g{dmAm{ß H$m{ 6.6 Am°a 7.9 ahr dhr 2011-12 _{ß 4 ‡oVeV Edß 7.1 ‡oVeV ahr h°& Xmà{ _{ß bm`m OmVm ahm& oOZH$r gßª`m JVdf© VH$ bJ^J 125 Wr& BZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß ‡oVeV Xa _{ß H$_r Am`r h°& O]oH$ g{dm j{Ã _{ß d•o’ Xa 10 dV©_mZ _{ß 17 g{dmAm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a g_ÒV g{dmE± g{dm H$a H{$ Xmà{ _{ß h°& _mM© ‡oVeV ahr O]oH$ ôdÓ` _{ß BgH{$ Am°a AoYH$ hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm h°& 2012 H$a H$r Xa _{ß 2% H$m BOm\$m H$a Bg{ 10% g{ 12% H$a oX`m J`m h°& odo^fi j{Ãm{ß H$r odH$mg Xam{ß H$m oMÃ_` ‡Xe©Z EH$ AZw_mZ H{$ AZwgma gaH$ma H$m{ Bgg{ 19000 H$am{∂S> Í$. H{$ AoVna∫$ amOÒd H$r ‡mo· hm{Jr& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã H{$ C‘{Ì` - 1- g{dm H$a g{ ‡m· amOÒd H$r OmZH$mar b{Zm 2- g{dm H$a H$r odo^fi _Xm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$a AoYH$V_ amOÒd ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr gÂ^mdr _Xm{ß H$m{ kmV H$aZm Edß AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd X{Zm& 3- g{dm H$a H$r Xam{ß _{ß VrZ df© H{$ AßVamb [a hr [wZ: d•o’ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm ∑`m{ _hgyg hwB©, H$m{ OmZZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aZm & em{Y H$m`© [’oV - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã o¤Vr` g_ßH$m{ß d gyMZmAm{ß, BßQ>aZ{Q>, odo^fi od^mJm{ß, gÂ]o›YV [wÒVH$m{ß VWm em{Y-[oÃH$mAm{ß Edß Bgg{ Ow∂S{> A›` gmohÀ` H$m

* ‡m‹`m[H$-dmoU¡` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 24 g{dm H$a amOÒd - H$r d•o’ Xa Ohm± 14% Wr dht A] h_mar d•o’ Xa 26% H{$ bJ^J h°, Om{ AJ´ VmobH$m H{$ AßVJ©V ‡m· g{dm H$a amOÒd d g{dm H$a XmVmAm{ß H$r oH$ odÌd H{$ A›` odH$ogV X{em{ß g{ AoYH$ ahr& `h AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m V{Or ‡JoV H$m{ AmgmZr g{ g_Pm Om gH$Vm h°& g{ CâVm j{Ã h° BgH{$ d•hX Xmà{ H{$ H$maU Bgg{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ am{OJma d ‡m· amOÒd _{ß A[ma gß^mdZmE± oZohV h°& JV VrZ dfm} H{$ g{dmH$a g{ ‡m· amOÒd H{$ AmH$∂S>m{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m OmE Vm{ `h AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ oH$Z g{dmAm{ß g{ ôdÓ` _{ß CÂ_rX H$r Om gH$Vr h°& `hm± `h CÑ{I H$aZm CoMV hm{Jm oH$ df© 2008-09 _{ß g{dm H$a Xa 12% Wr O]oH$ df© 2009-10 d 2010-11 _{ß `h Xa 10% ahr& oOgH$m grYm Aga amOÒd ‡mo· [a hwAm \$bÒdÍ$[ 2009-10 _{ß amOÒd ‡mo· 2008-09 H$r A[{jm H$_ ahr& df© 2008-09 g{ 2010-11 VH$ bJ^J 120 g{dmAm{ß [a g{dm H$a dgybm J`m& gßXo^©V gß_H$m{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a H$m\$r hX VH$ ^mdr VÒdra gm\$ hm{Vr h°& ‡ÒVwV em{Y[Ã _{ß g{dmAm{ß H$r ‡d•oV (Trends) H$m A‹``Z d odÌb{fU H$aZ{ H{$ obE ""‡m· amOÒd H{$ AmYma [a"" BZ g{dmAm{ß H$m{ odo^fi ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m h° Om{ oZÂZ h° - 1. amOÒd ‡mo· H{$ ohgm] g{ ‡W_ Xg g{dmE± & 2. g{dmE± oOZ_{ß CÑ{IZr` d•o’ Xa ahr & g{dm H$a g{ ‡m· amOÒd d g{dm H$aXmVmAm{ß H$r ‡JoV H$m{ VmobH$m 1 g{ 3. g{dmE± oOZ_{ß d•o’ Xa ]∂T>V{ H´$_ _{ß ahr & g_Pm Om gH$Vm h°& g{dm H$aXmVmAm{ß d amOÒd _{{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{Vr ahr h°& 4. g{dmE± oOZ_{ß d•o’ Xa KQ>V{ H´$_ _{ß ahr & df© 1994 _{ß 3943 H$aXmVmAm{ß g{ Hw$b 410 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m H$a amOÒd ‡m· 5. g{dmE± oOZ_{ß d•o’ Xa YZmÀ_H$ g{ F$UmÀ_H$ ahr & hwAm Om{ 3 g{dmAm{ß H{$ ]Xb{ Wm& BZ_{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{Vr ahr& JVdf© VH$ 6. g{dmE± oOZH$r amOÒd ‡mo· Xa F$UmÀ_H$ ahr & g{dmAm{ß H$r gßª`m 3 g{ 125 VH$ [hw±Mr O]oH$ dV©_mZ _{ß 17 g{dmAm{ß H$m{ 7. g{dmE± oOZH$r amOÒd ‡mo· Xa F$UmÀ_H$ g{ YZmÀ_H$ ahr & N>m{∂S>H$a g_ÒV g{dmE± H$a Xmà{ _{ß h°& g{dmAm{ß H{$ Bg odÌb{fU H$m{ ghOVm g{ g_PZ{ H{$ obE VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ df© 2009-10 _{ß ‡W_ ]ma H$a ‡mo· F$UmÀ_H$ ahr (-3.9), oOgH$m 3 _{ß BZ g{dmAm{ß H$m{ Ò[ÓQ>V: l{Urdma ÏòÒWV oH$`m J`m h°& g^r g{dmAm{ß _wª` H$maU H$a Xa H$m JVdf© AoYH$ (12%) hm{Zm Wm & 2010-11 _{ß H$m CÑ{I Z H$aV{ hwE ‡À`{H$ l{Ur H$r Hw$N> odoeÓQ> g{dmAm{ß H$m{ VmobH$m- g{dmH$a g{ Hw$b ‡mo· 71190 H$am{S> Í$ Wr Om{ 2011-12 _{ß bJ^J 1 _{ß Xem©`m J`m h°& ([rN>{ [•> [a X{I|) 82000 H$am{S> Í$[E ahr& ôdÓ` _{ß am{OJma H$r Z`r Agr_ gß^mdZmE± VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 H{$ odÌb{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$- —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vr h° oOgg{ H$aXmVmAm{ß d amOÒd _{ß Am{a d•o’ H$m AZw_mZ h°& 1-odÌb{ofV AdoY _ß{ ‡W_ ]mah g{dmAm{ß H$m ‡À`{H$ df© H$m amOÒd dV©_mZ _{ß g{dm H$a H$r Xa ]T>mH$a 12% H$a Xr JB© h° EOwH{$eZ g{g Am°a 4 hOma H$am{∂S> Í$[E g{ AoYH$ ahm& 120 g{dmAm{ß g{ ‡m· Hw$b amOÒd H$m Cg [a gaMmO© H{$ ]mX `h 12.36% ‡oVeV hm{Jm& 50: B›ht g{dmAm{ß g{ ‡m· hm{Vm h°& O]oH$ 1/4 AWm©V≤ 25% ‡maßo^H$ 4 g{dm H$a, amOÒd ‡mo· d ^mdr gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ g{dmAm{ß Q{>brH$m±_, ]¢oH$J, o]OZ{g g[m}Q{>S> god©g{O d ]r_m g{ hr ‡m· hm{ A‹``Z - OmVm h°& Bgg{ AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ `{ g{dmE± ôdÓ` _{ß amOÒd odÌd _{ß V{Or g{ ]∂T> ahr OZgßª`m d CZH$r AmdÌ`H$VmE± Hw$eb ‡mo· H{$ obE oH$VZr _hÀd[yU© h°& df© 2008-09 d 2009-10 _{ß Ohm∞ [{e{da g{dmAm{ß H$r _mßJ H$aV{ h°& ôdÓ` _{ß XyagßMma, C[^m{∫$m g{dmE±, ‡]ßY ‡W_ Xg g{dmAm{ß H$r gyMr Hw$N> \{$a]Xb H{$ gmW A[nadoV©V ahr dht [am_e©, ]¢oH$J d ]r_m g{dmE±, odŒm d b{Im gß]ßYr gbmh, H$mZyZr [am_e©, 2010-11 _{ß Xm{ ZdrZ g{dmAm{ß Z{ Bg gyMr _{ß ÒWmZ ]Zm`m& EZr_{eZ/_ÎQ>r_roS>`m, \°$eZ d \$m{Q>m{J´m\$r, ÒdmÒœ`, O°d ‡m⁄m{oJH$r, d∑g© H$m›Q≠>{∑Q> god©g{O 67.51% d o]OZ{O g[m{Q©> god©g{O 38.93% oejm AmoX V_m_ j{Ãm{ß _{ß g{dm ode{fkm{ß H{$ obE am{OJma H$r A[ma d•o’ Xa H{$ gmW H´$_e: 5 dß{ Am°a 9 dß{ ÒWmZ [a [hw±M J`r & Hß$goÎQß>J, gß^mdZmE± h°& AmCQ>gm{og™J H{$ _m‹`_ g{ BZ j{Ãm{ß H$m ^maVr` g{dm ]mOma BßOroZ`naßJ d BßÌ`m{aß{g god©g{O ›`yZV_ d•o’ Xa H{$ H$maU Bg gyMr g{ d°oÌdH$ ÒVa H$m hm{ Mbm h° H$maU oH$ ^maV _{ß A[{jmH•$V gÒVm d ÒVar` ]mha hm{ J`r oH$›Vw Hw$b amOÒd _mÃm H{$ AmYma [a `{ g{dmE± A^r ^r erf© _mZd l_ ghO hr C[b„Y hm{ OmVm h°& g{dmAm{ß H$r gyMr _{ß h°& ‡maßo^H$ 12 g{dmAm{ß _{ß ]°oHß$J god©g{O, B›Ì`m{aß{g ^maVr` ]m°o’H$ gÂ[Xm odÌd ÒVa [a A[Zm bm{hm _Zdm MwH$r h°, h_ AmoΩObar god©g{O, d∑g© H$m›Q≠>{∑Q> d o]OZ{g g[m{Q©> god©g{O Z{ H$a H$r odÌd _{ß AJÚr ÒWmZ aIV{ h°& ZmÌH$m_ H$r EH$ na[m{Q©> _{ß df© 2004-05 Xa _{ß H$_r [a ^r gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡Xe©Z oH$`m& _{ß ^maV H$m{ gm∞‚Q>d{à H{$ oZ`m©V g{ 18 Aa] Í$[E H$r Am` hwB© Om{ ]∂T>H$a ]¢oH$J god©g{O H$r ‡JoV Xa Yr_r ahr [a BZ g{dmAm{ß Z{ A[Zm 2012 VH$ 50 Aa] hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm h°& df© 2006-07 _{ß g{dm oZ`m©V ÒWmZ ]ZmE aIm & d∑g© H$m›Q≠>{∑Q> god©g{O d o]OZ{g g[m{Q©> god©g{O H$m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 25

‡Xe©Z ]{hVarZ ahm h°& BßÌ`m{a{ßg AmoΩObar god©g{O ^b{ hr ‡W_ Xg H$r goÂ_obV h°& BZH$r gßª`m bJ^J 50 h°& BZ g{dmAm{ß g{ ‡m· H$a amOÒd gyMr g{ ]mha hm{ JB©, oH$›Vw CZH$r ‡JoV Xa YZmÀ_H$ hr ahr Om{ ôdÓ` _{ß 2009-10 _{ß H$_r O]oH$ 2010-11 _{ß ‡JoV X{Ir J`r& _{ß CZH$r ‡JoV H{$ obE gH$mamÀ_H$ gßH{$V h°& gwPmd :- g{dm H$a Xmàm ZdrZ d d•hX oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& H$a H$r Xa 2- VmobH$m AZwgma H´$_mßH$ 13 g{ 15 H{$ g{dm ‡j{Ã oOZ_{ß odoYH$ ^r 2% ]∂T>m Xr J`r h°& oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ `h g{dm H$a amOÒd H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß [am_e© g{dmE±, H$m∞Ò_{oQ>∑g gO©ar Am°a flbmoÒQ>H$ gO©ar Q≠>mßg[m{Q©> Am∞\$ ghm`H$ og’ hm{Jr& g{dm H$a g{ amOÒd _{ß d•o’ h{Vw g{dm j{Ã H$m{ Z H{$db H$m{ÒQ>b JwS>≤g god©g{O h°, BZH$r ‡JoV AmÌM`©OZH$ ahr h°& flbmoÒQ>H$ AmJ{ ]∂T>mV{ ahZm hm{Jm Ao[Vw Cg{ _O]yV ^r H$aZm hm{Jm& Bg h{Vw oZÂZ gO©ar g{ ‡m· a{d{›`w 2009-10 _{ß 5.85 H$am{S> Í$. Wm, Om{ 1220% ]T>H$a gwPmdm{ß [a A_b oH$`m OmZm MmohE - 77.23 H$am{∂S> Í$[E hm{ J`m& Bgr ‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _{ß brJb (1) gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m g_J´ odH$mg oH$`m OmZm MmohE& X{e H{$ Hß$gÎQ{>ßgr _{ß 260% d Q≠>mßg[m{Q©> Am\$ H$m{ÒQ>b JwS>≤g god©g{O _{ß 154% N>m{Q{> g{ N>m{Q{> Jm±d/H$Ò]{ _{ß ^r gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$r [hw±M hm{ oOgg{ amOÒd d•o’ ahr& J´m_rU Hw$eb [{e{da _mZd gßgmYZ gÒV{ Xm_m{ß [a C[b„Y hm{& 3- VmobH$m AZwgma g{dm ‡j{Ã H´$_mßH$ 16 g{ 22 oOZ_{ß, IZZ g{dmE± (2) ‡`mg oH$E OmZ{ MmohE oH$ ]°oHß$J, ]r_m, [nadhZ BßQ>aZ{Q> O°gr (V{b d J°g) og∑`wnaQ>r EO{ßgr, na∑ZmBOS> Egm{ogEeZ, H{$]b Am[a{Q>a, _yb^yV g{dmE± Jmßdm{ _{ß _O]yV [H$S> ]Zm b{ A›` g{dmAm{ß H$m Am∞ZbmBZ B›\$m}_{eZ, C & F EO{ Q>, god©g ÒQ{>eZ, Q>r.dr. a{oS>`m{ß odH$mg ÒdV: hr hm{ OmEJm& ‡m{J´m_, o∑boZßJ god©g{O, ∑b] E S> Egm{ogEeZ, gmBQ> o‡[a{eZ, (3) g{dm ‡XmVmAm{ß H$m gd}jU H$a [yU© [maXoe©Vm H{$ gmW dÒVwoÒWoV naH$dar EO{ßQ> AmoX O°gr g{dmE± gH$mamÀ_H$ d•o’ Xa H{$ gmW ‡JoV H$a H$m{ kmV oH$`m OmZm MmohE oOgg{ ZdrZ g{dmE± d MyH$ H$aZ{ dmb{ ahr h°& H$a H$r Xa 12%g{ 10% hm{Z{ [a ^r CZg{ ‡m· H$a amOÒd _{ß oJamdQ> H$aXmVmAm{ß H$m [Vm bJm`m Om gH{$& Zht AmB©, od[arV BgH{$ CZH$r amOÒd d•o’ Xa JV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß (4) g{dmH$a H{$ ^wJVmZ d H$a gß]ßYr g_ÒV H$m`m} H{$ obE Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ AoYH$ Wr AWm©V≤ BZ g{dmAm{ß _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$I —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& ogÒQ>_ V°`ma oH$`m OmZm MmohE d ÒQ>m∞\$ H$m{ H$m`© gß]ßYr ‡oejU 4- VmobH$m AZwgma g{dm _X 23 g{ 28 oOZ_{ß a{b Q≠>{db EO{ Q>, Eg{Q> oX`m OmZm MmohE& _°Z{Oa, Q≠>mßg[m{Q©> Am\$ [g©Z ]m` H´$wOoe[ _{ß ahr& `{ g{dmE± oOZ_{ß df© (5) E{gr g{dmE± oOZH$r amOÒd dgybr H$_ hm{Vr Om ahr h°, H$_r H{$ H$maUm{ß 2008-09 H$r g{dmH$a Xa 12% g{ 2009-10 _{ß 10% hm{Z{ [a ^r H$m [Vm bJm`m OmZm MmohE& d gwYma H{$ ‡`mg obE OmZ{ MmohE& 2010-11 _{ß hwB© d•o’ Xa, 2009-10 _{ß hwB© JVdf© H$r d•o’ Xa (6) g{dm j{Ã H$r d•o’ Xa oZaßVa ]∂T>Vr ah{ Bg [a ‹`mZ oX`m OmZm MmohE& KQ>Vr hwB© Wr, O]oH$ 2009-10 d 2010-11 _{ß H$a H$r Xa g_mZ (7) g{dm H$a H{$ ‡emgZ, oZYm©aU Edß dgybr CÀ[mX ewÎH$ od^mJ hr (10%) Wr& H$mJm} h¢S>obßΩg g{dmAm{ß g{ 2009-10 _{ß JVdf© H$r H$aVm h° Bg od^mJ H{$ A[Z{ Òd`ß H{$ Xmo`Àd oZYm©naV h° AV: VwbZm _{ß 980% AoYH$ amOÒd ‡m· hwAm O]oH$ 2010-11 _{ß BZH$r H$m`©^ma H$r AoYH$Vm H$m{ X{IV{ hwE ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z Edß oZ`ßÃU amOÒd d•o’ Xa 10.25% hr ahr& h{Vw [•WH$ AoYoZ`_ d od^mJ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmZr MmohE& 5- VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 29 g{ 33 _{ß doU©V g{dm ‡j{Ã oOZ_{ß EQ>rE_ (8) g{dm gß]ßYr bßo]V oddmXm{ß H$m{ ›`m`mb` ¤mam erK´ hb oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Am[a{eZ _°Z{O_{ßQ> Am°a _{ßQ{>Z{ßg, AmH$eZg© god©g{O, \´${MmBßOr god©g{O, (9) g{dmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV\$b H{$ ]Xb{ _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ Ï`` [a H$Q>m°Vr Zht Xr ÒQ>mH$ ]´m{H$a, BßQ>aZ{Q> Q{>br\$m{Z, [o„bH$ nab{eZ god©g{O, e{à Q≠>mßg\$a OmVr h°& AV: Am`H$a H$r ^mßoV hr g{dm Ï`` H$r H$Q>m°Vr H$m god©g{O, gd} d _{ßo[J god©g{O AmoX g{dmAm{ß g{ 2009-10 _{ß amOÒd ‡mdYmZ oZYm©naV h°& ‡mo· JVdf© H$r VwbZm _{ß d•o’ obE hwE Wr O]oH$ 2010-11 _{ß BZg{ oZÓH$f© :- h_ma{ amÓQ≠> H$m d•hX OZgmßoª`H$r` AmH$ma d CgH$r AVwÎ` ‡m· amOÒd F$UmÀ_H$ oÒWoV _{ß [hw±M J`m AWm©V≤ JVdf© H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg oZÓH$f© :- ]m°o’H$ j_Vm g{dm j{Ã _{ß Agr_ gß^mdZmAm{ß H{$ obE EH$ _O]yV _ßM df© BZg{ ‡m· amOÒd H$_ ahm& V°`ma H$aVr h°& CXmarH$aU d d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß Ohm± d°oÌdH$ gr_mE± 6- VmobH$m AZwgma H´$_mßH$ 34 g{ 38 H{$ AßVJ©V doU©V H$mÒQ> A[Zm AoÒVÀd Im{Vr Om ahr h°, ^maV H$m Hw$eb H$m`©]b Cg{ E{gr oÒWoV EH$mC Q>, gmBßoQ>o\$H$ d Q{>∑Zmbm∞Or Hß$gbQ{>ßgr god©g{O, oe[ _°Z{O_{ßQ>, _{ß bm gH$Vm h° Ohm± dh gÂ[yU© odÌd H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm ZOa AmEJm& A S>aamBQ>a, AmZbmBZ [m{b Hw$N> E{gr g{dmE± ahr oOZ_{ß ‡oVdf© amOÒd g{dm j{Ã d Bgg{ ‡m· H$a amOÒd ^maVr` amOÒd Am°a ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm d•o’ Xa F$UmÀ_H$ hr ahr h°& H$mÒQ> EH$mC Q> g{ amOÒd ‡mo· AÀòYH$ Xm{Zm{ß hr H{$ obE _wª` AmYma hm{Jm& F$UmÀ_H$ ahr Wr df© 2009-10 _{ß 50% d 2010-11 _{ß 27% VH$ oJa Q{>brH$m∞_, ]¢oH$J, ]r_m, [nadhZ, Ï`dgm` ghm`H$ g{dmE±, BßQ>aZ{Q>, J`r& BZ g{dmAm{ß [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmZm MmohE& g{dm j{Ã H$m AmYma h°& O°g{ hr `{ g{dmE± Òd`ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V H$a{Jr A›` j{Ãm{ß 7- VmobH$m AZwgma H´$_mßH$ 39 g{ 43 H{$ AßVJ©V doU©V Hß$ÒQ≠>∑eZ H{$ obE ^r ¤ma Iwb OmEJ{ß Am°a BZH$m ^r odH$mg gß^d hm{Jm AWm©V≤ A›` Am∞\$ a{grS{>ßog`b god©g, H$_oe©©`b Hß$ÒQ≠>∑eZ [m{Q©> god©g{g ‡_wI Wr, g{dmE± ÒdV: hr BZH{$ gmW hm{ OmEJr& AV: `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ BZ H$r d•o’ Xa{ß F$UmÀ_H$ g{ YZmÀ_H$ H$r Am{a [nabojV hwB©& g{dmAm{ß [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmE& 8- VmobH$m AZwgma H´$_mßH$ 44 H{$ AßVJ©V doU©V BZ_{ß VmobH$m _{ß Xr g{dmAm{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H°$\{$, [ßS>mb emo_`mZm, \$m{Q>m{J´m\$r, Eà[m{Q©> gßX^© gyMr - god©g{O, \°$eZ oS>OmBoZßJ, AmoH©$Q{>∑Q>, o]OZ{g E∑Oro]eZ, BßS>ÒQ≠r>`b Economic Survey Report 2011-12 www.servicetax.gov.in H$›Q≠>∑eZ god©g{O, Hß$ÒQ≠>∑eZ Am∞\$ a{ogS{>ßog`b H$m∞Â[b{∑g, gmB]a H°$\{$ www.taxindia.com S≠>mò∑boZßJ, „`wQ>r[mb©a, h{ÎW E S> o\$Q>Z{g, ÒQ>m{a{O/d{à hmCogßJ AmoX H$amKmV Edß H$am[mV -S>m±. odZm{X oÃ[mR>r -ISBN- 978-81-92425 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 26 (Table 1.) Comparison of Service wise Revenue (Rs. in Crore)

ÒÃm{V www.texindia.com/searvicetex.india Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 27 _hmamOm oedmOr amd hm{bH$a H$m d°^d - ""Xna`m-_hb'' S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a * ]∂S>dmh H$s _mZoMÃ _ß{ ^m°Jm{obH$ oÒWoV 22000 15"""""" CŒma VWm 76000 3 \$rQ> D∞$Mr Hw$gr© [a oH$`m J`m h¢& Ztd ""KoQ>`m"" Zm_H$ ÒWmZ H{$ 02"" [yd© h¢&(1)(1)(1) _‹`‡X{e H$r OrdZ Xmo`Zr [nVV [mdZr Z_©Xm H{$ CŒma g{ßS> ÒQ>m{Z [ÀWam{ß g{ oZo_©V h¢, Om{ A[Zr _O]yVr H{$ obE j{Ã _{ß [ydr© N>m{a [a _mÃ 04 oH$._r. H$r Xyar [a oÒWV h¢& C¡O°Z-I S>dm _rQ>a ‡og¤ h¢& I{∂S>rKmQ> [a oÒWV Z_©Xm ZXr [a o]óQ>eH$mbrZ _rQ>aJ´{O J{O a{Îd{ bmB©Z `hm∞ g{ JwOaVr h°& a{Îd{ [wb ^r B›ht [ÀWam{ß g{ ]Zdm`m J`m h¢&(7)(7)(7) ‡H•$oV Z{ A[Z{-daXmZm{ß H$r ]∂S>dmh H$m{ _w∫$-hÒV gm°JmV Xr h¢& Yra 5. ]∂S>dmh ZJa H$r ^y_r MyZ{ H$r IXmZm{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡og’ ahr h¢, Bgr MyZ{ Jß^ra Z_©Xm, MßMb, M[b C\$ZVr [hm∂S>r ZXr Mm{ab Edß ]∂S>mbr, d›` H$m ‡`m{J Xna`m _hb ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ oH$`m J`m h¢& Bgr MyZ{ _{ß gag, ‡moU`m{ß g{ `w∫$ od›‹` [d©V H{$ [R>ma H$b-H$b H$aV{ PaZ{ gam{da, emo›V ]{b\$b, gZ, gwIr© o_bmH$a Ow∂S>mB© H{$ ob`{ _gmbm (_mQ©>a) V°`ma gwaÂ` dmVmdaU H{$ gmW Z_©Xm H{$ _m{j_mJr© CŒma VQ> [a oÒWV [m°amoUH$ Edß oH$`m J`m Am°a a{V H{$ gmW 2 : 1 _{ß Ow∂S>mB© Edß flbmÒQ>a H$m H$m`© oH$`m AÀ`mYwoZH$ H$B© N>m{Q{>-]∂S{> Aml_m{ß Edß og¤_R>mß{ H$r l•ßIbm od⁄_mZ h°& J`m, Bg h{VwB©Q>m{ß AWdm [ÀWam{ß H$m AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma ‡`m{J oH$`m ]∂S>dmh ZJa H{$ [yd© _{ß Mm{ab ZXr H{$ [ydr© VQ> _m∞ O`ßVr H$m ª`moV ‡m· J`m h¢&(8 ))(8 _Zm{H$m_Zm [yU© H$aVm ‡mMrZ _o›Xa h¢, dhr ZJa H{$ _‹` ^yV-^mdZ 6. [ya{ _hb H$r N>V O{H$ AmM© g{ oZo_©V h¢& [°b{g ^maVr` ÒWm[À` H$bm ^JdmZ _hmX{d ^m{b{ H$m _ßoXa ZmJ{Ìda Hw$ S> A[Zr odoeÓQ> gßaMZm H{$ H$m CÀH•$ÓQ> Edß ]{Om{∂S> Z_yZm h°& _hb H$r gmO-g¡Om H{$ ob`{ ob`{ ‡og’ h°, oOZH$m ]∂S>dmh dmog`m{ß [a daX≤ hÒV ahm h°& odbog`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J ]hwVm`V oH$`m J`m Wm, Om{ odX{em| g{ ]wbdmB© ]∂S>dmh H$m ‡mMrZ Zm_ ]m]wbr I{∂S>m, VÀ[ÌMmV≤ O°VJ∂T> `m O°V[war ^r JB© Wr& Om{ EH$ eVm„Xr g{ d°g{ hr h¢ (Og H$r Vg)& _hb H{$ ]m¯ ahm h¢& O°VJ∂T> oH$b{ hm{Z{ H{$ Ade{f AmO ^r OßòV _mVm _ßoXa H{$ g_r[ ÒdÍ$[ H$r gOmdQ> H{$ ob`{ ¡`mo_oV H$r gab a{ImAm{ß H$m odo^fi od⁄_mZ h¢& gÃhadt eVm„Xr _{ß Vm{_a dße H{$ amUm XwO©Zgmb Z{ 1646 ‡H$ma g{ ‡`m{J oH$`m h¢, Om{ _woÒb_ ÒWm[À` H$bm H{$ ‡^md H$m{ B©Òdr _{ß [aJZm O°V[war (]∂S>dmh) H$r O_rXmar _wJb g_´mQ> emaOhm∞ H{$ ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h¢& emgZ H$mb _{ß ‡m· H$r Wr&(2)(2)(2) 7. Xna`m _hb H$r ]m¯ oXdma{ß Jha{ J{Í$d{ß aßJ g{ Am°a BßJobe odbog`m{ß 1710-11 _{ß amUm O`_b H$m{ _wJb g_´mQ> ]hmXwaemh ¤mam [aJZm H$r g\{$X aßJ g{ [wVmB© hm{Vr Mbr Am ahr h°& ‡_wI _hbm{ß H{$ _wª` ¤ma O°V[war H{$ Amg-[mg H$m j°Ã C[hma ÒdÍ$[ oX`m J`m, oOg{ C›hm{Z{ß H{$ ]am_Xm{ß H{$ gm_Z{ dmb{ Xm{Zm{ß ÒVÂ^m{ß H{$ [ÀWa [a AmH$f©H$ Edß ""]∂S>dmh'' H{$ Zm_ g{ Am]mX oH$`m&(3 ))(3 H$bmÀ_H$ Z∑H$mer H$r JB© h¢& ZJa H{$ [yd© _{ß ""]∂S>mbr"" ZXr H{$ ‡dmohV hm{Z{ g{ O°V[war, dV©_mZ _{ß 8. Bg _hb _{ß 198 H$_a{ß gohV Hw$b [m∞M _hb ]Z{ß hwE h°, _hb o¤_ßoObm ]∂S>dmh Zm_ g{ OmZm Om ahm h°& EH$ A›` _V H{$ AZwgma ]∂S> AWm©V dQ> d•j h¢, O]oH$ e{f H$j ^yVb [a AdoÒWV h¢& BZ [m∞M _hbm{ß _{ß CŒma g{ H$r AoYH$Vm H{$ H$maU Bg H$Ò]{ H$m Zm_ ]∂S>-dmh! hm{ J`m& XojU H$r Am{a ‡W_ [{b{g H$m C[`m{J oeH$ma H{$ ob`{ ""Jmbm"" Xna`m _hb, ]∂S>dmh H{$ [yd© _{, CŒma g{ XojU H$r Am{a ‡dmohV hm{Z{ ]m∞YZ{ Edß A›` AmI{Q> gÂ]o›YV gm_oJ´`m{ß H$m{ aIZ{ H{$ ob`{ oH$`m dmbr Z_©Xm _{ß g_mohV Mm{ab ZXr H{$ [pÌM_r VQ> Edß ]∂S>mbr ZXr H{$ [yd©r© OmVm ahm h¢& na`mgV H$mbrZ AmI{Q> ode{fk OZm] ]m]y oeH$mar H{$ oXem [a oZo_©V h°& ZXr H$m{ \$magr _{ß Xna`m H$hm OmVm h¢, MßyoH$ `h _hb AZwgma bJ^J 800 g{ 1000 dmQ> od⁄wV ]Î] g{ _hb H$m{ am{eZ BgH{$ oH$Zma{ oÒWV h¢, BgobE Bg{ Xna`m-E-_hb H$hm OmVm Wm, Om{ oH$`m OmVm Wm, oOgH$r od⁄wV Am[yoV© BßOZ g{ H$r OmVr Wr& H$mbm›Va _{ß Xna`m _hb H{$ Zm_ g{ odª`mV hm{ J`m& BgH$m oZ_m©U hm{bH$a o¤Vr` _hb H$m ‡`m{J amOH$r` AoVoW`m{ß Edß oeH$ma Q>m{ob`m{ß H{$ emgH$ _hmamOm oedmOramd (1886-1903) ¤mam ]Zdm`m J`m Wm&(4)(4)(4) ahZ{ h{VwoH$`m OmVm Wm& V•Vr` _hb _hmamZr H$m oZOr oZdmg ÒWmZ _hmamOm, hm{bH$a emgH$m{ _{ß odª`mV ^dZ oZ_m©Vm W{& ]∂S>dmh _{ß Z_©Xm ZXr Wm& oOg_{ß bJ^J gm∂T{> N>h \$rQ> H$r AmH$f©H$ ]rZ (g[{a{ H$m H{$ CŒmar VQ> [a "Z_©Xm-H$m{R>r" _hb H$m oZ_m©U H$adm`m J`m Wm& dm⁄`ßÃ) aIr hwB© Wr& MVwW© _hb _hmamOm H$m Img-_hb Wm& oOg_{ß Xna`md _hb g{ gß]ßoYV _hÀd[yU© Vœ`- _ho\$b{ß Edß A›` _Zm{aßOH$ JoVodoY`m∞ hm{Vr Wr& [m∞Mdm _hb 1. Xna`m _hb H$m oZ_m©U _hmamOm oedmOramd hm{bH$a Z{ A[Zr oZOr amOH$r`-g{dH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡`w∫$ hm{Vm Wm, `h AH{$bm _hb [ÀWam{ß g{ gÂ[oŒm g{ H$adm`m Wm&(5)(5)(5) oZo_©V h°, Am°a dV©_mZ _{ß joVJ´ÒV hm{ MwH$m h¢&(9)(9)(9) Xna`m _hb H{$ `{ 2. `h odlm_ ÒWb ([{b{g) 750 _rQ>a bÂ]m CŒma g{ XojU H$r Am{a [m∞Mm{ß _hb, H{$ ‡W_ Edß o¤Vr` Vb _{ß 9-9 H$_a{ß h°& 198 H$jm{ß 123.21 EH$∂S> _{ß Mm{ab KmQ>r H{$ D$[ar [R>ma [a oÒWV Amdgr` gohV _ybÍ$[ g{ Am[g _{ Ow∂S{> hwE W{& H$j H´$_mßH$ 01 g{ ‡d{e H$aZ{ ^dZ Wm&(6)(6)(6) [a ^rVa hr ^rVa H$j H´$_mßH$ 198 H$_am{ _{ß [hw∞Mm Om gH$Vm Wm& 3. Mm{ab ZXr H$r go[©b ]hVr Ymam H{$ gmW-gmW _hb H$m oZ_m©U H$jm{ß H$m Am°gV j°Ã\$b 20-30 h°& gmW hr Mma ]∂S{> g^mJ•h W{& Bg oH$`m J`m h¢, BgobE gab a{Im _{ß Z hm{H$a Kw_mdXma h¢& `hr H$maU [{b{g _{ bJ^J 800 bH$∂S>r ( gmJdmZ) H{$ XadmO{ h¢, oO›h{ß ]›X h° oH$ [ya{ _hb H$m{ EH$ \$m{Q>m{J´m\$ _{ß b{Zm Agß^d Wm& H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ S{>∂T> \$rQ> bÂ]r [rVb H$r MQ>H$oZ`m∞ bJr hwB© h¢& Bg 4. Bg _hb H$m oZ_m©U Iwbr Ztd (Am{[Z \$mC S{>eZ) [a oÒWV bJ^J ‡H$ma _hb H$r gmO-g¡Om H{$ H$m`© h{VwgmJdmZ O°gr _ßhJr bH$∂S>r * ‡m‹`m[H$-BoVhmg, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 28

Edß YmVw H{$ Í$[ _{ß [rVb H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢&(10)(10)(10) ÒWmZ AoYH$ AmH$of©V H$aVm Wm& 9. Xna`m _hb H$m{ A[Zr bÂ]mB© H{$ H$maU Eoe`m H$r g]g{ bÂ]{ß 17. _hmamOm H{$ _wª` AmI{Q> ghm`H$ ]m]y oeH$mar W{, oOZH{$ o[Vm o[ßQy> Amdmgr` ^dZ hm{Z{ H$m Jm°ad ‡m· h¢ß& A[Zr dmÒVw oeÎ[ Edß oeH$mar _hmamOm VwH$m{Or amd V•Vr` VWm XmXm ZB©_ oeH$mar _hmamOm odoe> oZ_m©U e°br H$r `h B©_maV Ao¤Vr` h¢&(11)(11)(11) oedmOr amd H{$ ‡_wI oeH$ma ghm`H$ W{& Bg ‡H$ma `h [nadma 10. [{b{g H{$ [rN{> [yd© H$r Am{a Mm{ab H$r gwaÂ` dZmo¿N>X KmoQ>`m{ß H$m{ (]m]y oeH$mar) A[Zr VrZ [ro∂T>`m{ß g{ hm{bH$a emgH$m{ß H{$ oeH$ma oZhmaZ{ H{$ ob`{ BVZm hr odemb-bÂ]m ]am_Xm ^r ]Zdm`m J`m H$m gh^mJr ahm Wm& OZm] ]m]y oeH$mar H$m{ e{a H{$ oeH$ma H{$ obE Wm, Om{ AmO ^r d°gm hr h¢& b{ OmZ{ h{Vw_hmamOm Í$. 4‡oVoXZ H{$ ohgm] g{ _{hZVmZm X{V{ W{&(15)(15)(15) 11. ‡À`{H$ _hb _{ß D$[ar _ßoOb [a [hw∞MZ{ H{$ obE bH$∂S>r H{$ Kw_mdXma 18. _hmamO VwH$m{Oramd V•Vr` Edß _hmamZr eo_©ÓR>m X{dr H$r [wÃr gro∂T>`m∞ h¢, oOZ [a bH$∂S>r H{$ hr a°obßJ h¢, oH$gr A›` YmVw H$m ‡`m{J grVmamO{ H$m oddmh Xna`m-_hb g{ oH$`m J`m Wm, oOg_{ß AmH$f©H$ Zht oH$`m J`m Wm& [rN{> H$r Am{a ]am_Xm{ß _{ß ^r Kw_mdXma gro∂T>`m∞ h¢& od⁄wV g¡Om H$r JB© Wr&(16)(16)(16) [rN{> H$r Am{a ]am_Xm{ß _{ß ^r M_H$Xma YmVw H$m Jm{b OrZ{ß (M∂T>md) ]Z{ 19. OZlwoV `h ^r h¢ oH$ Xna`m-_hb g{ Z_©Xm H$m{R>r VH$ Jw· gßwaJ ]Zr hwE h¢, oOZg{ N>V [a [hw∞Mm Om gH$Vm h¢& CZH$r [m∞obe BVZr hwB© Wr& Z_©Xm VQ> (ZmdKmQ> I{∂S>r) [a AmO H$r "amZr KmQ>" ]Zm h¢, Om{ emZXma h¢ oH$ AmO ^r d{ ZdrZ g{ ‡VrV hm{V{ h¢& hm{bH$a [nadma H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oZOr C[`m{J h{Vw AmaojV Wm (((171717))) 12. _hb H{$ [rN{> [yd© H$r Am{a T>bmZ [a a_UrH$, aI-aImd `w∫$ ]JrMm 20. hm{bH$a nagm`V H{$ odb`rH$aU H{$ ]mX Xna`m-_hb ""amOHw$_mar- Wm& ]mJ H$r gwajm (]ßXam{ g{) h{Vw bm{h{ H$r Om∞br g{ ^r Hw$N> ^mJ CfmamO{ Q≠>ÒQ>"" g{ ^maV gaH$ma Z{ 6 bmI Í$[`{ß _{ß AoYJ•ohV oH$`m Wm& Am¿N>moXV Wm& ]JrM{ H{$ D$[a gßJ_a_a H{$ N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> AßbH•$V N>¡O{ 21. Z{eZb oS>ogflbrZ ÒH$r_ (EZ.S>r.Eg.) H$m ‡oejU H{$›– `hm∞ ]Z{ hwE W{& bJ^J 60-65 df© [yd© VH$ `hm∞ aI-aImd hm{Vm Wm&(12)(12)(12) Im{bm J`m, CgH{$ ]mX _.‡. dZ od^mJ H$m ‡oejU H{$›– ^r Hw$N> 13. _hb Edß ]JrM{ _{ß [mZr H$r Am[yoV© Mm{ab ZXr g{ H$r OmVr Wr& ZXr g_` VH$ `hm∞ ahm Wm& [a EH$ ÒQ>m∞[ S{>_ ^r oZo_©V oH$`m J`m Wmß, Om{ AmO ^r X{Im Om 22. 1 AJÒV 1968 H$m{ CRPF Z{ A[Zm naH´$wQ> Q≠>{oZßJ g{ßQ>a ÒWmo[V gH$Vm h¢& _hb H{$ C[a 2000 J°bZ H$r [mZr H$r Qß>oH$`m∞ ]ZmB© JB© oH$`m J`m oOgH$m odoYdV CXKmQ>Z 11 OwbmB© 1969 H$m{ h˛Am & Wr& oOZg{ [ya{ _hb _{ß [mB©[ bmB©Z H{$ ¤mam Ob odVaU hm{Vm Wm, 23. 1 AJÒV 1984 _{ß H{$›–r` Am°⁄m{oJH$ gwajm ]b H$r ‡W_ AmaojV AmO ^r B›ht Qß>oH$`m{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h¢& J_© [mZr H{$ Úm{V{ dmohZr Z{ Xna`m-_hb H$m{ AoYJ•ohV oH$`m& 1 A‡°b 1985 g{ `hm∞ h{Vw ]m∞`ba H$r Ï`dÒWm ^r Wr& [wÍ$f-_ohbm Xm{Zm{ß dJm} h{VwnaH´$yQ> ‡oejU H{$›– ^r ÒWmo[V hm{ 14. _hmamOm oedmOramd hm{ÎH$a H$m{ `h ÒWmZ AÀ`ßV o‡` Wm, AV: J`m& 31.07.1999 VH$ `hm∞ 27 [mR>ÁH´$_ Mbm`{ OmV{ ah{ h¢& A[Z{ AdH$me H{$ jUm{ß H$m{ d{ `hm∞ gwHy$Z Edß emo›V g{ oO`m H$aV{ 24. ]XbV{ hwE [na—Ó`, AmVßH$dmXr JoVodoY`m{ß AmoX H{$ H$maU W{, C›h{ß Ky_Z{-o\$aZ{ Edß g°a-g[mQ{> H$aZ{ H$m em°H$ Wm, E{gm H$hm ""Xna`m-_hb"" H$m gr.AmB©.Eg.E\$. H{$›– AÀ`ßV gßd{XZerb ahm OmVm h¢, oH$ hm{bH$a am¡` H$r o¤Vr` amOYmZr H{$ Í$[ _{ß Bg _hb h¢& gwajm H{$ [wªVm B›VOm_ h¢& H{$›–r` bm{H$ oZ_m©U od^mJ Z{ H$m{ C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm Wm& 31 OZdar 1903 _{ß _hmamOm ""Xna`m-_hb"" H$m aI-aImd H$r AÀ`wŒm_ Ï`dÒWm H{$ ¤mam BgH{$ oedmOramd hm{bH$a Z{ A[Z{ EH$_mÃ AÏ`ÒH$ [wÃ VwH$m{Oramd V•Vr` _yb ÒdÍ$[, e°br H$m{ ]aH$ama aIm h¢& Xna`m-_hb A[Zr [yar emZ- H{$ [j _{ß J‘r H$m [naÀ`mJ H$a oX`m & _hmamOm H$m{ Í$[`ß{ Mma bmI E-em°H$V Edß ]wbßXr g{ hm{bH$a dße H$r Jm°ad-JmWm Edß d°^dembr gmbmZm H$r Xa g{ [{ßeZ X{Zm V` hwAm, My∞oH$ A^r _hmamOm VwH$m{Oramd BoVhmg H$m gOrd ‡VrH$ h¢& ]mobJ Zht W{& AV: hm{bH$a ‡emgZ ""H$mo›gb Am∞\$ naO{›gr"" H{$ g›X^© gyMr - _m‹`_ g{ AßJ´{Omß{ H$m{ o_b J`m Om{ 1911 VH$ Omar ahm Wm &(13 ))(13 1. [pÌM_ oZ_m∂S> ÒQ{>Q> JO{oQ>à - [•. 432& _hmamOm oedmOramd Z{ g{dm oZd•oŒm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ A[Zm ÒWm`r oZdmg 2. [pÌM_ oZ_m∂S> ÒQ{>Q> JO{oQ>à - [•. 432& ]∂S>dmh oÒWV Xna`m-_hb H$m{ ]Zm`m Am°a _•À`w [`©›V d{ `ht [a ah{ß 3. amUm [nadma,]∂S>dmh g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar AZwgma, ]r.Eg.amR>m°a-]∂S>dmh EH$ g\$a-[•.24& 4. Eb.gr.Ymardmb, B›Xm°a ÒQ{>Q> JO{oQ>à -[•. 35, S>m∞. Eg. EZ. `mXd- gß[mXH$- (13.10.1908 B©.)& A[Zm B›Xm°a-[•. 162& 15. _hmamOm oedmOramd H$m{ AßJ´{Om{ß Z{ ""odoj· _mZogH$Vm dmbm 5. OZm] ]m]yIm∞ oeH$mar g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar AZwgma& Ïò∫$"" Km{ofV oH$`m J`m Wm, C›h{ß ‡emgZ g{ ]{XIb H$aZm AßJ´{Om{ß 6. H{$›–r` bm{H$ oZ_m©U od^mJ H{$ Ao^b{ImZwgma& H$m Hy$Q>ZroVH$ fS>`›Ã Wm, AV: Xna`m _hb _{ß ahV{ hwE _hmamUm Z{ 7. OZm] BH$]mb _m{hÂ_X Abr H{$ H$WmZmZwgma& AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ odÍ$’ Jm{[Zr` Ao^`mZ Amaß^ oH$`m& A›` X{er amOmAm{ß 8. H{$›–r` bm{H$ oZ_m©U od^mJ H{$ BßOroZà g{ MMm©Zwgma& 9. OZm] ]m]yIm∞ oeH$mar g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar AZwgma& H$m o]óQ>e odam{Yr gßK ]ZmZ{ h{Vw H$dm`X _{ß gßbæ hm{ J`{& C›hm{ßZß{ 10. H{$›–r` bm{H$ oZ_m©U od^mJ H{$ BßOroZà g{ MMm©Zwgma& H$B© ÒWmZm{ß H$r Jw· `mÃmE∞ H$r Am°a AZ{H$ bm{Jm{ß g{ Ïò∫$JV [Ã- 11. H{$›–r` bm{H$ oZ_m©U od^mJ H{$ Ao^b{ImZwgma& Ï`dhma oH$`m& CZH{$ o]óQ>e odam{Yr ad°`{ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE AßJ´{Or hwHw$_V 12. lr_XZ ogßh ogH$adma H$r Ò_•oV g{ gm^ma& Z{ C›h{ß Xna`m-_hb _{ß bJ^J ZOa ]›X hr H$a oX`m Wm& (14)(14)(14) 13. S>m∞. Eg.EZ.`mXd-gß[mXH$-A[Zm B›Xm°a-[•. 163& 16. _hmamOm VwH$m{Oramd V•Vr` (1903-1926) Edß AßoV_ emgH$ 14. S>m∞. Eg.EZ.`mXd-gß[mXH$-A[Zm B›Xm°a-[•. 163& 15. OZm] ]m]yIm∞ oeH$mar g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar AZwgma& _hmamOm èd›Vamd hm{bH$a (1926-1948) H{$ ^r o‡` nagm{Q©> 16. lr amUm amO{›– ogßhOr Vm{_a H$r Ò_•oV g{ gm^ma& H{$ Í$[ _{ß Xna`m _hb emo_b Wm& C›h{ß ambm_ S>b-B›Xm°a g{ ^r `h 17. lr O`‡H$me Om{er H{$ AZwgma & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 29 gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daU M{VZm : EH$ X•oÓQ>H$m{U S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{ * gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daU M{VZm H$r MMm© H$aV{ g_` h_{ß gmohÀ` [a odMma Edß gwajm H$aZm _mZdr` H$V©Ï` h° H$]ra [wZ: obIV{ h° oH$ - H$aZm hm{Jm & "gohV g ^md : gmohÀ`:," "ohV{Z gohV_≤ BoV gmohÀ`_≤" ^ybr _obZ [mVr Vm{S>∂{, [mVr [mVr Ord & AWm©V oOg_{ß ohV H$r ^mdZm hm{, dh gmohÀ` h°& gßV _ybH$XmZ ^r Bgr Am{a gßH{$V H$aV{ h° - [`m©daU M{VZm ‡H•$oV H$m E{gm gßVwbZ h° Om{ ‡H•$oV VWm _mZd H{$ hna S>ma _V Vm{o∂S>`{ bmJ° Ny>Q>m ]mU & ohVm{ß H$m gßdY©Z H$a{ß & d{Xm{ß Am°a C[oZfXm{ß _{ß [ßM VÀdm{ß [a MMm© H$r JB© h°& Xmg _ybH$m `m{ß H$h{ß, A[Zm-gm Ord OmZ && ‡mMrZ F$of _woZ`m{ß Z{ eara H$m{ [ßM ^m°o_H$ VÀdm{ß [•œdr, Ob, Aoæ, dm`w, Bgr Vah agImZ Z{ H$hm h° oH$ - H$m°oeH$ hy∞ H$bYm°b H{$ Ym_ H$ar] H$r JJZ AmoX oZo_©V _mZm h°& BZ [ßM VÀdm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ _yb Í$[ _{ß ÒdrH$ma H$a Hw$ßOZ [a hy∞ ]mam¢ & H$bYm°b H{$ OrdZ ›`m°N>mda H$aZm a{oJÒVmZr ^m°oVH$Vm g_ÒV Ordm{ß H{$ ‡oV CXma —oÓQ>H$m{U A[ZmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°, V^r g^r H$m{ g{ ‡mH•$oVH$ Ì`m_bVm H$r Am{a AmZm h° gyaXmg H$m ‡H•$oV ‡{_ BZ [ßo∫$`m{ß ew’ Ob, dm`w, hdm, [mZr, AZmO C[b„Y hm{Jm Am°a oejm H$m ‡gma _{ß —ÓQ>Ï` h° - oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ [`m©daU M{VZm H$m{ OmJ´V H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{Jm& _°`m ar _m{oh XmC Q{>aV & gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daUr` M{VZm AmoXH$mb g{ _wZÓ` H$m{ ÒdÒW [`m©daU _m°H$m{ ]Z\$b Q>m{na X{V h°, Am[wZ J°`Z Y{aV && H{$ gßajU H{$ ob`{ ‡{naV H$aVr ahr h°& gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daU M{VZm gd©Ã Bgr ‡H$ma ‡mH•$oVH$ od[XmAm{ß [a gyaXmg Z{ H$hm h° - Ï`m· h°& d{X, C[oZfX, [wamU, Ymo_©H$ J´›Wm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW _hmH$od JhamV _hamV XmdmZb Am`m{ h°& dmoÎ_H$r VwbgrXmg Ï`mg, H$mobXmg, AÌdKm{f, ^d^yoV, ]mU^≈, VwbgrXmg Z{ ÒdÒW [`m©daU H$r H$m_Zm oZÂZmZwgma H$r h°- ^V©hna AmoX aMZmH$mam{ß H{$ gmohÀ` _{ß [`m©daU H$m oMÃU CZH$r VX≤ Vwbgr o]abm ]mJ _ß{ gtM g{ Hw$Âhbm` & odf`H$ oM›VmAm{ß H$m{ Òda X{Vm h°& ]m°’ gmohÀ` _{ß ‡H•$oV Z H{$db OrdZ am_âm{g{ N>m{na X{, [dZV _{ß hna`m` && H$m [m{f m H$aVr h°, Ao[Vw CgH$m oZX}eZ ^r H$aVr h°& am_mÙ _{ß H´$m{ßM o]hmar Z{ ‡M S> J´rÓ_ g{ ]MZ{ H{$ ob`{ [ew [jr gnag•[ H$m{ EH$ ÒWmZ [jr H{$ dY [a gmag H$m{ o]bIV{ X{I _hof© dmoÎ_H$r H$m ˆX` X`m g{ â [a ]°R>m hwAm doU©V oH$`m h° - J`m Am°a CZH{$ _wI g{ `{ e„X oZH$b [∂S{> & H$ohbmZ{ß EH$V ]gV, Aoh _`ya _•J ]mY & Ì_m∞ oZfmX ‡oVÓR>mÀd_≤, J_: emÌdVr g_m & OJV V[m{dZ gm{ oH$`m{ XraW XmY oZXm©Y && `ÀH´$m¢M o_WwZm–{H$, dYr H$m_ _m{ohV_≤ && ‡H•$oV H{$ gwIX AmZ›X Am°a _Zm{hmar Í$[ H$m oMÃmßH$Z amÓQ≠>H$od Ìbm{H$ _{ß [`m©daU Edß [naoÒWoV H{$ gßVwbZ H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m{ _°oWbreaU Jw· Z{ [ßMdQ>r _{ß Bg ‡H$ma oH$`m h° - Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h°& [m°amoUH$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß ^r [`m©daU M{VZm H$r ^mdZm Jm{Xmdar ZXr H$m `h VQ>, Vmb X{ ahm h° A] ^r & [nabojV hm{Vr h°& Am±Im{ß H{$ AmJ{ hna`mbr, ahVr h° ha K∂S>r `hm± && lr_X≤^JdVJrVm _{ß ^JdmZ lr H•$ÓU H$hV{ h° - d•jm{ß _{ß _¢ AÒdÒW VWm MmÍ$M›– H$r MßMb oH$aU{ß, I{b ahr h° Ob-Wb _{ß & hy∞& [r[b H$m{ gßÒH•$V _{ß AÒdÒW H$hm J`m h°& _hm^maV _{ß d{X Ï`mg Z{ Òd¿N> Mm±XZr o]N>r hwB© h°, AmdoZ Am°a Aß]a _{ß && obIm h° - ‡H•$oV H{$ gwHw$_ma H$od gwo_ÃmZßXZ [ßV Z{ EH$ [b H{$ ob`{ ^r ‡H•$oV g{ [woÓ[Vm: \$obVm d•jm V[©`›Vrh ^JdmZ≤ Òd`ß H$m{ AbJ Zhr oH$`m h° - d•jXßß [wÃdX≤ d•jmÒVmaò›VÃ Vw && N>m{∂S> Xw´_m{ß H$r _•XN>m`m, Vm{∂S> ‡H•$oV g{ ^r _m`m, AWm©V \y$bm{ß \$bm{ß g{ [na[yU© d•j _mZd H$m{ Bg bm{H$ _{ß V•· H$aV{ h° Om{ ]mb{ V{a{ ]mb-Omb _{ß, H°$g{ CbPm Xy± bm{MZ ? Ïò∫$ d•j H$m XmZ H$aVm h° Cg{ `{ d•j [wÃm{ß H$r hr ^mßoV [abm{H$ Vma X{V{ h°& AmYwoZH$ H$od Ak{` H$r "Agm‹` drUm" Am°a "gm_´mkr H$m Z°d{⁄" XmZ "[•œdrgy∫$" _{ß [`m©daU M{VZm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß odÒV•V MMm© H$r JB© h°, oOg_{ß O°gr aMZmAm{ß _{ß ^r [`m©daU gßajU H{$ Òda _wIa hwE h°& ^maVr` gmohÀ` [•œdr, Ob, Aoæ, dm`w, JJZ AmoX g{ gßgma dmog`m{ß H$m{ gwIr aIZ{ H{$ _{ß gd©Ã dZX{dr-dZX{dVm H$m dU©Z o_bVm h°& B›h{ß dZajH$ H{$ Í$[ _ß{ ob`{ _ßJbH$m_Zm H$r JB© h°& H$mobXmg H{$ _{KXyV _{ß `j _{K H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma gmohÀ` ododY ‡H$ma g{ [`m©daU H{$ A[Zr o‡`m H$m{ gßX{e X{V{ hwE H$hV{ h° oH$ h{ _{K O] Vw_ Am_´Hy$Q> [a WH$ gßajU H$m gßX{e X{Vm h°& gmohÀ` _{ß doU©V odf` H{$db _Zm{aßOZ H$m H$a [hw∞Mm{ßJ{ Vm{ dhm∞ a{dm H$m Om_wZr Ob[mZ H$aZm & Am_´Hy$Q> ^r AmXa odf` Zht h°& d{ _ZwÓ` H$m{ gwajm H{$ ‡oV CŒmaXm`r ]ZmZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ ^r gohV VwÂh{ A[Z{ oeIa [a R>hamEJm & H$aV{ h°& bm{H$ OrdZ _{ß ^r `hr odMma ‡_wIVm g{ oMoÃV oH$`m J`m h°& H$]raXmg obIV{ h° oH$ [Œmr _{ß ]´Â˜, [wÓ[ _{ß odÓUw Am°a \w$b \$b _{ß [`m©daU H$r C[{jm g{ ÏòWV H$od Z{ A[Zr [r∂S>m Bg Vah Ï`∫$ H$r h° - _hmX{d h°& o\$a Vw_ Bg{ Vm{∂S>H$a oH$g A›` X{d H$r [yOm H$aZ{ OmV{ hm{ - `h gyMZm [m`m M_Z, hOma gmb [a & "[mVr ]´Âh [whw[{ odÓUw, \y$b \$b _hmX{dm & ZoJ©g Zhr oIbmEJr, A] \y$b S>mb [a && oVZr X{dm° EH$ _yoV© H$a° oH$gH$r g{dm" && O]g{ oH$`m V{›XwAm{ß, MrVm{ß, e{am{ß H$m g\$m`m& dZÒ[oV`m{ß _{ß OrdZ h° Am°a Ord _mÃ H{$ ‡oV gX` hm{Zm CgH$r g{dm V] g{ ZOa oQ>H$r hwB©, J{ßS>m{ß H$r Imb [a && * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 30

[H$∂S{> OmZ{ [a E{ßR>H$a, ]m{bm Wm oeH$mar & ]mWÍ$_m{ß H{$ ZB©, H$ÎMa _{ß BVZm ]ßX hy∞, h_H$m{ âm{gm h° A[Z{, Z{Vm H$r T>mb [a && (1)(1)(1) IwbH{$ ]mnae _{ß ZhmZ{ H$r AXm OmVr ahr && (5)(5)(5) S>m∞. eaX o_l Z{ [`m©daU M{VZm [a obIm h° oH$ - [`m©daU M{VZm H$r gß[woÓQ> H{$ ob`{ g_mO _{ß gm°›X`© H$r ^mdZm OmJ´V hna`mbr Mmam{ß Am°a Wr, [hb{ H$r g•oÓQ> _{ß, H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° òX _ZwÓ` dZÒ[oV`m{ß Am°a Ord O›VwAm{ß H{$ ‡oV g] Hw$N> ham ham oXIm H$aVm Wm —oÓQ> _{ß& [y¡`^md odH$ogV H$a b{ Vm{ CgH{$ gßd{J CZH$r gßd{XZmE∞ [wZ: ‡H•$oV g{ Ob _•Xm dZ odZme Am°a ‹doZ H$m ‡XyfU, amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßY ÒWmo[V H$a gH$Vr h°, Am°a V] dh Bg oXem _{ß [`m©daU AßVa ]hwV ]∂S>m h° AmO d•oÓQ> _{ß & (2)(2)(2) H$m{ ‡XyfU _w∫$ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghr ‡`ÀZ H$a gH$Vm h°& H$mÏ` _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ [`m©daU ‡XyfU _{ß g]g{ _hÀd[yU© H$maH$ _mZdr` ‡oH´$`mAm{ß ¤mam gm°›X`© H$m{ [`m©· ‡oVÓR>m o_bVr h°& E{g{ Aßem{ß H{$ ‡Mma ‡gma g{ ^r [`m©daU [nadoV©V dmVmdaU ^r h° oOgg{ h_ma{ [nad{e H$m{ [yU©Vm o_bVr h°, H$od M{VZm H{$ ^md H$m{ OmJ´V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& gmohÀ`H$mam{ß H{$ oXem oZX}eH$ H$r —oÓQ> [`m©daU ‡XyfU H{$ ob`{ ]∂T>Vr hwB© OZgßª`m H$r Am{a ^r JB© h°- og’m›Vm{ß H$m{ —T>Vm g{ A[ZmZm AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ C›hmß{Z{ h_{em ÒdÒœ` òX OZgßª`m H$r VwbZm _{ß, Bg odÌd _{ß [m°Y{ H$_ hm{J{ß & AmZ›X_` ôdÓ` H$r H$Î[Zm BZ [ßo∫$`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$r h° - Vm{ BVZm aIZm `mX gOZ, Z Vw_ hm{ßJ{ Z h_ hm{ßJ{& (3)(3)(3) ]{bm H$hVr amV, COmb{ß AmE±J{ß, h_mar ‡JoV H$r oXem a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{ dmbr oZÂZmßoH$V [ßo∫$`m∞ Bg gM h° _{ar ]mV COmb{ß AmE±J{ß & Vœ` H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVr h° oH$ h_ odH$mg H$r XwhmB© X{V{ hwE CŒmam{Œma odZme grI ahr h° D$fm A±Y{am{ß g{ b∂S>Zm, H$r Am{a ]∂T> ah{ h° - aod H{$ ob`{ hR>mV≤ COmb{ AmE±J{ß & (6)(6)(6) YwAm± CJbVr oM_oZ`m±, Hw$Am± oZJbV{ I{V & Bg ‡H$ma [`m©daU H{$ gß]ßY _{ß g_woMV oM›VZ H$r gVV≤ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° eha-Jm±d Xm{Zm{ß hwE, ^wI{ ZßJ{ ‡{V && _wZÓ` H$m ÒdÒW oMßVZ CgH{$ H$_© Am°a l_ H$m{ [odÃ ]ZmH$a [`m©daU [{∂S> H$Q{>, OßJb Ob{ß, Jm±d hwE ]a]mX & gßajU H$r odo^fi d°H$mogH$ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ÒdflZ H$m{ oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ gmH$ma eham{ß ]rM gr_{›Q> H{$, OßJb h° Am]mX && (4)(4)(4) H$a gH$Vm h°& d{X dmUr ÌV›_{_Z: oedgßH$Î[_ÒVwÌm - `hr gßX{e X{Vr h°& Bgr ‡H$ma eham{ß _{ß _m∞b H$r Om{ gßÒH•$oV [Z[ ahr h° Cg [a H$od Z{ gßX^© J´›W - A[Zr [r∂S>m Bg Vah Ï`∫$ H$r h° - "I{Vm{ß _{ß _mb h° oH$gmZ ]{hmb h°&" 1. H$mJ H{$ ^mJ ]∂S{> gOZr - S>m∞. b˙_rZmamÙ dmO[{`r [•ÓR> 35 dV©_mZ _{ß _ZwÓ` H$r oM›VZ H$r oXem BVZr AoYH$ ^m{JdmXr hm{ JB© h° oH$ 2. X°oZH$ OmJaU CgZ{ ]ZmdQ>r[Z H{$ AmdaU H{$ ]rM A[Z{ AoÒVÀd H$m{ Im{ oX`m h° - 3. oh›Xr ^mfm Am°a odkmZ ]m{Y - S>m∞. Q>r.EZ. ew∑b [•ÓR> 174 4. Am∞oY`m{ß H{$ [{∂S> - S>m∞. Hw$±da ]°M{Z [•ÓR> 35 H$r_Vr H$mbrZ O] g{ _{a{ Ka Am J`{, 5. grg [Jm Z PJm VZ [{ - S>m∞. Hw$d∞a ]°M{Z [•ÓR> 15 ]{ohMH$ Ka AmZ{-OmZ{ H$r AXm OmVr ahr&

******************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 31 Í$[`{ H$m oJaVm ÒVa VWm odX{er Ï`m[ma ZroV

S>m∞. Am^m XrojV * oH$gr ^r ]OQ> H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r Imog`V Bg_{ß AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r oÒWaVm ‡]ßY H{$ gmW-gmW odX{er Ï`m[ma H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ ImgH$a oZ`m©V H$m{ H{$ obE oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ BßVOm_ hm{V{ h° & ZdrZV_ ]OQ> H{$ AßVJ©V odŒm _ßÃr ]∂T>mdm X{Zm ]hwV OÍ$ar h°& [r. oMXß]a_ Z{ BgH$m ‹`mZ aIm VWm ÒdrH$ma oH$`m oH$ Mmby ImV{ H$m ^maVr` gaH$ma ¤mam 2009-14 H{$ obE [yd© Km{ofV odX{er Ï`m[ma KmQ>m Am°a amOH$m{fr` KmQ>m CZH{$ obE g]g{ ]∂S>r oMßVm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ X{e _{ß ZroV H{$ VhV≤ Mmby odŒmr` df© 2012-13 H{$ obE dmof©H$ AZw[yaH$ ZroVJV oZ`m©V g{ ¡`mXm Am`mV hm{ ahm h°& C›hm{ßZ{ ]OQ> _{ß H$B© ‡mdYmZ ^r aI{ & C[m`m{ß H$r Km{fUm OyZ 2012 _{ß H$r JB© & oOgH$r _wª` ]mV{ß oZÂZ h° - BgH{$ ]mdOyX Í$[`{ H{$ _yÎ` _{ß A_{naH$r S>m∞ba H{$ _wH$m]b{ bJmVma * Oram{ S>ÁyQ>r E∑g[m{Q©> ‡_m{eZ H°$o[Q>b JwS>≤g ÒH$r_ bmB© JB© & H$_r Am ahr h°& ^maVr` _w–m H$r H$r_V OyZ 2013 _{ß 11 _hrZm{ß _{ß ZE * „`mO Xa _{ß Xm{ ‡oVeV H$r Ny>Q> H$r AdoY A] 31 _mM© 2014 VH$ ›`yZV_ ÒVa 56.76 Í$[`{ ‡oV S>m∞ba [a Am JB© & hmb _{ß [ya{ Eoe`m _{ß H$a Xr JB© & oOg{ ¡`mXm am{OJma X{Z{ dmb{ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ Vm{ emo_b oH$`m g]g{ ¡`mXm Ad_yÎ`Z Í$[`{ H$m hr hwAm h° & odÌd â _{ß g]g{ ¡`mXm J`m gmW hr BgH$m odÒVma A] l_ AmYmnaV j{Ãm{ß O°g{ - I{b H{$ Ad_yÎ`Z Xem©Z{ dmbr _w–mAm{ß H$r gyMr _{ß Í$[`m Mm°W{ ÒWmZ [a h° & BgH$m gm_mZ, ‡gßÒH•$V, H•$of CÀ[mX d ogb{-ogbmE dÛ H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß ^r ZH$mamÀ_H$ Aga h_ma{ odX{er Ï`m[ma Edß ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ [a oH$g ‡H$ma oH$`m J`m h° & [∂S> ahm h° (X{oI`{ VmobH$m) * \$m{H$g _mH}$Q> ÒH$r_, \$m{H$g ‡m{S>∑Q> ÒH$r_ d ode{f H•$of J´m_rU C∑V VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ h_mar oZ`m©V d•o’ Xa d Am`mV d•o’ Xa C⁄m{J `m{OZm H{$ VhV≤ Omar oH$E JE S>ÁyQ>r H´${oS>Q> oÒH´$flg H$m BÒV{_mb Xm{Zm{ß hr ZH$mamÀ_H$ h° & Í$[`{ H{$ Ad_yÎ`Z g{ H´$yS> Am∞`b H$m Am`mV o]b g{dm H$a H$m{ MwH$mZ{ H{$ gmW odX{e Ï`m[ma, _hmoZX{emb` H$r \$rg A] Am°a ¡`mXm ]∂T> Om`{Jm VWm Bgg{ ^maV H$r amOH$m{fr` KmQ{> H{$ ^r MyH$Z{ H{$ obE ^r oH$`m Om gH{$Jm & Am°a ]∂T> OmZ{ H$m AßX{em h° & Om{ [hb{ g{ hr 6.7 ‡oVeV H{$ CÉ ÒVa [a h°& * EgQ>r[rAmB© ÒH$r_ H{$ VhV Ka g{ H$m_ H$a, AmB© Q>r oZ`m©V H$r BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Om{ g]g{ _hÀd[yU© h° dh `h oH$ Í$[`{ _{ß V{O oJamdQ> ghyob`V ‡XmZ H$r JB© & g{ Om{ XwÓMH´$ [°Xm hm{ ahm h° dh AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ obE IVaZmH$ gmo]V hm{ * _mH}$Q> obß∑S> \$m{H$g ‡m{S>∑Q> ÒH$r_ H{$ VhV≤ ]´wZ{B© d `_Z H$m{ emo_b gH$Vm h° & Am`mVm{ß H{$ _hßJm hm{Z{ g{ dÒVwAm{ß H$r H$r_V ]∂T> OmVr h° oOgg{, oH$`m J`m, ÒH$r_ H{$ VhV BßOroZ`qaJ Am∞Q>m{ Hß$[m{Z{ßQ>≤g d{ Q{>∑gQ>mBb _mßJ _{ß H$_r Am OmVr h° & Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ gm_Z{ Am°a EH$ gßH$Q> [°Xm hm{Vm h° & H{$ 47 ZE Am`Q>_ H$m{ Om{∂S>m J`m & oOZ Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m{ odX{e g{ H$O© b{Z{ H$r OÍ$aV [∂S>Vr h° C›h{ß A] „`mO H{$ * hmB©Q{>H$ CÀ[mX H{$ oZ`m©V H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE AbJ g{ Bßg{oQ>d Vm°a [a ¡`mXm aH$_ AXm H$aZr hm{ßJr & ]hwV gmar Hß$[oZ`m± S>m∞ba _{ß H$O© ‡XmZ oH$E JE & b{ ahr h° & CZH{$ H$O© Í$[`{ _{ß oJamdQ> g{ _hßJ{ hm{ OmEßJ{ & Hß$[oZ`m{ß Z{ * JwOamV H{$ _m{a]r d hna`mUm H{$ Jw∂S>Jmßd H$m{ Q>mD$Z Am∞\$ E∑g[m{Q©> odX{er _w–m [nadV©Zr` ]mßS> H{$ Ona`{ ^r \ß$S> OwQ>mE h° `moZ A] ]mßS> E∑gb{ßg H$r gyMr _{ß emo_b oH$`m J`m & YmaH$m{ß H$m{ ¡`mXm aH$_ AXm H$aZr hm{ßJr & * BßH´$r_{ßQ>b ÒH$r_ H$r AdoY AJb{ gmb _mM© VH$ ]∂T>mB© JB©, A_{naH$m, Í$[`{ H{$ _yÎ` _{ß oJamdQ> H{$ H$B© H$maU h° oOZ_{ß ‡_wI h° - [hbm, `yam{[ d Eoe`m H{$ gmW A\´$rH$m H{$ 53 Z`{ X{e emo_b hwE & Am°⁄m{oJH$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß oJamdQ> H{$ _‘{ZOa odX{er gßÒWmJV oZd{eH$m{ß * H$ma Am`mV H{$ obE H$ÒQ>_ [m{Q{> H$r gyMr _{ß \$arXm]mX d Efim{a ¤mam A[Zm [°gm Ka{by ]mOma g{ oZH$mb{ OmZ{ H{$ MbV{ S>m∞ba H$r _mßJ (Vo_bZmSw>) H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`m & H$m\$r ]∂T> OmZ{ g{ hr Í$[`{ H$r hmbV X`Zr` hm{ JB© h° & * Q≠>m∞O{∑eZ H$m∞ÒQ> _{ß H$_r H{$ obE Xygar Q>mÒH$ \$m{g© H$_{Q>r H$m JR>Z & BgH{$ Abmdm, S>m∞ba H{$ _wH$m]b{ `yam{ _w–m H{$ H$_Om{a [∂S> OmZ{ g{ ^r * H$m∞Q>Z, H$m∞Q>Z `mZ©, J°a ]mg_Vr Mmdb, J{hy± d MrZr H{$ oZ`m©V H{$ Í$[`{ H$r oJamdQ> H$m{ ]b o_bm h° & XaAgb `yam{[ H$m H$O© gßH$Q> Omar ahZ{ obE Am∞Z bmB©Z [ßOr`Z goQ©>o\$H{$Q> H$r gwodYm Xr JB© & H{$ H$maU S>m∞ba H$m{ ¡`mXm gwaojV oZd{e odH$Î[ _mZm Om ahm h° & oOgg{ * h¢S>by_ d I{bHy$X gm_mZ H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE ewÎH$ _w∫$ H$É{ _mb H{$ A_{naH$r _w–m H$r _mßJ ]∂T> JB© h° & b{oH$Z, `yam{[ Am°a A_{naH$m _{ß ]aH$ama Am`mV H$r gyMr _{ß [m±M AoVna∫$ Am`Q>_ Om{∂S{> J`{ & AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$r dOh g{ ^maVr` oZ`m©VH$m{ß H$m{ H$m{B© _O]yVr Zht o_b hmbmßoH$, AZw[yaH$ odX{e Ï`m[ma ZroV H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m C⁄m{J Ï`m[ma ahr h° VWm ^maV H$m Ï`m[ma KmQ>m ]∂T> ahm h° & gaH$ma ¤mam _hßJmB© H$m{ OJV d oZ`m©VH$m{ß H{$ gßJR>Zm{ß ¤mam ÒdmJV oH$`m J`m h° CZH$m H$hZm h° H$m]y Z H$a [mZ{, gm_moOH$ `m{OZmAm{ß [a AßYmYwßY IMm© H$aZ{ Am°a oH$ Bg ZroV g{ E{g{ g_` _{ß O] A_{naH$m Am°a `yam{[r` ]mOmam{ß _{ß oX∏$V h° B›\´$mÒQ≠>∑Ma H$m{ _O]yV Zm H$a [mZ{ H$r dOh g{ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß oZ`m©V H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß _XX o_b{Jr VWm BZ C[m`m{ß H$m{ X{e H{$ Ï`m[ma CÀ[mXH$ eo∫$`m± H$_Om{a hm{ JB© h°, _m°OyXm hmbmV Bgr H$m [naUm_ h° & [a bß]{ g_` VH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ Aga hm{Jm & `h Km{fUmE± oZ`m©VH$m{ß H$r hmbmßoH$, ^maV C[m` H{$ Vm°a [a S>m∞ba IarX gH$Vm h° b{oH$Z odX{er _w–m CÂ_rX g{ AoYH$ h° & H$[∂S>m O°g{ l_ AmYmnaV j{Ã [a ZroV _{ß ode{f Om{a naOd© gro_V h° VWm dV©_mZ odÌd H$r odŒmr` oÒWoV _{ß [yßOr OwQm>Zm BVZm oX`m J`m h° & [naYmZ j{Ã H$m{ Om{aXma ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_b{Jm & BßOroZ`naßJ AmgmZ ‡VrV Zht hm{ ahm h°$& AV: Í$[`{ H$r _O]yVr H{$ obE AmßVnaH$ oZ`m©V gßdY©Z H{$ obE ^r `h ZroV AgaXm`H$ h° VWmo[, Ambm{MH$m{ß H$m * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÒÃ) emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 32

H$hZm h° oH$ `h ZroV ]∂S>r Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a V°`ma H$r JB© h° & H$aZ{ hm{ßJ{ V^r `h ZroV H$maJa og’ hm{ßJr & Bg_{ß N>m{Q{> d _‹`_ oZ`m©VH$m{ß [a ‹`mZ Zht oX`m J`m, oOZH$m oZ`m©V _{ß _hßJmB© Xa [a H$m]y [mZm VWm amOH$m{fr` KmQ>m H$_ H$aH{$, Bß\´$mÒQ≠>∑Ma g]g{ ¡`mXm `m{JXmZ h° & ZB© odX{e Ï`m[ma ZroV _{ß Hw$N> Img ]Xbmd Z H$m{ gwYma H$a ^´ÓQ>mMma AmoX H$m{ IÀ_ H$aH{$ hr h_ Í$[`{ H$m{ _O]yVr X{ H$a [wamZr `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß odÒVma Am°a g_` _{ß d•o’ H$r JB© h° & oZ`m©V ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ gH$V{ h° & AmßVnaH$ VWm ]m¯ C[m`m{ß H{$ gmW-gmW oH´$`m›d`Z hm{ oOgg{ obE gaH$ma H$m{ BßZg{ßoQ>d H{$ Vm°a [a S>ÁyQ>r S≠>m∞ ]¢H$ ]∂T>mZm MmohE Wm `m o\$a oZd{eH$m{ß H$m{ odÌdmg AW©Ï`dÒWm [a O_ OmE V^r AmoW©H$ oÒWaVm oZ`m©VH$m{ß H$m{ gÒV{ H$O© H$r C[b„YVm gwoZpÌMV H$r OmZr Mmoh`{ Wr & Am°a odH$mg H$m _yb C‘{Ì` H$m{ ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° A›`Wm Zht & ]∂T>V{ Am`mV o]b g{ _wH$m]bm H$aZ{ H{$ obE oZ`m©V o]b H$m{ eo∫$embr gßX^© gyMr - ]ZmZm hr H$m\$r Zht h° h_{ß _ßXr H{$ _mhm°b _{ß MrZ H{$ gÒV{ Am°a V{O oZ`m©V (1) Or ogKB© - ^maVr` AmoW©H$ ZroV & g{ _wH$m]bm H$aZ{ H{$ obE [yßOrJV oZd{e H{$ obE H$O© [a „`mO KQ>mZm (2) 2012-13, AmoW©H$ gd}jU & [∂S{>Jm& BgH{$ Abmdm MrZ _{ß oZ`m©VH$m{ß H$m{ eV‡oVeV S>ÁyQ>r S≠>m ]¢H$ oX`m (3) 2012-13 ]OQ>& (4) ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - AoVna∫$mßH$ ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U, 2013 & OmVm h° O]oH$ ^maV _{ß og\©$ 20 ‡oVeV Bg{ ]∂T>mZm hm{Jm & AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` (5) 22 ZdÂ]a 2011, o]OZ{g ^mÒH$a & ]mOma _{ß oZ`m©V H$r oS>brdar V` g_` [a [hw±M gH{$ & BgH{$ obE OVZ (6) 20 A‡°b, 2013, o]OZ{g ^mÒH$a &

^maV H$m odX{er Ï`m[ma (Aa] S>m∞ba _|)

Ûm{V - AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2012-13

^maV H$m odX{er Ï`m[ma (Aa] S>m∞ba _|) Am`mV-oZ`m©V H$m oMÃ_` ‡Xe©Z Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 33

]mb-l_ : EH$ Ao^em[

‡m{. _rZm _mdr * odO` _mdr **

[naM`:- _{ß ]mYm [∂S{> Vm{ ZVrOm ]mb l_ hm{Vm h°& A›VamÓQ≠>r` l_ gßJR>Z H{$ oeew Bg g•oÓQ> H$m gdm}V_ C[hma h°& Bg C[hma H$r X{I^mb AZwgma odÌd H{$ Hw$b lo_H$m{ß _ß{ g{ 50 ‡oVeV ]mblo_H$ ^maV, g_mO H{$ hmW _{ß h°& Ao^^mdH$, g_mO Am°a am¡` BgH{$ ‡mH•$oVH$ ]mßΩbmX{e, [moH$ÒVmZ, Z{[mb Am°a lrbßH$m _{ß h°& odH$mg H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{V{ h°& ]¿M{ oOVZm AoYH$ AmO [ya{ odÌd _{ß 25 H$am{∂S> ]mb lo_H$ h°& OZdar 2000 _{ß odÌd ]¢H$ ÒdÒW, oeojV, oH´$`merb, AZwemogV Am°a ‡oejU `w∫$ hm{ßJ{ Cgr ¤mam ‡H$moeV EH$ ‡oVd{XZ H{$ AZwgma odÌd _{ß gdm©oYH$ (6 H$am{∂S>) AZw[mV _{ß X{e Am°a g_mO H$r JwUdŒmm _{ß d•o’ hm{Jr, ∑`m{ßoH$ ]É{ß ]mblo_H$ ^maV _{ß h°, Om{ oH$ H•$of H$m`©, H$m∞M C⁄m{J, My∂S>r C⁄m{J, H$mbrZ X{e Am°a g_mO H{$ ôdÓ` hm{V{ h°& C⁄m{J, ]r∂S>r C⁄m{J, [°oHß$J H$m`©, _m{Q>a J°aO, Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J, ∂T>m]{, Jm±Yr Or Z{ H$hm Wm, ""]É{ß ^JdmZ H$m Í$[ hm{V{ h° Am°a d{ X{e H{$ hm{Q>b{ Edß Ka{by Zm°H$am{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß bJ{ h°& oOg_{ß S{>∂T> H$am{∂S> ]ßYwAm ]mb lo_H$ ôdÓ` H{$ oZ_m©Vm h°& ‡À`{H$ ]mbH$ H$r Am±Im{ß _{ß X{e H{$ ôdÓ` H$r VÒdra ^r g_modÓQ> h°& hm{Vr h°& AV: ]mbH$ H$r ajm H$aZm amÓQ≠> H$r ajm H$aZm h°&'' oH$›Vw AmO H{$ amÓQ≠>r` l_ gßÒWmZ ^maV gaH$ma H{$ ZdrZV_ gd}jU H{$ AZwgma Bg AmYwoZH$rH$aU Edß ZJarH$aU H{$ `wJ _{ß AZoJZV [wÓ[ Í$[r ]mbH$ BZH$r gßÒWm AYm{oboIV h°& oIbZ{ H{$ [yd© hr _waPm OmV{ h°& h_ma{ ‡W_ ‡YmZ _ßÃr [ß. Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ""^maV _{ß ]mbl_:EH$ AZw—oÓQ>'' gX°d H$hm gH$V{ W{- ""AmO H{$ ]É{ H$b H{$ oOÂ_{Xma ZmJnaH$ hm{J{& ^maV H{$ ^mΩ` odYmVm hm{ßJ{& b{ßoH$Z AmO ^r Z{hÍ$ H$r H$Î[Zm gmH$ma Zht hm{ [m`r h°& \°$∑Q≠r> _mobH$, R{>H{$Xmam{ß, Xbmbm{ß aB©gm{ß H{$ _H$∂S>Omb _{ß CbPH$a ]É{ß AmO ^r ]mblo_H$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß OrdZ OrZ{ß H$m{ Aoê· h°& ]mb-l_ d em{fU EH$ E{gr OoQ>b gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ g_Ò`m h° , oOg [a Jß^raVm g{ odMma H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& AmO `h oH$gr H$maU Edß Ï`m[H$Vm:- EH$ ode{f X{e `m g_mO H$r g_Ò`m Zht, Ao[Vw odÌdÏ`m[r g_Ò`m `h odoXV h° oH$ Amoœm©H$ o[N>∂S>m[Z, Jar]r, ]{am{OJmar Edß Aoejm _{ß h¢, oH$›Vw ^maV O°g{ odH$mgerb X{e _ß{ ]mbl_ H$r g_Ò`m oOg Vah ]mbl_ H$r g_Ò`m O›_ b{Vr Edß [Z[Vr h°& ^maV _{ß ]mb lo_H$m{ß H$r odembVm J´hU H$aVr Om ahr h° Am°a Bgg{ Om{ XwÓ[naUm_ gm_Z{ Am gßª`m _ß{ ]∂T>m{Var Omar h°& ]mb lo_H$m{ß H$r g_Ò`m h_mar AmoW©H$ Edß ah{ h° d{ h_ma{ [ÃH$mam{ß, ›`m`mYrem{ß odYmZH$mam{ß, amOZroVkm{ß, gm_moOH$ oÒWoV H$r hr X{Z h° C[am{∫$ gm_moOH$ oÒWoV H{$ AoVna∫$ gm_moOH$ odMmaH$m{ß AW©emoÛ`m{ß Edß _mZd ‡{o_`m{ß H$m _oÒVÓH$ g_` ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m Eßd H$_ Am` AmoX _O]yna`m{ß H{$ MbV{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ Om{oI_ g_` PH$Pm{aV{ ah{ h°& â{ H$m_m{ß _{ß bJZm [∂S>Vm h°& H$B© ]É{ AZmW hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ]mb lo_H$ ]Z ]mb-lo_H$ AdYmaUmÀ_H$ [na‡{˙`:- OmV{ h°,Vm{ H$B© [mnadmnaH$ Am` H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU âU-[m{fU H{$ A^md ]mb-l_ g{ Ame` E{g{ "]mb am{OJma' `m "H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{ ]mbH$ g{ _{ß _OXyar H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]m‹` h°& odH$mg H{$ oZMb{ ÒVa [a ^yo_ Am°a gÂ[oV h°& Om{ bm^ H{$ obE oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H{$ H$m`© _{ß bJ{ h°& ]mb H$m`© Am°a ]mb- H{$ AgßVwobV oddaU H{$ H$maU ]hwgßª`H$ OZVm H{$ Jar]r H$r a{Im H{$ l_ _{ß A›Va h°& ]mb-H$m`© ]Ém{ß g{ Ka, I{V `m od⁄mb` _{ß N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> H$m`© ZrM{ hm{Z{ O°gr ]mVm{ß H$m Aga ^r Bg g_Ò`m H$m EH$ Ah_ [hby h°& H$amZ{ H{$ AW© g{ ob`m J`m h°, O]oH$ ]mb l_ H$m Ao^‡m` ]Ém{ß g{ Hw$Q>ra ]mb l_ H{$ ]∂T>Z{ H$m EH$ ‡_wI H$maU gÒVr _OXyar h°& R{>H{$Xma ]Ém{ß `m bKw C⁄m{J `m R{>H{$ [a H$m`© H$amH$a CZH{$ H$m_ H{$ ]Xb{ C›h{ß Hw$N> H$m{ H$_ _OXyar X{H$a AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ H$m_ H$admZm MmhVm h°& ]Ém{ß H$r AmoW©H$ bm^ X{H$a CZH$m emarnaH$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr `m AmoW©H$ `yoZ`Z Zht hm{Z{ g{ C›h{ß AZwemgZ _{ß aIZm `m H$m_ g{ oZH$mbZm AmgmZ em{f m H$aZm h°& hm{Vm h°& ]É{ ]∂S>m{ß H$r A[{jm ¡`mXm B©_mZXmar g{ d oZ[wUVm g{ H$B© H$m_ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK ]mbl_ Am`m{J H{$ A‹`j hm{_a \$m∞∑g Z{ :- H$aV{ h° O°g{- _moMg ]ZmZm,H$mbrZ ]wZZm, gm∂S>r ]wZZm AmoX& ]mbl_ H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ hwE H$hm h° oH$ ""]¿Mm{ß ¤mam oH$`m AmO Vm{ A[amYr VÀdm{ß H{$ gßJoR>V oJam{hm{ß ¤mam VÒH$ar, S≠>Ωg Ï`m[ma, OmZ{ dmbm H$m{B© ^r H$m`© oOgg{ CZH{$ [yd© emarnaH$ odH$mg Am°a d{Ì`md•oV, o^jmd•oV g{ b{H$a odX{em{ß _{ß D∞$Q> Xm°∂S> O°g{ oK>Zm°Z{ H$m`m™{ _{ß ^r ›`yZV_ dmßoN>V ÒVa H$r oejm H{$ Adgam{ß `m CZH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ ]mbH$m{ß H$m BÒV{_mb hm{ ahm h°& _Zm{aßOZ _{ß ]mYm CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°& ]mb lo_H$m{ß H$m H$m`© j{Ã H$m\$r Ï`m[H$ h°& Bg_{ß AÀ`›V Om{oI_[yU© g_mOemÛ H$m{f H{$ AZwgma:- Ï`dgm` ^r h°& Ohm± Om{oI_ H$_ h°, dhm± H$m`© H{$ bÂ]{ K Q{> VWm A›` O] _OXyar H{$ obE Zm°H$ar H$aZ{ `m IwX H$m_ H$aZ{ `m [nadma H$r [naoÒWoV`m± CZH{$ emarnaH$ d _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [h˛ßMmZ{ ghm`Vm H{$ obE H$m_ H$aZ{ g{ ‡À`j `m A‡À`j Í$[ g{ odH$mg `m oejm dmbr hm{Vr h°& BZ ÒWmZm{ß [a ]mb lo_H$m{ß H{$ ]{hVa ôdÓ` H{$ Adgam{ß H$m{

* ghm.$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emg. _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm oObm-Pm]wAm ** em{YmWr© (g_mOemÛ) X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 34

N>rZZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW ‡oejU Edß _yb^yV gwodYmAm{ß H$m A^md hm{Vm h°& * AZw¿N{>X-39 - (B© Am°a E\$)- lo_H$ Ûr [wÍ$f Edß ]Ém{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` ]mb lo_H$m{ß H$m em{fU: ]mb lo_H$m{ß H$m em{fU H$B© ‡H$ma g{ hm{Vm h°- Am°a emo∫$ H{$ gmW XwÏ`©dhma Z oH$`{ OmZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& 1. X°ohH$ em{fU * AZw¿N{>X-45- 14 df© H$r Am`w VH$ H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ oZ:ewÎH$ Am°a 2. bm°oH$H$ em{fU AoZdm`© oejm [a Om{a& 3. gm_moOH$ em{fU AoYoZ`_- ]mbl_ g{ gß]ßoYV oZÂZ oboIV AoYoZ`_ ^r [mnaV 4. \w$Q>[mWr` ]Ém{ß H$m em{fU oH$`{ J`{ h°- 5. _Zm{d°kmoZH$ em{fU (1) H$maImZm AoYoZ`_ 1948- am{OJma H$r ›`yZV_ Am`w 14 df© 6. AmoW©H$ em{fU (2) ]mJmZ l_ AoYoZ`_ 1951- 12 df© g{ H$_ C_´ H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ H$m`© 7. amOZ°oVH$ em{fU [a am{H$& 8. A›` em{fU (3) IXmZ AoYoZ`V 1952- 16 df© [yU© H$aZ{ [a hr H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r ]mb-l_ H{$ C›_ybZ Edß [wZdm©g h{Vw ‡`mg:- AZw_oV& ]mbl_ gÂ[yU© odÌd _{ß Ï`mflV E{gr gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m h°, Om{ A[Zr (4) H$maImZm{ß gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ 1954 -17 df© H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m amoÃ_{ß C[oÒWoV H{$ H$maU AZ{H$ gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h°& am{OJma [a ‡oV]ßY `h g_Ò`m gÂ[yU© OJV H$m{ ÃÒV H$a ahr h°& `h ]mV Am°a h° oH$ H$hr BgH{$ (5) OhOamZr AoYoZ`_ 1958- 15 df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ [na mm_ H$r Vrd´Vm AoYH$ h° Am°a H$ht H$_ & AmO [ya{ gßgma _{ß bJ^J 25 H$m`© H$aZ{ [a ‡oV]ßY& H$am{∂S> ]mblo_H$ h° ,oOg_{ß 6 H$am{∂S> AH{$b{ ^maV _{ß h°& E{gm Zhr h° oH$ (6) ]∂r∂S>r VWm ogJma lo_H$m{ß ( am{OJma H$r eV©) AoYoZ`_ 1966 - ]mbl_ H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE ewÍ$ g{ H$m{B© ‡`mg Zht oH$E J`{ß, oH$›Vw oH$gr 14 df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ ]¿Mm{ß g{ ]r∂S>r ]ZmZ{ [a am{H$& H$maUde `m Vm{ d{ A‡^mdr hm{ J`{ `m CVZ{ß ‡^mdr Zht hwE oOVZm oH$ (7) ‡oejw AoYoZ`_ 1975- CZ ‡`mgm{ß g{ A[{jmE± Wr& BZ ‡`mgm{ß H$m h_ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^∫$ H$aH{$ (8) ]Ém{ß H{$ am{OJma gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ 1978-a{Îd{ bmB©Z d a{bd{ Adbm{H$Z H$a gH$V{ h°- _{ß 15 df© g{ H$_ ]¿Mm{ß H{$ H$m`© [a ‡oV]ßY (H$) A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ‡`mg (9) ]mbl_ ‡oVe{Y Edß oZ`_Z AoYoZ`_ 1986- (I) amÓQ≠>r` ‡`mg `h AoYoZ`_ ]mbl_ AoYoZ`_m{ß H{$ BoVhmg _{ß gmdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© (H$) A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ‡`mg:- Bg ‡`mg H{$ A›VJ©V gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ odo^fi AoYoZ`_ _mZm OmVm h°& BgH{$ AßVJ©V E{g{ IVaZmH$ C⁄m{Jm{ß Edß C[H´$_m{ß gßJR>Z, `yZ{ÒH$m{ß Edß odÌd H{$ A›` X{em{ß ¤mam oH$`{ JE ‡`mg _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$m oZ`m{OZ ‡oV]ßoYV oH$`m J`m h°& gßem{YZm{ß H{$ [ÌMmV≤ E{g{ goÂ_obV h¢& 13 C⁄m{ßJm{ß Edß 51 C[H´$_m{ß H$r [hMmZ H$r JB© h° oO›h{ß Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ ""gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> ]mb AoYH$ma Km{fUm [Ã'' A›VJ©V ‡oV]ßoYV oH$`m J`m h°& BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß H$mbrZ C⁄m{J, gr_|Q>> 20 ZdÂ]a 1959 H$m{ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> Z{ A[Zr _hmg^m _{ß ]Ém{ß H{$ C⁄m{J, H$[S>m aßJmB© N>[mB©, Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ C⁄m{J AmoX ‡_wI h°& AoYH$mam{ß H$r Km{fUm, Km{fUm [Ã H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$r, oOg_{ß gÂ[yU© odÌd H{$ ]mb l_ H$r g_Ò`m (Aoêm[) H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ h{Vw gwPmd:- ]Ém{ß H$m{ß Zm_, amÓQ≠>r`Vm, ÒZ{h, ghmZw^yoV, gdm©JrU odH$mg H$m Adga (1) ]mbl_ g_Ò`m EH$ JhZ gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ g_Ò`m h°& BgH{$ Edß gwodYm, oZ:ewÎH$ VWm AoZdm`© oejm Am°a ‡À`{H$ Xem _{ß em{fU g{ g_mYmZ h{Vw ]hwAm`m_r H$m`© ZroV H{$ _m‹`_ g{ XrK©H$mb Edß _wo∫$ H$m AoYH$ma ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r Km{fUm H$r& gVV ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, oOg_{ß ]mbl_ H$mZyZm{ß H$m ‡dV©Z `h ]mV Am°a h° oH$ Bg Km{fUm [Ã [a hÒVmja H$aZ{ dmb{ X{em{ß _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ‡mWo_H$ oejm H$m gw—∂T>rH$aU, ]mbl_ H$m [wZdm©g, BgH$m [yU© [na[mbZ [nabojV Zht hm{ gH$m& BgH{$ Abmdm gß`w∫$ Jar]r C›_ybZ AmoX ]mV{ß emo_b H$aZr MmohE& amÓQ≠> H{$ Ao^H$aU O°g{- `yZ{g{\$ Edß odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z (2) X{e H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar [nadmam{ß _{ß ‡À`{H$ [nadma H$m{ AbJ- (W.H.O.) ¤mam AZ{H$ gaH$mar Edß J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ odÀVr` AbJ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ BVZm g_j ]Zm`m OmE oH$ CZ [nadmam{ß _{ß d A›` ‡H$ma H$r ghm`Vm H{$ gmW hr ]mb-l_ H{$ Am`mV-oZ`m©V ]Ém{ß H$m{ am{OJma _{ß gßbæ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hr _hgyg Z hm{ß& H{$ obE ‡oV]ßoYV H$a ]mb-l_ am{H$Z{ Edß CZH{$ Cfi`Z [wZdm©g H{$ (3) J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ]mb _OXyar H$m eham{ß H$r Am{a [bm`Z am{H$Z{ H{$ obE CÑ{IZr` ‡`mg oH$`{ h°& obE Am°⁄m{{oJH$ Edß Ï`mdhmnaH$ BH$mB©`m∞ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ÒWmo[V (I) amÓQ≠>r` ‡`mg:- amÓQ≠>r` ‡gmg H{$ A›V©JV h_ gaH$ma ¤mam H$r OmE& ]mb-lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU h{Vw g_`-g_` [a ]Zm`{ J`{ odo^fi AoYoZ`_ (4) ]mb lo_H$m{ß g{ H$m_ b{Z{ dmbm{ß H{$ obE H$mZyZ _{ß H$R>m{a X S> b{ gH$V{ h° Om{ oZÂZ oboIV h°- H$m ‡mdYmZ hm{Zm MmohE, gmW hr CZH$r gm_moOH$ oZßXm d gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ:- gßodYmZ H{$ oZÂZoboIV AZw¿N{>X ]mbl_ CZH$r g{dmAm{ß VWm ]mbl_ g{ ]Z{ gm_mZm{ß d CÀ[mXm{ß H$m H{$ C›_ybZ H{$ obE amÓQ≠>r` gm{M Edß gÂ]’Vm [a ‡H$me S>mbV{ h°- ]ohÓH$ma H$aZm MmohE& * AZw¿N{>X-23- O]aZ _OXyar d _mZd Ï`dgm` [a am{H$ & (5) ]mbl_ g_Ò`m H$r O∂S> dÒVwV: Jar]r, Aoejm Edß ]{am{OJmar h°& * AZw¿N{>X-24-H$maImZm{ß _{ß ]Ém{ß H{$ am{OJma [a am{H$& 14 df© H$r BZ VrZm{ß [a oZ`ßÃU [mZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE& Am`w g{ ZrM{ H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ H$maImZm{ß `m IXmZm{ß _ß{ IVaZmH$ H$m`m} (6) ]w∂T{>, A[ßJ, ]r_ma Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ OrdZ `m[Z H$r [a Zht bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& ghm`Vm X{Zr MmohE& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 35

(7) OZgßª`m d•o’ [a oZ`ßÃU bJmZm MmohE& oXZ H$r Q>H$Q>H$r bJmH$a ‡Vrjm H$a ahr h° O] d{ emfU g{ _w∫$ hm{ßJ{ Am°a (8) oejm H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm H$aH{$ Bg gm_moOH$ Aoêm[ Edß CZH$m{ g[Z{ gmH$ma hm{ gH{$ßJ{ & A[amY H{$ ‡oV OmJ•oV \°$bmZr MmohE& gßX^©:- (9) am{OJma [aH$ oejm H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE& 01.g_mO emÛr` oZ]ßY- S>m∞. S>r.Eg.]K{b (10) E{g{ ]¿M{ H$m{ Om{ gmd©OoZH$ Í$[ g{ o^jmd•oV H$aV{ h° VWm [nadma 02.aMZm- (i) AßH$ 63-( Zd.oXgß.-2006) odhrZ hm{H$a \w$Q>[mWm{ß [a ahV{ hm{ CZH{$ [wZdm©g H$m H$m`©H$_ (ii) AßH$ 81 -(Zd. oXg.-2009) Mbm`m OmZm MmohE& (iii) AßH$ 86-(ogßV.A∑Qy>]a-2010) oZÓH$f©:- Om{ ]É{ amÓQ≠> H{$ ôdÓ` H$m AmYma h° CZH$m gVV≤ em{fU 03. nagM© OZab Am∞\$ gm{eb Edß bmB\$ gmBg{ßO AßH$-11 df©-6 AmO h_ma{ X{e H{$ obE EH$ Aoêm[ h° & `h JhZ oMßVZ H$m odf` h° & 04. _mZdmoYH$ma Am°a H$V©Ï`-‡H$meZmamÙ ZmQ>mUr ]mb em{fU Edß ]mbl_ H{$ Am∞H$S{> Mm{H$mZ{ dmb{ h°& Bg g_Ò`m g{ oZOmV 05._mZd AoYH$ma Edß ^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ-[wZrV Hw$_ma [mZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma, g_mO, J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß, _roS>`m g^r H$m{ 06. Om±M l_ go_oV _wª` na[m{Q>© 1946 o_bH$a Jß^raVm g{ odMma _ßWZ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, oOgg{ Bg 07. H$maImZm AoYoZ`_-1948 Edß gßYm{oYV 1954 g_Ò`m H$m g_yb oZ_y©bZ hm{ gH{$Jm Am°a ^mdr [r∂T>r Bg Aoêm[ g{ ]M 08. ]mJmZ l_ AoYoZ`_ 1951 gH{$Jr & H$am{∂S>m{ ]mbH$ Om{ \y$b H$r Vah [bZ{ MmohE Om{ H$b H{$ ZmJnaH$ 09. IXmZ AoYoZ`_ 1952 h°, C›h{ß Jar]r, ]{H$mar Am°a AÀ`mMma H$r ^ma Hw$Âhbm X{Vr h°& _mgy_m{ß H{$ 10. OhmO amZr AoYoZ`_ 1958 g[Z{ Mya-Mya hm{ OmV{ h°& V_m_ H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^r òX ]mb 11. ]r∂S>r VWm ogJma lo_H$ AoYoZ`_ 1966 _OXyar Omar h°, Vm{ BgH{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma d{ g^r bm{J h°, Om{ [am{j `m 12. [óejw AoYoZ`_ 1975 A[am{j Í$[ g{ ]mb-lo_H$m{ß H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ ]Zm`{ aI{ h° & 13. ]¿Mm| H{$ am{OJma gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ 1978 h_ g^r H$m{ o_bH$a ]¿Mm{ß H$m{ CoMV AoYH$ma, CoMV gwodYm, CoMV 14. ]mb l_ ‡oVe{Y Edß oZ`_Z AoYoZ`_ 1986 dmVmdaU X{Zm hm{Jm & X{e H{$ H$am{∂S>m{ß ]mb-lo_H$m{ß H$r Am±I{ Cg gwZha{ 15. ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$s AZw¿N>{X 23, 24, 39, 45

****************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 36

^mfm H$m ]mOmarH$aU Edß _roS>`m

S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er *

B∑H$sgdt gXr Ωbm{]b odb{O H$r _mZogH$Vm H$m `wJ h°, Am°a oh›Xr h°& Bg df© 4 \$rgXr Am°a ]∂T> J`{ h°& dV©_mZ _{ß `{ M°Zb Ωbm{]b hm{V{ Om ah{ Bg X{e H$r ghO gß[H©$ H$r ^mfm h°& BgH$m g]g{ ]∂S>m H$maU `h h° oH$ Cg{ h°& A_{naH$m, BΩb° S> Am°a Im∂S>r H{$ X{em{ß _{ß ^r BgH$m Aga h°&""(4)(4)(4) grIZm Am°a Ï`dhma _{ß bmZm A›` ^mfmAm{ß H$r A[{jm ¡`mXm gwodYmOZH$ AßJ´{Or Bg X{e H{$ Img bm{Jmß{ H$r gß[H©$ ^mfm h°& oh›Xr Bg g_mO H{$ Am°a AmgmZ h°& Am_ bm{Jm{ß H{$ Am[gr ]mV Ï`dhma H$r ^mfm h°& O]oH$ AßJ´{Or _| gmam ^y_ S>brH$aU Edß oZOrH$aU H{$ MbV{ AmO [ya{ odÌd H$r oZJmh H$mam{]ma Wm{[m Wm{[r [a Mbm h°& AmO Q>r.dr. H{$ gma{ M°Zb oh›Xr H$m ^maV [a h°; ∑`m{ßoH$ ^maV g]g{ ]∂S>m ]mOma h°& Bg —oÓQ> g{ gmar Hß$[oZ`m{ß ‡`m{J H$a ah{ h¢& ]∂S>r - ]∂S>r Hß$[oZ`mß Om{ oh›Xr H{$ Zm_ g{ Z\$aV H$aVr Z{ A[Z{ ‡MmaVßÃ H{$ ob`{ ^maVr` ^mfmAm{ß H$m{ MwZm& Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ _roS>`m Z{ Wr& A] A[Z{ odkm[Z oh›Xr _{ß X{ ahr h°& ]r.]r.gr. Vm{ A[Z{ d°kmoZH$ oh›Xr H$m{ H$m\$r ‡MmnaV ‡gmnaV oH$`m h°& ^b{ hr odkm[ZXmVm Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m`©H´$_ ""oS>ÒH$dar"" VH$ H$m{ oh›Xr _{ß ‡gmnaV H$a ahm h°& H$m BgH{$ [rN{> bm^ H$_mZ{ dmbm C‘{Ì` ahm hm{&(1)(1)(1) AmO oh›Xr odÌd^mfm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Câ H$a gm_Z{ AmB© h°& O] gyMZm AmO H{$ OZgßMma _m‹`_ A[Zr ^mfm H$m{ odH$ogV H$aV{ oXImB© X{ ah{ H´$mßoV H{$ Bg AmH´$_U g{ XwoZ`m â H$r ^mfmE± odbw·rH$aU H$r Am{a Om h°; `h ^mfm Z oh›Xr h° Z AßJ´{Or h° Z A›` ^mfm h°, BgH$r ^mfm ]mOma ahr h° V] oh›Xr H$m [aM_ odÌd ]mOma [a \$ham ahm h°& H$r ^mfm `m Bg{ h_ hmQ> ]mOma H$r ^mfm H$h gH$V{ h°& ""gyMZm odÒ\$m{Q> H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß ha MrO V{Or g{ ]Xb ahr h° ^mfm, oOg ‡H$ma _wJbm{ß Am°a oh›XwÒVmoZ`m{ß Z{ ]mOma g{ _mb IarXZ{ ]{MZ{ gßÒH•$oV, odMma Am°a \°$eZ g^r H$r g_o›dV H$∂S>r h° _Zm{aßOZ& gßMma (H´$` - odH´$`) H$aZ{ H$r [naoÒWoV _{ß{ I∂S>r ]m{br Am°a CXy© H$m{ odH$ogV H´$mßoV Z{ _Zm{aßOZ H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ _Zm{aßOH$ ]ZmZ{ H$m `Wm `m{Ω` ‡`mg oH$`m& Cgr ‡H$ma AmO H{$ gßMma _m‹`_ odÌd ]mOma H{$ gßX^© _{ß EH$ ZB© oH$`m&""(5)(5)(5) ^mfm H$m odH$mg H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß oZa›Va AJ´ga h¢& `h ^mfm ]mOma H$r Zd{ß XeH$ _{ß Om{ H{$db Q>r.dr. Hw$N> _hmZJam{ß H{$ hm{Q>b _{ß ewÍ$ hwAm Wm VmH$Vm{ß H{$ X]md _{ß odH$ogV hm{ ahr h°& `h VH$ZrH$ A[Z{ gßH{$Vm{ß Am°a Cg H{$]b Z{Q>dH©$ H$m _H$∂S> Omb A] ehar _{ß hr Zht Ao[Vw H$Ò]m{ß Am°a ‡VrH$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ZB© ^mfm H$r aMZm H$a ah{ h°& `h ^mfm h_mar gßÒH•$oV Jm∞dm{ß VH$ [hw∞M J`m h°& dV©_mZ _{ß h_mam X{e OZßgª`m H{$ ohgm] g{ Xyga{ AmMaU Am°a Ï`dhma g{ [•WH$ hm{H$a A[Zm H$m`© H$a ahr h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg ÒWmZ [a h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ `hr CZH{$ ob`{ A¿N>m ]mOma h°, Am°a ]{hVa H$mam{]ma ^mfm [a ]mOmadmX hmdr h°& H$r gß^mdZm`{ß ^r h°& o[N>b{ oXZm{ß ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$[oZ`m{ß Z{ Bg ]mV H$m gd} oH$`m H$r òX h_{ß dV©_mZ _{ß H$B© X{em{ß _{ß oh›Xr H$r odX{er e°ob`mß ‡`w∫$ hm{Z{ bJr O°g{ A[Zm _mb ¡`mXm bm{Jm{ß VH$ [hw±MmZm h° Vm{ Cgr ^mfm _{ß CÀ[mXm{ß H$r gaZm_r oh›Xr (gyarZm_) \$rOr ]mV (\$rOr) O{Q>mbr (XojUr A\´$rH$m) OmZH$mar X{Zm hm{Jr& `hr H$maU h° oH$ AmO odX{er Hß$[oZ`m{ß Z{ Ohm± ‡Mma [maÁm (CÇm]{oH$ÒVmZ) AmoX _{ß&""(6)(6)(6) gm_J´r oh›Xr _{ß N>[dmB© h°, dht ^maVr` ^mfmAm{ß _{ß OmZH$mar ^r C[b„Y oh›Xr H$m j{Ã ]hwV Ï`m[H$ h° VWm Q{>brodOZ C[J´h M°Zb BÀ`moX H$admB© h°& [a _Zm{aßOH$ VWm gyMZm ‡YmZ H$m`©H´$_ oXImZ{ H$r hm{∂S> _Mr h°& odX{er ""Bg XwoZ`m _{ß gß[H©$ H$r ]∂S>r ^mfmE± AßJ´{Or Am°a Ò[{oZe h°& AßJ´{Or ^mfmAm{ß H$r o\$Î_{ß "S>]" H$r Om ahr h°& Ï`mdgmo`H$ Hß$[oZ`m{ß ]°M{Z h° H$r [hw±M H$ar] 51 H$am{∂S> bm{Jm{ß VH$ h¢& Ò[{oZe 42 H$am{∂S> VH$ [hw±MVr h¢& A[Z{ odkm[Z ]mOma _{ß bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ `hr H$maU h° oH$ oH$gr ^r grna`b VWm oh›Xr H$m AmH$∂S>m 49 H$am{∂S> H$m{ Ny>Vm h¢& MrZr ^mfm H$m{ ]hwV ]∂S>m H{$ ‡gmaU H{$ _‹` H$_oe©`b ]´{H$ T{>a gma{ odkm[Z [{e H$a X{Vm h°& AmO V]H$m ]m{bVm h°, b{oH$Z dh Cg Vah gß[H©$ H$r ^mfm Zht h°& dh A[Z{ O] gmam Ï`m[ma Ï`dgm` oh›Xr [a AmolV Am°a AmYmnaV hm{ J`m h° V] bm{Jm{ß g{ AmJ{ Zht OmVr& O°g{ AßJ´{Or Am°a Ò[{oZe OmVr h° Am°a oh›Xr ^r ^mfm H$r ew’Vm [a oddmX I∂S>m hm{ OmVm h° oH$ h_ H°$gr oh›Xr H$m ‡`m{J Cg amÒV{ [a AmJ{ ]T> ahr h°&"(2)(2)(2) H$a ah{ h°? Ambm{MH$m{ß H$r am` _mZ{ Vm{ `h oh›Xr BoΩbße H$m g_o›dV Í$[ ""oh›Xr H$m H$m{B© ^r Í$[ ahm hm{ b{oH$Z dh H$_ g{ H$_ hOma gmb g{ Vm{ h° ohoΩbße `m `yß H$h{ H$r e„Xm{ß H$m Kmb_{b& Bg g_mO H$r gß[H©$ ^mfm h°& H$mam{]ma Vm{ gß[H©$ ^mfm _{ß hr hm{Vm h°; `h Kmb_{b ]mOmarH$aU Edß _roS>`m H$r ‡_wI X{Z h¢& ∑`m{ßoH$ _roS>`m Bgob`{ oh›Xr `hm± H{$ ]mOma H$r ghO ^mfm h°&""(3)(3)(3) oh›Xr Vm{ E{gr ^mfm ^r ]mOmarH$aU g{ ‡^modV hw`{ ]J°a Zht ah [mVm h°& AV: Bg Kmb_{b h° oOg{ Am_ AmX_r Z{ ]Zm`m h°, Cgr Z{ ]aVm h°& oh›Xr Am_ AmX_r H$r `w∫$ e°br ‡`w∫$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$B© H$maU h°& ^mfm h° `h Ao^_mZ H$aZ{ dmbr ]mV h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgr Am_ Z{ ]mOma H$m{ 1. ^mfm _{ß am{MH$Vm bmZ{ H{$ ob`{& C[^m{∫$m oX`{ Ï`dgm` H$m{ JoV Xr, CÀ[mXZm{ß _{ß Ao^d•o’ H$r h°& Bogob`{ 2. dÒVw H$r o]H´$r ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw& dh Am_ g{ Img hm{ OmVr h°& oh›Xr ^mfm H$r Ord›VVm, oZa›VaVm hr 3. C[^m{∫$m H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aZ{ h{Vw& CgH$r odoeÓQ>Vm h°& 4. odkm[Zm{ß _{ß oh›Xr AßJ´{Or H$m ‡`m{J& ""oh›Xr H{$ _Zm{aßOZ M°Zb 38 \$rgXr ^maVr` ]mOma [a hmdr hm{ ah{ 5. [mR>H$m{ß VH$ A[Zr ^mfm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ CÀ[mXH$ H$m{ [hw±MmZm&

* ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, AßO∂S>, oObm- ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 37

6. o\$Î_r JrVm{ß Am°a gßdmXm{ß _{ß ohoΩbße AWdm j{Ãr` ^mfmAm{ß H$m X{IZ{ _{ß AmVr h° oH$ _Zm{aßOZ H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß Mmh{ ohßoΩbße H$m ‡`m{J hm{Vm ]∂T>Vm ‡^md & hm{ oH$›Vw gyMZm ‡YmZ kmZdY©H$ Edß gmohoÀ`H$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r ^mfm _mZH$ H$oV[` CXmhaU BZ ode{fVmAm{ß H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{J{& hr hm{Vr h°& CXmhaU X{oI`{- ^mfm H$m ]mOmarH$aU oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ ‡eßgZr` Zht h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ ]mOma 1. Z`m Qy>W [{ÒQ> Q≠>m` oH$`m H{$ gmW "H$r_V" (_yÎ`) Ow∂S> OmVm h°& oH$gr ^r X{e H$r ^mfm dhm± H$r 2. H$_a XX© Zm{ bm[admhr (_yd) g‰`Vm, gßÒH•$oV Am°a OrdZ _yÎ`m{ß H$r gmjr hm{Vr h°, [hMmZ hm{Vr h°& `h 3. Rß>S>m Rß>S>m Hy$b Hy$b h_ma{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r odamgV h° oOg{ gh{OZm gßaojV H$aZm gßdY©Z 4. Rß>S>m _Vb] H$m{H$m H$m{bm H$aZm ha ZmJnaH$ H$m H$V©Ï` h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `h h_mar amÓQ≠>^mfm ^r h°& oh›Xr ^mfm H{$ gmW odkm[Zm{ß _{ß ‡`w∫$ AßJ´{Or oh›Xr ^mfm H{$ ‡dmh H$m{B© ^mfm O] Ï`m[ma odoZ_` H$m _m‹`_ ]ZVr h° Vm{ dh Cg X{e H{$ H{$ gmW MbZr h°& ]mV og\©$ odkm[Zm{ß H$r Zht h°& X°oZH$ ]m{bMmb _{ß ^r `{ `wdmAm{ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVr h°, am{OJma X{Vr h°, dÒVwAm{ß H$m CÀ[mX ]∂T>mVr e„X Kwbo_b J`{ h° Am°a BZH$m e„X ‡dmh X{IV{ hr ]ZVm h°& H$B© o\$Î_m{ß h°, OrodH$m C[mO©Z H$m gmYZ hm{Vr h°, amÓQ≠>r` Am` _{ß Ao^d•o’ ^r H$aVr _{ß ohoΩbße H$m AmH$f©H$ Í$[ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h°& O°g{ - h°& AV: `hm∞ ^r ^mfm H$m Í$[ _ßJbH$mar h°, ew^ - bm^ H$r ‡XmVm h°& 1. B©by-B©by B©by-B©by B©by H$m _Vb] ILU Am` bd `y ^maVr` OZ _mZg gX°d ^mfm H{$ Cgr _ßJbH$mar Í$[ H$r dßXZm H$aVm h°& 2. E.]r.gr.S>r. N>m{∂S>m{ß gßX^©- 3. dZ Qy> H$m \$m{a, \$m{a Qy> H$m dZ _m` Z{_ BO bIZ gOZm{ß H$m gOZ 1. ^y_ S>brH$aU oZOrH$aU d oh›Xr - S>m∞. _moUH$ _•J{e [•ÓR> - 17 _{am Zm_ h° bIZ 2. H$mXoÂ]Zr - ogVÂ]a 2010 [•ÓR> 12 4. \$ÒQ> Q>mB_ X{Im VwÂh{ß, h_ Im{ J`m 3. H$mXoÂ]Zr - ogVÂ]a 2010 [•ÓR> 12 4. H$mXoÂ]Zr - ogVÂ]a 2010 [•ÓR> 15 5. bd{na`m hwAm 5. gyMZm H´$mßoV Am°a odÌd ^mfm oh›Xr - ‡m{. hna_m{hZ [•ÓR> 93 Bg gma{ emo„XH$ Kmb_{b H{$ ]mdOyX oh›Xr _{ß EH$ ]mV ]hwV Ò[ÓQ> 6. H$mXoÂ]Zr - ogVÂ]a 2010 oh›Xr V{a{ oH$VZ{ Í$[ [•ÓR> 25

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 38

ehrX M›X´e{Ia AmOmX gmJa (Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm g{ odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$m A‹``Z ‡m{. h{_Vm Sw>S>d{ *

‡ÒVmdZm:- ^r bmJy hm{Jr& Bg ZroV H{$ _wª` og’mßV Bg ‡H$ma h°:- ^maV EH$ H•$of ‡YmZ X{e h° oOgH$r 70 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jm±dm{ß _{ß 1. am¡` gaH$ma H$m `h C‘{Ì` h° oH$ [na^mofV odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$r oZdmg H$aVr h° AmOmX ^maV H{$ ‡W_ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ÒdJr©` [ßoS>V [wZdm©g Ï`dÒWm Bg ‡H$ma H$r OmEJr H$r ZE ÒWmZ [a CoMV Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ ^mßIS>m ZmßJb ]m±Y H{$ CXKmQ>Z H{$ [ÌMmV≤ Bg{ g_` H{$ [ÌMmV≤ A[Z{ OrdZ ÒVa _{ d{ gwYma H$a{J{ß `m H$_ g{ H$_ AmYwoZH$ ""^maV H$m _ßoXa H$hm"" V^r g{ h_ma{ `m{OZmH$mam{ß Z{ H•$of Edß A[Zm [yd© OrdZ ÒVa ‡m· H$a{J{ß & C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg h{Vw AZ{H$ N>m{Q{> d ]S>∂{ ]m±Ym{ß [a bJmVma ]b oX`m h°& Bg 2. odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$m{ [naoMV ÒWmZ g{ ZE ÒWmZ d ZE OrdZ H´$_ _{ß _.‡. _{ß ^r AZ{H$ ]m±Y ]Zm`{ Om ah{ h°& BZ ]m±Ym{ß H$m ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ `m[Z _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ _{ß H$ÓQ> Z hm{ `h gwoZpÌMV oH$`m OmEJm & ^yo_ odoeÔ>> H{$ AoZdm`© AO©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm _hgyg hwB©& oOgH{$ H$maU 3. odÒWmo[Vm{ß H$m{ Ohmß [a ]gm`m OmEJm dhmß [a [yd© g{ hr ]g{ hwE ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ Òdm_r [nadmam{ß H$m{ A[Z{ [°V•H$ ÒWmZ g{ _O]yaZ [nadmam{ß H{$ ¤mam gm_moOH$,AmoW©H$ `m [`m©daU gß]ßYr H$m{B© odÒWmo[V hm{Zm [∂S>m Edß odÒWm[Z H$r [r∂S>m ]S{> d N>m{Q{> ]m±Y H{$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ od[arV Aga Z hm{ `h gwoZpÌMV oH$`m OmEJm & [hby H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{ AmB©& 4. [wZdm©g H{$ obE AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ A[Zr ^yo_ g{ _ZwÓ` H$m bJmd Ed gd©H$mbrZ gÀ` h°, `h bJmd hr odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß [a VWm N>m{Q{> d gr_mßV oH$gmZm{ß H{$ odÒWmo[V bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$ÓQ>m{ß Edß gßH$Q>m{ß H{$ ]mdOyX A[Z{ Ka Edß YaVr g{ ]m±Y{ aIVm h°& [nadmam{ß [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmEJm & Bg bJmd H$m ]ßYZ BVZm [odÃ Edß geÒV h° oH$ _ZwÓ` _•À`w H{$ ]mX ^r 5. ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z H{$ hH$Xma [nadmam{ß H$m{ ZE ÒWmZ [a ]gmV{ g_` ^yo_ A[Z{ eara H$m AßoV_ gßÒH$ma A[Zr YaVr [a H$aZ{ H$r B¿N>m aIV{ hwd{ H$m{ odH$mg gj_ BH$mB© H$m AmdßQ>Z gwoZpÌMV oH$`m OmEJm & eara H$m{ À`mJVm h° Vm{ dh A[Z{ hmWm{ß Cg gßd{XZerb ]ßYZ H$m{ Vm{∂S>Z{ H$r [na`m{OZm H$m [naM`:- [r∂S>m P{bV{ hwE OZohV _{ EH$ _hmZ ]obXmZ H$aVm h°& A[Z{ Ka Am°a _.‡. H{$ [oÌM_ _{ß oÒWoV oObm AbramO[wa H{$ dmÒH{$b Jm±d _{ß hWZr O_rZ g{ odÒWmo[V AmX_r H$r [r∂S>m H$r AZw^yo_ Am°a CgH{$ ]obXmZ H$m ZXr [a ]m±Y ]Zm`m J`m h° ]m±Y H$r Xyar Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb g{ 24 _yÎ`mßH$Z hr Cg{ ghr AWm~ _{ß [wZdm©g X{Z{ H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV H$a gH$Vm h°& oH$._r. Am°a ^m{[mb g{ 400 oH$._r. Xyar [a oÒWV h°& ^maV gaH$ma H$r [wZdm©g ZroV:- hWZr ZXr AbramO[wa oOb{ H$r AmOmX ZJa (^m]am) Vhgrb H{$ H{$›Xr` _ßÃr_ßS>b Z{ amÓQ≠>r` [wZdm©g 2007 H$m{ _ßOyar X{ Xr Om{ [na`m{OZm g{Omdm∂S>m J´m_ g{ BgH$m C“_ h° `h dht Vhgrb h° oOg_{ß A_a dra g°ZmZr ‡^modV [nadmam{ß H{$ obE df© 2003 _{ß ]ZmB© JB© amÓQ≠>r` [wZdm©g ZroV H$r ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX H$r O›_ ^yo_ H{$ g_r[dVr© J´m_ g{OmdmS>m H$m{ OJh b{Jr& Bg ZroV H{$ _wª` og’mßV Bg ‡H$ma h°:- A[Zm C“_ ÒWmZ ]ZmVr hwB© AmoXdmgr j{Ã H$r `h [mdZ JßJm ""hWZr"" 1. odÒWm[Z H{$ obE J´m_ g^m `m OZ gwZdmB© AoZdm`©& Zm_ H$m{ YmaU H$a A[Z{ AmßMb _ß{ AmoXdmgr H$m ﬂ`ma g_{Q> H$a Edß C›h{ß 2. Ohmß VH$ gß^d hm{ gH{$, _wAmdO{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß O_rZ H{$ ]Xb{ O_rZ& gm°JmV H{$ Í$[ _{ß A_yÎ` C[hma X{Vr hwB© AßV _{ß AbramO[wa oOb{ H{$ J´m_ 3. [na`m{OZm H$r Zm°H$na`m{ß _{ß EH$ Ï`o∫$ ‡oV _yb [nadma H$m{, H$H$amZm _{ß [odÃ Z_©Xm _{ß g_mohV hm{Vr h°& `h H$H$amZm Jm±d JwOamV _{ß ‡mWo_H$Vm Am°a Hw$ebVm odH$mg H$r Ï`dÒWm& ]Z ahm gaXma gam{da [na`m{OZm g{ Sy>] j{Ã _ß{ AmVm h°& 4. O_rZ `m Zm°H$ar H{$ ]Xb{ [wZdm©g AZwXmZ& ]m±Y H$r AmYmaoebm VÀH$mbrZ _wª`_ßÃr lr Ì`m_mMaU ew∑b Z{ aIr 5. g^r ‡^modV [nadmam{ß (^yo_hrZ ^r emo_b) H$m{ _H$mZ gwodYm& h° Bg [na`m{OZm H$m Zm_ ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa [na`m{OZm h° 6. _m°o–H$ bm^ H$m{ C[^m{∫$m _yÎ` gyMH$mßH$ g{ Om{∂S>m d g_`-g_` [a Bg ]m±Y H$m Zm_ A_a g{ZmZr [a Bgog`{ aIm h° oH$ ZXr Am°a g{ZmZr Xm{Zm{ß [wZarjU & H$m O›_ AbramO[wa oOb{ AmOmX ZJa(^m]am)Vhgrb _{ß hwAm h°& _‹`‡X{e emgZ H$r [wZdm©g ZroV :- [na`m{OZm _wª` ]m±Y H$r oÒWoV :- Z_©Xm gmJa (BßoXam gmJa) H$m∞Â[b{∑g ‡m{O{∑Q> H{$ Sy>] g{ ‡^modV Bg [na`m{OZm H$r [nadmhH$ ]m±Y H{$ Í$[ _| ]Zm`m J`m h°& Bg ]m±Y [nadmam{ß H{$ [wZdm©g g{ gß]ßoYV emgZ H$r ZroV \$adar 1985 _{ß ‡gmnaV H$r Hw$b bß]mB© 169.50 _rQ>a h° VWm [nadmhH$ ]m±Y H{$ AoVna∫$ [mZr H{$ H$r JB© Wr & BgH{$ ]mX Bg{ Am°a CXma ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE g_`-g_` [a AZ{H$ oZH$mg h{Vw 8 ¤ma (J{Q>) h° Am°a Bg ]m±Y H$r AoYH$V_ Dß$MmB© [nadmhH$ gßem{YZ oH$E JE& _wª` gßem{YZ 1987 Am°a 1989 _{ß oH$E JE Am°a g{ h¢& Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ ]mß`r VQ> [a EH$ _wª` [∏$r ]hmd Zha oOgH$r A›VV: _.‡. am¡` gaH$ma [wZdm©g ZroV H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m & `h bß]mB© 29.73 oH$._r. h° VWm BgH{$ A›VJ©V 10 odVaU Zha{ß Edß 57 ZroV gaXma gam{da g{ ‡^modV am¡` H{$ [nadmam{ß H$m{ _.‡. _{ß ]gmZ{ H{$ obE emIm Zha{ß Edß 126 C[Zha{ß ]ZmB© JB© &

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` WmßXbm, oObm- Pm]wAm (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 39

[na`m{OZm g{ ^y-AO©Z:- C‘{Ì`:- Om{]Q> [na`m{OZm H{$ [yU© Obme` H$m ÒVa 260.17 _rQ>a h°, [a Bg 1. odÒWmo[Vm{ß [nadmam{ß H$m{ ‡m· AmYma^yV gwodYmAm{ß H$m _yÎ`mHß$Z& [na`m{OZm g{ 13 Jm±dm{ß _{ß AmßoeH$ Í$[ g{ Sy>] _{ß Am ah{ h°& Hw$b Jm∞dm{ß H$r Hw$b 2. gaH$ma ¤mam odÒWmo[Vm{ß [nadma H{$ [wZdm©g H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& 1324.73 h°∑Q{>à ^yo_ ‡^modV hm{ JB© h° Bg_{ß g{ 813.13 h°∑Q{>à oZOr 3. odÒWm[Z H{$ [yd© d odÒWm[Z H{$ [ÌMmV≤≤ H$r AmoW©H$,gm_moOH$ Edß ^yo_ [a AoYJ´hU [a _wAmdOm amoe odVnaV oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& ^m°Jm{obH$ oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa [na`m{OZm g{ 4. g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ AdJV hm{H$a gwPmd ‡ÒVwV H$aZm& ‡^modV ^yo_ H$m oddaU:- [na`m{OZm g{ bm^:- ogßMmB©:- `h `m{OZm ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam Km{ofV gyIm C›_wI j{Ã _{ß oÒWoV h°, VWm Z_©Xm KmQ>r H{$ odH$mg h{Vw Ob H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ dmbr `m{OZm Am`m{J ¤mam ÒdrH•$V _m‹`_ ogßMmB© `m{OZm h°& Bg [na`m{OZm g{ Yma oOb{ Hw$jr Vhgrb ogßMmB© H$m bm^ hm{Jm& Bg [na`m{OZm ogßMmB© H{$ ob`{ Zha H$r bß]mB© 29.73 oH$._r. h° VWm BgH{$ A›VJ©V 10 odVaU Zha{ß Edß 57 emIm Zha{ß Edß 126 C[Zha{ß ]ZmB© JB© Ûm{V:- H$m`m©b` ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa(Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm ZmZ[wa oObm h°& [na`m{OZm g{ 24 Jm±dm{ß H$m bm^ hm{Jm & Bgg{ Hw$b 12799 h°∑Q{>à _| AbramO[wa _.‡. ogßMmB© hm{Jr& oOg_{ß Iar\$ \$gb h{Vw 5614 h°∑Q{>à VWm ]mah _mgr ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa [na`m{OZm g{ \$gb h{Vw 7185 h°∑Q{>à j∂{Ã _{ß ogßMmB© gwodYm C[b„Y hm{Jr & ‡^modV [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m oddaU:- _ÀÒ` CÀ[mXZ :- Bg [na`m{OZm g{ A[ma j_Vm dmbm Obme` hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ‡Mwa _mÃm _{ß _ÀÒ` CÀ[mXZ hm{Jm oOgg{ am{OJma H{$ Adga ‡m· hm{J{ß& [`m©daU _{ß gwYma :-Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ Sy>] j{Ã H{$ ÒWmZ [a Z`{ j{Ã _{ß dZam{[U oH$`m J`m gmW hr Ob H$m ÒVa d•o’ hm{Z{ g{ [`m©daU _{ß ^r gwYma hm{ ahm h°& H•$of CÀ[mXZ :- Bg [na`m{OZm g{ H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß ^r d•o’ hwB© gmW hr Amg[mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r Ob ÒVa _{ß ^r d•o’ hwB© & Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ AmZ{ g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· ^ hm{ ahm h° & gwPmd:- 1. odÒWm[Z H{$ ]mX am{OJma H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZm MmohE VmoH$ odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ g_Ò`m H$m gm_Zm Zht H$aZm [∂S{>& 2. odÒWm[Z H{ ]mX BZ [nadmam{ß H{$ ob`{ H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZm MbmZm MmohE& VmoH$ BZ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ XwI Z ah{& 3. [`m©daU joV H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE d•jmam{[U H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm MmohE& 4. odÒWm[Z H{$ ]mX _{ß, ÒWm[Zm H{$ ÒWmZ [a, gaH$ma H$m{ odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$m{, H$m{B© g_Ò`m Vm{ Zht h°& BgH{$ ]ma{ _{ß gaH$ma H$m{ g_`-g_` [a [wZdm©g ÒWmZ OmH$a X{IZm MmohE& 5. odÒWm[Z H{$ ]mX AmYma^yV gwodYmAm{ß H$m [yU© odH$mg H{$ obE oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, o]Obr H$r C[`w∫$ Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE& 6. H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ Sy>] _{ß AmZ{ dmbr ^yo_ H{$ ÒWmZ [a CoMV VWm Ûm{V:- H$m`m©b` ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa(Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm ZmZ[wa oObm C[`w∫$ JwUdÀVm dmbr H•$of ^yo_ C[b„Y H$amZm MmohE& AbramO[wa _.‡. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ehrX M›Xe{Ia AmOmX gmJa (Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm g{ AmßoeH$ 1. H$m`m©b` ehrX M›–e{Ia AmOmX gmJa(Om{]Q>) [na`m{OZm ZmZ[wa oObm Í$[ g{ Sy>] _{ß Am`m CÂXm Jmßd _{ß [wZdm©ogV [nadmam{ß H$m{ A‹``Z _| AbramO[wa _.‡. ob`m J`m h°& 2. ""Zm`H$ O{.[r. odÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g"" 1990 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 40

_‹`‡X{e _{ß _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m±- EH$ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z S>m∞. _mbogßh Mm°hmZ * S>m∞. AOw©Z gm{bßH$r ** ‡ÒVmdZm:- _m›`Vm Xr& A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`m[ma j{Ã _{ß Am`mV-oZ`m©V ZroV _{ß o∂T>bmB© Xr ^maV Jm±dm{ß H$m X{e h° Am°a ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm J´m_ ‡YmZ JB© b{oH$Z AoZdmgr ^maVr`m{ß Z{ (O°gr oH$ CZg{ A[{jm H$r JB© Wr) H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm h°& ^maV H$r OZgßª`m H$m EH$ ]∂S>m ^mJ Jm±dm{ _{ß oZdmg j{Ã VWm ‡mWo_H$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r Am{a H$m{B© ‹`mZ Zhr oX`m& Zm°dr `m{OZm _{ß H$aVm h°& Bgob`{ ‡m`: H$hm OmVm h° oH$(1)(1)(1) ^maV H{$ J´m_rU j{Ã H$r ‡_wI AZ{H$ J´m_rU odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß g_›d` oH$`m J`m O°g(8)(8)(8) EH$rH•$V g_Ò`m Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a ]{am{OJmar h°&(2)(2)(2) amÓQ≠>o[Vm _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr Z{ [aVßÃVm J´m_ odH$mg `m{OZm, Q≠>m`g{_ `m{OZm, S>≤dmH$am `m{OZm, C›ZV Qy>b oH$Q> H$mb _{ß J´m_rU ^maVdmog`mß{ H$r XwX©em H$m{ Òd`ß A[Zr AmßIm{ß g{ X{Im Wm& `m{OZm, JßJm H$Î`mU `m{OZm VWm Xg bmI Hy$[ `m{OZm H$m{ g_m· H$a CZH$r `h _m›`Vm Wr oH$ ^maV H$r AmÀ_m Jm±ßdm{ß _{ß hr oZdmg H$aVr h°& `oX "ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm, 1999' H{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ ZB© `m{OZm ^maV H{$ Jmß±d odZÓQ> hwE Vm{ [yam X{e ZÓQ> hm{ OmEJm (if villages perish AdYmnaV H$r JB©&(9)(9)(9) Bgr ‡H$ma "gÂ[y m© J´m_ g_•o’ `m{OZm' Edß "am{OJma India will Perish too) AWm©V≤ Jmß±dm{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ A^md _{ß ^maV H$r AmÌdmgZ `m{OZm' H$m{ g_mohV H$a "gÂ[yU© J´m_rU am{OJma `m{OZm g_•o’, gÂ[ﬁVm d AmÀ_oZ^©aVm AW©hrZ h°&(3)(3)(3) [amYrZVm H{$ bÂ]{ß Xm°a (EgOrAmaAmB©) Mmby H$r JB©&(10)(10)(10) dV©_mZ _{ß gÂ[yU© J´m_rU am{OJma _{ß ^maV H{$ Jmß±dm{ß H$r o]ÎHw$b C[{jm hm{ JB© Wr oOgg{ X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$m{ "_hmÀ_m Jmß±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm- Vm{ OO©a hwB© hr, J´m_rU ^maV _{ß Jar]r Am°a ]{am{OJmar Z{ ÒWm`r S{>am S>mb 2006 _Za{Jm' _{ß g_mohV H$a oX`m J`m h°& ob`m Wm& `h oÒWoV ^`mdh Am°a XwI_B© Wr oOg{ ÒdV›ÃVm ‡mo· H{$ ]mX Bg `m{OZmH$mb _{ß hr J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H$m{ _wª` g∂S>H$m{ß g{ Om{S>Z{ h{Vw [ya{ gaH$ma Z{ EH$ ]S>r MwZm°Vr H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m Am°a Jar]r VWm ]{am{OJmar Xya X{e _{ß "‡YmZ_ßÃr g∂S>H$ `m{OZm,2000' H$m{ gßMmobV oH$`m J`m& Xgdr H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡^mdr H$m`©H´$_ ewÍ$ oH$E&(4)(4)(4) [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm (2002-07) H$mb _ß{ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß A^r `hm±ß `h ]VmZm CoMV hm{Jm oH$ (5)(5)(5) gZ≤ 1951 _{ß O] [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmE± VH$ H{$ gdm©oYH$ V{O ‡`mg oH$E JE Am°a Bg AdoY _{ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ewÍ$ H$r J`r Wr Cg g_` ^maV H{$ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß l_ H$m AmoY∑`, [y±Or a‚Vma H$m\$r V{O hwB©& Bg [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H$r AdoY _{ß Jmß±ddmog`m{ß H$m{ Edß C⁄_ H$r H$_r VWm Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a Jar]r O°gr _wª` g_Ò`mE± Wr& df© _{ß 100 oXZ H{$ am{OJma H$r JmaßQ>r gwoZoÌMV oH$E OmZ{ H{$ C’{Ì` g{ b{oH$Z (6)(6)(6) [Mmg H{$ XeH$ H{$ ewÍ$ _{ß (1952) gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ "amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm 2006' oOg{ A] "_hmÀ_m JmßYr (CDP) H{$ A›VJ©V ^maV H{$ Jm±dm{ß _{ß odÒVma d odH$mg g{dmAm{ß (NES) amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm (_Za{Jm)' H$a oX`m J`m h°& ode{f H$m Omb o]N>m`m J`m& gmR> H{$ XeH$ _{ß [°H{$O H$m`©H´$_ (1960), JhZ Í$[ g{ CÎb{IZr`(11)(11)(11) `m{OZm h°& Bg `m{OZm _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß l_ AmYmnaV oObm H•$of H$m`©H´$_ (1960), J´m_rU C⁄m{J [na`m{OZm (1962), JhZ C[`m{Jr oZ_m©U Edß aMZmÀ_H$ [na`m{OZm H$m`© gÂ[moXV H$amZ{ H$r j{Ã H•$of H$m`©H´$_ (1964), Hw$Am oZ_m©U H$m`©H´$_ (1966), AmoX Ï`dÒWm aIr JB© h° oOg_{ß ‡_wI Í$[ g{ Ob-gßajU,Ob gßJ´hU, ^yo_ Mbm`m J`m& gŒma H{$ XeH$ _{ gyIm j{Ã [ro∂S>V H$m`©H´$_ (1970), bKw gßajU, gyIm Am°a ]Mmd H$m`©, [m°Yam{[U, Vmbm]m{ß, [m{Iam{ß H$r ogÎQ> H•$fH$ odH$mg EO{›gr (1971), ›`yZV_ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m`©H´$_ (1972), g\$mB©, J´m_rU g∂S>H$m{ß Am°a Zmob`mß{ H$m oZ_m©U AmoX H$m`m} H$m [yU© H$am`m gyIm j{Ã H$m`©H´$_(1973), ode{f XwΩY CÀ[mXZ H$m`©H´$_(1975), OmZm goÂ_obV h°& `h CÎb{IZr` h° oH$ `h `m{OZm AÒWm`r Vm{a [a _Í$^yo_ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ (1977), H$m_ H{$ ]Xb{ AZmO (1977), gÂ[yU© emarnaH$ l_ H$aZ{ H{$ B¿Nw>H$ oH$gr ^r J´m_rU H$m{ ›`yZV_ oZYm©naV _OXyar J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ (1979), A›À`m{X` H$m`©H´$_ (1979), Xa [a am{OJma H$r d°YmoZH$ JmaßQ>r ‡XmZ H$aVr h°& g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ (1979) VWm Òd-am{OJma h{Vw J´m_rU Bg `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V(12) [wÍ$f-Ûr H$m{ g_mZ _OXyar H$m ‡mdYmZ `wdm ‡oej m H$m`©H´$_ Q≠>m`g{_ (1979) Mbm`m J`m & h°& Am°a gmW-gmW oH$gr ÒH$r_ _{ß H$_-g{{-H$_ V¢Vrg ‡oVeV am{OJma AÒgr H{$ XeH$ H{$ [ydm©’ _{ß amÓQ≠>r` am{OJma H$m`©H´$_ (1980), Z`m _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ C[b„Y hm{Jm&(13)(13)(13) am{OJma H{$ obE Amd{XZ H$aZ{ dmb{ d`ÒH$ ]rg gyÃr` H$m`©H´$_ (1982), J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg H$m{ [ß–h oXZ H{$ AßXa am{OJma ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h°& am{OJma Zht X{Z{ H$r H$m`©H´$_ (1983), J´m_rU ^yo_hrZ am{OJma JmaßQ>r H$m`©H´$_ (1983), oÒWoV _{ß Cg{ ]{am{OJmar ^ÀVm oXE OmZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°&(14)(14)(14) `hm± `h ^r AmoX Mbm`m J`m& 1980 H{$ CÀVam’© _{ß J´m_rU odH$mg H$r Om{ `m{OZmE± ]VmV{ Mb{ oH$(15) _‹`‡X{e _{ß Bg `m{OZm H$r ewÍ$AmV 2 \$adar 2006 g{ ‡maÂ^ H$r JB© h° CZ_{ß BßoXam Amdmg `m{OZm, J´´m_rU Òd¿N>Vm H$m`©H´$_, H$r JB© Wr& Am{a Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ ‡W_ MaU _{ß 18 oOb{, o¤Vr` MaU _{ß 13 gm_yohH$ ]r_m `m{OZm, Odmha am{OJma `m{OZm, g_o›dV J´m_rU D$Om© oOb{ VWm V•Vr` MaU _{ß e{f 17 oOb{ goÂ_obV oH$`{ J`{ W{& Bg ‡H$ma H$m`©H´$_, ObYmam Edß Hw$Q>ra ¡`m{oV H$m`©H´$_ AmoX CÑ{IZr` h°&(7)(7)(7) 1980 dV©_mZ _{ß `h `m{OZm gÂ[yU© _‹`‡X{e _{ß oH´$`mo›dV H$r Om ahr h°&(16)(16)(16) g{ 1990 H{$ XeH$ _{ß ^maV gaH$ma H$r AmoW©H$ ZroV Z{ oZOrH$aU H$m{ ‡ÒVwV em{Y-[Ã _‹`‡X{e _{ß _hmÀ_m Jmß±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` od^mJ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ** AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 41

JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß [a AmYmnaV h°& 1147.29 bmI Wr& A‹``Z H$m C’{Ì`:- Bgr ‡H$ma df© 2008-09 _{ß ^r Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`{ J`{ C∫$ `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V _‹`‡X{e _{ß odo^fi odŒmr` dfm} _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m Vrd´JoV g{ ]∂T>r Am°a dh ]∂T>H$a 11229546 hm{ JB© YmaH$ [nadma, am{OJma ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma, 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma oOgH{$ AmYma [a Hw$b 5204924 [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm& C∫$ [yU© H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma Edß g•oOV _mZd oXdg (oOg_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV, am{OJma ‡m· [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ 979026 [nadma E{g{ W{ oO›h{ß 100 oXdg H$m AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Edß A›` [nadma H{$ gmW-gmW _ohbm) H$r gßª`m am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& Bgr odŒmr` df© _{ß g•oOV _mZd oXdg H$r Hw$b kmV H$aZm A‹``Z H$m C’{Ì` ahm h°& gßª`m 2946.97 bmI Wr oOg_{ß g{ 525.07 bmI AZwgyoMV OmoV, g_ßH$ gßH$bZ:- 1379.54 bmI AZwgyyoMV OZOmoV Edß 1042.35 bmI A›` [nadmam{ß ‡ÒVwV em{Y-[Ã _‹`‡X{e _{ß _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma H$m{ am{OJma ‡mflV hwAm Wm& Bgr odÀVr` df© _{ß _ohbm g•oOV _mZd oXdgm{ß JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß [a AmYmnaV h°& `h o¤Vr`H$ g´m{Vm{ß g{ H$r Hw$b gßª`m 1275.39 bmI Wr& ‡mflV g_ßH$m{ [a AmYmnaV A‹``Z h°& C∫$ A‹``Z h{Vw odo^fi odŒmr` df© 2009-10 _{ß [yd© dfm©Zwgma Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`{ J`{ dfm} H{$ g_ßH$m{ H$m gßH$bZ _‹`‡X{e am¡` am{OJma JmaßQ>r [nafX, ^m{[mb [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>H$a 11292252 hm{ JB© [a›Vw BgH{$ AmYma [a oÒWV H$m`m©b` g{ oH$`m J`m h°& gßH$obV g_ßH$m{ß H$m df©dma JhZVm g{ am{OJma ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß H$_r AmB© AWm©V≤ dh KQ>H$a odÌb{fU H$aV{ hwE C∫$ `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß H$m{ kmV H$aZ{ H$m [yam 4722409 hm{ JB©& C∫$ am{OJma ‡m· [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ 731518 [nadma E{g{ ‡`mg oH$`m h°& W{ oO›h{ß 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& Bgr odÀVr` df© _{ß g•oOV g_ßH$m{ß H$m odÌb{fU:- _mZd oXdg H$r Hw$b gßª`m 2623.12 bmI Wr oOg_{ß g{ 484.35 bmI ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _‹`‡X{e _{ _hmÀ_m Jmß±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU AZwgyoMV OmoV, 1188.25 bmI AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Eßd 950.52 bmI am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m± O°g{ odo^fi dfm} _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> YmaH$ A›` [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& [nadma, am{OJma ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma, 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma [yU© Bgr odÀVr` df© _{ß _ohbm g•oOV _mZd oXdgm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma Edß g•oOV _mZd oXdg (oOg_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV, 1171.38 bmI Wr& odÀVr` df© 2010-11 _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`{ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Eßd A›` [nadma H{$ gmW-gmW _ohbm) H$r gßª`m J`{ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ Am{a d•o’ hwB© AWm©V≤ dh ]∂T>H$a 11384370 hm{ H$m{ AJóboIV VmobH$m _{ Xem©Z{ Edß CZH$m odÌb{fU H$aZ{ g{ [yd© `h JB© [a›Vw BgH{$ AmYma [a am{OJma ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß ]VmZm CoMV hm{Jm oH$ C∫$ `m{OZm _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> H{$ AmYma [a hr oH$gr [yd© df© H{$ g_mZ hr H$_r AmB© AWm©V≤ C∫$ odÀVr` df© _{ß Hw$b 4384683 Ïò∫$ H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hm{ gH$Vm h°& AWm©V≤ Om∞]H$mS©> EH$ E{gm XÒVmd{O [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& BZ [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ 465391 [nadma E{g{ h° oOgg{ Amd{XH$ H$m{ am{OJma H$r [mÃVm o_bVr h°& Xyga{ e„Xm{ß _{ß `h H$hm W{ oO›h{ß 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& Bgr odŒmr` df© _{ß g•oOV Om gH$Vm h° oH$ [ßOrH•$V [nadma H$m{ [ßMm`V ¤mam Om∞]H$mS©> Omar oH$`m _mZd oXdg H$r Hw$b gßª`m 2204.01 Wr oOg_{ß g{ 428.19 bmI OmVm h° oOg_{ß gÂ]ßoYV [nadma H{$ d`ÒH$ gXÒ`m{ß H$r \$m{Q>m{ Edß [nadma AZwgyoMV OmoV, 954.72 bmI AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Edß 821.1 bmI H$m [yU© oddaU hm{Vm h°& `h [Ã Omar hm{Z{ H$r VmarI g{ 5 df© H{$ obE d°Y A›` [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡mflV hwAm Wm& C∫$ odŒmr` df© _{ß _ohbm g•oOV hm{Vm h° Edß H$mS©> [a gÂ]ßoYV [nadma H$r [ßOrH$aU gßª`m XO© hm{Vr h°& _mZd oXdgm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 978.32 bmI Wr& (X{oI`{ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1) oZÓH$f©:- gßbΩZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` C[`w©©∫$ odÌb{fU H{$ AmYma [a oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V odŒmr` df© 2006-07 _{ß Hw$b oH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ß ‡maoÂ^H$ VrZ odŒmr` dfm} _ß{ _hmÀ_m Jmß±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU 4446195 [nadmam{ß H$m{ Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`m J`m Wm oOgH{$ AmYma am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m± ]hwV gßVm{fOZH$ ahr h° AWm©V≤ [a 2863903 [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡mflV hwAm Wm& C∫$ [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ odÀVr` df© 2006-07, 2007-08 Edß 2008-09 _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y 531556 [nadma E{g{ W{ oO›h{ß 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma ‡m·m hwAm Wm& H$adm`{ß J`{ [nadmam{ß, am{OJma ‡mflV H$a MwH{$ [nadmam{ß Edß 100 oXdg H$m Bgr odŒmr` df© _{ß g•oOV _mZd oXdg H$r Hw$b gßª`m 1981.45 bmI Wr am{OJma ‡m· H$a MwH{$ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß gamhZr` d•o’ hwB© h°& C∫$ oOg_{ß g{ 313.95 bmI AZwgyoMV OmoV, 962.90 bmI AZwgyoMV odŒmr` dfm} _{ß hr g•oOV _mZd oXdg (oOg_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Edß 704.60 bmI A›` [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& OZOmoV Edß A›` [nadmam{ß H{$ gmW-gmW _ohbm) H$r gßª`m _{ß ^r Bgr odŒmr` df© _{ß _ohbm g•oOV _mZd oXdgm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 852.53 AmemZwÍ$[ d•o’ hwB© [a›Vw ]mX H{$ Xm{ odÀVr` dfm} _ß{ `m{OZm H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß bmI Wr& df© 2007-08 _{ß Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`{ J`{ [nadmam{ß H$r _{ß oJamdQ> AmB© h°& AWm©V≤ odÀVr` df© 2009-10 Edß 2010-11 _{ß gßª`m ]∂T>H$a 7238784 hm{ JB© oOgH{$ AmYma [a Hw$b 4346916 H{$db Om∞]H$mS©> C[b„Y H$adm`{ß J`{ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß hr d•o’ —oÓQ>JV [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm Wm& C∫$ [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ 912107 [nadma hm{ ahr h° O]oH$ am{OJma ‡m· H$a MwH{$ [nadmam{ß Edß 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma E{g{ W{ oO›h{ 100 oXdg H$m am{OJma ‡mflV hwAm Wm& ‡m· H$a MwH{$ [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m H{$ gmW-gmW g•oOV _mZd oXdgm{ß H$r Bgr odŒmr` df© Z{ g•oOV _mZd oXdg H$r Hw$b gßª`m 2753.01 gßª`m _{ß oZaßVa oJamdQ> oXImB© X{ ahr h°& bmI Wr oOg_{ß g{ 491.96 bmI AZwgyoMV OmoV, 1342.46 bmI C∫$ oÒWoV H{$ ]mdOyX _‹`‡X{e _{ß _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU AZwgyoMV OZOmoV Edß 918.59 bmI A›` [nadmam{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡mflV am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H$m EH$ CObm Am°a C[`m{Jr [j ^r h° ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg hwAm Wm& Bgr odŒmr` df© _{ß _ohbm g•oOV _mZd oXdgm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m `m{OZm g{ J´m_rU OZOrdZ H{$ H$B© ÒVam{ß [a Iwehmbr AmB© h°, H$B© o[N>S>∂{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 42

BbmH$m{ß g{ Jar]m{ß H$m [bm`Z W_m h°, _OXyar Xa _{ß gwYma Am`m h° VWm 6. S>m∞. _m_m{na`m, MVw^©wO (2009) VX°d [•ÓR> 101 AmoW©H$ oÒWoV Z{ ZB© H$adQ> br h°& AßV _{ß `h `h H$hZm CoMV hm{Jm oH$ 7. S>m∞. ogßh, gwXm_m Edß S>m∞. ogßh, amOrdH•$ÓU (2007) VX°d [•ÓR> 347 _‹`‡X{e H{$ J´m_rU OZOrdZ H$m{ A[Zr N>Var g{ bm^mo›dV H$aZ{ H$m 8. S>m∞. [›V, S>r.gr. (2009) ""^maV _{ß J´m_rU odH$mg'' H$m∞b{O ]wH$ oS>[m{ß oÃ[m{ob`m gßH$Î[ b{H$a AmJ{ ]∂T> ahr Bg `m{OZm H{$ ‡maoÂ^H$ VrZ odŒmr` dfm} H{$ O`[wa [•ÓR> 244 9. S>m∞. AJ´dmb, C_{eM›– (_mM© 2010) ""J´m_rU ^maV H$r ]XbVr VÒdra-EH$ ]mX Xm{ dfm} _{ß AmB© oJamdQ> [a ‹`mZ X{Zm OÍ$ar h° ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡X{e H{$ bmIm{ß AmH$bZ'' ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U, 2/11 A ÒdX{er ]r_m ZJa, AmJam [•ÓR> 1441 J´m_rU ]{am{OJma bm{J Bg `m{OZm H$r Am°a Amem ^ar oZJmhm{ß g{ X{I ah{ 10. S>m∞. [›V, S>r.gr. (2009) VX°d [•ÓR> 244 h°& 11. S>m∞. AJ´dmb, C_{eM›– (_mM© 2010) VX°d [•ÓR> 1441-1442 gßX^© gyMr 12. ^ S>mar, O`ßVrbmb (2008) ""Xm{ df© [hb{ _mam _ra'' amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m g_mMma 1. `mXd, gw]hoghß (1991) ""J´m_rU odH$mg Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm'' amdV [o„bH{$e›g [Ã, 10 A‡°b [•ÓR> 4 ZB© oXÎbr [•ÓR> 6 13. XÀV, odO`aßOZ (AJÒV 2010) ""Za{Jm g{ Jm±d _{ß am{OJma'' ‡oV`m{oJVm 2. S>m∞. _m_m{na`m, MVw^w©O (2009) ""^maV H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß oZ`m{OZ'' X[©U, 2/11 A ÒdX{er ]r_m ZJa, AmJam [•ÓR> 94 Eg]r[rS>r [o„bogßJ hmCg 3/20-B, oZH$Q> Vwbgr ogZ{_m, AmJam-_Wwam 14. ^ ∂S>mar, O`ßVrbmb (2008) ""H°$gr JmaßQ>r, H°$gm am{OJma'' Zd^maV Q>mBÂg ]mB©[mg am{S> AmJam [•ÓR> 101 g_mMma [Ã (_wÂ]B© gßÒH$aU) 25 AJÒV [•ÓR> 6 3. S>m∞. ogßh, gwXm_m Edß S>m∞. ogßh, amOrdH•$ÓU (2007) ""^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm'' 15. o_l Amerf, ]]{b{ [r`yf Edß o_l dra{›– (23 _B© 2012) "" X_ Vm{{∂S>Vr amYm [o„bH{$e›g Aßgmar am{∂S> Xna`mJßO, ZB© oXÑr [•ÓR> 346 _Za{Jm'' BßoS>`m Qw>S{>, obodJß _roS>`m BßoS>`m obo_Q{>S> K-9 H$Zm∞Q> gH©$g, 4. À`mJr, gÀ`dra (A∑Qy>]a 1998) ""oH$VZr H$maJa h° J´m_rU odH$mg `m{OZmE±ß'' ZB© oXÑr [•ÓR> 23 Hw$Í$j{Ã, J´m_rU j{Ã Edß am{OJma _ßÃmb`, H•$of ^dZ, ZB© oXÑr [•ÓR> 57 16. S>m∞. gm{bßH$r, AO©wZ Edß Pm, gmYZm Hw$_mar (OwbmB©-ogVÂ]a 2012) 5. S>m∞. gm{bßH$r, AOw©Z Edß S>m∞. ]H$mdb{, gwZrVm (ZdÂ]a 2011) ""]∂S>dmZr odH$mg ""AmoXdmgr ]hwb ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ bm^moW©`m{ß H$m A‹``Z'' I ∂S> _{ß ""_Za{Jm'' H$r ‡JoV-EH$ A‹``Z'' J´m_rU odH$mg g_rjm, _hmÀ_m _mB›S> E S> gm{gm`Q>r OZ©b, _mZd ZdoZ_m©U gßÒWmZ, 60-Hß$MZ]mJ, Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` am{OJma JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ ode{fmßH$, amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU odH$mg amOZßXJm±d (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) [•ÓR> 52 gßÒWmZ amO{›–ZJa, h°Xam]mX (AmßY´‡X{e) [•ÓR> 82

(VmnbH$m 1 ) _‹`‡X{e _{ß odo^ﬁ odÀVr` dfm} _{ß am{OJma C[b„YVm H$r oÒWoV

Úm{V: _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r ÒH$r_-_.‡., ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ df© 2007-08 Edß 2010-11 [•ÓR> H´$. H´$_e: 39 Edß 20 & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 43 _‹`‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã _| g_md{er odH$mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m *

o[N>b{ XeH$ g{ odH$mg H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U _{ß ]Xbmd Am`m h°& AmO H{$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 gßX^© _{ß oH$gr ^r X{e H$m C‘{Ì` _mÃ CŒmam{Œma odH$mg H$m{ ‡m· H$aZm hr Zht hm{Zm Mmoh`{, daZ≤ odH$mg H$m{ gVV≤ ]Zm`{ aIZm VWm odH$mg H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m VarH$m ^r _hÀd[yU© hm{Vm h°& g_md{er odH$mg EH$ Ï`m[H$ AmYma odH$mg h° BgH$m C‘{Ì` X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß bm{Jm{ H$r ^mJrXmar ]∂T>mZm, gmYZm{ß H{$ AmdßQ>Z H{$ gmW g_mO H{$ ha dJ© H{$ obE, ›`m`m{oMV Ï`` H$aZm h°, BgH{$ gmW hr g_mO _{ß AmOrodH$m d am{OJma H{$ g_mZ Adga ‡m· hm{Z{ Mmoh`{& S>m±.X{d{›– ‡gmX Edß S>m±.oMVaßOZ Am{Pm (2010) H{$ _V _{ß X{e _{ß am{OJma d Am` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_mO H{$ ha dJ© H$m{ bm^ ‡m· hm{Zm OÍ$ar h°, ∑`m{oH$ X{e _{ß j{Ãr` Ag_mZVmE± h°, am¡`m{ß H{$ ^rVa Ag›VwbZ h°, obßJ ^{X VWm ehar J´m_rU odH$mg H{$ ]rM ImB© h°& Ûm{V - `m{OZm Am`m{J S>mQ>m dV©_mZ _{ß X{e H$m gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX 8 g{ 9 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g{ ]∂T> ‡X{e _{ß H$B© dfm} VH$ odH$mg H$r Xa ]{hVa Zht ahr Wr, o[N>b{ Mma ahm h°& Bg_{ß H•$of H$r VwbZm _{ß g{dm j{Ã d oZ_m©U j{Ã H$m `m{JXmZ dfm} _{ß odH$mg H$r Xa H$m Am°gV 7.6 ‡oVeV ahm h°& Q>mBÂg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m AoYH$ h°& odH$mg H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H{$ AZwgma gßgmYZm{ß H$m o¤Vr`H$ d 29 OyZ 2012 H{$ AZwgma _‹`‡X{e odH$mg H$r —oÓQ> g{ o[N>b{ Mma dfm} V•Vr`H$ j{Ã H$r Am{a hÒVmßVaU hm{Vm h°, [a ^maV _{ß H•$of [a oZ^©a _{ß Vrgar oÒWoV [a h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ‡X{e H$r odH$mg Xa amÓQ≠> H$r Am°gV OZgßª`m _{ß ]hwV H$_r Zht Am`r h°& odH$mg Xa g{ AoYH$ h°& ‡X{e _{ß ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` df© 2000-01 _{ß amÓQ≠>r` Am`m{J H$r na[m{Q©> (2010) H{$ AZwgma H•$of j{Ã _{ß 84 11150 Í$. ahr & dht 2010-11 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 22382 Í$. hm{ JB©& Bg ‡H$ma ‡oVeV N>m{Q{> d gr_mßV H•$fH$ h° CZH$r _mogH$ AoO©V Am` 2115 Í$. Bg Xm°amZ ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` _{ß XwJZr d•o’ XO© H$r JB© h°& BgH{$ ]mdOyX h° O]oH$ CZH$m IM© 2770 Í$. h°& ‡X{e _{ß bJ^J 36.7 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ AV: H•$fH$ H$O© H{$ MH´$ _|{ h° o]hma, PmaIßS>, _‹`‡X{e, C∂S>r>gm `m[Z H$a ahr h°& Om{ amÓQ≠>r` Am°gV 29.8 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ h°& VWm N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß X{e H$r Am]mXr H$m 40 ‡oVeV ^mJ oZdmg H$aVm C‘{Ì` - h°, O]oH$ gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX _{ß _mÃ 20 ‡oVeV `m{JXmZ h°& AV: X{e 1. ‡X{e H$r H•$ofJV oÒWoV H$m{ kmV H$aZm H$m{ odH$mg H$r EH$ Ï`m[H$ ZroV [a MbZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 2. H•$of H$m g_md{er odH$mg H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ A‹``Z H$aZm& _‹`‡X{e VWm g_md{er odH$mg - 3. `h kmV H$aZm oH$ g_md{er odH$mg H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Jar]r d j{Ãr` _‹`‡X{e X{e H{$ _‹` _{ß oÒWV h°, ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H•$of [a odf_Vm H$r oÒWoV H$m{ H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& AmYmnaV h° `hm± H$r bJ^J 70 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m AmOrodH$m H{$ obE _‹`‡X{e _{ß H•$of VWm g_md{er odH$mg - H•$of [a oZ^©a h°& ‡X{e Am°⁄m{oJH$ d g{dm j{Ã H{$ odH$mg _{ß Yra{-Yra{ ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm J´m_rU H•$of ‡YmZ AW©Ï`dÒWm h°& ‡X{e _{ß AJ´ga hm{ ahm h°& Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã H$m V{Or g{ odÒVma Zht hwAm h°& H•$of [a oZ^©aVm AoYH$ h°& ‡X{e H{$ g_md{er odH$mg h{Vw ‡X{e oÒWV ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ d _mZdr` NSDP _{ß VrZm{ß j{Ãm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ oZÂZ h° - gßgmYZ H$m CoMV ‡`m{J AmdÌ`H$ h°& g_md{er g_mO H$r gßH$Î[Zm H$m{ NSDP _{ß odo^fi j{Ãm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ df© 2009-10 _O]yVr X{Z{ h{Vw oZÂZ [m±M VÀd _hÀd[yU© h° - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 02 1. H•$of H$m odH$mg 2. am{OJma g•OZ d Jar]r _{ß H$_r 3. gm_moOH$ j{Ã _{ß odH$mg 4. j{Ãr` d A›` Ag_mZVmAm{ß _{ß H$_r Ûm{V - ^maV H$r AmoW©H$ gd}jU gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 2010 5. O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ Cfi`Z odÒVma g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß ‡X{e _{ß C⁄m{J d g{dm j{Ã H$m `m{JXmZ odH$mg H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ÒdVßÃVm [ÌMmV≤ ‡X{e H$r oÒWoV ]hwV ]{hVa Zht NSDP _{ß H$_ h°& dht H•$of j{Ã H$m NSDP _{ß `m{JXmZ X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß ahr h°& am¡` H{$ odo^fi dfm} _{ß odH$mg Xa oZÂZ ahr - AoYH$ h°& H•$of j{Ã _{ß ‡^mdr ZroV H{$ H$maU df© 2011-12 _{ß 18 * ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 44

‡oVeV H$r d•o’ XO© H$r JB©& dht 17 ‡oVeV oZ_m©U j{Ã _{ß VWm 8 ‡X{e H$r ^mJrXmar (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 05) ‡oVeV Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã _{ß d•o’ XO© H$r JB©& `h _‹`‡X{e H{$ odH$mg H$r `mÃm _{ß ]{hVa Adga h°& [a Bg{ OZgßª`m H{$ gßX^© _{ß A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a oZÂZ [na—Ì` C^a H$a AmVm h° -

NSDP VWm OZgßª`m H$r oZ^©aVm (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 03)

Ûm{V - H•$of od^mJ _‹`‡X{e _‹`‡X{e H$r H•$of j{Ã _{ß l{ÓR>Vm H$m H$maU ogßMmB© j_Vm H$m odÒVma, A¿N>m ]rO g_` [a Im⁄ AmoX H$r C[b„YVm ahr h°& Hw$N> Im⁄mZ \$gbm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡X{e Z{ [ßOm], CŒma‡X{e d hna`mUm O°g{ ‡X{em{ H$m{ [rN{> N>m{∂S> Ûm{V - NSSO oX`m h°& AmO _‹`‡X{e J{hy±, _gmb{, Amby, fl`mO d bhgZ H$m oZ`m©V Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ NSDP _{ß H•$of j{Ã H$m `m{JXmZ oZaßVa H$_ hwAm h° _mÃ df© H$aZ{ H$r oÒWoV _{ß h°& Bg H$maU ‡X{e H$m{ OZdar 2013 _{ß H•$of H$_©U 2009-10 _{{ß Bg_{ß d•o’ XO© H$r JB© h°& Bg ‡H$ma 32 ‡oVeV VH$ H•$of AdmS©> g{ ZdmOm J`m h°& j{Ã H{$ `m{JXmZ _{ß oJamdQ> Am`r h°& O]oH$ H•$of j{Ã _{ß oZ^©a OZgßª`m _{ß H•$of j{Ãr` g_md{er odH$mg - 8.6 ‡oVeV VH$ H$r H$_r AmßH$r JB© h°& ‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã g{ am{OJma d Am` _{ß AoYH$ d•o’ H$r gß^mdZmE± h°& ^y-^mJ H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡X{e EH$ ]∂S>m am¡` h°& `hm± [°Xm hm{Z{ dmbr ‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã _{ß g_md{er odH$mg H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ Am` d am{OJma H$r \$gbm{ß _{ß ododYVm h° ‡X{e _{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ CÀ[moXV H$r OmZ{ dmbr \$gbm{ß Am°a AoYH$ d•o’ H{$ obE oZÂZ j{Ãm{ß H$m AoYH$ odÒVma _hÀd[yU© hm{Jm- H$m{ Xm{ dJm} _{ß ]mQ>m Om gH$Vm h° - 1. [ew[mbZ 1. Im⁄mfi \$gb{-J{hy±, Mmdb, ¡dma, _∏$m, ]mOar, MZm, Xmb{ d oVÎhZ 2. erVJ•h H$r ÒWm[Zm 2. Ï`m[mnaH$ `m ZH$Xr \$gb{ - H$[mg, Jfim, VÂ]mHw$, A\$r_, 3. ^ S>maJ•h H$r ÒWm[Zm d odÒVma Abgr, oVb, o_M©, gm{`m]rZ ‡_wI h°& 4. Im⁄ ‡gßÒH$aU C⁄_ ÒWmo[V H$aZm - O°g{ gm{`m Am{Q>, gm{`m o_ÎH$, ‡X{e _{ß \$gb H$m j{Ã d CgH$r JhZVm oZÂZ h°- o]oÒH$Q>, V{b C⁄_ AmoX& ‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-04) 5. O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ]∂T>mdm& C∫$ j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg g{ am{OJma H$m g•OZ hm{Jm, Jar]r _{ß H$_r hm{Jr, gmW hr j{Ãr` d A›` Ag_mZVm _{ß H$_r hm{Z{ H{$ gmW [`m©daU H$r ajm H$a h_ g_md{er odH$mg H{$ b˙` H$m{ ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h°& gwPmd - ‡X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã _{ß CÀ[mXZ d CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m{ ]∂T>mH$a oZÂZ Vah g{ g_md{er odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß H$X_ ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& 1. ogßoMV j{Ã d j_Vm H$m odÒVma H$aZm 2. \$gb JhZVm H$m{ ]∂T>mZm 3. lo_H$mß{ H$r Hw$ebVm d j_Vm H$m{ ]∂T>mZm 4. H•$of od[UZ _{ß gwYma Ûm{V - H•$of od^mJ _‹`‡X{e 2010 5. Ob Ûm{ßVm{ H$m ght C[`m{J H$aZm ‡X{e _{ß 204.19 bmI h{∑Q{>à j{Ã ew’ ]m{`m J`m j{Ã h° Bg_{ß _mÃ 6. J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß J°a H•$of AZm°[MmnaH$ j{Ã H$m odÒVma H$aZm 28.5% ^mJ hr ogßoMV j{Ã h°& Bg ‡H$ma g{ ogßoMV j{Ã H$m{ ]∂T>mH$a VWm 7. ^yo_ H{$ A[I S>Z H$m{ am{H$Zm \$gb JhZVm _{ß d•o’ H$aH{$ CÀ[mXZ d CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m{ ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma h_ ‡X{e _{ß H•$of H{$ gmW-gmW J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H$m odÒVma H$a ‡X{e _{ß o[N>b{ 4 XeH$m{ß _{ß H•$of j{Ã _{ß \$_© H{$ AmH$ma _{ß oZaßVa H$_r Edß j{Ãr` odf_VmAm{ß H$m{ H$_ H$a g_md{er odH$mg H$r ]{hVa H$X_ H$r Am`r h°& ‡X{e _{ß 66.37 bmI H•$fH$m{ H{$ [mg Òd`ß H$r ^yo_ h°& ‡X{e _{ß Am{a ]∂T{>J{& Am°gV \$m_© gmBO 2.5 h{∑Q{>à h°& ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H{$ H$maU Bg_{ß oZaßVa gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ::- H$_r hm{ ahr h°& AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^yo_ H{$ od^mOZ d 1. ^maV H$s AmoW©H$ gd}jU gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 2010 A[I S>Z H$m{ am{H$Zm hm{Jm& 2. Development Dynamics of a Backword Economy-Dr. Ganesh amÓQ≠>r` H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß am¡` H$r ^mJrXmar - Kawadia. - Shree Suneeta Prakashan,Indore. 3. _‹`‡X{e H$m AmoW©H$ Edß ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z-S>m±.odeÂâ ‡gmX gVr/ H•$of odH$mg H{$ gßX^© _{ß _‹`‡X{e l{ÓR> oÒWoV _{ß h°& oZÂZ \$gbm{ H{$ S>m±.AmB©.H{$._›gyar -H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ,^m{[mb gßX^© _{ß _‹`‡X{e H$m `m{JXmZ Edß X{e _{ß oÒWoV ]{hVa h°- 4. _‹`‡X{e H•$of od^mJ H$r d{]gmBS> Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 45

d°ÌdrH$aU H$m Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg [a ‡^md (Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ ode{f gßX^© _|) S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb Jw·m * S>m∞. am_{Ìda Jw·m **

‡ÒVmdZm:-^maV _{ß d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ewÈAmV gZ≤ 1991 H{$ ZB© ‡oVHy$b ‡^md X{Im Om ahm h° & Am{°⁄m{oJH$ ZroV bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ gmW hr hwB© Wr VWm X{IV{ hr X{IV{ Z H{$db ^maVr` C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ H$_Om{a H$aZ{ _{ g]g{ ]S>m hmW d°ÌdrH$aU H$m hr ^maV Ao[Vw g_yMm odÌd EH$ Jmßd H{$ È[ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{ J`m h° & AZ{H$ h° & BgH$r ZroV`m{ß Z{ [hb{ g{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ —oÓQ> g{ g_•’ am¡`m{ß (_hmamÔ≠> ]S>{ d g_•’ X{emß{ H$r ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$[oZ`m± odÌd _{ß Mmam{ Va\$ A[Z{ [°a >,H{$ab, JwOamV,AmoX) H$r ghm`Vm H$r h° oHß$Vw AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ o[N>S>{ d \°$bmZ{ bJr h° & oOgH{$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ AmoW©H$ erV`w¤ Z{ O›_ b{ ob`m Jar] am¡`m{ß (_‹`‡X{e, N>ŒmrgJT>, PmaIßS>, amOÒWmZ AmoX) H$r C[{jm h° & ^maV O°g{ odH$mgerb X{em{ [a Vm{ BgH{$ ‡^md H$m{ Am{a AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$r h° & AmO X{e H$r oÒWoV Am` H{$ AmYma [a `h h° oH$ 20 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ È[ g{ X{Im Om gH$Vm h° & `⁄o[ ^maV Z{ o[N>b{ Xm{ XeH$m{ß g{ H$B© j{Ãmß{ _{ß H{$ [mg X{e H$r 80 ‡oVeV Am` h° Am°a 80 ‡oVeV bm{J _mÃ 20 ‡oVeV CÎb{IZr` ‡JoV H$r h°,oOgH$m ‡_wI H$maU d°ÌdrH$aU ahm h°& VWmo[ Am` g{ JwOmam H$a ah{ h° & X{e H$r Bg Xem H$m{ gwYmaZ{ H{$ obE d°ÌdrH$aU ]{am{OJmar, oZY©ZVm, _hßJmB©, ^´Ô>>mMma d Vrd´ OZgßª`m d•o’ g{ Xm{ Mma H{$ _m{h g{ oZH$bH$a X{e H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{ ah{ X{emß{ [a BgH$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md ¡`mXm h° & _hgyg hm{ ahr h° & AmO g_•o’ d Jar]r H{$ ]rM H$r ImB© Am°a AoYH$ Jhar AmoW©H$ gwYmam{ H$m{ bmJy H$aZ{ H{$ obE hr h_ma{ X{e _{ß CXmarH$aU d hm{ JB© h° & d°ÌdrH$aU Z{ X{e H{$ AZ{H$ bKw, _‹`_ d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß [a d°ÌdrH$aU H$m{ _hÀd oX`m Om ahm h° & ‡maß^ _{ BgH$m odam{Y ^r oH$`m J`m Hw$R>mamKmV oH$`m h° & _‹`‡X{e H{$ Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb _{ß naMmO}]b oHß$Vw odÌd AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ gmW H$X_ g{ H$X_ o_bmH$a MbZ{ H{$ obE VWm Q>mM© C⁄m{J ^r BgH$r ^{Q> MT> J`m h° &Am°⁄m{oJH$ —oÓQ> g{ o[N>S{> Bg j{Ã _{ß Vrd´ AmoW©H$ odH$mg h{Vw h_Z{ _w∫$ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$a ob`m am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ H$m ^r ¯g hwAm h°&Bg C⁄m{J H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß [a oMßVZ h° & oHß$Vw _w∫$ AW©Ï`dÒWm g{ Om{ S>a Wm dh Yra{-Yra{ COmJa hm{Z{ bJm H$aV{ hwE ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã H$m{ V°`ma oH$`m J`m h° & h° & A›` C⁄m{Jm{ H{$ gmW bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ ^r ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$[oZ`m{ß g_J´ H$m AmH$ma - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z h{Vw _‹`‡X{e H{$ AZwgyoMV Z{ ]ßX hm{Z{ H$r H$Jma [a I∂S>m H$a oX`m h° & _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ òX OZOmoV ]hwb Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$m h_{ AmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZZm h° Vm{ h_ma{ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ H$m odH$mg H$aZm M`Z oH$`m J`m h° d oZÓH$fm} H$m oZÈ[U oH$`m J`m h° & AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h° & b{oH$Z AmO H{$ Xm°a _{ X{e H{$ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã oZÂZmßoH$V C‘{Ì`m{ H$m{ ‹`mZ A[Zm AoÒVÀd ]MmZ{ H{$ obE hr gßKf© H$a ah{ h°&d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ [naUm_ _{ aIH$a V°`ma oH$`m J`m h° - ÒdÈ[ AZ{H$ ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$[oZ`mß ^maV H{$ ]mOma [a A[Zr YmH$ O_m 1. Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ naMmO}b Q>mM© C⁄m{J [a d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ ‡^md H$m{ ahr h° & X{e H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ BZ Hß$[oZ`m{ß g{ H$S>r ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$aZr [S> ahr h° kmV H$aZm& VWm Om{ C⁄m{J BZ Hß$[oZ`m{ß g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m gm_Zm Zht H$a gH{$, CZH$m 2. naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ o[N>S>Z{ H{$ H$maUm{ H$m{ kmV H$aZm [VZ hm{ J`m h° & Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$m CX` - _‹`‡X{e _{ß AmO d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ‡d•oV H$m{ AmßI _yßXH$a A[ZmZ{ Am°a Cg{ OZVm naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$r ewÈAmV Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb _{ gZ≤ [a Wm{[Z{ H$r ZroV Z{ Bg [a Jß^ra oMßVZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE odde H$a oX`m h° 1982-1983 g{ hwB© & EH$ gmYmaU oH$gmZ lr bIZ bmb Hw$_mdV Z{ & odJV Hw$N> dfm} g{ X{e _{ß odX{er dÒVwE{ß, g{dmE{ß , odŒmr` gßÒWmE±, ZdrZ \$m{Q>m{ ‚be H$r ]°Q>ar Om{ \$m{Q>m{ oIßMZ{ dmb{ H°$_a{ _{ ‡`w∫$ hm{Vr h° H$m{ X{Im VH$ZrH$r d gßÒH•$oV H$m AmJ_Z Vrd´ JoV g{ hwAm h° d X{e H{$ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß & oOg{ X{IH$a CZH{$ _Z _{ Q>mM© ]ZmZ{ H$m odMma Am`m& C›hm{Z{ lr H$m{ bw^mZ{ H{$ obE oZÀ` ZE ‡bm{^Z oX`{ Om ah{ h° & d°ÌdrH$aU È[r b˙_rZmamÙ ^mB© H$mJ H{$ gmW o_bH$a lr Q>rH$_ ^mB© [Q{>b ([Q{>b ÒQ{>Q> XmZd Z{ h_ma{ X{e H{$ AZ{H$ C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ oZJb ob`m h° d bmImß{ bm{Jm{ H{$ ]S>m°Xm) H$r ode{f gbmh g{ g{odH$m Q>mM© (4dmÎQ> j_Vm _{) H$m g\$b hmWm{ g{ am{OJma oN>Z ob`m h°& d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ H$maU EH$ Va\$ Ohmß odkmZ oZ_m© m oH$`m& `⁄o[ Bg H$m`© _{ß C›h{ß AZ{H$ [a{emoZ`m{ß d _wgr]Vm{ß H$m Am°a VH$ZrH$r H{$ j{Ã _{ß AmÌM`©OZH$ ‡JoV hwB© h° Vm{ Xygar Va\$ X{e _{ß gm_Zm H$aZm [S>m oHß$Vw CZH{$ ]wbßX hm°gb{ d H$V©ÏòZÓR>m H{$ AmJ{ gmar AmoW©H$ Ag_mZVm _{ß d•o’ ^r hwB© h°& _woÌH$bß{ AmgmZ hm{ JB© & Bg ‡H$ma Hw$jr Vhgrb _{ Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$r Ztd A_ra Am°a AoYH$ A_ra hm{V{ Om ah{ h° VWm Jar] bJmVma o[N>S>V{ Om aIr JB© & naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ odÒVma _{ lr a_{e _wHw$ßX [mQ>rXma H$r ah{ h°& 2011 H$r OZJUZm H{$ AZwgma ^maV H$r 27.5 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m _hŒmd[yU© ^yo_H$m ahr h° & Yra{-Yra{ ]mOma _{ Bg Q>mM© H$r _mßJ _{ d•o’ hm{Z{ Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$a ahr h° & H$B© bm{Jm{ H$m{ Z Vm{ Xm{ d∫$ H$r bJr oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ AZ{H$ Ïò∫$ Bg C⁄m{J H{$ ‡oV AmH$of©V am{Q>r Zgr] hm{ ahr h° Am°a Z hr VZ T>ßH$Z{ H{$ obE H$[S{> & d°ÌdrH$aU H$r hm{H$a OwS>Z{ bJ{ & H$m{B© Ïò∫$ lo_H$ H{$ È[ Bgg{ OwS>m Vm{ oH$gr Z{ A[Zr MH$mMm¢Y Z{ AZ{H$ Kam{ß H{$ oMamJ ]wPm oX`{ h¢ & AmO MrZ Z{ ^maV H{$ dÒVw [yßßOr H$m oZd{e Bg_{ß oH$`m & oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ [yZ_ Q>mM© C⁄m{J,g_´mQ> ]mOma H$m{ H$m\$r ZwH$gmZ [hwßMm`m h°& _‹`‡X{e H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ [a ^r BgH$m Q>mM© C⁄m{J ,oH$gmZ Q>mM© C⁄m{J ,H•$ÓUm Q>mM© C⁄m{J,_mÈoV Q>mM© C⁄m{J,ew^_

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` ) em.ÒZm. _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) ** [r.Or.Q>r. B©.E_.Ama.Eg., Hw$jr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 46

Q>mM© C⁄m{J,EdZ Q>mM© C⁄m{J,AmoX C⁄m{Jm{ H$m odH$mg hwAm & gZ≤ 1990g{ oOZ_{ß g{ ‡_wI oZÂZ h° - 2005 VH$ H$m g_` Bg C⁄m{J H{$ obE ÒdoU©_ H$mb H$hm Om gH$Vm h° & 1 Mm`Zm oZo_©V dÒVwAm{ß H{$ ]mOma H$m odÒVma - ^maV H$r H{$›–r` Bg g_` Hw$jr Vhgrb _{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$r bJ^J 40 \{$∑Q≠>r`mß d gaH$ma H$r d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ZroV Z{ Mm`Zm dÒVw ]mOma H$m ^maVr` ]mOma bJ^J 300 Kamß{ _{ Q>mM© H{$ N>m{Q{> -N>m{Q{> ohÒgm{ _{ gß`m{OZ H$m H$m`© oH$`m _{ ‡d{e H$am`m h°& MrZ H$r ]hwamÔ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`m{ß —mam oZo_©V LED Q>mM© OmVm Wm & BZ_{ gmÎS>a H$m`©,dmà gß`m{OZ,Q>mßg\$m_© gß`m{OZ,gmBS> ^maVr` ]mOma _{ AmZ{ g{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$r _mßJ _{ V{Or g{ H$_r hm{Z{ bJr o[Z,gmH{$Q>, gß`m{OZ, MmoO™J o[Z gß`m{OZ AmoX H$m`© oH$`{ OmV{ W{ & & Mm`Zm oZo_©V Q>mM© VH$ZrH$r Í$[ g{ l{ÓR> , bß]r AdoY VH$ g{dm X{Z{ Bg C⁄m{J H$r g]g{ ]S>r ode{fVm `h Wr oH$ bm{Jm{ H$m{ A[Z{ Kam{ [a dmbr , X{IZ{ _{ gw›Xa d _yÎ` _{ VwbZmÀ_H$ —oÓQ> g{ AoYH$ gÒVr hm{Z{ H{$ hr H$m`© o_b OmVm Wm VWm d{ A[Z{ AoVna∫$ g_` H$m CoMV C[`m{J H$a H$maU C[^m{∫$m H$m{ bw^mZ{ _{ g\$b ahr h°& Am°a A›VV: naMmO}]b Q>mM© [mV{ W{ & Ka{bw _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE Vm{ `h C⁄m{J ]hwV hr gwodYmOZH$ gmo]V C⁄m{J [a BgH$m od[naV ‡^md [S>m d `h Yra{-Yra{ Bg Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$m{ hwAm & Bg ‡H$ma naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J Z{ Bg j{Ã H{$ bJ^J 3000 bm{Jm{ H$_Om{a H$aV{ Mbm J`m VWm AmO BgH$m [naUm_ h_ma{ g_j _m°OwX h° & H$m{ ‡À`j d A‡À`j È[ g{ am{OJma C[b„Y H$am`m h°, Om{ oZoÌMV hr 2 AoeojV d AHw$eb Ïò∫$`m{ß ¤mam C⁄m{J H$m gßMmbZ - _hŒd[yU© h°& Bg C⁄m{J H$m od[UZ _wª`V JwOamV, amOÒWmZ, _hmamÓQ≠>, naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$m gßMmbZ H$aZ{ dmb{ AoYH$mße C⁄_r AHw$eb d H$Zm©Q>H$, Am›Y´‡X{e, CŒma‡X{e, [ßOm] ,oXÎbr, hna`mUm AmoX am¡`m{ AoeojV W{& C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$r Z Vm{ _{ oH$`m OmVm h° & CZH$m{ [`m©· OmZH$mar hm{ [mVr Wr Am°a Z hr d{ C⁄m{J H{$ VH$ZrH$r [hbyyAm{ß naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J _{ß am{OJma H$r oÒWoV - ‡À`{H$ C⁄m{J Hw$N> H{$ ]ma{ _{ g_P [mV{ W{ & [`m©· kmZ H{$ A^md _{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$r Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ am{OJma AdÌ` X{Vm h° & am{OJma H$r C[b„YVm C⁄m{J H{$ CÀ[mXZ bmJV AoYH$ hm{ OmVr Wr& BgH$m od[arV ‡^md Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ AmH$ma ,dÒVw H$r _mßJ, od[UZ j{Ã H$m odÒVma d odŒmr` gßgmYZm{ H$r od[UZ [a [S>m d df© Xa df© C⁄m{J o[N>S>Vm hr Mbm J`m & C[b„YVm [a oZ^©a H$aVm h° & Bg C⁄m{J Z{ ^r j{Ã H{$ AZ{{H$ bm{Jm{ H$m{ 3 `mVm`mV d gßMma H{$ gmYZm{ H$m A^md - AZwgyoMV OZOmoV am{OJma ‡XmZ oH$`m h° & gZ≤ 1990 g{ 2005 VH$ Vhgrb _{ A›` C⁄m{Jm{ ]hwb Bg Am°Km{oJH$ d AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ o[N>S{> j{Ã _{ `mVm`mV d gßMma H{$ H$r A[{jm Bg C⁄m{J g{ gdm©oYH$ am{OJma C[b„Y hwAm h° & Bg C⁄m{J _{ gmYZ A[`m©· h° & `mVm`mV H{$ gmYZm{ H{$ Zm_ [a H{$db g∂S>H$ [nadhZ hr AHw$eb d AofojV Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ obE ^r AmgmZr g{ am{OJma H$m g•OZ C[b„Y h° Am°a dh ^r AZ{H$ J»>m{ g{ `w∫$ & Bg j{Ã _{ gßMma H{$ gmYZ ^r hm{Z{ H$r dOh g{ `h AoYH$ _hÀd[yU© C⁄m{J gmo]V hwAm & Bg C⁄m{J _{ [`m©· Zht h° & oOgH{$ H$maU CK_r A[Z{ —mam CÀ[moXV Q>mM© H{$ od[UZ am{OJma H$r oÒWoV H$m AmH$bZ oZÂZ VmobH$m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$`m Om ]mOma H$m \°$bmd Zht H$a [m`{ & gH$Vm h° - 4 VH$ZrH$r oejm H$m A^md - MßwoH$ dV©_mZ _{ ‡À`{H$ C⁄m{J H{$ odÌb{fU VmobH$m obE VH$ZrH$r OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m odH$mg hwAm h° Am°a Z hr C⁄m{J _{ß CZH{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J _{ß am{OJma H{$ Adga ‡oejU H$r hr H$m{B© Ï`dÒWm h° & H$_©Mmna`m{ß _{ß VH$ZrH$r kmZ H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU CÀ[mX H$r JwUdÀVm _{ H$_r hm{Zm Òdm^modH$ h° & Am°a H$_ JwUdÀVm H$r dOh g{ `h C⁄m{J odX{er d ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`m{ß g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© ^r Zht H$a [m`m d bJmVma o[N>S>Vm Mbm J`m& 5 naMmO}]b Q>mM© CÀ[mXH$m{ _{ gßJR>Z H$m A^md - naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J g{ OwS{> hwE CKo_`m{ß _{ Am[gr Vmb_{b d gßJR>Z H$m A^md hm{Zm ^r Bg C⁄m{J H{$ o[N>S>Z{ H$m EH$ H$maU ahm h° & CKo_`m{ß _{ d°MmnaH$ _V^{X d Q>r_ ^mdZm H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU C⁄m{J H$r ‡JoV H{$ ]ma{ _{ H$m{B© ode{f aUZroV Zht ]Z gH$r & AV: eZ{:-eZ{: C⁄m{J H$_Om{a hm{Vm Mbm J`m & 6 Hw$eb ‡]ßYZ H$m A^md - dV©_mZ g_` _{ ‡À`{H$ C⁄m{J H$r Ûm{V - C⁄m{Jm{ H{$ gd}jU g{ ‡m· g_ßH$m{ H{$ AmYma [a ‡JoV H{$ obE Hw$eb ‡]ßYZ H$m hm{Zm, AoZdm`© eV© h° & oHß$Vw naMmO}]b naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$r dV©_mZ oÒWoV - dV©_mZ g_` _{ß Q>mM© C⁄m{J _{ AoZ`m{oOV Í$[ g{ CÀ[mXZ H$m`© oH$`m OmVm Wm & Bg dOh naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$r oÒWoV AdZoV H$r Am{a h° Ohmß EH$ g_` 30 g{ g{ C⁄m{J H$r CÀ[mXZ bmJV _{ d•o’ hm{Z{ bJr oOgH$m ‡^md C⁄m{J H$r 40 C⁄m{J H$m`©aV W{ dht AmO _mÃ 05 C⁄m{J e{f h° & d Bgr H$maU odH´$` j_Vm [a [S>m d C⁄m{J o[N>S>Z{ bJm & am{OJma H{${ Adga ^r H$_ hm{ J`{ h° & A[Z{ Kam{ _{ oOZ Ïò∫$`mß{ H$m{ 7 H•$of C[H$aU H{$ Í$[ _{ goÂ_obV Z oH$`m OmZm- naMmO}]b AmgmZr g{ am{OJma ‡m· hm{ OmVm Wm dh ^r bJ^J g_m· hm{ J`m h° & Q>mM© H$m{ _wª`Í$[ g{ß EH$ oH$gmZ Q>mM© H{$ Í$[ _{ V°`ma oH$`m J`m Wm & BgH$m AZ{H$ Ïò∫$ ]{am{OJma hm{ J`{ h° VWm odde hm{H$a H$B© bm{Jm{ Z{ A›` C[`m{J AoYH$mßeV: H•$fH$m{ ¤mam I{V _{ ogßMmB© H{$ Xm°amZ d \$gbm{ H$r eham{ _{ [bm`Z H$m amÒVm A[Zm ob`m h° & Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ aIdmbr H$aZ{ VWm amV H{$ g_` I{Vm{ VH$ [hwßMZ{ H{$ obE hm{Vm Wm & H$B© Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ am{OJma X{Z{ dmbm `h C⁄m{J A] ]ßX hm{Z{ H$r H$Jma [a naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$m C[`m{J H•$of H$m`© _{ _wª` C[H$aU H{$ Í$[ _{ hm{Z{ g{ IS>m hm{ MwH$m h° & CKm{J[oV`m{ß —mam Bg{ H•$ofjV gmYZ Km{ofV H$amZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`{ J`{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H{$ o[N>S{>[Z H{$ H$maU - naMmO}]b Q>mM© oOgg{ H$r H$am{ß _{ amhV ‡m· hm{ gH{$ , oHß$Vw CZH{$ ‡`mg g\$b Zht hm{ gH{$ & C⁄m{J H$m o[N>S{>[Z H$r Am{a YH{$bZ{ H{$ obE AZ{H$ H$maU oOÂ_{Xma h° Bg H$maU g{ `h C⁄m{J A›` C⁄m{Jm { H$r A[{jm oZaßVa o[N>S>Vm Om ahm h° & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 47

8 Ω`maßQ>r H$r gwodYm H$m AZwoMV bm^ - naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J _{ & Bgg{ Q>mM© H$r bmJV _{ H$_r hm{ gH{$ßJr d C[^m{∫$m Bg Q>mM© H{$ H´$` h{Vw EogS> `y∫$ ]{Q>ar d S≠>m` ]{Q>ar ‡`w∫$ hm{Vr h° oOgH$r Ω`maßQ>r 6 _mh g{ b{H$a ‡{naV hm{ gH{$ßJ{ & oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J Mm`Zm EH$ df© VH$ Xr OmVr Wr & AZ{H$ C[^m{∫$m ]{Q>ar H$r Ω`maßQ>r H$r AdoY H$Â[oZ`m{ß ¤mam oZo_©V Q>mM© g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$a gH{$ßJm & ZOXrH$ AmZ{ [a Bg gwodYm H$m AZwoMV bm^ b{Z{ g{ Zht MwH$V{ W{& d{ 4 odŒmr` gh`m{J ‡XmZ H$aZm - Bg C⁄m{J g{ OwS>{ C⁄o_`m{ß H$r OmZ]wPH$a ]{Q>ar H$m{ bß]{ g_` VH$ Mmbw hr N>m{S> X{V{ W{ d ]ßX hm{Z{ [a emgZ g{ `h ^r A[{jm h° oH$ Bg N>m{Q{> g{ C⁄m{J H$m{ odŒmr` d VH$ZrH$r dm[g H$a ZB© ]{Q>ar ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ g\$b hm{ OmV{ W{ & VWm Bg ‡H$ma C›h{ ZB© gh`m{J emgZ ¤mam ‡XmZ oH$`m OmZm MmohE & C⁄m{J H$r ÒWm[Zm h{Vw ]{Q>ar [a [wZ: Ω`maßQ>r ‡m· hm{ OmVr Wr & Bg H$maU g{ `h A‡À`j hmoZ ^yo_ H$r C[b„YVm, ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r `ßÃmß{ H$r ‡mo· VWm C⁄m{J H{$ odÒVma Xr_H$ H$r Vah C⁄m{J H$m{ H$_Om{a H$aVr JB© oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ AmO h{Vw odŒmr` gh`m{J g{ oZoÌMV hr `h C⁄m{J odH$ogV hm{ gHß${Jm& `h C⁄m{J o[N>S>Vm Om ahm h° & 6 ‡]ßYH$r` H$m°eb H$m odH$mg - ‡]ßYH$r` JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ ]T>V{ 9 naMmO}]b Q>mM© H{$ ÒWmZ [a BZd{Q>g© H$m MbZ - dV©_mZ _{ ‡^md H$m{ X{IV{ hwE C⁄m{J H{$ gßMmbH$m{ _{ ‡]ßYH$r` H$m°eb H$m odH$mg naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$m{ Xm{har [a{emZr H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [S> ahm h° & EH$ hm{Zm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h° & `m{Ω` ‡]ßYH$ gro_V gßgmYZmß{ H{$ ]mdOwX ^r Am{a Ohmß H•$fH$m{ _{ BgH$r _mßJ H$_ hm{ JB© h° Vm{ Xwgar Am{a Ka{bw naMmO}]b l{ÓR> CÀ[mXZ H$a gH$V{ h° & AV: Bg C⁄m{J H{$ C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ ‡]ßYH$r` Q>mM© H$m ÒWmZ N>m{Q{> BZdQ©>g© Z{ b{ ob`m h° & Bgg{ Bg Q>mM© H$r _mßJ _{ Xm{har H$m°eb _{ß d•o’ H$aZ{ h{Vw CoMV ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE ,VmoH$ H$_r hm{Z{ bJr & Hw$N> dfm} _{ß hr AZ{H$ Q>mM© C⁄m{J BgH$r _ma Zht gh gH{$ Bg C⁄m{J H$m{ o[N>S{>[Z g{ _wo∫$ oXbmB© Om gH{$ & d ]ßX hm{Z{ bJ{ VWm ]hwV g{ CKo_`m{ß Z{ Xwga{ C⁄m{Jm{ _{ß H$r Am°a H$X_ oZÓH$f© - ]T>mZm ‡maß^ H$a oX`m& `ht g{ Bg C⁄m{J H$m [VZ ‡aß^ hm{ J`m & ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z _{ h_Z{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© C⁄m{J [a d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ 10 emgZ H$r C[{jm - Bg C⁄m{J H$r Bg oÒWoV H{$ obE Hw$N> hX ‡^mdm{ H$m A‹``Z oH$`m h°& A‹``Z H{$ [hbwAm{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ Xm{f VH$ emgZ H$r ZroV`m± ^r oOÂ_{Xma h° & o[N>b{ Hw$N> dfm} g{ emgH$r` H{$db d°ÌdrH$aU `m CXmarH$aU H$m Zht h° Ao[Vw CZH{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$m h° ZroV`m{ß Z{ Bg C⁄m{J H$m{ hVm{ÀgmohV oH$`m h° & Bg Vhgrb _{ Z Vm{ Q>mM© & X{e H{$ oOÂ_{Xma amOZ{VmAm{ß d AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ A[Zr ZroV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U C⁄m{J H{$ obE ^yo_ Am]ßoQ>V h° Am{a Z hr H$m{B© ode{f gh`m{J & `h C⁄m{J H$aV{ g_` naMmO}]b Q>mM© O°g{ AZ{H$ N>m{Q{> C⁄m{Jm{ H$r oÒWoV H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ bJmVma emgZ H$r C[{jm H$m oeH$ma hm{H$a o[N>S>Vm Om ahm h° & aIZm MmohE & gmW hr X{e _{ ÒWmo[V C⁄m{Jm{ H{$ o[N>S>Z{ H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m 11 H$am{ H$m AoYH$ ^ma - A‡À`j H$am{ H{$ AoYH$ ^ma Z{ naMmO}]b Jß^raVm g{ A‹``Z H$a CZH{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw CoMV Í$[ a{Im V°`ma H$aZr Q>mM© C⁄m{J H$r H$_a hr Vm{S> Xr h° & Bg C⁄m{J [a H{$›–r` CÀ[mX ewÎH$ d MmohE d Cgr H{$ AZwgma H$m`©dmhr H$aZr MmohE& h_ma{ X{e _{ AZ{H$ _‹`‡X{e d{Q> bmJy oH$`m J`m h° & dV©_mZ _{ Bg Q>mM© [a 13 ‡oVeV H$r hwZa_ßX Ïò∫$ h° oOZH$r ‡oV^m X]r [S>r h° & ]S>r hwB© Xa g{ d{Q> bJm`m OmVm h° &Bg ‡H$ma H$am{ H{$ ‡^md g{ Bg Q>mM© H{$ CZH$m{ CoMV gßgmYZ d Adga C[b„Y H$admZ{ H{$ obE emgH$r` odH´$` _yÎ` _{ d•o’ hm{ JB© Am°a A›` g_mZm›Va CÀ[mXm{ß{ß g{ `h C⁄m{J ‡`mg hm{Z{ MmohE , V^r d°ÌdrH$aU H$m bm^ h_ma{ X{e H$m{ ghr AWm} _{ß ‡· ‡oVÒ[Ym© Zht H$a gH$m & hm{ gH{$Jm & ^maV _{ß ]hwamÓQ≠>r` Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m \°$bVm H$mbm gm`m AZ{H$ bKw 12 Q>mM© H$r C[`m{oJVm _{ß H$_r hm{Zm -MrZ H$r H$Â[oZ`m{ß Z{ AmO ,Hw$Q>ra d _‹`_ C⁄m{Jm{ H{$ [VZ H$m H$maU ]ZVm Om ahm h° Bg{ am{H$Z{ H{$ naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$r C[`m{oJVm bJ^J g_m· hr H$a Xr h° & Mm`Zm Q>mM© obE h_ma{ X{e H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ VH$ZrH$r —oÓQ>,AmoW©H$ —oÓQ>, d ‡]ßYH$r` A] [{Z _{ß, _m{]mBb _ß{, hmW H{$ NÎb{ _| d hmW H$r KS>r _{ ^r C[b„Y h° & Bg —oÓQ> g{ gwX•T> H$aZ{ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar emgZ d OZVm Xm{Zm{ß H$r h° & òX h_ma{ H$maU A[{jmH•$V AoYH$ _yÎ` dmb{ naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$m ]mOma H$_Om{a X{e H$m{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ Í$[ g{ gj_ ]ZmZm h° Vm{ odX{er dÒVwAm{ß H{$ _m{h g{ hm{Z{ bJm& Bg H$maU g{ `h C⁄m{J Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oVÒ[Ym© _ß{ A›` C⁄m{Jmß{ g{ hQ>H$a X{e _{ hr BZH{$ odH$Î[mß{ H$r Im{O H$aZr MmohE & o[N>S> J`m & gßX^© - gwYmamÀ_H$ gwPmd d emgH$r` A[{jmE±- 1. C⁄m{J _{ß gßbΩZ C⁄o_`m{ß g{ ‡mWo_H$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m EH$ÃrH$aU & 1 H$a ^ma _| H$_r H$aZm -emgZ g{ C⁄m{J H$r `h A[{jm h° oH$ Bg{ H$a ^ma _{ _w∫$ H$a C⁄m{J H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a{ & H$a ^ma _{ H$_r H$aZ{ [a naMmO}]b Q>mM© H$r odH´$` bmJV _{ H$_r hm{ gH{$Jt d C[^m{∫$mAm{ß _{ Bg Q>mM© H$r _mßJ CÀ[fi hm{ gH{$ßJr&Bg ‡H$ma `h N>m{{Q>m gm C⁄m{J odX{er Hß$[oZ`m{ß g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$aZ{ _{ gj_ hm{ gH{$Jm & 2 odX{er Q>mM© [a H$a _{ d•o’- Mm`Zm oZo_©V Q>mM© H$r_V _{ AoYH$ gÒV{ hm{Z{ H$r dOh g{ ^maVr` ]mOma _{ AoYH$ [gßX nH$`{ Om ahr h° & Am°a Bgr H$maU g{ Mm`Zm H$Â[oZ`mß ^maVr` ]mOma [a _O]yV [H$S> ]Zm MwH$r h° & gaH$ma A[Zr amOH$m{fr` ZroV _{ odX{er H$Â[oZ`m{ß [a H$a H$r Xamß{ _{ß d•o’ H$a X{e H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a gH$Vr h° & 3 VH$ZrH$r ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm - C⁄o_`m{ß d H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r g{ AmdJV H$amZ{ VWm CZH{$ ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE& ‡oejU ‡m· H$a H$_©Mmar Am{a AoYH$ Hw$ebVm g{ H$m`© H$a gH{$ßJ{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 48

]ma{bm-bm{H$OrdZ Edß bm{H$JrV (em{Y gmamße) S>m∞. g{dßVr S>mda * ‡m{. Jm`Ãr Mm°hmZ **

'']ma{br bm{H$ OrdZ Am°a ‡H•$oV H$m g]g{ H$ar]r gÂ]›Y ahm h° & Am_y S>miy [mUr b{{U{ MmÎ`m a{ bm{b, @@ ]ma{bm g_wXm` H$r OrdZ e°br ‡H•$oV H{$ ‡À`{H$ Í$[ g{ Ow∂S>r h° & ]ma{bm H$r H$mMm{ gyV{ gyVr X{ Xm{, ZtX _wJ} H$r ]mßJ H{$ gmW IwbVr h°, Vm{ oMo∂S>`m{ß H{$ MhH$Z{ H{$ gmW H$m_ H$r ewÍ$AmV hm{ OmVr h°& h_ `h H$h gH$V{ h¢, oH$ ]ma{bmAm{ß H$r _yb Mm{Q{> oXZ{ Mm{∂S>r Jm{`m° AmdÌ`H$VmEß ‡H•$oV g{ [yU© hm{ OmVr h°&'' Hw$dma`m° ^m`m° @@ ]ma{br [d©, À`m°hma _{ [`m©daUr` M{VZm-]ma{bm g_wXm` _{ß df© _ß{ H$m{Q{> oXZ{ H$mQ>r X{ Xm{ AZ{H$ [d©, À`m°hma _Zm`{ OmV{ h¢& g^r [d© À`m°hma _{ß [`m©daUr` [wQ> X{I{ Om gH$V{ h¢& Hw$dma`m° ^m`m° @@ ]ma{bm AoYdmg j{Ãm{ß _{ß oXÀdmna`m [d© _Zm`m OmVm h° oXÀdmna`m [d© Mm{Q{> oXZ{ P{br b{Xm{ _{ß \$gbm{ß H$r gwajm h{Vw _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Q>m{Q>H$m{ß H$m{ A[Zm`m OmVm h°, Om{ H$[mg H$r \$gb H{$ I{V _{ß MyZ{ g{ aßJr _Q>H$r bJm`r OmVr h° Bg Q>m{Q>H{$ H{$ Hw$dma`m° ^m`m° @@ [rN{> `hr Ame` h° oH$ H$[mg _{ß \$\y$ßX OoZV am{J Zht bJ{& ¡dma H$r I{Vr BßXb CÀgd ]hwV hr l’m d oe’V H{$ gmW _Zm`m OmVm h°& ]ma{bm _{ß [ewAm{ß H$r h»>r H$m{ bJm`m OmVm h°& H$mbm \$Q>m OyVm o_Mr© H$r \$gb H{$ g_wXm` _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>m CÀgd BßXb H$m{ _mZm OmVm h° BßXb CÀgd _ZmZ{ H{$ ]rM _{ß bJm`m OmVm h°& oOg ‡H$ma ZdOmV oeew H{$ Jb{, hmW `m [°a _{ß [rN{> dfm©, \$gb CÀ[mXZ, [ewAm{ß H$m ÒdÒœ` ahZm d OZ_mZg H$m H$mbm YmJm `m H$mb{ _m{Vr ]m±Y{ OmV{ h¢& Cgr ‡H$ma o_Mr© H{$ H$m{_b [m°Ym{ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gÂ[fi g_•’ hm{{ Bgr ^mdm{ß-odMmam{ß g{ [na[yU© hm{H$a BßXb H$m{ ^r ZOa Zht bJ{, BgobE H$mbm OyVm \$gb H{$ ]rM bJm`m OmVm h°& CÀgd _mZm`m OmVm h°& ZdmB©, oXdmgm, oXdmbr, BßXb, ^Jm{na`m, hm{br AmoX H{$ JrVm{ß _{ß ]ma{br bm{H$ H$Wm, bm{H$ JmWm, JmÙm, bm{H$ dmVm©, H$hmdV{ß AmoX _{ß F$VwE±, ZXr, [d©V, d•j AmoX H$m dU©Z o_bVm h°& ^r [`m©dmaUr` [wQ> o_bV{ h¢& ]ma{br _{ß ¡dma H$m{ H$m{Ugm{a _mVm H$hm J`m h°& bm{H$dmVm© _{ß ‡H•$oV H$m{ gdm}[na _mZm J`m h° ‡H•$oV ‡XÀV ¡dma _mVm H{$ dfm© F$Vw bm{H$-JrV :- [yOZ _{ß 'Im{im{ [yOUm{' AZwÓR>mZ oH$`m OmVm h° 'Im{im{ [yOUm{' AZwÓR>mZ oPar-oPar [mUr [m{∂S{> Zht H$aZ{ [a AoZÓR> H$r AmeßH$m ]Zr ahVr h°& S>m∞g{ KwUr N>m{Var Mm°Um` b{Or dm @@& oZÓH$f©:- odo^fi gmohÀ`H$mam{ß Z{ gmohÀ` Am°a ‡H•$oV H{$ KoZÓR> gß]ßY H$m CÑ{I d•j g{ gß]ßoYV bm{H$-JrV :- A[Z{ H$WZm{ß _{ß oH$`m h°& AmMm`© am_M›– ew∑b Or H$m H$WZ ''^maVr` CMm{ AmÂ]m{ H$m{Î`y oS>Í$, OZVm H$m gm_m›` ÒdÍ$[ OmZZ{ H{$ obE [wamZ{ [naoMV J´m_ JrVm{ß Am°a gmohÀ` H$r Am{a ‹`mZ X{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& H{$db [ßoS>Vm{ß ¤mam [nadoV©V AmÂ]m _mß ]m{ogZ g{dm`m H$m{am{ dm @@ H$mÏ` [aÂ[am H$m AZwerbZ hr AÙ_ Zht h°&'' _mW{ Xmh∂S{> g{dm`m H$m{am{ dm @@ oZ_m∂S> A±Mb H{$ ]ma{bm AmoXdmg Hw$Qw>Â] H{$›–rV h°& CZH{$ \$Î`m J´m_ AmOwZ Xmh∂S{> am{Òm XmXm EH$ hr Hw$Qw>Â] H{$ hm{V{ h¢& `{ H•$of, _OXyar Am{a dZm{[O [a oZ^©a h°& Zr_, [r[b a{hHw$br, ^yVmH$m{gZ, H$b_, ]∂S>, B_br, Q{>_Í$, Jwba AmoX H{$ d•j g{dm`m Im`brZ OmVr am{hOr a{ @@ ‡À`{H$ Ka H{$ Amg[mg `m ]mJ∂S> _{ß bJm`{ OmV{ h¢& Jm±d hr ‡H•$oV H$m gÉm Ja]m bm{H$-JrV :- X[©U h°& Jm±d _{ß g^r ‡mH•$oVH$ _Zm{a_ —Ì` H{$ Xe©Z hm{V{ h¢& Jm±d H{$ gß]ßY _{ß [ßoS>V am_Za{e oÃ[mR>r H$m H$WZ h° -''Jm±d ghr AWm} _{ß [•œdr H$r gß[Xm Â`mam I{Vm{Z g{∂S{> V{Î`m{ß Vm{bmd{, h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ BZH{$ OrdZ H$m ‡À`{H$ AmMaU [•œdr YaVr H$m Aml` b{H$a ]bX`m Z [mUr [mdm, Omdm a{ bm{b @@ gßdoY©V h°, J´m_ gßÒH•$oV H$m{ gwaojV Am°a gßaojV H$a{ß&'' ]bX`m Z [mUr [mdm, E{Ibr Zr OmC a{ XmXm, gßX^© - Owdm `m{ß Zm°Ùm amd{ a{ bm{b @@ 1. oZ_m∂S> H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ BoVhmg-[ßoS>V am_ZmamÙ C[m‹`m` 2. oh›Xr Am°a CgH$r ]m{ob`m±-S>m∞. Xr[H$M›– O°Z BßXb bm{H$-JrV :- 3. bm{H$ gmohÀ` Am°a gßÒH•$oV -oXZ{˚da ‡gmX 4. bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m- S>m∞. H•$ÓU X{d C[m‹`m` [rV{ od`m{ß bm{Q>m{ Om{b{ ^m{a `m{ 5. AmoXdmgr ^mfm odkmZ-S>m∞. hrambmb ew∑b *, ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 49 ]ma{bm-bm{H$OrdZ H$s PboH$`m± Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 50

]wßX{br bm{H$ H$od B©gwar (em{Y gmamße) S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z * B©gwar H$m{ òX ]wßX{bI S> H$m O`X{d H$hm OmE Vm{ H$m{B© AoVÌ`m{o∫$ X{` Z [rR>, b{` N>mVr _{ß, Kmd gm_Z{ hm{d°& Zht hm{Jr& B©gwar H$m OrdZ ghO Edß gab Wm, d{ bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV H{$ gÉ{ E{B© ¡dmZ Im{ß H$am{ MmB`{, AXm Zm{Z g{ hm{d°& [maIr W{& B©gwar Z{ bm{H$ JrV H$r EH$ odoeÓQ> odYm ''\$mJ'' H$m{ A[Zm`m E{g{ Za H{$ _a{ß B©gwar, Og JßJm H$m° hm{d{'' h°& d{ Mm°H$o∂S>`m \$mJ H{$ [waÒH$Vm© W{& ]wßX{br bm{H$ H$od`m{ß _{ß oeam{_oU B©gwar amÓQ≠> H$m F$U MwH$mH$a è ‡mo· hm{ gH$Vr h°& X{e H{$ obE ]obXmZ X{Z{ OrdZ H$r _ÒVr H{$ H$od h°& OrdZ H{$ ]gßV H$m _X, C›_w∫$ `m°dZ, _mßgbVm dmb{ H$r gXJoV hm{Vr h° E{gr _m›`Vm h°& B©gwar H$m hX` ]hwV gßd{XZerb Am°a X°ohH$ gm°ßX`© H$r ]hwaßJr Ao^Ïò∫$ BZH$r \$mJm{ß _{ß o_bVr h°& d{ _XZ h° CZH{$ hX` _{ß g_ÒV _mZd g_mO H{$ obE H$ÈUm, X`m H$m ^md h°& d{ _hr[ H{$ MmaU W{& B©gwar Z{ A[Z{ `wJ H$r VÀH$mbrZ [naoÒWoV`m{ß [a A[Z{ g^r H$m{ X`m H{$ amÒV{ [a MbZ{ H$m{ ‡{naV H$a ah{ h° - odMma ‡H$Q> oH$`{ h°& C›hm{Z{ bm{H$ H$Î`mU H$m{ ‡_wIVm Xr& J´m_ _{ß ]g{ ''Xr[H$ X`m Ya_ H$m{ Omam°, gXm amV CO`mam{ß& oH$gmZm{ß Am°a Jar]OZ H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ d{ ]hwV [naoMV W{& Jmßd _{ß AH$mb Ya_ H$a{ o]Z H$a_ Iwb° Z, ¡`m{ß Hw$ßOr o]Z Vmam°& [∂S>Z{ [a J´m_rUOZ Am°a oH$gmZ Xm{ d∫$ H$r am{Q>r Zht OwQ>m [m ahm, Xm{ oXZ g_Pm MwH{$ H$a° Z aB`m{, oX`m Va° AßX`mam°& VH$ MyÎh{ Zht Ob{ Bg oMßVm g{ d{ oMßoVV `wJ—ÓQ>m H$od H$r ^mßoV bm{H$OZ H$mV B©gwar gwZbm{ ^B`m, bJ O° `ma Z dmam{'' H$m{ gÂ]m{oYV H$aV{ hwE H$hV{ h°- B©gwar Ymo_©H$ ‡d•oV H{$ W{ d{ X{e H$r OZVm H$m{ gX°d Y_© [amÙ ahZ{ ''Amgm° hm¢g g]B© H{$ ^yb{, H$B`H$ H$mßI{ \y$b{, H$m C[X{e X{V{ h°& am_ Zm_ H$m{ gßOrdZr ]yQ>r H$hV{ h° - H$É{ ]{a ]M{ h¢ ZB`mß, Hß$JraZ Z{ Èb{& agZm am_ am_ H$h Omar, H$m{Z OmV h° hmar& \$m∞H{$ [aV oXZm Xm{-Xm{ H{$, [aMV ZB`mß Myb{, Om° haZm_ gßOrdZ ]yQ>r, ImV ]Z° Vm{ Imar& _ma{-_ma{ o\$aV B©gwar, ]∂S{>-]∂S{> oXZ Xyb{'' OrdZ H{$ AßoV_ jUm{ß _{ß B©gwar Am‹`moÀ_H$ Edß Xme©oZH$ hm{ JE W{ g_mO H$m oMV{am Am°a OmJÈH$ H$od hr E{gr ge∫$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$a C›hm{{Z{ OrdZ H$r jU^ßJwaVm H$m{ EH$ È[H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°- gH$Vm h°& gÉ{ AWm~ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ B©gwar ]wßX{bI S> H{$ bm{H$Zm`H$ '']Iar aB©`V h° ^ma{ H$r, XB© o[`m fl`ma{ H$r& h° C›h{ gX°d bm{H$ H$Î`mU H$r oMßVm ahVr Wr& C›hm{Z{ [`m©daU gßajU [a H$Ér ^tQ> CR>r _mQ>r H$r, N>mB© \y$g Mma{ H$r& ^r A[Z{ odMma Ï`∫$ oH$`{ h¢{& AmO [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r Jß^ra g_Ò`m d{ ]ßX{O ]∂S>r ]{]m∂S>m, Or_{ß Xg ¤ma{ H$r X{e H{$ gm_Z{ I∂S>r h°& CgH{$ oZXmZ h{Vw dZ gßajU H$m —∂T> gßH$Î[ oH$VZm oH$dma oH$dna`m∞ EH$C ZB`mß, o]Zm Hw$Mr Vma{ H$r& OÈar h° BgH$r oMßVm H$od B©gwar H$m{ ^r AmO g{ Xm{ gm° df© [yd© Cg `wJ _{ß B©gwa Mm` oZH$mam° oOXZm, h_{ß H$m°Z C]ma{ H$r'' Wr& C›h{ß AmZ{ dmb{ H$b H$m Am^mg Wm BgobE _hwE H{$ d•j H$m{ H$mQ>V{ hwE Bg ^m°oVH$ eara È[r ]Iar (_H$mZ) H$r ]mV H$hH$a B©gwar Z{ X{h H$r X{IH$a CgH$r [r∂S>m MrÀH$ma H$a CR>Vr h° - ZÌdaVm Am°a Xgm{ß Bo›–`m{ß [a oZ`ßÃU H$aZm hr OrdZ H$m gma VÀd '' BZ [° bJ{ Hw$bna`mß KmbZ, _Cdm _mZwg [mbZ& ]Vm`m h°& B©gwar H$r _m›`Vm h° oH$ Xwb©^ _mZd `m{oZ _{ß AmH$a g^r H$m{ BZ° H$mQ>dm° Z MmB`V V{, H$mQ> X{V O{ H$mbZ& gÀH$_© hr H$aZm MmohE& `h OrdmÀ_m o‡`V_ [a_mÀ_m g{ o_bH$a EH$mH$ma E{g{ ÈI ^yßI H{$ bmZ{, bJdm Xd{ ZßXbmbZ hm{ Om`{Jr& bm{H$ H$od Z{ Bhbm{H$ H$m{ _m`H{$ Am°a [abm{H$ H$m{ ggwamb H$r O{ H$aX{V ZB© gr 'B©gwar', _ar _amB© ImbZ'' C[_m X{V{ hE H$hm h° oH$ EH$ oXZ g^r H$m{ [abm{H$ OmZm hr [∂S{>Jm& Mmh{ bm{J AZmdÌ`H$ H$r ha{-â{ d•jm{ß H$m{ H$mQ>V{ h° `{ h_ma{ OrdZmYma h°& Cg{ A¿N>m bJ{ `m ]wam - h_mar ^yI emßV H$aZ{ H{$ obE hr B›h{ß ‡H•$oV Z{ CÀ[fi oH$`m h°& AmO H$r ''BH$ oXZ hm{V g^r H$m{ Jm{Zm{ß, hm{Zm{ß Aa AZhm{Zm°& `wdm [r∂T>r Ze{ H$m{ \°$eZ H{$ È[ _{ß A[Zm ahr h°& Bgg{ AZ{H$ [nadma Qy>Q> ah{ OZ{ [aV gmga{ gmßgC, ]wam{ Ab{ Mm` Zm{ßZm°& h°, CZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV Ma_am ahr h°& JmßO{ H$r AmXV H$m g]g{ ]wam amI{ Mm`° Om{bm° B©gwa, X{` CZB© â gm{Zm°& ‡^md Òd`ß Ïò∫$ H{$ ÒdmÒœ` [a [∂S>Vm h°& OrdZ Yra{-Yra{ ZÓQ> hm{Z{ Bg ‡H$ma B©gwar H$m{ gßgma H$r AgmaVm H$m Am^mg hm{ OmVm h° d{ bJVm h°& Ka gÂ^mbZ{ dmbr J•ohUr A[Z{ [oV H$m{ Zem _w∫$ H$amZ{ h{Vw _m`m-_m{h N>m{∂S> H$a [abm{H$ OmZm CoMV g_PV{ h°& V^r Vm{ gmßgmnaH$ ]∂S{> hr AmÀ_r` Tß>J g{ H$hVr h° - _m`mOmbm{ß g{ D$] H$a AmÀ_m H$m{ gß]m{oYV H$aV{ hwE H$hV{ h°- '' JmßOm° o[`m° Z [rV_ fl`ma{, OaO° H$_b Vw_ma{& ''hßgm C∂S> Mb X{g odamZ{, gada Om`{ß gwImZ{ß& OaV H$m_, o]JmaV gyaV, gyH$V aH$V oZ`ma{& BV° a`{ H$r H$m°Z ^bmB©, oOV° ]H$Z H{$ WmZ{ß& Im∞gV Im∞gV \$Q°>ß [gwna`m, H$\$ H{$ dh¢ [Zma{& g_wX â{ h¢ AJ_ CV° Mb, gwI [md° _Z_mZ{ß& Om° Vm° Am` gmYw gßVZ H$m°, A[wZ oJaÒVr dma{& ]MV ]Z{ß Vm{ ]Mm° B©gwar, VmZ{ß H$mb H$_mZ{ß'' 'B©gwar' H$mV N>m{∂S> Xm{ gßB`mß, A]° C_a H{$ ]ma{'' Bg ‡H$ma C[`w©∫$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ B©gwar A[Z{ `wJ H{$ gßd{XZerb H$od B©gwar _{ X{e ô∫$ H$r ‡]b ^mdZm Wr& C›hm{Z{ dram{ß H$m ‡JoVerb, `WmW©dmXr Am°a H´$mßoVH$mar bm{H$Zm`H$ H{$ È[ _{ß ‡og’ h°& CÀgmhd’©Z H$a X{e ajm h{Vw gOJ ahZ{ H$r ‡{aUm Xr& AßJ´{Om{ H{$ odÈ’ g›X^© J´›W - 1. _YwH$a [oÃH$m Mb ah{ ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ _{ß `wdm [r∂T>r AmJ{ Am`{ Am°a VZ,_Z,YZ g{ ^maV 2. ]w›X{br bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV -A‡H$moeV em{Y ‡]›Y -S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z _mVm H$m{ ÒdVßÃ H$amZ{ H$m AmÏhmZ oH$`m h° - 3. _m_wob`m- gÂ[mXH$- S>m∞.Z_©Xm‡gmX Jw· '' Om{ H$m{C g_a ^y_ b∂S> gm{d{, VZ VadmaZ Im{d°& 4. B©gwar ‡H$me (‡W_ ^mJ) gÂ[mXH$-Jm°areßH$a o¤d{Xr 'eßH$a' * ‡m‹`m[H$ oh›Xr emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 51

bm{H$ gmohÀ` : oH$VZ{ aßJ, oH$VZ{ Í$[

S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{ *

bm{H$ e„X gßÒH•$V H{$ bm{H$ Xe©Z{ YmVw _| ‡À`` bJZ{ g{ ]Zm h° BgH$m d´V, l_, ]mbJrV Am°a I{bJrV _wª` h°& AW© X{IZm h°& AV: bm{H$ e„X H$m AW© h° oH$ X{IZ{ dmbm & Bg ‡H$ma gßÒH$ma [aH$ JrVm{ß _{ß ^maVr` OrdZ _{ß Y_© H$m ‡_wI ÒWmZ h°, Bgob`{ g_ÒV OZg_wXm` Om{ Bg H$m`© H$m{ H$aVm h° dh bm{H$ H$hbmEJm & bm{H$ gßÒH$ma [aH$ bm{H$ JrV H$m ÒWmZ _hÀd[yU© h°, Om{ O›_ H{$ [hb{ g{ b{H$a e„X H$m ‡`m{J F$Ωd{X _{ß OZ H{$ ob`{ hwAm h° - _•À`w H{$ ]mX VH$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß odo^fi gßÒH$mam{ß g{ gß]ßY aIV{ h°& oOg_{ß ` B_{ am{Xgr C^{ Aoh_›–_ZwÓQ>dß & em{S>g gßÒH$mam{ß H$m odYmZ h°& J^m©YmZ, [wßgdZ, O›_, _wSß>Z, `km{[odV, odÌdmo_ÃÒ` ajoV d•˜{Xß ^maVß OZß && (1)(1)(1) oddmh Am°a _•À`w ‡_wI h°& BZ Adgam{ß [a oÛ`m∞ A[Z{ H$m{oH$b H$ R> g{ S>m∞. H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m` H{$ _VmZwgma AmYwoZH$ g‰`Vm g{ Xya A[Z{ Jm-Jm H$a A[Z{ CÑmg Am°a AmZ›X H$m{ ‡JQ> H$aVr h°& [wÃ O›_m{Àgd H{$ ‡mH•$oVH$ [nad{e _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbr VWmH$oWV AoeojV Edß AgßÒH•$V Adga [a JmE OmZ{ dmb{ JrVm{ß H$m{ Ìgm{haÌm JrV H$hV{ h° - OZVm H$m{ bm{H$ H$hV{ h°& oOgH$m AmMma odMma Edß OrdZ [aÂ[am `w∫$ JmdC _ßJb _ßOwb ]mZr & oZ`_m{ß g{ oZ`ßoÃV hm{Vm h°& d{X Ï`mg H{$ AZwgma Om{ Ïò∫$ bm{H$ H$m{ ÒdV: gwoZ H$ab] H$bHß$R> bOmoZ && (3)(3)(3) A[Z{ MjwAm{ß g{ X{IVm h°, dhr Cg{ g_`H$ Í$[ g{ OmZ gH$Vm h°& oddmhm{Àgd _{ß odo^fi Z{Jm{ß H{$ gÂ[fi hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX O] ]{Q>r H$r o]XmB© ‡À`Xer© bm{H$mZmß gd©Xer© ^d{fia: &(2)(2)(2) H$m Adga AmVm h° Vm{ _m± H$r H$Í$U [wH$ma Bg JrV _ß{ ‹doZV hm{Vr h° - Om{ bm{H$ H$m{ Òd`ß A[Zr Am∞Im{ß g{ X{IVm h° dht Ïò∫$ bm{H$ H$m{ g_P H$Ér gr B©Q> ]m]wb X{har Z Yna`m{ß & gH$Vm h°& bm{H$ _{ß ^yV, ôdÓ` Edß dV©_mZ H$m ghM`© ahVm h°& bm{H$ amÓQ≠> o]oQ>`m Z XrOm{ß [aX{e _m{a{ bmb && H$m A_a ÒdÍ$[ h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ Om{ bm{J gßÒH•$V VWm [naÓH•$V Bg_{ß gßX{h Zhr oH$ [wÃr H$r o]XmB© H$m g_` ]∂S>m XwIXmB© hm{Vm h° Bg bm{Jm{ß H{$ ‡^md g{ ]mha ahV{ hwE A[Zr [wamVZ oÒWoV _{ß dV©_mZ _{ß h° C›h{ H$mÍ$oUH$ —Ì` H$m{ X{IH$a H$R>m{a ˆX` Ïò∫$ ^r o[Kb OmVm h°& Bgr bm{H$ H$r gßkm Xr JB© h°& B›hr H{$ gmohÀ` H$m{ bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$hm OmVm h°& ‡H$ma _•À`wJrV ]hwV hr ˆX` odXmaH$ hm{V{ h° oOg_{ß Ûr A[Z{ o‡` o[Vm, `h _m°oIH$ Am°a [aÂ[amJV h°& _m°oIH$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU hr `h OrdßV hm{Vm [wÃ, _m∞ H$r _•À` hm{Z{ [a CZH{$ JwUm{ß H$m dU©Z H$aVr hwB© odbm[ H$aVr h°& h°& bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$m{ OZ OrdZ H$m X[©U H$hm OmVm h°& gm_m›`V: bm{H$ JrVm{ß _{ß odo^fi agm{ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ hwB© h° BgH{$ A›V©JV l•Jmßa gd©gmYmaU H$r AZw^yoV H$m ‡H$meZ bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& ag, dra ag, hmÒ` ag, em›V ag H$r ‡YmZVm h°& odo^fi F$VwAm{ß _{ß OZ- J´m_rU OZVm odo^fi gßÒH$mam{ß Am°a F$VwAm{ß H{$ JrV Jm-Jm H$a A[Zm OZ H{$ AZwaßOZ H{$ ob`{ bm{H$ JrV JmZ{ H$r ‡Wm ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ Mbr Am _Zm{aßOZ H$aVr h°& oH$Òg{ JmWm, H$hmoZ`m∞, H$hmdV{ß, _whmda{ ¤mam J´m_rU ahr h°& oOg_{ß dgßV F$Vw, hm{br H{$ \$mJ, M°Ãm, dfm©F$Vw g{ gß]ßoYV bm{H$ OZVm A[Z{ ˆX`JV odMmam{ß H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aVr h°& BgH$m oZ_m©U OZVm JrV h°& ]w›X{bI S> _{ß dfm©F$Vw _{ß ÌH$OarÌ JmZ{ H$r ‡Wm h¢ gmdZ _{ß ‡H•$oV H{$ AZw^d Am°a AZw^yoV H{$ AmYma [a hm{Vm h°& gd©Ã har âr oXImB© X{Vr h°- bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß ‡MwaVm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm H{$ H$maU bm{H$ JrVm{{ß H$m ÒWmZ Ohm∞ X{Im{ß Vh∞ Ì`m__`r h° ‡_wI h°, _m°obH$ Am°a _m°oIH$ Í$[ g{ Jm`{ OmZ{ dmb{ bm{H$ JrVm{ß H$m ÒWmZ Ì`m_Hw$›O, dZ `_wZm Ì`m_m, dmoMH$ [aÂ[am _ß{ _hÀd[yU© h°& bm{H$ JrV bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV H{$ gßdmhH$ h°& Ì`m_-Ì`m_ KZ KQ>m N>mB© h°&& (4)(4)(4) Bg_{ß OrdZ H$r Y∂S>H$Zm{ß H$m Ehgmg X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& bm{H$ JrVm{ß _{ß brbmam_ ZJa H$r ^mar, ÌH$ObrÌ ]w›X{br gaZm_ && (5)(5)(5) ˆX`JV ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ H$hZ{ H$r [aÂ[am g]g{ AoYH$ o‡` Am°a gÂ‡{fUr` dfm©F$Vw _{ß AmH$me _{ß H$mb{-H$mb{ ]mXb oXImB© [∂S>V{ h° B›hr H$mb{ ahr h°& JmZm _Z H$r ghO ‡d•oŒm h°& Bgob`{ bm{H$JrV _ZwÓ` H{$ ˆX` H$m ]mXbm{ß H{$ H$mb _{ß Jm`{ OmZ{ H{$ H$maU BZ JrVm{ß H$m Zm_ ÌH$OarÌ [∂S>m & Ò[ßXZ h°& bm{H$ Hß$R> H$r Yam{ha h°& Bgr ‡H$ma odo^fi d´V, H$moV©H$ ÒZmZ, haVmobH$m VrO, JUJm°a, _hmb˙_r bm{H$ OrdZ H$m Ò\w$Q> H$mÏ` h°& bm{H$ JrVm{ß _{ß g_yhJV aMZm erbVm [yOZ, Jm{YZ, N>Q>r _mVm H{$ JrV ]hwV ‡MobV h°& od⁄_mZ ahVr h°& BZ_{ß _mo_©H$Vm, H$mÏ`mÀ_H$Vm, agm{–{H$Vm AoYH$ gab X{dr X{dVmAm{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AZ{H$ JrV C[b„Y h° oOg_{ß JU[oV, Am°a Ï`m[H$ hm{Vr h°& bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß Amem, oZamem, hf©, odfmX, OrdZ Vwbgr, am_, H•$ÓU, hZw_mZ, X{dr ÒVwoV H{$ JrV JmH$a BÓQ> H$r _oh_m H$m _aU, bm^ hmoZ, gwI XwI AmoX H$r Ao^Ï`ßOZm bm{H$ JrVm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ dU©Z oH$`m OmVm h° - hm{Vr h°& oOZ_{ß gßÒH$ma [aH$ bm{H$JrV, X{dr X{dVmAm{ß gßÂ]Yr JrV, F$Vw, Im{bm{ oH$dmS>r _°`m X{Iy V{ar ]m∂S>r, Xe©Z H$r Ao^bmfr &

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr), emgH$r` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 52

Bg bm{H$ JrV H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _mVm H{$ Xe©Z H$r Ao^bmfm Ï`∫$ H$r JB© BZ JrVm{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ ]mbH$m{ß H$r _Zm{d•oŒm H$m [Vm MbVm h°& h°& Hw$N> bm{H$ JrVm{ß H$m{ odoeÓQ> OmoV H{$ bm{J hr JmV{ h°& Bg_{ß Ìodahm bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß OrdZ H{$ ododY [jm{ß H$m oMÃU hwAm h°& bm{H$ gmohÀ` JrVÌ Om{ Ahra OmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß ¤mam Jm`m OmVm h°& l_ [nahmg H{$ ob`{ _{ß gm_moOH$ OrdZ H{$ gmW hr Ymo_©H$ Am°a AmoW©H$ [naoÒWoV H$m oMÃU l_ gß]ßYr JrV _OXya dJ© H{$ ¤mam JmE OmV{ h°& Bgg{ H$m_ H$aZ{ _{ß _Z ghO Am°a Òdm^modH$ hwAm h°& Py_a H{$ g^r JrV Ìgm{Z{ H$r Wmbr _{ß O{dZm bJm ahVm h° Am°a [nal_ H$m [Vm hr Zhr MbVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma JrVm{ß _{ß H•$of [am{gZ{ g{ ‡maÂ^ hm{V{ h° oOg_{ß o‡`V_ H$r Wmbr Vm{ gm{Z{ H$r ]Zr h¢ Am°a H$m`© am{[Zr, gm{hZr, OVßgma AmoX JrV ‡YmZ h°& CgH$r Ob [mÃ gwdU©_` h°& dh MßXZ H$r bH$∂S>r H{$ [bßJ [a gm{Vm h°& Om{ ]mbJrV ]Ém{ß H{$ g_ÒV oH´$`mH$bm[m{ß O°g{ CR>Zm, ]°R>Zm, KwQ>Zm{ß H{$ a{e_ H$r aoÒg`m{ß g{ ]wZm h°& ]b MbZm, oWaH$Zm, _MbZm AmoX g{ gß]ßoYV hm{V{ h° Om{ Òdm^modH$ ]mb Ohm∞ EH$ Am{a bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß d°^d E{Ìd`© H$m dU©Z hwAm h° dhr gwb^ M{ÓQ>mAm{ß g{ [na[yU© hm{V{ h° - gm_m›` dJ© H$r Jar]r H$m oMÃ m ^r Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ hwAm h°& bm{H$ [m ! [m ! [Jbr gmohÀ` _{ß Ìgd©OZ gwIm`Ì H$r ^mdZm od⁄_mZ h° Om{ h_ma{ ˆX` _{ß ""gd} _m_m Zr "S>Jbr" ^d›Vw gwoIZ:, gd} gßVw oZam_`m:'' H$r ^mdZm OmJ´V hm{Vr h°& S>J_J S>J_J S>_bm âVm bm{H$ gmohÀ` "bm{H$ H$m gmohÀ`" h° Om{ _mßJobH$ ^mdZmAm{ß g{ Am{V‡m{V haOr _ßoXa AmÏ`m & (6)(6)(6) h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ AmO ^r h_ bm{H$ g{ Ow∂S{> hwE h° bm{H$ JrV _wZÓ` H{$ O›_ _hmH$od gyaXmg Z{ ^JdmZ lrH•$ÓU H$r H´$rS>m H$m ]∂S>m gab VWm g{ b{H$a _•À`w VH$ Ow∂S{> hwE h° Bgob`{ Cg{ _ZwÓ` H$m ghO›_m H$hm OmVm gOrd oMÃU oH$`m h° - h° bm{H$ JrVm{ß _{ß dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_ H$m ^md gX°d od⁄_mZ ahVm h° èm{Xm hna [mbZ{ Pwbmd{ ...... Am°a h_ ‡À`{H$ gwI-XwI H{$ Adga [a bm{H$ JrVm{ß H$m{ JmH$a ‡gfi I{b gß]ßYr JrVm{ß _{ß dhm± H{$ oZdmog`m{ß H{$ Òd^md, gmhg Am°a eo∫$ Am°a _woXV hm{V{ h°& bm{H$ JrVmß{ _{ß A›VoZ©oXÓQ> _ßJb H$r `h ‡d•oŒm Í$oM H$m [Vm MbVm h°& I{bHy$X bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡YmZ AßJ hm{V{ h¢ I{bm{ß gßgma H{$ H$Î`mU H$r AmYmaoebm h°& bm{H$ JrV, bm{H$ gßÒH$ma, g{ gh`m{J H$r ^mdZm [nabojV hm{Vr h° - bm{H$ Z•À` g^r _ZwÓ` H$r ‡gfiVm H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ ghO _m‹`_ h° E H$]oS>`m a{Vm ^JV _m{a ]{Q>m & oOZH$r ‡mMrZVm Am°a _YwaVm AdU©Zr` h°& ^JVmB©Z _m{ar Om{ar, I{bmo] h_ hm{ar && gßX^© J´›W - E H$]oS>`m AmBb{ V]bm ]OmB©b{ & 1. F$Ωd{X [•ÓR> -3/53/12 (7)(7)(7) 2. bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m S>m∞. H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m` [•ÓR> 11 V]bm _{ß [Bgm, bmb ]JB©Mm && 3. am_MnaV _mZg ]mb H$m S> 4. 4-5 bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m - S>m∞. H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m` [•ÓR> 82-83 5. 6-7 bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m - S>m∞. H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m` [•ÓR> 188-189

************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 53

H•$of j{Ã H{$ odH$mg _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r ^yo_H$m S>m∞. b˙_U [admb * ‡ÒVmdZm : - EH$ ]ma Om{V ]hr H{$ AmYma [a V°`ma oH$`{ J`{ H$mS©> g{ d{ AmgmZr g{ h_ma{ X{e H$r H$ar] 70 ‡oVeV Am]mXr Jmßdm{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aVr h° & A[Zr OÍ$aVm{ß H$m{ [yam H$a ah{ h¢& BgobE O] VH$ J´m_rUm{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß gwYma Zht hm{Jm, V] VH$ X{e * oH$gmZ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ãm{ß H{$ ]¢H$ g{ gÂ[H©$ H$a OmZH$mna`mß ‡m· H$a _{ß [yar Vah g{ g_•o’ Zht Am gH$Vr h° Am°a Bg g_•o’ H$r Ywar h° oH$gmZ & ah{ h¢& J´m_rU OZOrdZ _{ß ha H$m{B© oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _ß{ I{Vr g{ Ow∂S>m hwAm h° & * Bg `m{OZm H$m bm^ b{Z{ H{$ ob`{ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ ^mJXm°∂S> H$r ^r Jmßdm{ß _{ß ahZ{ dmbr Am]mXr _{ß ha [nadma H$m H$m{B© Z H$m{B© gXÒ` I{Vr g{ OÍ$aV Zht h°& `m{OZmßVJ©V d{ A[Z{ j{Ã _{ß oÒWV ]¢H$ _{ß Om`{ß Am°a Ow∂S>m hwAm h° & O] VH$ I{Vr H$aZ{ dmb{ oH$gmZ g_•’ Zht hm{ßJ{ V] VH$ X{e Amd{XZ H$a gH$V{ h¢& H$r [yU© g_•o’ H$r H$Î[Zm AYyar h°& * oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ ]¢H$ ¤mam [mg]wH$ Xr OmVr h° & [mg]wH$ [a oH$gmZ H$m O] oH$gmZ ImX, ]rO, [mZr, H•$of C[H$aU AmoX H{$ ob`{ oH$gr [a Zm_ d [Vm, ^yo_ Om{V H$m oddaU, CYma gr_m, d°⁄Vm AdoY, EH$ AmolV Z hm{H$a ÒdAmolV hm{ßJ{ Vm{ CZ_{ß I{Vr H{$ ‡oV CÀgmh ah{Jm & Bgr [mg[m{Q©> AmH$ma H$m \$m{Q>m{ bJm`m OmVm h°, Om{ oH$gmZ H{$ ob`{ CÀgmh H$m{ H$m`_ aIZ{ H{$ ob`{ gaH$ma H$r Am{a g{ g_`-g_` [a odo^ﬁ [hMmZ-[Ã H$m ^r H$m_ H$aVm h° & `m{OZmEß MbmB© JB© h°, [a›Vw BZ `m{OZmAm{ß g{ oH$gmZm{ß H$m [yar Vah ^bm * `m{OZmßVJ©V ImV{ H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ g_` oH$gmZ H$m{ A[Zm H$mS©>- Zht hm{ [m`m h° & oH$gmZ A[Z{ ohgm] g{ O] Mmh{ V] I{Vr g{ gß]ßoYV gh-[mg]wH$ oXImZr hm{Vr h° & AmYma^yV gwodYmEß ‡m· H$a gH{$ß, BgH{$ ob`{ C›h{ß [yßOr C[b„Y H$amZ{ * Bg `m{OZm _{ß F$U gr_m H{$ AZwÍ$[ Om{ oH$gmZ 10,000 Í$[`{ VH$ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm ahVr h°& E{gr [yßOr Om{ gÒVr „`mO Xa [a o_b gH{$ Am°a F$U b{V{ h¢ C›h{ß _moO©Z _Zr Zht X{Zm [∂S>Vr h°, b{oH$Z Om{ oH$gmZ oH$gmZ A[Zr gwodYm H{$ AZwgma Cg [yßOr H$r dm[gr ^r H$a gH{$& Bg 25,000 Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ F$U b{V{ h¢ C›h{ß 15 g{ 25 ‡oVeV VH$ odf` [a oZaßVa odMma-od_e© MbVm ahm Am°a dfm}ß H{$ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ]mX `h _moO©Z _Zr ]¢H$ _{ß O_m H$aZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ aIm J`m h° & [yßOr oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡m· hwB© & * Bg `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V oH$gmZ Iar\$ Edß a]r grOZ _{ß 50,000 gaH$ma H$r Am{a g{ H$B© Vah H$r `m{OZmEß MbmB© OmZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r gyXIm{amß{ Í$[`{ VH$ H$m F$U b{ gH$V{ h¢ & H$m Omb Qy>Q> Zht ahm Wm ∑`m{ßoH$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ H$B© MaUm{ß _{ß [°g{ H$r OÍ$aV oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H{$ bm^ :- [∂S>Vr h°& H$^r ]rO H{$ obE Vm{ H$^r ImX H{$ obE & E{g{ _{ß d{ A[Zr [yar oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m \$m`Xm `h hwAm oH$ Jmßdmß{ g{ C[O ]{MZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r gyXIm{a H$m „`mO Zht MwH$m [mV{ h¢ & gyXIm{ar ‡Wm IÀ_ hm{ JB© h°& Bg `m{OZm H{$ [yd© oH$gmZ Jmßdm{ß _ß{ ahZ{ dmb{ Bg g_Ò`m H$m{ X{IV{ hwE gaH$ma Z{ gd}jU H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Bg Vœ` H$m gmhyH$mamß{ [a AmolV ahV{ W{& I{Vr H{$ ob`{ dh `h OmZV{ hwE ^r oH$ [Vm bJm`m oH$ oH$gmZm{ß H{$ obE E{gr Ï`dÒWm H$r OmE oOgg{ CZH$m{ gmhyH$ma _Z_mZ{ VarH{$ g{ dgybr H$aVm h° o\$a ^r CgH{$ [mg H$O© b{Z{ \$gbdma [°gm o_b gH{$ & gaH$ma Z{ BgH{$ obE gZ≤ 1998-99 _{ß oH$gmZ OmVm Wm& Bgr Vah ImX, ]rO H{$ Ï`m[mar ^r oH$gmZm{ß g{ _wßh_mßJr H$r_V H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> X{Z{ H$r Km{fUm H$r& [hbr ]ma df© 1998-99 _{ß 6,07,225 dgyb H$aV{ W{& o\$a ^r oH$gmZ CZg{ ImX, ]rO IarXZ{ H{$ ob`{ oddf H$mS©> Omar hwE & dht 1999-2000 _{ß 51,34,081 Am°a df© 2001-02 hm{Vm Wm& BgH$m Aga `h hm{Vm Wm oH$ oH$gmZ H$∂S>r _{hZV H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r _{ß `h AmßH$∂S>m 93,40,534 VH$ [hwßM J`m & oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> _ß{ V{Or g{ Om{ C[O [°Xm H$aVm Wm dh gmhyH$mamß{ H$m{ H$O© MwH$mZ{ _{ß [yar hm{ OmVr Wr& hm{ ahr ]∂T>m{Var H$m J´m\$ `hr Zht Í$H$m ]oÎH$ df© 2008-09 _{ß H$B© ]ma C[O H$_ hm{Z{ [a gmhyH$ma H$m H$O© ^r dh Zht CVma [mVm Wm & 8,46,67,000 Edß _mM© 2010 _{ß `h gßª`m 9,36,73,000 VH$ [hwßM E{g{ _{ß oH$gmZ AmÀ_hÀ`m H$m amÒVm MwZZ{ H$m{ oddf hm{ OmV{ W{& b{oH$Z A] J`m & Bg `m{OZm _{ß oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ CZH$r Om{V H{$ AmYma [a F$U C[b„Y oÒWoV ]Xb JB© h°& oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm g{ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ oZÂZ bm^ H$am`m J`m & ‡m· hm{ ah{ h¢:- oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì` :- * gab F$U odVaU ‡oH´$`m& * ]¢oHß$J Ï`dÒWm g{ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ g_woMV Am°a `Wm g_` gab Edß * ZJX Am[yoV© H{$ ob`{ ]hwV hr AmgmZ ‡oH´$`m& AmgmZ VarH{$ g{ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm oXbmZm h°, VmoH$ I{Vr Edß OÍ$ar * ‡À`{H$ \$gb h{Vw F$U H{$ ob`{ Amd{XZ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht& C[H$aUm{ß H$r IarX H{$ ob`{ CZH$r odŒmr` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© * oH$gmZm{ß H{$ ob`{ oH$gr ^r g_` F$U H$r C[b„YVm gwoZpÌMV H$aZm hm{ gH{$ & d oH$gmZm{ß H{$ ob`{ „`mO H{$ ]m{P H$m{ KQ>mZm& * Bg `m{OZm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$gmZ gab ‡oH´$`m H{$ VhV AmgmZr g{ * oH$gmZm{ß H$r gwodYm Am°a odH$Î[ H{$ AZwgma ImX Am°a Cd©aH$ H$r A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$a gH$V{ h¢& IarX H$aZm& * Bg `m{OZm H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ \$gbm{ß H{$ ob`{ AbJ- * VrZ dfm~ VH$ F$U gwodYm `mZr ha _m°g_ _{ß _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r AbJ Amd{XZ H$aZ{ H$r ‡oH´$`m H{$ PßPQ> g{ ^r _wo∫$ o_b JB© h° & A] AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht&

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) Òdm_r odd{H$mZ›X emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 54

* Am[yoV©H$Vm© g{ ZJX IarX [a Ny>Q> ‡m· H$aZm& [a 50,000 Í$[`{ Xm{ AßJ `m Xm{ AmßI `m EH$ AßJ VWm EH$ AmßI H{$ Im{ * H•$of Am` H{$ AmYma [a AoYH$V_ F$U gr_m H$m{ ]∂T>mZm & OmZ{ [a 50,000 Í$[`{, AÒWmB© odH$bmßJVm [a 25,000 Í$[`{ H$r * F$U gr_m H{$ ^rVa ]¢H$ g{ H$B© ]ma amoe H$m oZH$mbZm gß^d & Ï`o∫$JV XwK©Q>Zm ajm Xr OmVr h°& Bg `m{OZm _{ß ‡À`{H$ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> * \$gb H$Q>mB© H{$ ]mX AXm`Jr H$m ‡mdYmZ & H$mS©> YmaH$ H{$ ob`{ bmJy 15 Í$[`{ dmof©H$ ‡ro_`_ _{ß g{ 10 Í$[`{ ]¢H$ * H•$of AoJ´_ H{$ AZwgma „`mOXa bmJy & ¤mam VWm 5 Í$[`{ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> YmaH$ H$m{ X{Zm hm{Vm h°& * H•$of AoJ´_ H{$ AZwgma ‡oV^yoV, _moO©Z _Zr Edß ‡b{IZ H{$ oZ`_ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> g{ Òdam{OJma :- bmJy & oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> Z{ Òdam{OJma H$r oXem _{ß ^r Ah_ ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© gaH$mar ‡`mg :- h°& Bg H$mS©> H{$ Ona`{ og\©$ I{Vr H{$ ob`{ F$U ob`m Om gH$Vm h° E{g{ _{ß H•$of j{Ã H{$ odH$mg h{Vw gaH$ma ¤mam oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ gÒVr Xa F$U AoYH$mße oH$gmZm{ß Z{ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> g{ gÒVr Xa [a F$U ob`m& I{Vr C[b„Y H$amZ{, ]r_m `m{OZm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ Edß Òdam{OJma H$m{ ]∂T>mdm H$r C[O ]{MH$a ]¢H$ H$m [°gm AXm H$aZ{ H{$ gmW hr A[Zr [yßOr ^r V°`ma X{Z{ H$r oXem _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V oZÂZoboIV ‡`mg H$r& Bg Vah Yra{-Yra{ [yßOr BH$∆r hm{Vr JB© Am°a o\$a Bg EH$oÃV [yßOr g{ oH$`{ Om ah{ h¢ :- oH$gmZm{ß Z{ A[Zm Ï`dgm` ewÍ$ oH$`m& Bg Vah oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> og\©$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ gÒVr Xa [a F$U :- I{Vr hr Zht ]oÎH$ OrodH$m[mO©Z H$r oXem _{ß Xyga{ odH$Î[ ^r C[b„Y H{$›– gaH$ma H$r h_{em H$m{oee ahr H$r oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ H$am ahm h°& bm^ ‡XmZ oH$`m OmE& Bg dOh g{ dV©_mZ ]OQ> _{ß EH$ Va\$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ oZÓH$f© :- gÒVr „`mO Xa [a F$U C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r Km{fUm H$r JB©& df© 2011- oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r gwodYm C[b„Y H$am`{ OmZ{ H{$ ]mX oH$gmZm{ß 12 H{$ ]OQ> _{ß H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ Km{fUm H$r h° oH$ Om{ oH$gmZ g_` [a F$U H$m{ H$B© ‡H$ma g{ \$m`Xm o_bm h°& C›h{ß I{Vr H{$ ob`{ A] Xygam{ß H{$ gm_Z{ MwH$m`{ßJ{ C›h{ß _mÃ 4 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ „`mO Xa [a F$U C[b„Y H$am`m hmW Zht \°$bmZm [∂S>Vm& d{ _ZMmhr I{Vr H$aV{ h¢ Am°a _wZm\$m H$_mV{ hwE Om`{Jm& dV©_mZ [nad{e _ß{ AoYH$mße I{Vrha oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> g{ F$U ]¢H$ H$m [°gm MwH$m X{V{ h¢& Bg Vah CZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß ^r oZaßVa gwYma b{ ah{ h¢& E{g{ _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> g{ ob`{ OmZ{ dmb{ F$U [a _mÃ 4 hm{ ahm h°& oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ A] oH$gmZm{ß H$r [°g{ H{$ ‡oVeV dmof©H$ „`mO b{Z{ H$m gaH$ma H$m \°$gbm E{oVhmogH$ h°& Bgg{ A^md _{ß E{Z d∫$ [a I{Vr ZÓQ> Zht hm{ [mVr h°& ImX H$r OÍ$aV [a ImX oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ ]hwV \$m`Xm o_b{Jm & Bgg{ [hb{ JVdf© gaH$ma Z{ 4.50 o_b OmVr h° Am°a [mZr H$r OÍ$aV hm{Z{ [a [mZr & Bg Vah \$gb H$m{ ]]m©X H$am{∂S> oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ F$U _m\$r `m{OZm _{ß emo_b H$a C›h{ß amhV ‡XmZ H$r hm{Z{ g{ ]MmZ{ _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h°& oH$gmZ Wr& A^r VH$ oH$gr ^r A›` `m{OZm _{ß BVZ{ gÒV{ Xa [a F$U X{Z{ H$m Òd`ß `h _hgyg H$aZ{ bJ{ h¢ oH$ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> _{ß Xr JB© gwodYmAm{ß H$r ‡mdYmZ Zht h°& dOh g{ CZH$r H•$of gß]ßYr AoYH$mße g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m oZamH$aU hm{ J`m h°& H$mS©> YmaH$m{ H{$ ob`{ Ï`o∫$JV XwK©Q>Zm ]r_m `m{OZm :- gßX^© gyMr :- oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$m{ amÔ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V bm`m 1. Hw$Í$j{Ã _mogH$ [oÃH$m, ZB© oXÑr, OyZ 2011 J`m h°& H$mS©> YmaH$ oH$gmZ H$r _•À`w [a 50,000 Í$[`{ ÒWmB©, [yU© Aj_Vm 2. `m{OZm _mogH$ [oÃH$m, ZB© oXÑr, OZdar 2011 3. ]OQ> ‡H$meZ 2011-12 4. B›Q>aZ{Q> [a C[b„Y OmZH$mar H{$ AmYma [a

**************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 55

CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdÀVm g_Ò`mE{ß Edß g_mYmZ (em{Y gmamße) S>m∞. H$_b O°Z * S>m∞._h{e Jw·m **

^maV gaH$ma Z{ AmoW©H$ CXmarH$aU,d°ÌdrH$aU,^y_ S>br`H$aU H$r 1. H$jmAm{ß _{ß 75 ‡oVeV C[oÒWoV H$r AoZdm`©Vm H{$ odf` H$m gªVr ZroV A[ZmB© h° & Bg ZroV H{$ H$maU AmO od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ [wÒVH$r` kmZ H{$ g{ [mbZ H$amZm hm{Jm & gmW hr ododY j°Ãm{ß H{$ kmZ H$r ^r OÍ$aV h°,oOgg{ CgH{$ gÂ[yU© Ïò∫$d 2. gVV≤ AmßVnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm H{$db Am°[MmnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m odH$mg hm{ gH{$ & Ï`dÒWm Zhr ah{ BgH{$ ob`{ ‡mMm`© Edß oejH$m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ma gÂ[fi _.‡.emgZ CÉ oejm od^mJ ¤mam am{OJmam{›_wIr oejm H$m{ ]ZmZm hm{Jm & ‡mWo_H$Vm X{Z{ H$m H$m`© ‡maß^ oH$`m J`m h° & BgH{$ ob`{ _hmod⁄mb` Edß 3. [na`m{OZm H$m`©/H$m`©ÒWb ‡oejU [a H$∂S>r oZJamZr aIZm hm{Jr odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß [mR>ÁH´$_,JoVodoY`m∞,[arjm [¤oV _{ [nadV©Z oH$`m oOgg{ od⁄mWr© dmÒVd _{ß AZw^d ‡m· H$a{ß & od⁄mWr© H{$ ‡oVd{XZ H$m{ h°& emgZ Z{ gZ≤ 2008 g{ g{_{ÒQ>a [¤oV bmJy H$r h°,oOg_{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z C[amV J´ßWmb` _{ß aIZm MmohE & gVV≤ AmßVnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z hm{Vm h°,gmW hr [na`m{OZm H$m`© Edß H$m`© ÒWb 4. _hmod⁄mb` _{ß emgZ ¤mam ÒdrH•$V g^r [Xm{ß [a oZ`wo∫$ H$aZm ‡oejU H$m{ ^r [mR>ÁH´$_ Edß [arjm [¤oV _{ß goÂ_obV oH$`m h° & MmohE VmoH$ e°joUH$,J°a-e°joUH$ VWm ‡emgoZH$ H$m`© CÉ oejm od^mJ ¤mam df© 2011-12 H$m{ JwUdVm df© Edß 2012- g_`gr_m _{ß gÂ[fi hm{ gH{$ß & 13 H$m{ JwUdVm odÒVma df© Km{ofV oH$`m h°,oOg_{ß 18 gyÃr` H$m`© `m{OZm 5. _hmod⁄mb` H$r ‡`m{JembmAm{ß H$m{ gmYZ gÂ[fi H$aZm hm{Jm VmoH$ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$m b˙` aIm h°,AZ{H$ g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ J´ÒV hm{H$a ^r od⁄mWr© ‡{o∑Q>H$b kmZ ‡m· H$a gH{$& _hmod⁄mb` b˙` ‡mo· h{Vw ‡`mg H$a ah{ h°& _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ oZÂZmßoH$V 6. I{bHy$X H$r JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r Í$oM H$_ hwB© h°,∑`m{oH$ od[naV [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h° :- H´$r∂S>m-AoYH$mar H{$ [X AZ{H$ _hmod⁄mb` _{ na∫$ [S{> h°& BZ [a 1. H$jm _{ß C[oÒWoV :- _hmod⁄mb` H$r H$jmAm{ß _{ß 75 ‡oVeV erK´ oZ`wo∫$ H$aZm MmohE& C[oÒWoV H$m{ emgZ Z{ AoZdm`© oH$`m h° & emgZ H{$ Bg odf` H$m 7. emgZ ¤mam e°joUH$ H°$b{ßS>a H$m [mbZ Zhr H$aZ{ dmb{ AoYH$mna`m{ß H$R>m{aVm g{ [mbZ H$aZm gß^d Zhr h°,∑`m{oH$ oZY©Z Edß oZÂZ _‹`dJ© [a gªVr H$aZm MmohE & H{$ od⁄mWr© [nadma H$r AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm h{Vw [mQ©>-Q>mB©_ H$m_ ^r 8. odÌdod⁄mb` ¤mam oZYm©naV H°$b{ S>a H{$ VhV [arjm b{Zm,[naUm_ H$aV{ h° & Km{ofV H$aZm,C[moY ‡XmZ H$aZm gwoZoÌMV H$aZm hm{Jm & 2. gVV≤ AmßVnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z - g{_{ÒQ>a [¤oV _{ß gVV≤ AmßVnaH$ odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß [`m©· ÒWm`r ÒQ>m∞\$ Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H°$b{ S>a H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m{ ^r [arjm AßH$ od^mOZ _{ß 15 ‡oVeV _hÀd oX`m [mbZ Zhr H$a [mV{ h°,oZwò∫$ [a ‡oV]ßY hQ>m`m OmZm MmohE & J`m h°& gVV≤ AmßVnaH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r 12 od⁄mE{ oZYm©naV H$r J`r h° 9. J´ßWmb` _{ß [mR>ÁH´$_ H$r [wÒVH$m{ß H{$ Abmdm gßX^© [wÒVH{$,nagM© oHß$Vw _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AmgmZr g{ gÂ[fi hm{Z{ dmbr od⁄m hr A[ZmB© OZ©b,[oÃH$mE∞ H´$` H$aZ{ h{Vw AbJ g{ amoe H$m CÑ{I H$aZm MmohE OmVr h°& Hw$N> _hmod⁄mb` Bg{ [arjm [naUm_ gwYmaZ{ H$m gmYZ Edß od⁄moW©`m{ß _| BZH{$ A‹``Z H$aZ{ H$r Í$oM CÀ[fi H$aZm hm{Jr, _mZH$a MbV{ h°& BgH{$ ob`{ J´›Wmb` aroSß>J Í$_ H$m{ gwgo¡OV H$aZm MmohE& 3. [na`m{OZm H$m`© :- g{_{ÒQ>a [¤oV _{, [hb{ ‡À`{H$ g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß 10. o[N>∂S>{> _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ gßgmYZ gÂ[fi ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ode{f AZwXmZ [na`m{OZm H$m`© EH$ ‡ÌZ[Ã H{$ g_H$j _mZm OmVm Wm & ‡W_,V•Vr` oX`m OmZm MmohE& Eßd [m∞Md{{ß g{_{ÒQ>a _{ ^r AmßVnaH$ [arjH$ ¤mam _yÎ`mßH$Z hm{Vm Wm oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ :- VWm o¤Vr`,MVwW© Edß fÓQ>_ g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß ]mhm [arjH$ ¤mam _yÎ`mßH$Z CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdVm ]T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ C[am{∫$ ‡`mg ‡mWo_H$Vm H{$ oH$`m OmVm Wm & gmW H$aZm MmohE,gmW hr oejH$m{ß Edß od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ Z°oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ [na`m{OZm H$m`© H$m ÒVa H°$gm hm{Vm Wm `h EH$ em{Y H$m odf` hm{ _yÎ`m{ß H$r [hMmZ H$a CgH$m CoMV ‡]›Y H$aZm MmohE,`hr JwUdVm gH$Vm h° Am°a Bgr H$maU emgZ Z{ A] Z`{ oZ`_ H{$ VhV H{$db odÒVma H$m AmYma h°& _hmod⁄mb` [naga _{ß X]md[yU© [naoÒWoV`m∞, AßoV_ g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß [na`m{OZm H$m`© / H$m`© ÒWb ‡oejU aIm J`m h° j°ÃdmX, gÂ‡Xm`dmX,Zm°H$aemohVm,JwQ>]mOr,Agm_moOH$ VÀdm{ß H$r oOg_{ß JwUdVm ]∂T>Z{ H$r gß^mdZm h° & ^yo_H$m BÀ`moX [a ‡oV]ßY hm{Zm MmohE & CÉ oejm od^mJ ¤mam CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ gmW©H$ oZU©` b{H$a Xem oZX}e Omar oH$`{ J`{ h° oH$ßVw AZ{H$ g_Ò`mAm{ß Edß gßX^©:- H$o_`m{ß H{$ H$maU A[{ojV [naUm_ ‡m· Zhr hwE h°& b˙` ‡mo· h{Vw emgZ 1. Ï`p∑VJV ‡mflV OmZH$mar Edß AZw^d H{$ AmYma [a$& H$m{ oZÂZmßoH$V ‡`mg H$aZm hm{Jm :- 2. C¿M oejm ^m{[mb ¤mam Omar [wpÒVH$m Edß [Ãm| H{$ AmYma [a$&

‡m‹`m[H$-dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Va _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 56

_m{]mBb H$m g_mO [a ‡^md (em{Y gmamße) S>m∞.[r.[r. [m S{>` * S>m∞. ‡^m [m S{>` ** AmO g_mO Edß ^maVr` g_mO _{ß H$m{B© E{gm [j ANy>Vm Zht h° Ohm± Bg _m{]mBb \$m{Z H{$ AßYmYw›Y ‡`m{J g{ hm{Z{ dmbr hmoZ`m± :- ZdrZ ‡m⁄m{oJH$ AWdm d°kmoZH$ AodÓH$ma _m{]mBb Z{ A[Zm ‡^md Z S>mbm 01. _m{]mBb a{oS>E{eZ H$m IVam & hm{ & 21dt gXr _{ß gß[yU© ^maVr` g_mO Edß gßÒH•$oV ode{f Í$[ g{ ^m°oVH$ 02. ahdmgr` j{Ãm{ß _{ß bJ{ _m{]mBb Q>mdam{ß g{ CÀ[fi a{oS>E{eZ OZ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ gßÒH•$oV [a A[Zm ‡^md S>mbm h°& kmZ-odkmZ Z{ _mZd H$m{ M_ÀH$ma H{$ ¤mam obE AÀòYH$ hmoZH$maH$ h°& A[Zr B¿N>mAm{ß Edß AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© h{Vw ‡{naV oH$`m h° 21dt gXr _{ß 03. _m{]mBb a{oS>E{eZ g{ H°$ßga hm{Z{ H$m IVam ]T> OmVm h° òX BgH$m AßYmYwßY aßJrZ Q{>brodOZ _{ß d°ÌdrH$aU Edß ]mOma gßÒH•$oV _{ß H´$mßoVH$mar ‡^md S>mb{ C[`m{J H$aV{ h°& oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ ZdrZ C[^m{∫$m gßÒH•$oV H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _mZdr` g_mO 04. gm{V{ g_` VoH$`{ H{$ ZrM{ _m{]mBb aIZm `h IVaZmH$ AmXV h°& Bgg{ _{ß XyagßMma, H´$mßoV _{ß Vrd´Jm_r [nadV©Zm{ß H$r EH$X_ g{ ]mT> gr bm Xr h°& ÒdmÒœ` [a od[arV Aga [S>Vm h°& Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ H$m ]mOma âm [S>m h° oOg_{ß _mZdr` gßd{XZmAm{ß Edß BoWH$b 05. _m{]mBb h{ S>g{Q> H{$ C[`m{J g{ oga H$r ÀdMm _{ß Mw^Z VWm ObZ, d°Î`y H$m H$m{B© ^r ÒWmZ Zht h°& _m{]mBb \$m{Z Z{ ZdrZ ‡m⁄m{oJH$r H$m WH$mZ, ZtX _{ß Ï`dYmZ, Ambg EH$mJ´Vm _{ß H$_t, H$mZm{ß H$m ]OZm , AmodÓH$ma ¤mam _mZdr` g_mO _{ß j{Ãr` (^m°Jm{obH$ odf_VmAm{ß ) Edß Xyna`m `mXXmÒV _{ß H$_r, oga XX©, [mMZ Iam] hm{Zm, Y∂S>>H$Zm{ß H$m ]T>Zm AmoX g_m· H$a Xr h¢& _m{]mBb AmO [X ‡oVÓR>m H$m ‡VrH$ ]Z MwH$m h°& AmO 500 bjU na[m{Q©> _{ß oX`{ JE h¢& g{ b{H$a bmIm{ß Í$[`{ VH$ H$r H$r_V H{$ _m{]mBb Ïò∫$ C[`m{J H$a ahm h°& `h 06. ‡oVoXZ EH$ K Q{> g{b\$m{Z H{$ C[`m{J g{ Xg gmb `m CgH{$ ]mX ‡oVÒ[Ym© gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ]T>mVr h° CgH{$ obE Q{>brodOZ Z{ "" CgH$r gm∂S>r _{ar oQ>`y_a naÒH$ ]T> OmVm h°& gm∂S>r g{ g\{$X ∑`m{ß h°'' `h C[^m{∫$m gßÒH•$oV H$m OrVm-OmJVm CXmhaU h° _{a{ 07. dmhZ MbmV{ g_` _m{]mBb \$m{Z H$m C[`m{J XwK©Q>Zm H$m{ O›_ X{Vm h°& Ka _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmbr ]mB© ^r Ka H$m H$m_ AYyam N>m{S>H$a arMmO© ]mCMa 08. _mBH´$m{d{d a{oS>E{eZ VaßJ{ H°$ßga O°gr KmVH$ ]r_mna`m{ß H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h°& S>mbZ{ H{$ obE Mbr OmVr h°& 09. g_mO _{ß ]T> ah{ A[amoYH$ ‡H$aUm{ß H$m l{` _m{]mBb H$m{ X{Zm AZwoMV _m{]mBb \$m{Z g{dm ^maV _{ß df© 1995 g{ ewÍ$ H$r JB© Wr [a›Vw _m{]mBb Zht hm{Jm& Om{ A[amoYH$ ‡oH´$`m H$m{ gabV_ ]ZmVm h°& \$m{Z H{$ AÀòYH$ C[`m{J hm{Z{ g{ ^maV H{$ bJ^J 80 H$am{S> C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m 10. ]Ém{ß H$r EH$mJ´Vm Edß gßd{XZerbVm H$_Om{a [S> OmVr h° gmW hr ÒdmÒœ` ‡^modV hm{ ahm h°& C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r g{hV H$m{ bJmVma ZwH$gmZ hm{Z{ AoYH$ g_` VH$ ]É{ J{_ AmoX I{bV{ ahZ{ g{ Z{Ã gß]ßYr odH$ma H$r g{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß ]ham[Z Edß O°odH$ Edß Zd©g ogÒQ>_ H$m{ oH$g Vah g{ `wdm [rT>r H$m{ gß^mdZm ]T> OmVr h°& ]]m©X H$a ahm h°& `h oMßVm H$m odf` h°& `h ZhmZ{ ,Ym{Z{ g{ b{H$a amoÃ gm{V{ ahZ{ 11. _m{]mBb Z{ [`m©dUr©` ÒWmZm{ß _{ß Ò[rH$a H$r AmdmO ]T>mH$a odo^fi _{ß ^r BgH$r VaßJ{ ‡^modV hwE o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vr h°& MyoH$ odÌd _{ß bJmVma ‡H$ma H{$ \y$hS> JmZ{ gwZZm Edß gwZmZm oH$VZr AgwodYm hm{Vr h° `h _m{]mBb \$m{Z C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r gßª`m ]T> ahr h° ZdÂ]a 2011 H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ H$hZm ]S>m _woÌH$b h°& AZwgma 5911 odob`Z h°& _m{]mBb \$m{Z H{$ Z`{ _m∞S>b H$m C[`m{J H$a BgH{$ 12. _m{]mBb H$r [amYrZVm H{$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ VZmd H$r oÒWoV [°Xm hm{ H$B© bm^ b{ gH$V{ h¢:- ahr h°& 01. gßMma gßdY©Z, B›Q≠>{∑eZ , gbmhH$ma & 13. _m{]mBb \$m{Z Z{ `wdmAm{ß _{ß ‡OZZ H$r j_Vm (D.NA System) H{$ 02. Ï`m[H$ b{Z-X{Z j_Vm & hmg H$r g_Ò`m, _mZogH$ g_Ò`m VZmd H$r g_Ò`m H$m{ O›_ X{Z{ H{$ 03. J´mhH$ oejm & gmW-gmW Bg dJ© H{$ oMßVZ H$m{ ^r Hw$bofV H$a gm{ßM H$m{ ZH$mamÀ_H$Vm 04. Z`{ J´mhH$ g{J_{ Q> H{$ gmW H$Z{∑Q> & H$r Am{a ]T>m`m h°& 05. gm_J´r _w–rH$aU & gwPmd :- 06. H$m`©j{Ã H$r oÒWoV H$m kmZ & 01. h° S>g{Q> `m Ò[rH$a ¤mam & 07. j{oVO oÒWoV - _m{]mBb ]¢oH$J [a g^r C⁄m{Jm{ß [a [m{oOgoZßJ& 02. \$m{Z H$m{ eara g{ Xya aIH$a & 08. H$m[m}a{Q> ]¢oH$J g{dmAm{ß H{$ oZOrH$aU H$m kmZ & 03. Q°>∑gQ> ¡`mXm, ]mV H$_ H$aZr Mmoh`{ & 09. _m{]mBb \$m{Z _{ß B›Q>aZ{Q> H$Z{∑gZ hm{Z{ g{ h_ gß]ßoYV odf` H{$ ]ma{ _{ß 04. ogßJZb ghr hm{Z{ [a hr \$m{Z g{Q> H$m C[`m{J H$a{ß & A⁄VZ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h°& 05. ]Ém{ß H$m{ gro_V ‡`m{J H$r gbmh & 10. h_ Eg.E_.Eg. gßX{e ^{O gH$V{ h°& 06. E Q>rZm H°$flg VWm H$r [°S> H$da H$m C[`m{J Z H$a{ß & 11. droS>`m{ H°$_am Am°a oS>oOQ>b naH$m∞S©>a H$m ^r C[`m{J H$a gH$V{ h¢& 07. _m{]mBb \$m{Z H$m ‡`m{J AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma gßoj· dÃob[ H$a{ß & 12. Zm{Q>≤g obIZ{ H{$ obE [{[a d [{ßogb H$r OJh H$a gH$V{ h¢& 08. J^©dVr _ohbmE± _m{]mBb \$m{Z H$m C[`m{J Z H$a{ß & 13. BgH$m C[`m{J H{$ÎHw$b{Q>a AßJ´{Or e„XH$m{f H$r Vah C[`m{J _{ß bm 09. E{g{ _m{]mBb \$m{Z H$m MwZmd H$a{ß oOgH$m Ò[{ogo\$H$ E]OmXe©Z a{Q> gH$Vm h°& (Eg.E.Ama.) H$_ hm{ & 14. odX{er ^mfm H$r H$jm _{ß AZwdmXH$ H$r Vah BÒV{_mb H$a gH$V{ h°& 10. h° S>g \´$r oH$Q> H$m BÒV{_mb H$a{ß & 15. ^maV _{ß odo^fi H•$of AZwgßYmZ H{$›– h° Ohm± g{ H•$fH$ `h OmZH$mar oZÓH$f© :-"" odkmZ daXmZ h° [a›Vw Ao^fm[ ^r '' Bg Vah h_ H$h gH$V{ _m{]mBb \$m{Z H{$ ¤mam ‡m· H$a gH$Vm h°& h¢ oH$ _m{]mBb XyagßMma [’oV EH$ daXmZ h° [a›Vw Aoêm[ ^r & 16. gyMZm H$m AmXmZ-‡XmZ gß^d hm{Z{ g{ Ï`m[ma , Ï`dgm` d gaH$ma _{ß gßX^© gyMr:- V{Or AmB© h°& 1. X°oZH$ _.‡. oXZmßH$ 16/12/12 (IVa{ H$r K Q>r ]OmVm _m{]mBb ) 17. gyMZm H$m Xy´V :JoV g{ gÂ‡{jU hwAm h°& 2. [oÃH$m 16/12/12 (]ham ]Zm X{Jr MrZr H$Â[oZ`mß ) 18. _Zm{aßOZ H{$ Abmdm kmZ ]•o’ _{ß ghm`H$ & 3. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a (08/10/13 ) (XwoZ`m _{ß _m{]mBb H$m C[`m{J ) 19. _m{]mBb \$m{Z ¤mam o]b ^wJVmZ [{_{ Q> H$aZm AmoX & 4. gß‡{jU Edß gßMma _m‹`_ (_.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb ) 20. Am∞ZbmBZ ES>o_eZ H$m{ ^r gwodYm OZH$ ]VmVm h°& 5. Ahm oOßXJr _mM© 2012 &

* S>rZ \°$H$ÎQ>r Am∞\$ H$m∞_g©, AdY{e ‡Vm[ ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm ** ‡m‹`m[H$ AW©emÛ emg. ÒZmV. _hm., _°ha, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 57

oZ_m∂S>r ^mfm H$m ÒdÍ$[ Edß j°Ã (em{Y gmamße)

S>m∞. _ZOrV Aam{am * odß‹` Am°a gV[w∂S>m H$r Jm{X _{ b{Q{> hwE oOg ^y-^mJ [a _m± Z_©Xm H$r H$m{_b ˆX` [a AmKmV hwAm , oOg{ X{I H$a am_ Z{ H$hmbm{b bha{ H$b-H$b ZmX H$r H$Îbm°b H$aVr hm{ß& Am¢H$ma ^JdmZ H$r O`- '' EVoZ VoZ oJna oZ^rnaUr Va[w, d°ImZ gmojV VÍ$oM V[m{dZmo_& O`H$ma H$aVr hm{ß{& Mm°[mbm{ß [a Pm±P Am°a _•XßJ H$r Vmb [a gßV ogßJmOr `{ EdoV`{` [a_m: ò_Zm{ Ô›V{, Zrdma_wo[a[M_m J•ohUr J´hoU&"" H$r A_admUr JyßOVr hm{, Cg ^yI S> AWm©V≤ oZ_m∂S> H$r bm{H$ ^mfm oZ_m∂S>r - ‡W_mßH$ 25 H$m _.‡. H$r bm{H$ ^mfmAm{ß _{ _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h¢& Bg_{ß H$_ g{ H$_ e„Xm{ß _{ C∫$ Ìbm{H$ H$r AßoV_ [ßo∫$ _{ ‡`w∫$ ''Zrdma"" e„X g{ VmÀ[`© h°{ß OßJb AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ ]mV H$h OmZ{ H$r j_Vm h¢& _{ CÀ[fi hm{Z{ dmb{ EH$ ‡H$ma H{$ Mmdb g{, oOg{ Aa ` _{ß dmg H$aZ{ dmb{ Bg_{ß h_mar g‰`Vm-gßÒH•$oV Am°a gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$r B›–YZwfr` F$of-_woZ g{dZ H$aV{ W{& Bg ^mJ _{ß CÀ[fi ''Zrdma"" e„X Hw$N> g_` N>R>m em{^m`_mZ h¢& bm{H$ ^mfmE± ghm`H$ ZXr H$r Vah hm{Vr h¢& bm{H$ [ÌMmV≤ ''oZ_m∂S>"" H$hbmZ{ bJm hm{, E{gm _mZm OmVm h¢& oZ_m∂S> _mbdm H$m OrdZ g{ AmÀ_gmV≤ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU hr A[Z{ gmW A[Z{ _yb oH$Zmamß{ [a XojU ^mJ h¢ oOg{ h_ oZÂZ ^mJ hr H$h gH$V{ h¢& ''dm∂S>"" H$m AW© h¢- ]gZ{ dmbr- OZVm H$r g‰`Vm-gßÒH•$oV, JrV,H$Wm, H$hmdV Am°a od[wb ''ÒWmZ"" & O°g{ _madm∂S>, _{dm∂S>, H$oR>`mdm∂S>, AmoX Zm_ h¢& [yd© _{ ''oZÂdm∂S>"" e„X gß[Xm g{ amÓQ≠>^mfm H$m{ g_•’ H$aVr Am`r h¢& bm{H$ OrdZ H{$ oMV{a{ hm{Zm MmohE& Bg ^mJ g{ bJ{ ^mJ H$r _mbdr ^mfm _{ß oZÂZ ^mJ H$m{ H$m{ C[_m/ AbßH$ma H$ht g{ CYma Zht b{Z{ [∂S>V{ h¢, daZ≤ dh Vm{ A[Z{ ''oZ_mZr"" H$hV{ h¢& AV: ''oZÂdm∂S>"" g{ hr oZ_m∂S> Zm_ [∂S>Z{ H$r AoYH$ Amg-[mg H$r YaVr, ‡H•$oV Am°a OZ-OrdZ H$r C[_mE± MwZH$a A[Zr gß^mdZm OmZ [∂S>Vr h°& H$Î[Zm g{ ogßJma, gyP Am°a g_P H{$ [ßImß{ [a ]°R>H$a Z`{ bm{H$-OrdZ H$r oZ_m∂S> H$r gr_mdVr© ^mfmE±:- CŒma _{ _mbdr, [oÌM_ _{ JwOamVr, g•oÓQ> H$aVm Am`m h¢& ^mfm Ao^Ïò∑V H$m EH$ ge∫$ _m‹`_ hm{Vr h¢& XojU _{ ImZX{er Am°a [yd© _{ hm{eßJm]mX e„Xm{ß H{$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ _{ ^r ^mfm _{ Ïò∫$ Ï`∑V hm{Vm h¢ Am°a Ïò∫$ _{ ^mfm H$r [adnae hm{Vr h¢& `h CgH$r gr_mdVr© ^mfmAmß{ H$m ‡^md ahm h¢& Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ Ïò∑V A[Zr _mV•^mfm _{ß oOVZr A¿N>r Vah g{ Ï`∑V hm{ oZ_m∂S>r ^mfr ‡X{e:- oZ_m∂S>r _{ß oÒWV _wª`V: Xm{ oObm{ß H$r ^mfm h°& gH$Vm h°, XrJa ^mfm _{ Zht ∑`m{ßoH$ dh dmVmdaU, [nad{e, Am°a oÒWoVJV 21.4 Am°a 22.5 CŒma Ajmße VWm 74.4 Am°a 77.3 [yd© X{em›Va H{$ ]rM `WmW© g{ Ow∂S>m hm{Vm h°, dh Cg_{ß aMVm-]gVm h°& oÒWV h¢& Bg ^y-^mJ H{$ CŒma _{ _‹`‡X{e H{$ Yma, B›Xm°a, X{dmg oOb{, oZ_m∂S>r H$m j°Ã:- oZ_m∂S>r ^mfm ‡X{e AZ{H$ ^mfmAmß{ g{ oKam EH$ XojU _{ ImZX{e VWm odX^© H{$ ]wbT>mZm Am°a A_amdVr oOb{, [yd© _{ß j{Ã h¢& BgH{$ CŒma _{ _mbdr ^mfr j{Ã h¢ Om{ BgH$r bJ^J 150 _rb [yd© hm{eßJm]mX Am°a ]°Vyb oOb{ Am{°a [oÌM_ _{ _wÂ]B© ‡m›V h¢& od›‹`mMb Bg [oÌM_ [naoY g{ Amaß^ hm{Vm h¢& XojU _{ BgH$r [yd© [oÌM_ bJ^J 160 ^y-^mJ H$r CŒmar gr_m [a gV[w∂S>m, XojUr gr_m [a BgH{$ AmßJZ ‡har _rb bÂ]r [naoY H$m{ Ny>Vm hwAm _amR>r VWm CgH$r EH$ ]m{br ImZX{er H$m h¢& Xm{Zm{ß oOb{ [ydr© oZ_m∂S>-I S>dm VWm [oÌM_r oZ_m∂S> -IaJm{Z, oOZH$r j{Ã Amaß^ hm{Vm h°& bJ^J 60 _rb CŒma-XojU [naoY g{ gß[oH©$V oZ_m∂S>r ^mfm H{$ AoVna∑V ahZ-ghZ, Ymo_©H$ odÌdmg, gm_moOH$Vm, Am°a ‡^modV ]wßX{br VWm [oÌM_ _{ß bJ^J BVZr hr odÒVma [naoY _{ß ^rbr ^m°Jm{obH$ oÒWoV _{ß H$m{B© A›Va Zht h¢& BZ Xm{Zm{ß oObm{ß _{ß oZdmgaV≤ g^r ^mfr j{Ã Amaß^ hm{Vm h¢& oZ_m∂S>r ^mfr Zht h° oH$›Vw o\$a ^r AoYH$mße bm{Jm{ß H$r oZ_m∂S>r hr ]m{br h¢& oZ_m∂S>r- Zm_H$aU:- Bg ^y-^mJ H$m Zm_ ''oZ_m∂S>r"" ∂\$magr H{$ CŒma _{ odemb od›‹`mbM Am°a XojU _{ß A[Zr gmV emImAm{ß dmbm ''Zr_"" e„X g{ oZ_m∂S>r hm{Zm ]Vm`m J`m h¢& ∂\$magr _{ ''Zr_"" H$m AW© gV[w∂S>m [d©V H{$ ]rM ]gm oZ_m∂S>r ^mfr ^y-^mJ h¢& Xm{Zm{ß [d©Vm{ß H{$ ]rM ''AmYm"" h¢& Bg ^y-^mJ _{ Z_©Xm ZXr H$m AmYm ^mJ A[Z{ Am±Mb _{ BVZm gH$am ÒWmZ h¢ oH$ oOg{ ohaU ^r N>bmßJ _maH$a [ma H$a gH$Vm h¢& oN>[m aIm h¢& Bgob`{ Bg{ oZ_m∂S> H$hV{ h¢& `h Z_Xm© H{$ CXJ_ ÒWmZ H$r BgobE `h ÒWmZ ''ohaU\$mb"" H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h¢& S>m∞ Ama.Ïhr. A[{jm _wI g{ AoYH$ oZH$Q> h¢, b{oH$Z ''Zr_"" e„X H{$ AmJ{ ''Am∂S>"" ag{b Z{ Bg{ ''oZ_m∂S> H$r [ydu gr_m ]Vbm`r h¢&"" (4)(4)(4) ‡À`` bJm h¢& AV: C∑V _V Ò[ÓQ> Zht h¢& S>m∞. \$m{og©W ''oZ_m∂S>"" e„X AmO AÀ`ßV oM›VZr` ‡ÌZ h¢ oH$ AmYwoZH$Vm H$r ]rh∂S> _ß{ bm{H$ ∂\$magr H{$ ÒWmZ [a oh›Xy (oh›Xr) e„X _mZV{ h°&(1)(1)(1)""-Hw$N> bm{Jm{ß H$m _V ^mfm, g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$r Vbme H$hm± H$r Om` Am°a gßÒH•$oV _yÎ`JV h¢ oH$ oZ_m∂S> _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ dmbm ‡W_ _wgb_mZ emgH$ AbmC‘rZ oIbOr Ahgmgm{ß H{$ oZa›Va gyIV{ d•j H{$ ha{[Z H$m{ H°$g{ am{H$m Om`? ]XbV{ Wm, Om{ gZ≤ 1291 _{ `hm± Am`m Wm& òX oZ_m∂S> _wgb_mZr Zm_ hm{ Vm{ Bg [nad{e Am°a _mZogH$Vm H{$ [na‡{j _| bm{H$^mfm Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$r ^y-^mJ H$m `h Zm_ gZ≤ 2191 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ hr [∂S>Zm MmohE O]oH$ 11 dt A›VoZ©ohV _yÎ`JV `mÃm Mmh{ gßVm{fOZH$ Edß gwIX Zht h°, b{oH$Z `{ eVm„Xr _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ Aa] `mÃr A]bmÍ$Or Z{ ^r A[Z{ `mÃm dU©Z _{ Bg V_m_ odgßJoV`m{ß H$m XwI^m{J gßd{XoZH$ Ahgmg OÍ$a h¢& AV: bm{H$- ‡X{e H$m Zm_ ''oZ_m∂S> ‡m›V"" obIm h°&(2)(2)(2) Hw$N> bm{J BgH$m [yU© Zm_ ^mfmE± g_mO H$r d{ O∂S{> h¢ Om{ g‰`Vm H{$ [{∂S> H$m{ A[Zr ^yo_ [a I∂S>m aIVr ''oZ_dm∂S>"" ]VbmV{ h¢, oOgH$m AW© h°-''Zr_"" (EH$ d•j) H$m ‡X{e & h¢ Am°a Cg{ ham[Z ^r X{Vr h¢& Bg ‡X{e _{ Zr_ H{$ AoYH$ d•j X{IH$a BgH{$ Zm_H$aU H{$ gß]ßY _{ `h g›X^© J´ßW :- AZw_mZ bJm`m OmVm h°& `⁄o[ `h VH©$ g{ AoYH$ [wÓQ> h°, b{oH$Z o\$a ^r 1. S>m∞. \$m{og©W- oZ_m∂S> oS>oÒQ≠>H$ JO{oQ>à, [•. 23-29 gßVm{fOZH$ Zht OmZ [∂S>Vm h°&(3)(3)(3) Bg gß]ßY _{ `wd_wVr H•$V 'CŒmaam_oMV" 2. _mCßQ> ÒQw>Ag© Ebo\$ÒQ>m{Z ohÒQ>m{ar Am∞\$ Bo S>`m,(1889) [•. 396 H$r Hw$N> [ßo∫$`m± odMmaUr` h¢ & od›‹`m H{$ g_r[ AmZ{ [a b˙_U Z{ grVm 3. g{d`wg A]bmamZr Bo S>`m (1880) ^mJ, [•.203 g{ H$hm- ''Ee od›‹`mIr _wI{ odamYgam{Y"" AWm©V≤ `h od›‹` H$r [À`H$m 4. S>m∞. Ama.Ïhr. ag{b-oZ_m∂S> oS>oÒQ≠>H$ JOrQ>a ^mJ (1908), [•. 20 h¢ Ohm∞ h_{ß odamY Z{ Adam{Y oH$`m Wm& odamY H$m Ò_aU AmV{ hr grVmOr H{$ 5. S>m∞. H•$ÓUbmb hßg- oZ_m∂S>r Am°a CgH$m gmohÀ`

*‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.[´.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 58

$_ohbmAm| H$s ajm H{$ obE CR>m`m J`m H$X_

S>m∞. Za|– Hw$_ma O°Z * ‡ÒVmdZm- bÂ]r ‡Vrjm H{$ ]mX Ka{by qhgm oZf{Y H$mZyZ H$m{ 13 \°$∑Q≠>r`m|, Kam{ß Am°a ^dZ oZ_m©U j°Ã _| Or-Vm{∂S> H$m_ H$aH{$ [nadma H$m{ ogVÂ]a 2005 H$m{ amÔ≠>[oV H$s gßÒVwoV g{ H$mZyZ H$m XOm© o_bm& Ka{by MbmVr h° V] ^r [wÍ$f Am°a eam]r [oV B›ht _{hZVr _ohbmAm| H{$ gmW qhgm _ohbmAm| H{$ odÍ$’ E{gr qhgm h° Om{ _ohbmAm| H$s Am`w Am°a Jna_m _ma[rQ> H$aV{ h°& ∑`m `h g] g_mO H$m{ oXImB© Zht X{Vm? E{gr pÒWoV g{ gÂ]ßYr gr_mAm| H$m{ H$mQ> X{Vr h°& AmE oXZ hm{Z{ dmbr Ka{by qhgm H$m{ `WmW© oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE ]∂S>{ H$mZyZ ]ZmH$a C›hß{ gªVr g{ bmJy oH$E OmZ{ H$s OÍ$aV H{$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$maV{ h˛E Bg H$mZyZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ka{by qhgm g{ [ro∂S>V Wr Am°a BZH$s [yoV© H{$ obE hr Ka{by ohßgm oZf{Y H$mZyZ ]Zm h°& 25 ZdÂ]a _ohbmAm| H$s g_Ò`mAm| H{$ g_mYmZ H$m A] H$mZyZ _| [pÀZ d o]Zm „`mh Ka{by qhgm odam{Yr oXdg H{$ Í$[ _| OmZm OmVm h°& gmW ahr _ohbm H{$ Abmdm _m±, ]hZ VWm A›` _ohbm naÌV{Xmam| H$m{ ^r H$m_H$mOr Am°a oeojV _ohbmAm| H$m{ Bg H$mZyZ H$m bm^ CR>mH$a H$_ Bg AoYoZ`_ ¤mam gßajU oX`m J`m h°& g{ H$_ CZ _ohbmAm| H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aZm MmohE oO›h| Bg H$mZyZ H$m kmZ Ka{by qhgm A[Z{ gJ{ gÂ]ßYr [pÀZ d [mnadmnaH$ gXÒ`m| H{$ ‡oV Zht h° Am°a Om{ oejm d AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ H$m\$s H$_Om{a h°& oXÎbr _| amÔ≠>r` emarnaH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a _Zm{d°kmoZH$ XwÏ`©dhma h° qH Vw ]h˛Vm`mV _| _ohbm Am`m{J H$s [hb g{ _ohbmAm| H$s _XX H{$ obE AbJ [wobg ÒQ>{eZ _ohbmAm| H{$ [ro∂S>V hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Bg{ gm_m›`V: _ohbmAm| H{$ ‡oV qhgm ]Zm`m J`m h°& `hmß _ohbmAm| H$m{{ oeH$m`V H$aZ{ H{$ obE ode{f ‡mÍ$[ _| hr H$hm J`m h°& goX`m| g{ Kam| H{$ AßXa ]ßX XadmOm| H{$ [rN>{ hm{Z{ dmb{ \$m_© âZ{ H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht h°& gm_m›` VarH{$ g{ òX oeH$m`V OmÒ qhgH$ ]Vm©d H$m{ am{H$Z{ VWm Xm{of`m| H$m{ gOm oXbmZ{ _| gj_ E{g{ ode{f bJ{ Vm{ dh Òd`ß hr Zm{oQ>g ^{OH$a H$m`©dmhr ewÍ H$aVm h°& òX H$m{B© H$mZyZ H$s _mßJ _ohbm gßJR>Z Am°a Òd`ßg{dr gßÒWmAm| ¤mam bÂ]{ Ag} g{ _ohbm [wobg H$m{ emo_b oH$E o]Zm hr H{$g H$s N>mZ]rZ H$amZm Mmh{ Vm{ H$s Om ahr Wr& Bg AoYoZ`_ g{ [hb{ d°dmohH$ qhgm g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE Am`m{J _XX X{Vm h°& Am`m{J H$s _wª` Í$[ g{ `hr H$m{oee hm{Vr h° oH$ EH$_mÃ H$mZyZ ^maVr` XßS> gßohVm H$s Ymam 498 (E) Wm& [aßVw `h H$mZyZ CoMV [am_e© H{$ ¤mam oeH$m`Vr Am°a ‡oVdmXr H{$ ]rM g_Pm°Vm hm{ gH{$& emarnaH$ Í$[ g{ Z hm{Z{ dmbr nhßgm H{$ oZ[Q>ma{ _| Ag_W© Wm& _wß]B© _| bm{H$b [wobg Am°a Q>mQ>m BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ gm{eb gmBßg ¤mam _ohbmAm| H$m{ A]bm, Aghm` Am°a ]{]g O°g{ oIVm] X{H$a goX`m|{ g{ ÒWmo[V ode{f [´H$m{> h°& Bg_ß{ _ohbmAm| H$m{ ^mdZmÀ_H$ gh`m{J, CoMV [wÍ$fm| H{$ gßajU _| ahZ{ H$s grI Xr OmVr h°& gß`w∑V amÔ≠> OZgßª`m H$m{f gbmh Am°a ghm`Vm AmoX AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H$s g{dmEß C[b„Y H$amB© OmVr h°& H$s na[m{Q© H{$ AZwgma ^maV _| 15-49 df© H$s 70 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß oH$gr ode{f ‡H$m{> _| AZw^dr gbmhH$mam| H$s ghm`Vm g{ oeH$m`Vr Edß Z oH$gr Í$[ _| qhgm H$s oeH$ma h°& ^maV _| ‡oVoXZ ha 26 d| o_oZQ> _| ‡oVdmXr _| g_Pm°Vm H$amZ{ H$s H$m{oee VWm gmW hr Ka{by qhgm H{$ H$mZyZr _ohbm H$m CÀ[r∂S>Z, 34 d| o_oZQ> _| ]bmÀH$ma, 42 d| o_oZQ> _| `m°Z CÀ[r∂S>Z, ‡mdYmZ H{$ ‡^mdm| H$s ^r Ï`mª`m H$s OmVr h°& Ka{by qhgm g{ ]MZ{ H{$ obE 43 d{ß o_oZQ> _| _ohbm H$m A[haU Am°a ha 93 d| o_oZQ> _| EH$ _ohbm Obm emQ>© ÒQ>{ hm{_ eV~ ^r bm^Xm`H$ hm{ gH$Vr h°& `{ _ohbmAm| Am°a CZH{$ Xr OmVr h°& [oV Am°a naÌV{Xmam| ¤mam qhgm H{$ 155439 _m_b{ XO© h˛E oeewAm| H$m{ bJ^J 6 _mh VH$ ^m{OZ Edß eaU X{V{ h°& BZ_| _ohbmEß òX oOZH$s gßª`m df© 2010 _| 150703 Wr& B¿Nw>H$ hm{ Vm{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡oejU ^r b{ gH$Vr h°& Ka{by qhgm H{$ H$maU:- AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>Z{ [a CoMV [am_e©, dH$sb, [wobg Am°a S>m∞∑Q>g© H$s Ka{by qhgm H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE BgH{$ H$maUm| H$m [Vm bJmZm ]h˛V gwodYm ^r C[b„Y ahVr h°& AoYH$ gep∑VH$aU Am°a Òdmbß]Z [a Om{a AmdÌ`H$ h°, `{ oZÂZ h°- X{V{ h˛E `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ _ohbmEß Òdmdbß]r ]Z{ Am°a [wÍ$f ‡YmZ 1. d°dmohH$ AßV©odam{Y g_mO _| A[Zm AoYH$ma OmZ{& 2. Z°oVH$ Am°a _Zm{d°kmoZH$ dmVmdaU Z`m H$mZyZ odo^›Z ‡H$ma H$s qhgm g{ [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$m{ gß]b ‡XmZ 3. _mXH$ Ï`gZ Edß _hm[mZ H$aVm h°& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ VhV Ka _| ah ahr oH$gr ^r _ohbm H{$ ÒdÒW OrdZ 4. AkmZVm `m eara H$m{ H$m{B© ZwH$gmZ [hß˛MmZm, emarnaH$ `m _mZogH$ H$Ô> X{Zm `m 5. gm_moOH$ Am°a [mnadmnaH$ [napÒWoV`mß CgH{$ gmW E{gm H$aZ{ H$s _ßem H$aZm, `m°Z CÀ[r∂S>Z H$aZm, Joa_m Am°a 6. AmoW©H$ oZ^©aVm ‡oV>m H$m{ R>{g [hß˛MmZm, Jmbr-Jbm°M H$aZm, am°] O_mZm, ]¿Mm| Am°a 7. oZY©ZVm Img Vm°a [a [wÃ Z hm{Z{ [a VmZ{ _maZm Am°a A[_moZV H$aZm `m [r∂S>m 8. _ohbmAm| H{$ ‡oV XwÏ`©dhma [h˛ßMmZ{ H$s Y_H$s X{Zm BÀ`moX `hr Zht _ohbmAm| H$s AmoW©H$ Edß odÀVr` Ka{by qhgm AoYoZ`_ 05 H{$ C[`m{J Edß bmJy hm{Z{ H$s eV~- _ohbmAm| AmdÌ`H$VmAm| H$m{ [yam Zht oH$`m OmZm ^r Ka{by qhgm H{$ Xmà{ _| h°& `h H{$ oIbm\$ Omar qhgm H$m{ g_mflV H$aZ{ H{$ _mJ© _| g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm h_mar H$mZyZ [ro∂S>Vm H$m{ Cgr _H$mZ _| ahZ{ H$m AoYH$ma X{Vm h°& oOg_{ dh [aÂ[amJV gm{M h° oOg{ ]XbH$a _ohbmAm| _| OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m`_ H$aZ{ H$s AÀ`mMma H$aZ{ dmb{ Ï`p∑V H{$ gmW [hb{ g{ hr ah ahr hm{& oZVmßV AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& [ro∂S>Vm H$m{ _H$mZ g{ hQ>m`m `m oZH$mbm Zht Om gH{$Jm& H$mZyZ H{$ AZ{H$ _ohbmEß AoeojV hm{V{ h˛E ^r Ka H{$ H$m_-H$mO H{$ Abmdm VhV _ohbmAm| H{$ oIbm\$ qhgm H$m{ XßS>Zr` Edß J°aO_mZVr A[amY _mZm * ‡mMm`©, lr Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ odoY ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 59

J`m h° Am°a A[amYr H$m{ 1 df© H$s H°$X `m 20000 H$m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ hm{ h°& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ AZwgma ‡À`{H$ _ohbm oZewÎH$ H$mZyZr ghm`Vm H$s gH$V{ h°& hH$Xma h°& odo^›Z am¡`m| _| H$mZyZr ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ obE ]m{S>© AoYoZ`_ H{$ AZwgma Ka{by qhgm H$s [na^mfm- h°& gw‡r_ H$m{Q>© _| ^r H$mZyZr ghm`Vm g{dm go_oV h°& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ Xyga{ A‹`m` _| Ka{by qhgm (Ymam-3) H$s Ï`m[H$ _{am _mZZm h° oH$ Ka{by qhgm H$mZyZ AÀòYH$ C[`m{Jr og’ h˛Am h°& [na^mfm Xr JB© h° oOg_| g^r ‡H$ma H$s qhgm Am°a emarnaH$, _mZogH$, Bg H$mZyZ H$s g]g{ ]∂S>r ode{fVm `h h° oH$ _ohbm H$m{ oH$gr ^r hmbmV _| `m°Z, _m°oIH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ XwÏ`©dhma O°g{ g^r Vah H{$ AÀ`mMma emo_b Ka N>m{∂S>Z{ H{$ obE odde Zht hm{Zm [∂S>{Jm O]oH$ [hb{ H{$ H$mZyZ _| _ohbmAm{ h°& _ohbmAm| [a hm{ ahr qhgm _| H{$db [wÍ$f Zhr ]pÎH$ H$B© ]ma _ohbmEß ^r H$m{ gX°d H$hmß ah{Jr, Bg g_Ò`m H$m{ ‹`mZ _| aIV{ h˛E AZoJZV ]ma Z gpÂ_obV h°& E{g{ H$B© CXmhaU h° oOg_| _ohbm Z{ A[Zr gmg, O{R>mZr, MmhV{ h˛E ^r Cgr qhgm H{$ _mhm°b _| ahH$a g_Pm°Vm H$aZm [∂S>Vm Wm& _{a{ ZZX, ]hZ `m A›` oH$gr _ohbm ¤mam [ro∂S>V hm{Z{ H$s neH$m`V XO© odMma g{ Bg H$mZyZ _| H{$db _ma[rQ> Am°a b∂S>mB©-PJ∂S>{ hr Zht, ]pÎH$ H$amB© h°& _ohbmAm| H$s N>m{Q>r gr N>m{Q>r g_Ò`m H$m{ ]h˛V ]marH$ g{ Ò[Ô> oH$`m h°& _ohbmAm| H{$ AoYH$mam| H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE E{oVhmogH$ H$X_- b{oH$Z gwajm AoYH$mna`m| H$s A^r ^r H$_r h°& ‡emgZ H$m{ Bg j°Ã_| Bg H$mZyZ g{ [ro∂S>V Ï`p∑V (Ymam-2E) H$s [na^mfm Cg _ohbm H{$ oZ`wp∑V`mß ]∂T>mZr MmohE& AXmbV ¤mam oXE JE oZX}em| H$m [mbZ CoMV Í$[ _| H$s JB© h° oOgH$m ‡oVdmXr H{$ gmW [mnadmnaH$ gÂ]ßY ahm hm{ VarH{$ g{ hm{ ahm h° `m Zht BgH$s oOÂ_{Xmar ^r gwajm AoYH$mar H$s h°& _{am oOgZ{ ‡oVdmXr ¤mam H$s JB© oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s Ka{by qhgm hm{Z{ H$m Amam{[ `h ^r _mZZm h° oH$ _wH$X_{ H$s ]mnaoH$`mß g_PZ{ H{$ obE ›`m`mYrem| H{$ bJm`m hm{& Bg H$mZyZ _ß{ gwajm AoYH$mar Am°a g{dm ‡XmVm H$s oZ`wp∑V H$m Am°a ‡oejU H$s Ï`dÒWm H$s OmZr MmohE& ^r ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h° Om{ Ka{by qhgm g{ [ro∂S>Vm H{$ obE _wª` ghm`H$ C[gßhma- Ka{by qhgm g{ _ohbmAm| H$m{ ]MmZ{ H{$ _mJ© _{ß AZ{H$ ]mYmEß H{$ Í$[ _| H$m_ H$aV{ h°& h°& O°g{-[aÂ[amJV gm{M, gm_moOH$, bmßN>Z, AmoW•H$ [amYrZVm, Bg H$mZyZ _| g{dm ‡XmVm (Ymam-10) H$m ^r ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h° AoeojV _ohbmAm| ¤mam H$mZyZ H{$ ‡mdYmZ H$s AZo^kVm VWm OoQ>b Om{ H$m{B© ^r Òd°p¿N>H$ gßÒWm/EZOrAm{/H$Â[Zr hm{ gH$Vr h°& Om{ H$mZyZr Am°a bÂ]r ‡oH´$`m& H$mZyZ H$s ‡mgßoJH$Vm ^r V^r h° O] BgH$m CoMV Í$[ oMoH$Àgmb`/odÀVr` ghm`Vm O°g{ H$mZyZr VarH$mß{ g{ _ohbmAm| H{$ g{ [mbZ oH$`m OmE& H$mZyZ H$m CoMV Í$[ g{ [mbZ hm{ BgH{$ obE AoYH$mam| H$s ajm H$aZ{ H{$ CX≤X{Ì` g{ ÒWmo[V hm{& gßÒWm am¡` gaH$ma H{$ oZÂZoboIV ]mVm| H$m{ ‹`mZ _| aIZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& [mg [ßOrH•$V hm{Zr MmohE& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ A‹`m`-4 H{$ VhV [ro∂S>Vm H$m{ g_mO _| odÒV•V Í$[ g{ \°$b{ Bg qhgm H{$ Xm°a H$m{ o_Q>mZ{ H{$ obE OmJ•oV AmoW©H$ amhV X{Z{ H$m AmX{e oX`m Om gH$Vm h°& H$mZyZ H{$ VhV [ro∂S>Vm H{$ [a_ AmdÌ`H$ h°& gßJR>Zm| H$m{ o_bH$a qhgm H{$ ‡oV AmdmO H$m{ —∂T> H$aZm obE gßajU AmX{e (Ymam-18) , Amdmg AmX{e (Ymam-19), AmoW©H$ OÍ$ar h°& oOgg{ _ohbmAm| H$r gwZdmB© erK´ hm{& A[amYr H$m{ Ty>ßT>H$a gOm ghm`Vm (Ymam-20) Am°a _wAmdOm AmX{e (Ymam-24) AmoX g_mYmZ H$m ‡mdYmZ hm{ Am°a ]bmÀH$ma O°g{ _m_bm| [a H$∂S>r g{ H$∂S>r gOm o_b{& C[b„Y h°& qhgm H{$ oIbm\$ AmdmO CR>mZ{ dmbr _ohbm H$m{ gm_moOH$ gßÒWmAm| ¤mam gw‡r_ H$m{Q>© H{$ Or.dr.EZ. H$m_{Ìda ]Zm_ Or O]rbr (2002) 2 g_W©Z Edß gwajm o_b{& _{hZV, _OXyar H$aZ{ dmbr _ohbmAm| H$m{ ]am]a Eg.gr.gr. 296 H{$g _{| Xygar [mQ>u H$m{ H$Ô> X{Z{ H{$ CX≤X{Ì` g{ oH$E JE H$m hH$ o_b{& g] ^{X^md o_Q>mZ{ H{$ obE Am°a AoYH$ ‡`mg hm{& _roS>`m H$m H$m`© H$m{ oZX©`Vm H$m XOm© oX`m J`m h°& H$mZyZ _| H$hm J`m h° oH$ AÀòYH$ ad°`m ^r gH$mamÀ_H$ hm{Zm MmohE& JwÒg{ H{$ H$maU KoQ>V KQ>Zm H$m{ oZX©`Vm Zht _mZm OmEJm& O]oH$ ÒÃr AoYH$ma H$m{ b{H$a gßd{XZerb gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm ]ZmZm E.O`Mß– ]Zm_ AoZb H$m°a (2005) 2 Eg.gr.gr. 22 _m_b{ _| H$m{Q>© Z{ _hÀd[yU© H$m`© h°& b{oH$Z Bg{ Ï`dpÒWV T>ßJ g{ bmJy H$aZm Am°a ^r _hÀd[yU© oZX©`Vm H$m{ oZX©`Vm _mZm h° Mmh{ CgH$s _Zm{Xem AÀ`mMma H$aZ{ H$s hm{ h°& E{g{ H$mZyZ V^r H$maJma og’ hm{ gH$V{ h° O] [ro∂S>V [j H$m{ âm{gm `m Z hm{& _wª` Í$[ g{ AXmbV Bg Vœ` [a Jß^raVm g{ odMma H$aVr h° oH$ oXbm`m OmE oH$ A›`m` CgH$s oH$Ò_V _| Zht h° Am°a Cg{ `mVZm g{ _wp∑V [oV H$m MnaÃ oZX©`Vm g{ gÂ]ßoYV h° `m Zht O°g{- o_b gH$Vr h°& CgH$s Bg _mZogH$Vm H$m{ ]XbZm hm{Jm oH$ òX dh A[Z{ 1. [mQ>u H$s gm_moOH$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•>^yo_ oOg g_mO _| d{ ahV{ h°, gßajU H{$ obE H$mZyZ H$m ghmam b{Vr h° Vm{ BgH$m AW© gm_moOH$ d CgH$m gm_moOH$ d e°ojH$ ÒVa& [mnadmnaH$ _`m©Xm Vm{∂S>Zm Zht h°& 2. [mQ>u H$m emarnaH$ d _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ`& ******** 3. [mQ>u H$m oXZ d oXZ H{$ gÂ]ßY& 4. [hb{ g{ hr AbJ ahZ{ dmbr [mQ>u _| EH gmW ahZ{ H$s gß^mdZm& 5. oeH$m`V H$m Xyga{ [j [a ∑`m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& AXmbV Bg ]mV [a ^r odMma H$aVr h° ∑`m|oH$ `h H$m`© OmZ]yPH$a `m JbVr g{ oH$`m J`m ^r hm{ gH$Vm h°& 6. òX oeH$m`V PyR>r Am°a J°aH$mZyZr h° Vm{ Xyga{ [j [a BgH{$ ‡^md [a odMma Zht oH$`m OmVm h°& òX H$m{B© _ohbm dH$sb H$aZ{ _| g_W© Zht h° [aßVw dh H$m{Q>© _| oH$gr H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd MmhVr h° Vm{ dh gr.[r.gr. H{$ AmX{e 33 Òd. oZ`_ 09 (H$) H{$ AßVJ©V dH$sb oZYm©naV H$aZ{ H$m ‡mW©Zm [Ã AXmbV _| [{e H$a gH$Vr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 60

_‹` ‡X{e _{ß C¿M oejm H$m _mZH$rH$aU Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l * _mZd odH$mg H{$ obE oejm gd©l{ÓR> C[mXmZ h°& BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ AoYJ_ VWm _yÎ`mßH$Z, em{Y, AZwdrjU Edß odÒVma, AYm{gßaMZm Edß gm_moOH$, amÓQ≠>r` Edß d°oÓdH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ Im{OZ{ VWm _mZd AoYJ_ gßgmYZ, N>mÃ ghm`Vm ‡JoV, ‡emgZ, Z{V•Àd Edß ‡]ßYZ VWm OrdZ H$m{ g_•’ ]ZmZ{ H$r —oÓQ> ‡m· hm{Vr h°& AV: dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß O] ZdmMma Edß ÒdÒW [aß[amEß ) 36 C[od^mJ VWm 196 ‡_m[r gßH{$VH$ oH$ OZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ Aß]ma Am°a gßgmYZ jrUVm _{ß gVV≤ d•o’ hm{ ahr h°, oZYm©naV oH$`{ J`{ h¢& BZ gßH{$VH$m{ß _{ß g{ 25 gßH{$VH$ AoV _hÀd[yU© h¢ CÉ JwUdŒmm `w∫$ oejm g{ [na[yU© _ZwÓ` A[Z{ VWm Xygam{ß H{$ OrdZ H$r oOZH{$ gß]ßY _{ß odÒV•V gyMZmEß ‡m· H$r OmVr h¢& gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ gßMmbZ Edß amh H$m{ AmgmZ ]Zm gH$Vm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ CÉ oejm hr g_ÒV gm_moOH$, gßJR>Z H$r ‡H•$oV H{$ AmYma [a 07 _wª` AmYmam{ß H{$ 36 C[od^mJm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ VWm VH$ZrH$r odH$mg H$r AmYma oebm h°& oZYm©naV Í$[ g{ AoY^mnaV H$aH{$ ‡oH´$`mZwgma J´{oSß>J (E,]r,gr VWm S>r) AV: oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$r JwUdŒmm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ ‡XmZ H$aH{$ gßÒWmZ H$m{ _yÎ`mßoH$V oH$`m OmVm h°& hm{ OmVm h°& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß _‹`‡X{e H{$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ Edß VH$ZrH$r _‹`‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm : gßÒWmZm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a gm_m›` C¿M oejm g{ gß]ßoYV gßÒWmZm{ß H$r JwUdŒmm _.‡. emgZ Z{ CÉoejm H{$ gw—T>rH$aU H{$ obE odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß VWm H{$ _mZH$rH$aU H$r oÒWoV H$m AmßH$bZ H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß gßaMZmÀ_H$ gwYma Edß odÒVma H{$ gmW - gmW CÉ oejm CÉ oejm gßÒWmZ H{$ _mZH$rH$aU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm : H$r JwUmÀ_H$Vm ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE CÑ{IZr` ‡`mg oH$`{ h¢& `wdm [r∂T>r H{$ dV©_mZ g_` _{ß _mZd odH$mg H$r ‡oVÒ[Ym© Z{ CÉ oejm H{$ _hÀd H$m{ g_J´ odH$mg VWm J´m_rU AßMb VH$ CÉ oejm H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡gma H$aZ{ Am°a AoYH$ ]∂T>m oX`m h°& X{e _{ß l{ÓR> CÉ oejU gßÒWmZ, gj_ \°$H$ÎQ>r h{Vw gÃ 2010 - 11 _{ß ‡X{e _{ß 32 ZdrZ _hmod⁄mb` Edß 07 oZOr VWm od⁄mWr© C[b„Y h¢ [a›Vw kmZ H$r d°oÌdH$ Ò[Ym© _{ß ‡mMrZ H$mb _{ß odÌdod⁄mb` ‡maß^ oH$`{ J`{ h¢& CÉ oejm H{$ dmof©H$ ‡JoV ‡oVd{XZ kmZJwÍ$ ah{ ^maV H$r oÒWoV H$m{ A] gßVm{f‡X Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& gÃ 2010 - 11 H{$ AZwgma ‡X{e _{ß gßMmobV C¿M oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$m AmO A_{naH$m Am°a MrZ H{$ ]mX odÌd H$r Vrgar g]g{ ]∂S>r ^maVr` odVaU oZÂZmZwgma h° - CÉ oejm Ï`dÒWm h° oOg{ odÌd ÒVar` ]ZmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm AZw^d H$r OmZ{ bJr h° VmoH$ ^maVr` CÉ oejm CÀ[mX H$m{ odÌd ]mOma H$r H´$.H´$.H´$. CÉ oejU gßÒWmZ H$m ‡H$ma gßª`m Ò[Ym© _{ß CVmam Om gH{$& 1. ‡mX{oeH$ odÌdod⁄mb` 06 E{g{ _{ß h_{ß A[Zr CÉ oejm Ï`dÒWm H{$ Xm{fm{ß H$m{ Im{OH$a C›h{ß Xya 2. H{$›–r` odÌdod⁄mb` 02 H$aZ{ H{$ gm_o`H$ ‡`mg H$aZ{ hm{ßJ{ VmoH$ AmJm_r g_` _{ß ^maVr` N>mÃ 3. odÌdod⁄mb` ÒVar` A›` gßÒWmZ 08 odÌd ÒVar` CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm H$m ‡Xe©Z H$aH{$ A[Zr C[`m{oJVm og’ H$a gH{$ß& 4. emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` 328 CÉ oejm H$r Bg oÒWoV H{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß H{$db EH$ hr ‡`mg oH$`m 5. emgH$r` AZwXmZ ‡m· AemgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` 77 OmZm g_rMrZ h° oH$ h_ A[Z{ gßÒWmZm{ß H$m Òd¿N> _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a{ß& 6. emgH$r` AZwXmZ A‡m· AemgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` 578 gßÒWm `m Ï`dÒWm H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z g{ CgH{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß ‡JoV H{$ Adam{Ym{ß H$m C”mQ>Z hm{Vm h° oOgg{ CgH{$ gwYma H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß BZ gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ odo^ﬁ [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß _{ß 0.54 bmI AZwgyoMV OmoV, VWm AZwHy$bV_ C[`m{J H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m AmßH$bZ H$aH{$ dmßoN>V 0.34 bmI AZwgyoMV OZ OmoV VWm 01.31 bmI A›` o[N>∂S>m dJ© H{$ gwYma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& gmW Hw$b 03.28 bmI od⁄mWr© A‹``ZaV W{{& CÉ oejm gßÒWmZ H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ AmYma : _‹`‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm Ï`dÒWm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z : X{e _{ß CÉ oejm H{$ ÒVa H$m{ JwUdŒmm[yU© Edß odÌd ÒVar` ]ZmZ{ H{$ amÓQ≠>r` _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡À`m`Z [nafX≤ - 1994 ( NAAC ) H{$ ‡oVd{XZ obE 11 dt `m{OZm _{ß odÌd od⁄mb` AZwXmZ Am`m{J CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma g_ÒV 07 odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß H$m _mZH$rH$aU Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r dmÒVodH$ ‡JoV kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE amÓQ≠>r` _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡À`m`Z H$m`© [yU© H$a ob`m J`m h°& ‡X{e H{$ 04 odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ ogVmam [nafX≤ - 1994 (NAAC) Om{ oH$ odÌd od⁄mb` AZwXmZ Am`m{J H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ AZwgma E 4 ogVmam J´{S> ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h° dht e{f 03 AYrZ EH$ Òdm`Œmemgr gßÒWm h° H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gßÒWmZm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z X{e odÌd⁄mb`m{ß AdY{f ‡Vm[ odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm, ]aH$VwÑmh A›` ‡JV gßÒWmZm{ß H$r ^mßoV oH$`m Om ahm h°& odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb VWm amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa e°joUH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ obE [nafX≤ ¤mam CÉ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$m{ H$m{ ZdrZ _yÎ`mßH$Z [’oV H{$ AZwgma H´$_e: gr++,]r VWm ]r++ VrZ dJm~ `Wm - odÌdod⁄mb`, Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb` VWm gß]’ J´{S> oX`m J`m h°& _hmod⁄mb` _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h°& e°joUH$ oZÓ[mXZ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` CÉ oejm g{ gß]ßoYV g_ÒV odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ obE 07 _wª` AmYma ( [mR>ÁH´$_ [j, oejU H$m`© eV ‡oVeV [yU© hm{Z{ g{ gßÒWmZm{ß H$r JwUdŒmm H$m ÒVa kmV hm{ OmZ{

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ - ^yJm{b emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 61 g{ AmJm_r H$m`© `m{OZm ]ZmZ{ _{ß Ohmß ghm`Vm o_b gH{$Jr dht `{ gßÒWmZ VWm AoVoW od¤mZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ [yam H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$r OmVr h° g_` [a AmdÌ`H$ gwYma H$a gH{$ßJ{& Bg ‡H$ma odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß H$m b{oH$Z `h CÉ JwUdŒmm H{$ _mZH$ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[`m©· h°& _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© gamhZr` h°& AV: [yU©H$mobH$ e°joUH$ Edß Ae°joUH$ ÒQ>m\$ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r gß]’ gßÒWmZm{ß, _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$r oÒWoV _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡À`m`Z H{$ OmZm CoMV h°& —oÓQ>H$m{ßU g{ CÀgmhOZH$ Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr& ‡X{e H{$ 790 _{ß g{ H{$db 4. `h _yÎ`mßH$Z odÌdod⁄mb` AZwXmZ Am`m{J ¤mam AmdÌ`H$ j{Ãm{ß 42 _hmod⁄mb`m{ß ¤mam _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© H$adm`m J`m h° Om{ Hw$b H$m H{$db _{ß gßÒWmZm{ß H$m{ AZwXmZ C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ obE dmßoN>V h°& 05.5 ‡oVeV hr h°& oOZ_{ß 64 ‡oVeV _hmod⁄mb` ZJar` j{Ã g{ VWm 5. [arjm gßMmbZ Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß dmßoN>V gwYma H$aH{$ H$m`m}[am›V 36 ‡oVeV J´m_rU j{Ã g{ gß]ßoYV h¢& [arjm [naUm_ g_` gr_m _{ß Km{ofV hm{Z{ MmohE VmoH$ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ 42 _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß g{{ 08 _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ E l{Ur, 28 H$m{ ]r VWm A›` [arjm _{ß ]°R>Z{ /‡d{e b{Z{ H$m Adga g_` [a o_b gH{$& e{f 06 _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ gr l{Ur ‡m· hwB© h°& A] VH$ oH$`{ _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß 6. g^r e°joUH$ gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ obE _yÎ`mßH$Z AoZdm`© H$aH{$ BgH{$ obE ‡emgH$r` —oÓQ> g{ 69 ‡oVeV emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` VWm 31 ‡oVeV g_` gr_m V` H$aZr MmohE VmoH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© H$m{ erK´ [yam oZOr _hmod⁄mb`m{ß Z{ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© gÂ[fi H$am`m h° Om{ _hmamÓQ≠>, hna`mUm oH$`m Om gH{$& VWm [ßOm] O°g{ am¡`m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ h°& oZÓH$f© : g_Ò`mEß : CÉ oejm _{ß Ï`m[H$ [nadV©Z oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& h_{ß ododY gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ _m[Z Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ÒdVßÃ ^maV _{ß A[Zr oejU Ï`dÒWm _{ß odMmam{ß H$r gm_o`H$Vm, ‡`m{JYo_©Vm, d°MmnaH$ CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gßª`mÀ_H$ d•o’ ‡^yV _mÃm _{ß ‡Xof©V hwB© h° oOgH{$ CXmaVm, ZdrZVm, H$m`©Hw$ebVm, _m°obH$Vm VWm g_[©U Ed ßg_›d` H$m{ H$maU ‡]ßYZ Edßß JwUmÀ_H$Vm H{$ AmYma [a ˆmg H$r ‡d•oŒm odMmaUr` goÂ_obV H$aH{$ b˙` ‡mo· H{$ obE g_o›dV ‡`mg H$aZ{ hm{ßJ{& _‹` ‡X{e oXIm`r X{Z{ bJr h°& _{ß CÉ oejm od^mJ Z{ `⁄o[ g_gm_o`H$ ZdmMmam{ß H$m{ ÒWmZ X{H$a Ï`dÒWm C[`w©∫$ odÌb{fU H{$ AmYma [a _‹` ‡X{e _{ß CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m{ ‡JV H$aZ{ H$m gamhZr` ‡`mg oH$`m h° o\$a ^r odo^fi oejU gßÒWmZm{ß _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡À`m`Z g{ gß]ßoYV g_Ò`mEß oZÂZmZwgma h¢ - H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© _{ß A[{ojV erK´Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ CÉ oejm 1. [amÂ[amJV [mR>ÁH´$_ g_gm_o`H$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ Zht _{ß Ï`dÒWm H$m gm_o`H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z BgH{$ [naem{YZ Edß [na_mO©Z H$r h¢& ‡JoV Edß ‡H•$oV H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ obE oZVmßV AmdÌ`H$ C[H´$_ h° oOgH{$ 2. J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß oÒWV _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AmYma^yV gßaMZm Edß oejU A^md _{ß dmßoN>V j{Ãm{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß VWm AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ gßgmYZm{ß H$m A^md h°& kmV H$aH{$ CZH$m g_`m{oMV g_mYmZ Im{OZm H$oR>Z h°& 3. odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Edß _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß e°joUH$ Edß Ae°joUH$ ÒQ>m\$ gßX^© : H$m A^md h°& _.‡. H{$ odo^fi odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Edß _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß 1. CÉ oejm, _.‡. emgZ ^m{[mb, dmof©H$ ‡oVd{XZ, 2010-11 ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ 769, ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ 1032, J´›W[mb H{$ 2. [na‡{˙`, amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ `m{OZm Edß ‡emgZ odÌdod⁄mb`, ZB© oXÑr, Zd. 123, H´$r∂S>moYH$mar H{$ 145 VWm aoOÒQ≠>ma H{$ 17 [X na∫$ h¢ oOgg{ 2008 H$m`© H$r JwUdŒmm ‡^modV hm{ ahr h°& 3. Higher Education in India : Issues related to expansion , inclusiveness , quality and finance, UGC pub. 2008. 4. dmÒVodH$ Edß MwZm°Vr[yU© _m°obH$ em{Y H$m`© Edß BgH{$ ‡gma Edß 4. Best practices series six curriculum aspect. NAAC pub. 2008.\ ‡H$meZ H$m A^md h°& 5. Quality and excellence in higher education , State report - MP 5. [arjm Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m`© j{Ãm{ß _{ß A[{ojV [nadV©Z Zht hm{ [m ah{ h¢ NAAC pub. 2009 oOgg{ N>mÃ AgßVm{f hm{Vm h° Am°a [naUm_ Km{ofV H$aZ{ _{ß AZmdÌ`H$ ********* odbÂ] hm{Vm h°& 6. _yÎ`mßH$Z gßÒWm H$r ‡dV©Z ‡oH´$`m AoZdm`© Zht hm{Z{ g{ ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ`mHß$Z H$m H$m`© AÀ`ßV Yr_m h° oOgg{ odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß ^r odbÂ] hm{Zm AdÌ`ß^mdr h°& gwPmd : 1. [amÂ[amJV [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß g_gm_o`H$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ [nadV©Z Edß [nadY©Z H$aH{$ C›h{ß dmÒVodH$ OrdZ H{$ obE C[`m{Jr ]Zm`m Om`{& 2. J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß oÒWV _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AmYma^yV gßaMZm Edß oejU gßgmYZm{ß H{$ obE odÌdod⁄mb` AZwXmZ Am`m{J ¤mam gßMmobV o[N>∂S{> j{Ã g{ gß]ßoYV AZwXmZ `m{OZm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AoVna∫$ AZwXmZ ‡m· H$aH{$ A^md H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om`{ß& 3. odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß Edß _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß e°joUH$ Edß Ae°joUH$ ÒQ>m\$ H{$ A^md H$m{ `⁄o[ AÂ]{gS>a ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß, ‡oV^mdmZ ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 62 _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ _{ß ^maV H{$ am¡`m{ß H$r oÒWoV (EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z)

S>m∞. naI]M›– O°Z * AdYmaUm - gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ gmW OwS{> hwE AW©emÛr _h]y]-Cb- Mma gyMH$ hH$ Z{ odH$mg H{$ EH$ gd©_m›` H$m odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß g]g{ [hb{ 1. O›_ H{$ g_` OrdZ ‡À`mem 2. ‡m{∂T> gmjaVm Xa ‡`mg ewÍ$ oH$`m Am°a ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z VWm ‡m{. ogJßa hßg H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ß _mZd 3. oejm _{ß gß`w∫$ gßH$b Zm_mßH$Z 4. ‡oV Ï`o∫$ gßH$b Ka{bw CÀ[mX odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ (HDI) odH$ogV oH$`m& gZ≤ 2010 g{ß [yd© HDI H{$ _m[Z H$r odoY - _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ _{ß 2001 g{ 2013 VH$ oOg_{ß 2007 Edß 1. OrdZ ‡À`mem gyMH$mßH$ (LEI) = LE-25 2008 H$m{ N>m{S> H$a [ya{ odÌd _{ß Zmd} ‡W_ ÒWmZ [a h¢& 14 _mM© 2013 H$m{ 85-25 Omar HDI Om{ gZ≤ 2012 H{$ gß_H$ [a AmYmnaV h¢ß oOg_{ß ‡W_ H´$_ [a Zmd} 2. oejm _{ß gyMH$mßH$ (EI) = 2 x ALI + 1 x GEI oOgH$m HDI _wÎ` 0.890 h¢ ^maV H$m ÒWmZ 187 X{em{ß _{ß 136 d{ß H´$_ [a 3 3 h¢ß VWm HDI H$m _wÎ` 0.554 h°& 2.1 ‡m{∂T> gmjaVm gyMH$mßH$ (ALI) = ALR - 0 _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ Bg _m›`Vm [a AmYmnaV h¢ oH$ ""oH$gr amÓQ≠> _{ß 100-0 ahZ{ dmb{ bm{J hr Cg amÓQ≠> H$r dmÒVodH$ gÂ[oŒm h¢ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m 2.2 gH$b Zm_mßH$Z gyMH$mßH$ (GEI) = CGER - 0 _yb C‘{Ì` EH$ E{gm dmVmdaU V°`ma H$aZm h°, oOgg{ bm{J bÂ]{, ÒdÒW 100-0 VWm g•OZmÀ_H$ OrdZ H$m AmZßX CR>m gH{$ß&_mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ VrZ 3. gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX (GDP) = Log (GDPPC) - Log (100) _mZH$m{ß ÒdmÒœ`, oejm, Am` Edß ahZ-ghZ H{$ ÒVa H{$ AmYma [a V°`ma Log (40000) - Log (100) oH$`m OmVm h¢ gyMH$mßH$ H{$ obE ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m AmH$bZ OrdZ ‡À`mem Bg ‡H$ma H{$ ¤mam, e°joUH$ ÒVa H$m ‡m{∂T> gmjaVm Am°a ‡mWo_H$ o¤Vr`H$ Edß HDI=OrdZ ‡À`mem gyMH$mßH$+oejm _{ß gyMH$mßH$+dmÒVodH$ gH$b Ka{bw CÀ[mX gyMH$mßH$ V•Vr`H$ ÒVa [a [ßOrH$aU H{$ AmYma [a VWm ahZ-ghZ ÒVa H$m AmHß$bZ 3 Am` H{$ ÒVa Edß H´$` eoH$ g_Vm H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m OmVm h°& _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H{$ _m[X S> H$r ZB© odoY :- gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$r _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> H$r VO© [a hr _m[X S> H$m `h VarH$m 4 ZdÂ]a 2010 H$m{ ‡H$moeV hwAm Om{ HDI ^maV H{$ am¡` ^r A[Zr _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> ‡H$moeV H$aZ{ H$r Am{a H$r 2010 H$r na[m{Q©> [a AmYmnaV h°& VWm `h 10 OyZ 2011 H$m{ bmJy hm{ C›_wI hwE h°& am¡` ÒVna` _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> Omar H$aZ{ dmbm [hbm J`m h°& am¡` _‹`‡X{e h°& oOgZ{ 1995 _{ß A[Zr na[m}Q> ‡H$moeV H$r h°& VrZ gßH{$Vm{ H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hwE A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` :- 1. OrdZ ‡À`mem gyMH$mßH$ LEI = LE-20 1. ^maV _{ß _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& 82.3 - 20 2. ^maV H{$ am¡`m{ß _{ß _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z 2. e°joUH$ gyMH$mßH$ (EI) = MYSI.EYSI H$aZm& 0.951 3. _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H{$ gßH{$Vm{ H$m _yÎ` kmV H$aZm& 2.1 ‡m{∂T> gmjaVm gyMH$mßH$ (MYSI) = MYS 4. _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H{$ _wÎ`m{ß H$m CgH{$ gßH{$Vm{ g{ ghgÂ]ßY JwUmßH$ 13.2 kmV H$aZm& 2.2 oejm _{ß gH$b Zm_mßH$Z gyMH$mßH$ (EYSI) = EYS 5. _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H{$ ÒVa H$m{ CÉ H$aZ{ h{Vw A›` KQ>H$m{ H$m 20.6

odÌb{fU H$aZm& 3. Am` gyMH$mßH$ (II) = In (GNIpc) - In (100) em{Y odoY :- In(107721) - In (100) o¤Vr`H$ gß_H$m{ H$m{ kmV H$aZm VWm CZ gß_H$m{ g{ Am°gV, a¢H$ VWm AßoV_ Í$[ g{ HDI H$m _m[Z [yd© H{$ VrZ gßH{$Vm{ H{$ JwUm{Œma _m‹` g{ gh gÂ]ßY JwUmßH$ kmV H$aZm& kmV H$aV{ h°& _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H$m odÌb{fU :- (X{nIE J´m\$-1) 3 LEI.EI.II HDI H$m _m[Z :- HDI = BgH$m _m[ X S> VrZ Am`m_ Edß Mma gyMH$m{ [a AmYmnaV h¢ Om{ oZÂZ h°& `hm∞ VrZ Am`m_ LE - O›_ H{$ g_` OrdZ ‡À`mem 1. ÒdmÒœ` 2. oejm 3. OrdZ ÒVa MYS - 25 df© Edß Cgg{ AoYH$ Am`w H{$ Ï`o∫$`m{ß H$m ÒHy$b Zm_mßH$Z * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ AW©emÛ, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` Zr_M (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 63

EYS - 5 df© Edß Cgg{ AoYH$ Am`w H$m ÒHy$b _{ß Zm_mßH$Z oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd :-

GNIPC - ‡oV Ïò∫$ dmÒVodH$ gH$b Ka{by Am` H´$` eo∫$ j_Vm H{$ _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ H$m{ 10 OyZ 2011 g{ ZB© odoY g{ _m[ ah{ h¢ AmYma [a oOg_{ß VrZ Am`m_ VWm Mma gyMH$ Om{ O›_ H{$ g_` OrdZ ‡À`mem ‡m{∂T> _mZd odH$mg gyMH$ _yÎ` - gmjaVm Xa, oejm _{ß gß`wH$ gH$b Zm_mßH$Z VWm ‡oV Ïò∫$ gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX h¢& _mZd odH$mg H$m H´$_ HDI H$m _yÎ` odH$ogV X{e 0.8 - 1.0 1. ^maV H$m HDI H$m _yÎ` AmoW©H$ CXmarH$aU Edß d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ [ÌMmV odH$mgerb X{e 0.5 - 0.8 bJ^J ]∂T> ahm h¢ odÌd _{ß ^r ^maV H$m ÒWmZ bJ^J oÒWa gm h°& AÎ[odH$ogV X{e 0 - 0.5 (X{oI`{ VmobH$m 1) 2. ^maV H{$ ‡_wI am¡`m{ß H$m HDI a{ßH$ gZ≤ 1981 g{ 2011 VH$ _{ß H{$ab ‡W_ H´$_ [a h¢ Vo_bZmSw> Z{ [yd© H{$ dfm} g{ A[Zr oÒWoV _O]wV H$r h°& VmobH$m 1 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ HDI _{ß ^maV H$m odÌd _{ß oÒWoV 1990 g{ bJ^J ]∂T> ahr h°& Om{ Bg ]mV H$m{ [nabojV H$aVm h° oH$ AmoW©H$ gwYmam{ß 3. ^maV H{$ ‡_wI am¡`m{ß H$m HDI H$m O›_ H{$ g_` OrdZ ‡À`mem, H{$ [ÌMmV ^maV Z{ CXmarH$aU d d°ÌdrH$aU H$m{ A[ZmV{ hwE ÒdmÒœ`, gmjaVm Xa VWm ‡oV Ïò∫$ gßH$b Ka{bw CÀ[mX g{ CÉ YZmÀ_H$ oejm Edß H´$èp∑V _{ß d•o’ H$r h°& ghgß]ßY h°& HDI Edß OrdZ ‡À`mem _{ß ghgÂ]ßY JwUmßH$, HDI Edß VmobH$m - 2 _{ß H{$ab, [ßOm], _hmamÓQ≠>, Vo_bZmSy> Edß hna`mUm H{$ ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` _{ß g_gÂ]ßY JwUmßH$ H{$ gm[{j AoYH$ h°& _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ A›` am¡`m{ß g{ CÉVa h°& gm_m›`V`m BZ am¡`m{ß gwPmd :- H$m ‡oVÏò∫$ dmÒVodH$ Am` ^r D$Mr h°& 1. HDI _{ß emo_b VrZ gyMH$ H$ _mZd odH$mg H$m gyMH$ oeew _•À`wXa [m{fU AmoX gm_moOH$ gyMH$m{ H$m{ ^r emo_b H$aZm MmohE& VmobH$m- 3 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ HDI Edß OrdZ ‡À`mem _{ß YZmÀ_H$ CÉ 2. am¡`m{ß Edß X{e H$r Am` H$r Ag_mZVm H$m{ H$_ H$aH{$ HDI H$m _yÎ` ghgßÂ]ßY JwUmßH$ 0.934 h°& oOgg{ Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ HDI Edß OrdZ ‡À`mem ]∂T>m gH$V{ h°& _{ß KoZÓQ> YZmÀ_H$ ghgÂ]ßY h° HDI Eßd e°joUH$ gyMH$mßH$ _{ß ghgßÂ]Y 3. HDI H$m ‡_wI gßH{$VH$ ‡oV Ïò∫$ dmÒVodH$ Am` h¢ oOg{ ]∂T>m H$a JwUmH$ +0.849 h¢ VWm HDI Edß ‡oV Ïò∫$ dmÒVodH$ Am` _{ß ghgÂ]ßY HDI ]∂T>m gH$V{ h°& JwUmßH$ +0.836 h¢& AWm©V H$^r-H$^r ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` _{ß d•o’ hm{Z{ [a 4. HDI H$m _yÎ` ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE X{e d am¡`m{ß H$m{ Am` H$m CoMV C[`m{J ^r HDI CÉ Zht h¢ ∑`m{oH$ d{ am¡` Am` H$m CoMV C[`m{J Zhr H$a ah{ h°& H$aV{ hwE _mZdr` H$Î`mU H$m{ ‡_wIVm X{Zr MmohE & gmW hr Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H{$ab am¡` H$m ‡oV Ïò∫$ gßH$b Ka{bw CÀ[mX _{ß gßX^© :- X{e _{ß 5 dm∞ H´$_ h¢ [a›Vw Am` H$m CoMV C[`m{J H$aV{ hwE ÒdmÒœ`, oejm 1. The Human development concept UNDP Retrieved 7 APR 2012. [a Ï`` H$aH{$ HDI _{ß ‡W_ H´$_ [a h¢, [ßOm] H$m GDP_{ß H´$_ 9 dm± hmß{Z{ [a 2. www.undp.org ^r HDI _{ß 3 dm∞ H´$_ h¢ hna`mUm H$m GDP CÉ hm{Z{ [a ^r HDI ZrM{ h°& 3. Economic Survey 2011-12 PP. 310 to 311 oh_mMb ‡X{e H$m ^r GDP H$_ hm{Z{ [a ^r HDI D∞$Mm h¢ JwOamV H$m GDP 4. ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm 2010 5. AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ Am°a odH$mg dr.gr. ogßhm _`ya [{[a ]{∑g & D∞$Mm hm{Z{ [a ^r HDI ZrMm h¢& AWm©V H{$ab, [ßOm] Edß oh_mMb ‡X{e Am` H$m CoMV C[`m{J H$aV{ hwE HDI H$m{ ]∂T>m ah{ h¢ O]H$r hna`mUm, _hmamÓQ≠> Edß JwOamV Am` H{$ gm[{j HDI H$m{ ]∂T>m Zhr [m ah{ h¢& A›` am¡`m{ H$r H$_m{]{e oÒWoV gm_m›` h¢&

J´m\$- 1 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 64

^maV _| _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ (VmobH$m-1)

_mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ _| am¡` (VmobH$m-2) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 65

ghgÂ]ßY JwUmßH$ :- r24 = + 0.934

r26 = + 0.849

r28 = +0.836 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 66 Xe[wa AßMb _{ß ô∫$ Edß ˚mß•Jma H$r agog’ H$doòÃ`m± (EH$ oM›VZ) S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°o›g`m * S>m∞. amO{›– Hw$_ma [°o›g`m ** _mbdm Ohmß [J-[J am{Q>r S>J-S>J Zra H{$ obE ‡og’ h° dht ô∫$ CZH{$ [Xm{ß _{ß 'M›–gIr ]Ó]mb H$r em{^m', 'M›–gIr ]Ó ]mb H$gZ Am°a ˚mß•Jma H{$ ob`{ ^r og’ h°& Xe[wa OZ[X H{$ obE bm{H$ gmohÀ` odX≤ N>od', VWm H{$db 'M›–gIr' H$r N>m[ bJr oXIVr h°& S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb Z{ obIm h° 'òX _mbdm, ^maV H$m ˆX` ÒWb h° Vm{ Xe[wa Bg H•$ÓU ^∫$ H$do`Ãr H$m _yb [mnadmnaH$ Zm_ È[Hw$±da Wm& H•$ÓU OZ[X _mbdm H$m ˆX` ÒWb h°&' (1)(1)(1) ô∫$ H{$ ‡oV bJZ Bg{ A[Zr _mVm OgHw$±da H{$ H$maU bJr& OgHw$±da Cg A[Z{ Bgr Amb{I _{ß d{ obIV{ h¢- '`h Xe[wa AßMb _mbdm H$m amOXyV g_` H$r OmZr-_mZr H•$ÓU ^∫$ Wt& CZH$m Òd aoMV H$m{B© [X Zht o_bVm h°& `h _mbdm H$r Jm°adembr H$roV© [VmH$m h°& `h Xem°ar _mbdr H$m j{Ã oH$›Vw d{ ÔZ _ßS>ob`m{ß _{ß H•$ÓU [aH$ [X Jm-JmH$a ô∫$ ag H$m AmZßX goV`m{ß, gmo‹d`m{ß Am°a gVdßoV`m{ß H$r YaVr h°& `h [ram{ß, \$H$ram{ß, gßVm{ß, [ya{ AßMb H$m{ ‡XmZ H$aVr Wt& Am°a g_aWm{ß H$r YaVr h°& `h dram{ß Am°a ehrXm{ß H$r YaVr h° & `h A_ram{ß, M›–gIr MÂ]b ZXr H{$ oH$Zma{ ]am©_m Zm_ H{$ EH$ X{d∂S>m amO[yV XmZdram{ß, H$od`m{ß Am°a gmohÀ`H$mam{ß H$r YaVr h°& `h Jm{[mbm{ß Am°a oH$gmZm{ß oR>H$mZ{ H$r ahZ{ dmbr Wr& H$N{>bm MmaU Jm{Ã _{ß BgH$m O›_ hwAm Wm& H$r YaVr h°& `h MmaUm{ß Am°a MamhJmam{ß H$r YaVr h°& `h ]mbH$od ]°amJr [maß[naH$ Í$[ g{ Jm{MmaU H$aZm BgH{$ [nadma H$m H$m_ Wm& Òd`ß Am°a Òdm_r oZ^©àm_Or H$r YaVr h°& `hm± H{$ \$mJ, `hm± H{$ amJ, `hm± H$r M›–gIr ^r MÂ]b H{$ oH$Zma{ [a Jm{MmaU H$aVr Wr& Cgr Xm°amZ ^wdmB©, `hm± H{$ _mM, `hm± H$r N>[mB©, aßJmB©, H$VmB©, ]wZmB© H$m è gmV dh I{O∂S{> d•j H{$ ZrM{ ]°R>H$a AbJm{Om ]OmVr Wr Am°a H•$ÓU g_w– [ma VH$ ª`mV ahm h°& X{dVm .`hm± _{h_mZ ]ZH$a AmV{ h° & `h har- ô∫$ H{$ [Xm{ß H$m JmZ H$aVr Wr& âr, gwhmJ-^mJ H$r YaVr h°& `h X{d ^yo_ h°& `h gVaßJr N>od`m{ß dmbr M›–gIr H$r ô∫$ Z Vm{ _ram H$r Vah [oV/Òdm_r [aH$ Wr Z gyaXmg abH$-XbH$ gmdJr-gwhmZr YaVr h°& _mbdm H$r `h Mh{Vr h°& Aamdbr H$r ^m±oV gIm [aH$& dh H•$ÓU H$r ô∫$ agImZ H$r Vah ]´˜ Í$[ _{ß ^r H$r `h ]{Q>r h°& BgH$r bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV _mbdm H$r _hmZ gßÒH•$oV h°& ^maVr` Zht H$aVr Wt Am°a H•$ÓU H$m{ ]´˜ [wamUm{ß, d{Xm{ß `m H$Wm-^mJdV _{ß ^r Zht gßÒH•$oV H$r `h AmYma ^yo_ h°& BgH$m dßXZ Ao^ZßXZ !! (2)(2)(2)(_mbdr g{ Im{OVr Wt& H•$ÓU CgH{$ ^mB© W{ & Bgr È[-gß]ßY _{ß M›–gIr Z{ H•$ÓU H$r oh›Xr AZwdmX) AmamYZm H$r& A[Z{ AßoV_ oXZm{ß _{ß d{ MÂ]b, ]am©_m VWm gÂ[yU© _mbdm O] S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H$m{ C›ht H$m obIm `h Aße [∂T>H$a gwZm`m V] N>m{∂S>H$a H•$ÓU H{$ X{e Mbr JB©& Jm{Hw$b _{ß hr OmH$a ahr Am°a dht CZH$m C›hm{ßZ{ H$hm Bg_{ß BVZm Am°a Om{∂S> bm{-'' `h hwUmna hf©d’©Z H$r YaVr h°& ‡mU odgO©Z hwAm & A[Z{ AmÀ_ H$œ` _{ß H$hm h°- `h H•$ÓU ^∫$ M›–gIr, ZdoZoY Hw$±da Am°a ˚mß•Jma H$r ÂhmS> __©k ag ''MmaU H$r Om`r _wbH$ Âhmam{ _mbdm{& og’ gwßXa H$r YaVr h°& È[_Vr Bg AßMb _{ß AmH$a Òd`ß H$m{ Y›` _mZVr _wbH$ Âhmam{ _mbdm{, Or ^{g Âhmam{ _mbdm{&& (3)(3)(3) Wr& `h ô∫$ Am°a ˚mß•Jma H{$ AX^wV gß`m{J H$r YaVr h°& `hm± H$r ‡^mV _{ß ### ### ### ### ô∫$ H$r V›_`Vm h° Vm{ gß‹`m _{ß ˚mß•Jma H$r _m°O âr C_ßJ&'' MÂ]b H$Zma{ Âhmam{ Jm_ gmßdaÁm{ Am Om a{& (4)(4)(4) E{gm h° h_mam _mbdm& Bgr ^md H$m{ b{H$a C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr EH$ [wÒVH$ H$m O] M›–gIr _mbdm N>m{∂S>H$a H•$ÓU H{$ X{e Jm{Hw$b _{ß JB© V] CgH{$ [X Zm_ ''_mbd X{g gwdmgUm{' aIm h°& CZH{$ AZwgma ô∫$ ˚mß•Jma H$m{ gßò_V _{ß `h gßX{e o_b OmVm h°& H$aVr Am°a ˚mß•Jma ô∫$ H$m{ ag[yU© ]Zm X{Vm h°& _ram, gyaXmg, VwbgrXmg, '_wbH$ _mbdm N>m{∂S> H$›h°`m, AmB© Wma{ X{g&' (5)(5)(5) agImZ Am°a M›–gIr ZdoZoY Hwß$da Am°a gwXßa O°gr AZ{H$ ^∫$ od^yoV`m± M›–gIr H$m `h oZÂZoboIV [X H•$ÓU H$m{ ^mB© _mZH$a AmamYZ{ H$m BgH$m CXmhaU h°&'' H$aU-oZdmaU H$aVm h°- ]mV M›–gIr H$r AmVr h° V] AmoXdmgr bm{H$H$bm Edß Vwbgr gmohÀ` ''Âhmam{ hΩJm{ ^mB© bmJ{ Hw$±da H$›hmB© &&Q{>H$&& AH$mX_r ^m{[mb ¤mam ‡H$moeV J´ßW 'bm{H$ H$r ô∫$' H$m A‹``Z H$aV{ –w[X gwVm ar b¡Om amIr, ¡`w± Âhmar bmO ]MmB© & h¢& `h J´ßW df© 2009 _{ß ‡H$moeV hwAm& [•ÓR> 447 g{ 640 VH$ S>m∞. [yaZ Om_U Om`m am{ d{e YaÁm{ H$m›h{ß brbm VwaV aMmB© && ¤mam gßH$obV Edß AZwoXV 219 M›–gIr H{$ [X gßJóhV h°& S>m∞. ghJb H$mam ^mßJ Ow’ b∂S>`m{, ]U Âhmam{ hΩJm{ ^mB© $& H{$ gßJ´h _{ß 140 [X A‡H$moeV ^r gwaojV h¢& Bg ‡H$ma M›–gIr H{$ h{bm{ [m∂S>-[m∂S> Z¢ WmH$r, H$am{ Z ∑`w± gwUdmB© & 359 [X S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb Z{ bm{H$ Hß$R>m{ß g{ gßJóhV oH$E h¢& Bg A±Mb _{ß M›–gIr ar drUVr, gwUbrOm{ ZßX amB© & ÔZ _ßS>ob`m{ß _{ß _ram g{ ^r AoYH$ M›–gIr H{$ ÔZ-[X JmE OmV{ h¢& Wm{∂S>r Am°a oZ^m bm{ H$m›hm, A] VH$ KUr oZ^mB© && (6)(6)(6) * hare AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmXS>r, oObm-‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) ** AoVoW od¤mZ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 67

M›–gIr H$m g_` gÃhdt-AR>mahdt eVm„Xr odH´$_r H{$ _‹` R>haVm CZH$r aoMV AZ{H$ [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß g{ H{$db AmR> [wÒVH$m{ß H{$ hr Zm_ C[b„Y h°& ]am©_m _{ß 'M›–gIr H$r ]mar' EH$ ÒWmZ Wm & E{gm ÒWmZ [rha dmb{ h¢& d{ AmR> ^r C[b„Y Zht h°& H{$db 'N>] oMÃmdU H´$gZ ar' (A‡H$moeV) A[Zr ]hZ-]{Q>r H{$ _aUm{[am›V ]hwYm ]ZdmV{ ah{ h¢ & VWm 'AmV© Amh{ß' (‡H$moeV) S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb Or H{$ gßJ´h _{ß C[b„Y h¢& ]am©_m Jmßd JmßYrgmJa ]m±Y H{$ ObodÒVma _{ß Sy>] J`m h°& M›–gIr Hw$N> \w$Q>H$a JrV ^r S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H{$ gßJ´h _{ß h¢& (12)(12)(12) Bgr ‡H$ma EH$ Am°a Cg Jm±d H$r è ‹dOm A[Z{ ô∫$ [Xm{ß _{ß [ya{ _mbdm _{ß \$hamVr ahr h¢& gßJrV gmYZm H$r og’ H$do`Ãr È[_Vr ^r _mbdr H$r agog’ H$do`Ãr AmO ^r CZH{$ [X, ÔZ _ßS>ob`m{ß _{ß JmE OmV{ h¢& d{ _mbdm H$r _ram H{$ h° & CZH$m aoMV gmohÀ` AoYH$ C[b„Y Zht h°& CZH$r EH$ bm{H$ JmWm Zm_ g{ ª`mV h¢& (7)(7)(7) 'YaVr ar hya', 'Í$[_Vr ar JmWm' Bg JmWm _{ß 177 gmoI`m± h¢ & JmWm E{gr hr EH$ Am°a H•$ÓU ^∫$ H$do`Ãr hwB© h¢ oOZH$m Zm_ ZdoZoY Hw$±da È[_Vr H{$ O›_ g{ _•À`w [`™V H$r gÂ[yU© KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m oddaU ]ImZVr h°& 'ImßJmam{V'& d{ _Zmgm H{$ [mg M›–mdV oR>H$mZm ^mQ>I{∂S>r H$r amOm_mVm Bgr ‡H$ma CZH{$ ÒdaoMV 35 JrV VWm 75 gmoI`m± S>m∞. [yaZ ghJbOr Wt& CZH$m [rha O`[wa am¡` H{$ Om{]Z{a oR>H$mZ{ _{ß Wm& CZH$m O›_ 1892 H{$ gßJ´h _{ß (A‡H$moeV) C[b„Y h¢& (13)(13)(13) È[_Vr Z{ gßJrV H{$ Abdm B©Òdr _mZm OmVm h°& (8)(8)(8) gZ≤ 1908 B©Òdr _{ß ^mQ>I{∂S>r oR>H$mZ{ _{ß Hw$±da H•$ÓU ô∫$ [aH$ JrV aM{ h¢ & CZH$m EH$ [X ]hwV ‡MobV h°- g¡OZ ogßh M›–mdV H{$ gmW CZH$m oddmh hwAm Wm& oddmh H{$ g_` 'oMŒm M›X{ar _Z _mbd{ ,oh`m{ hm∂S>m{Vr _m` & CZH$r Am`w 16 df© Wr & g¡OZogßhOr H$r _•À`w H$m dU©Z Òd`ß ImßJmam{VOr aUV ^±da _{ß g{O gOmdm±, [m°∂T>m± _m S>d Om` && Z{ ^mQ>I{∂S>r _{ß CZH{$ ¤mam A[Z{ [oV Hw$ßda g¡OZogßh Or H$r Ò_•oV _{ß ]Z{ ### ### ### ### oebm[Q> [a AßoH$V H$adm`m Wm Om{ AmO ^r [∂T>m Om gH$Vm h°& (9)(9)(9) _mbdm{ ohaX° ]g{, _Z oMŒm ah{ gwV{O & oddmh H{$ Hw$N> g_` [ÌMmV hr CZH{$ [oV Hw$ßda g¡OZogßhOr H$r È[_Vr aÂ_V a_{ß, Zm^ H$_b ar g{O & _•À`w B›Xm°a H{$ S{>br H$m∞b{O H{$ hm{ÒQ>b _{ß ZmoJZ H{$ S>ßgZ{ g{ hm{ JB© Wr& Bg 'VmarH{$ \$naÌVm' _{ß È[_Vr H$m{ 'b{S>r Am\$ bm{Q>≤g' H$hm h°& gZ≤ 1561 Xwgh XwI H$m dU©Z C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ EH$ JrV _{ß oH$`m h° & B©. _{ß Ah_X Imß Z{ (AH$]a H$m g{Zm[oV) Z{ gmaßJ[wa Am°a _m S>d [a '']mb[U{ Mw∂S>bm{ I S>`m{, aroV hm{B© ]m±≈ & odO` hmogb H$a br& 1561 _{ß hr È[_Vr H$m ÒdJ©dmg hm{ J`m& 1593 OX ar Wma{ Amga{, AmB© Wmar N>m±h && _{ß ]mO ]hmXwa H$m X{hm›V hm{ J`m & gmaßJ[wa _{ß Xm{Zm{ß H$m _H$]a| h°& ZmJU gm°VU Z{ S>Ò`m{, Âhmam{ ^mJ gw^mJ& Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ Amg[mg X\$Zm`m J`m Wm& È[_Vr _‹`H$mb H{$ gßJrVH$mam{ß ZmJU Om`m \w$ß\$H$ma{, OX am H$mam ZmJ&& Am°a H•$ÓU ^∫$ H$doòÃ`m{ß _{ß gd©l{ÓR> od^yoV Wr& AH$]a Z{ CZH{$ _H$]a{ PQ> AmAm{ aJgm H$am{, gmßdob`m ogaH$ma & [a 'AmoeH{$ gmoXH$' obIdmH$a CZH$m gÂ_mZ oH$`m Wm& (14)(14)(14) È[_Vr Z{ M›–gIr am draUm, _ram am âVma&& AZ{H$ amJ amJoZ`m{ß H$r ^r aMZm H$r h°& _mßS>d H{$ gwÎVmZ g{ oddmh H$aZ{ H{$ ÈH$_UOr am gmoh]m, amYm am ogUJma& C[am›V ^r d{ Z_©Xm _°`m Am°a H•$ÓU H$r AmamYZm H$aVr aht& Cg{ A[Zm ZdoZoY ar od[Xm ham{, od[Xm Q>maUhma&& Y_© oZ^mZ{ H$r [yU© ÒdVßÃVm Wr& odaWm D$_a Am WJr, PQ> AmAm{ H$aVma& _mbdm H$r hr EH$ Am°a H$do`Ãr H$m Zm_ Xe[wa AßMb _{ß _m±S> (EH$ h{bm [mUy gm±dam, H$X H$r R>mUr ama && amJ) Jmo`H$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß AÀ`ßV gÂ_mZOZH$ È[ g{ OmZm OmVm h°& Xe[wa ZdoZoY H$r PQ> gwU [wJm{, H$m›hm H´$gZ _wama & AßMb oR>H$mZm OraZ H$r `h amO Jmo`H$m Wr& BgZ{ AZ{H$ _m∞S> gmoI`m{ß ∑`m{ß Zr gwUm{ a{ H$mZw∂S>m, Âhmar AaO [wH$ma && (10)(10)(10) H$r aMZm H$r VWm C›h{ß Iy] Jm`m ^r& EH$ Am°a [X ^r _{ß d{ `hr ]mV H$hVr h¢- S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb Z{ BgH$m g_` gZ≤ 1712-15 B©Òdr _mZm h°& S>m∞. ''odYdm ‡W_ ]Um`, o\$a ∑`m{ß XwI X{dU bJm{ & [yaZ ghJb Z{ A[Z{ C[›`mg 'XÂ^ H{$ odf' _{ß 'gOZm' Zm_ g{ Bg{ EH$ oh` o[Jb{ Zh hm`, a{ Omob_ OJZmoW`m && bm{H$ Jmo`H$m H{$ [mÃ _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° gw›Xa (gOZm) OraZ H$r hr ZdoZoY Hw$±da [a_ odXyfr _ohbm Wt& d{ ]hw[R>Á Wr& (11)(11)(11) CZH{$ g_` X_m_r H$bdV OmoV H$r Jmo`H$m Wr& gw›Xa H$r gmoI`m{ß Am°a CgH{$ gm¢X`© _{ß ‡H$moeV hm{Z{ dmbr AZ{H$ gmohoÀ`H$ [oÃH$mAm{ß H$m{ d{ _ßJdmH$a [∂T>Vr H$m dU©Z lr g_w–ogßhOr Om{Ym H{$ gÂ[mXZ _{ß amOÒWmZr em{Y gßÒWmZ Wr VWm CZ_{ß CZH{$ JrV AmoX N>[V{ W{& d{ H$ÈU ag H$r og’ H$do`Ãr Mm°[mgZr Om{Y[wa g{ 1987 B©. EH$ amOÒWmZr Xm{hm{ß H$m gßH$bZ ‡H$moeV Wt& CZH{$ X{hm›V H{$ [ÌMmV CZH$m ‡H$moeV Edß A‡H$moeV gmohÀ` VWm hwAm Wm& Cg_{ß [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 80-88 [a gw›Xa H$m CÎb{I oH$`m J`m h°-(15)(15)(15) [wÒVH$mb` CZH{$ ^mB© Za{›–ogßh oR>H$mZm Om{]Z{a A[Z{ gmW b{ JE AmO gw›Xa gm{hU gw›Xar, AYa AbH$Vm aßJ& CZH{$ oR>H$mZ{ [a g{ ^r gmar gm_J´r Jm`] h°& ZdoZoY Hw$±da Or H$r _•À`w H{$ha VmßH$r jrU H$oQ>, H$m{_b Z{Ã Hw$aßJ&& 23 _B© 1947 H$m{ hm{ JB© & d{ ‡mV: ]´˜ _whyV© _{ß OmJH$a H•$ÓU ô∫$ H{$ [X ### ### ### ### JmVr Wt& CZH$m Hß$R> BVZm _Ywa Wm oH$ 'K≈>r' [rgZ{ dmbr _ohbmEß A[Z{ gw›Xa KQ> Km`b oH$`m ]hJr Yma- XwYma& JrV ^ybH$a ZdoZoY Hw$±daOr H{$ JrVm{ß H$r YwZ [a K≈>r [rgVr Wt& hma_Zr o‡` Â`mZH$a, Z°Um ar Vadma&& (16)(16)(16) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 68

gßdV≤ 1903 oH$ _mK ]wXr [mßM_ ]wYdma H$m{ obIr JB© (gßJóhV H$r Ka AmE Am°a Cg VrW© H$m ‡gmX, dhm± H$r Hß$R>r_mbm, dhm± H$m MßXZ-Jm{[r JB©) gw›Xa H$r gmoI`m{ß H$r EH$ [m Sw>obo[ S>m∞. ghJb H$m{ C[b„Y hwB©& MßXZ [yar l’m ^mdZm g{ h_{ß X{-X{&' (19)(19)(19) Cg [m Sw>obo[ H{$ gßJ´hH$ M{Zam_ JwOa Jm°∂S> ]´m˜U h°& C›hm{ßZ{ dmoMH$ Òd`ß S>m∞. ghJb Z{ H$hm h°-'gw›Xa H{$ BZ Xm{hm{ß H$m gßH$bZ _{am em{Y [aÂ[am g{ gw›Xa H$r 328 gmoI`m{ß H$m gßJ´h oH$`m Wm& oOg{ S>m∞. [yaZ Zht h°, em{Y H$m Jm{I∂S>m h°, dmVm`Z h°, BZ _Z_m°Or AÎh∂S>, C›_w∫$ Am°a ghJb Z{ gVH©$Vm[yd©H$ [wZ: gwb{oIV H$a [wÒVH$mH$ma _{ß ‡H$moeV oH$`m& gXm `wdm bm{H$ aßOH$m{ß H$m{ BZH{$ gO©H$ H$m Zm_ ]VmH$a ]{Zm_ g{ gwZm_ `h [wÒVH$ 10 \$adar 2006 H$m{ lr ]mbH$od ]°amJrOr H{$ O›_oXZ [a H$aZ{ H$m EH$ ghO ‡`mg h°&' (20)(20)(20) ‡H$moeV hwB©& BgH{$ ‡H$meH$ Òd. M›–amOOr ^ S>mar gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, gM_wM Xe[wa H$r Bg 'OraZ-O{d∂S>r' gw›Xa [a Am°a AoYH$ ^mZ[wam h°& BgH$r ^yo_H$m C¡O°Z H{$ S>m∞. oedHw$_maOr Mm°aog`m Am°a lr JU{eUmÀ_H$ em{Y H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm ‡VrV hm{Vr h°& `h H$m`© Am°a H$m{B© ]mbH$od ]°amJrOr Z{ obIr h°& (17)(17)(17) Zht em{Y gßbæ Òd`ß S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H$m{ hr H$aZm hm{Jm& gw›Xa `h [wÒVH$ _mbdr _{ß ˚mß•Jma gmohÀ` H$m Ma_-[a_ CXmhaU h°& Xe[wa _mbdm H{$ 'gm{bh l•ßJma' H$r gm°^mΩ` o]ßXr h°& Xe[wa AßMb hr Zht AßMb H$r BZ H$mÏ` og’ H$doòÃ`m{ß [a erK´ hr odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` g_J´ _mbdmßMb ô∫$ Edß l•ßJma H$r Bg gÂ[Xm Edß BZH$r g•OH$ ÒVa [a em{Y H$r `m{OZm ‡ÒVmodV h° & V] S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H$r dfm} H$r dmΩX{od`m{ß [a Jd© H$aVm ah{Jm& V[Ò`m gmW©H$ hm{Jr Am°a _mbdr H$r BZ l{ÓR> g•OZ Y_u F$ofH$mAm{ß H$r gßX^© è[VmH$m [ya{ gmohÀ`mH$me _{ß bhamEJr & Amb{I H$m{ l•ßJmnaV VWm ag_` 01. _mbdr H$r C[]m{ob`m± Am°a CZH$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ [na‡{˙`- [•. 48, H$m∞d{ar em{Y gßÒWmZ H$m g{o_Zma J´ßW- g_›d`H$ S>m∞. Ì`m_ gw›Xa oZJ_, ‡H$meH$, _.‡. H$aV{ hwE 'VH$-VH$ H$a{ ogH$ma' [wÒVH$ _{ß g{ gw›Xa H{$ `{ Xm{h{ ‡ÒVwV h¢- amÓQ≠>^mfm ‡Mma go_oV-^m{[mb _.‡. df© 2007 B©Òdr & a_-O_-a_-O_ H$m_Ur, Amd{ B©Va dmg& 02,. dhr- [•ÓR> 48, AßoV_ AZw¿N{>X & [rbm{ [{a AQ>H$mEH$m{, Amdr ‡rV_ [mg&& 03-4. bm{H$ H$r ô∫$, [•. 45 & 05. bm{H$ H$r ô∫$, [•. 566 [X 139 VWm [•. 529 [X 88 & gw›Xa g{Omß gmßH$ar, MwJbr Im{am bm{J& 06. dht [•. 540, [X 102 & Kw∂S>b{ ]mJmß AmdOm{, dR{> o_bU H$m Om{J&& 07. X{I{ß _Yw_Vr-amOÒWmZ gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, OyZ 2006 & Mw∂S>bm{ hmWr XmßV H$m{, [mO[ PUH$Xma& S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H$m Amb{I '_mbdm H$r _ram' [•. 20-28 & (18)(18)(18) 08. S>m∞. [yaZghJb H{$ gßJ´h _{ß gßH$obV Vœ`m{ß H{$ AmYma [a& gw›Xa aI∂S>r ]rOar, Z°Um V{O H$Q>ma&& 09. ^mQ>I{∂S>r [mR>embm [a bJ{ oebm[Q> H{$ AmYma [a & gw›Xa H{$ `{ l•ßJma Xm{h{ o]hmar H{$ CZ Xm{hm{ß H$r Vah N>m{Q{> oH$›Vw VrI{ h¢ 10. S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb H{$ gßJ´h H{$ C[b„Y JrV & oOZH{$ obE H$hm h°- 11. ZdoZoY Hw$ßda H$r ‡H$moeV H•$oV 'AmV© Amh{ß' gßdV≤ 1991 & ‡H$meH$ gm°. X{dr Y_©[ÀZr R>m. eo∫$ogßhOr oR>H$mZm Pmbam _{dm∂S>, [•. 2, [X 17& 'gVgB`m H{$ Xm{ha{, ¡`w± ZmodH$ H{$ Vra& 12. _mbd bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV AZwÓR>mZ _Zmgm H$m J´ßWmb` & X{IZ _{ß N>m{Q{> bJ{ß, Kmd H$a{ JÂ^ra&& 13. _mbdm bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV AZwÓR>mZ _Zmgm H{$ gßJ´h (J´ßWmb`) _{ß C[b„Y & gw›Xa H{$ BZ Xm{hm{ß H$m{ Xa]mar bm{H$ Jm`H$m{ß g{ (]mahQ>m{ß g{) bJmH$a 14. YaVr H$r hya-Í$[_Vr ar JmWm- S>m∞. ghJb H{$ J´ßWmb` _{ß gßJóhV & 15.. XÂ^ H$m odf- b{IH$ S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb & aoZdmg S{>har H{$ gwarb{ Hß$R>m{ß VH$ Z{ Jm`m h°& 16. X{I{ C[am{∫$ J´ßW- amOÒWmZr Xm{hmdbr [•ÓR> 80-88 & Bg gßJ´h H{$ obE ‡og’ gmohÀ`H$ma lr ]mbH$od ]°amJr Z{ H$hm h°- 17. VH$-VH$ H$a{ ogH$ma gw›Xa- S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb & 'S>m∞. [yaZ Z{ E{gm oH$`m h° O°g{ H$m{B© oH$gr VrW© Ym_ g{ VrW© `mÃm H$aH{$ h_ma{ 18. VH$-VH$ H$a{ ogH$ma gw›Xa- S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb Xm{hm 6, 8, 13 19. VH$-VH$ H$a{ ogH$ma gw›Xa- S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb, [•ÓR> 5, AZw¿N{>X 2 & 20. VH$-VH$ H$a{ ogH$ma gw›Xa- S>m∞. [yaZ ghJb, [•ÓR> 9, AZw¿N{>X 4&

************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 69 Zr_M oOb{ _{ß OZmßoH$H$r` [nadV©Z (1971 g{ 2011 VH$) EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© * Amerf e_m© ** ‡ÒVmdZm :- ]. oOb{ _{ß OZgßª`m H$m AmdÓZ hwAm h° ode{fH$a Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß OZgßª`m amÓQ≠> H$r gÂ[oŒm hm{Vr h°, X{e _{ß C[b„Y ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß gdm©oYH$ h°&(4)(4)(4) H$r VwbZm _{ß OZgßª`m H$_ hm{Vr h° Vm{ X{e H$m odH$mg Yr_r JoV g{ hm{Vm g. oOb{ _{ß [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_ _{ß CXmgrZVm ahr h°&(5)(5)(5) h° VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß OZgßª`m H$m AmH$ma g›VwobV [a›Vw 1981 g{ 1991 H{$ XeH$ _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß OZgßª`m d•o’ [a hm{Vm h° Vm{ X{e H$m odH$mg Vrd´ JoV g{ hm{Vm h° VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r _.‡. d ^maV H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_ ahr h° VWm oOb{ H$r Vhgrbm{ß H$m ^r VwbZm _{ß OZgßª`m H$m AmH$ma AoYH$ hm{Vm h° Vm{ dh OZgßª`m ‡_wI VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahm h° oH$ OZgßª`m d•o’ Xa _{ß ^mar g_Ò`m ]Z OmVr h°& Jar]r, ^yI_ar, ]{am{OJmar, em{fU, Am[amoYH$ H$_r hwB© h° oOgH{$ oZÂZ H$maU ah{ h¢ - ‡d•oŒm`m±, oZÂZ OrdZ ÒVa AmoX AZ{H$ g_Ò`mEß ^`mdh Í$[ b{ b{Vr h°& 1. oOb{ _{ß ‡OZZ Xa _{ß H$_r Am`r h°& (3)(3)(3) Zr_M oOb{ _{ß hm{ ah{ OZmßoH$H$r` [nadV©Zm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z Bg 2. oOb{ _{ß ode{fH$a Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß AmdÓZ oÒWa ahm h°& (4)(4)(4) em{Y [Ã H$m C‘{Ì` h°& grAma[rE\$ H$r O›_ ÒWbr Zr_M oObm _.‡. 3. VWm oOb{ _{ß [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ AmemVrV g\$bVm ‡m· am¡` H{$ CŒma-[pÌM_ j{Ã _{ß oÒWV h° VWm BgH{$ VrZm{ß Am{a amOÒWmZ am¡` hwB© h°& (5)(5)(5) H$r gr_mE± bJr hwB© h°& `hm± H$m _wª` Ï`dgm` H•$of Edß IXmZ h° VWm Bgr ‡H$ma 2011 H$r OZJUZm _{ß ^r Zr_M oOb{ H$r OZgßª`m d•o’ A\$r_ H$m CÀ[mXZ X{e _ß{ ode{f ÒWmZ aIVm h°& OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z _{ß Xa _.‡. d ^maV H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_ h°, hm±bmoH$ OZgßª`m d•o’ Xa _{ß OZgßª`m VWm CgH$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ dmb{ VÀdm{ß H$m g_md{e oH$`m OmVm oJamdQ> oOb{ H{$ gmW-gmW ‡X{e d X{e _{ß ^r h°, [a›Vw oOb{ _{ß gdm©oYH$ h°, oOg_{ß g_wXm` H$m AmH$ma, O›_Xa, oddmh, _•À`wXa, Am`w gßaMZm, oJamdQ> 7.69 h° Om{ EH$ Z`{ gßH{$V H$r Am{a h°, oOgH$m ‡_wI H$maU OZVm obßJ gßaMZm, ‡dmg AmoX H$m A‹``Z oH$`m OmVm h°&(1)(1)(1) ¤mam [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm g{ A[ZmZm h° gmW hr em{Y H$m C‘{Ì` :- oejm Edß am{OJma H{$ H$maU OZgßª`m H$m ‡dmg ^r h°& _.‡. am¡` Edß ^maV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß hm{ ah{ OZmßoH$H$r` OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z H$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© KQ>H$ obßJ gßaMZm h° oOg{ [nadV©Zm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$a CZ H$maH$m{ß H$r Im{O H$aZm h° Om{ Bg obßJ AZw[mV ^r H$hm OmVm h°& obßJ AZw[mV oH$gr j{Ã H{$ oÛ`mß{ H$r Hw$b [nadV©Z H{$ ob`{ oOÂ_{Xma h° gmW hr oOb{ H$r g^r Vhgrbm{ß _{ß ^r hm{ ah{ OZgßª`m _{ß [wÍ$fm{ß H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m H$m ^mJ X{H$a 1000 H{$ JwUmßH$ _{ß OZmßoH$H$r` [nadV©Zm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm h°, oH$ d{ H$maH$ kmV oH$`m OmVm h°&(6)(6)(6) gm_m›`V`m O›_ H{$ g_` obßJmZw[mV 105 hm{Vm gdm©oYH$ oH$Z Vhgrbm{ß H$m{ ‡^modV H$a ah{ h¢& h°&(7)(7)(7) ZdOmV b∂S>H$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{{ß b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r X{I^mb H$_ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU em{Y ‡odoY Edß j{Ã :- Mma df© H{$ A›Vamb _{ß `h AZw[mV ]am]a hm{ OmVm h° Am°a 95 df© H$r Am`w ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß gÂ[yU© o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& _{ß `h AZw[mV AmYm ah OmVm h°& gm_moOH$ aroV nadmO, [aÂ[amE±, _m›`VmE± OZJUZm H{$ ‡H$moeV AmßH$∂S{> em{Y [Ã H{$ A‹``Z H$m AmYma h°& df© Edß [wÍ$f ‡YmZ Ï`dÒWm Z{ ^r obßJ AZw[mV H$m{ gdm©oYH$ ‡^modV oH$`m 1971 g{ 2011 VH$ H$r OZJUZm _{ß OZgßª`m H$m AmH$ma, obßJ gßaMZm h°& Xh{O ‡Wm, ]mb oddmh, Jar]r, Aoejm, [wÃ_m{h AmoX AZ{H$ H$ma mm{ß d gmjaVm H$m hr VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& OZmßoH$H$r` [nadV©Zm{ß Z{ ^r obßJ AZw[mV H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m h°& [a›Vw em{Y [Ã H$r VmobH$m H$m{ _wª` Í$[ g{ Mma KQ>H$ ‡^modV H$aV{ h¢ - H´$ß.03 g{ `h oZÓH$f© ‡m· hm{ ahm h° oH$ 1971 H$r OZJUZm H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a 1. ‡OZZVm, oOg_{ß -(A) O°odH$r` VÀd (]) [am{j gm_moOH$ VÀd e{f g^r OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJ AZw[mV _‡ d ^maV g{ (g) ‡À`j gm_moOH$ VÀd, Om{ grY{ OZgßª`m d•o’ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aV{ h¢& AoYH$ h°, `h EH$ gwIX oÒWoV h° oH$ odJV 50 dfm~ _{ß Om{ obßJ AZw[mV 2. _•À`w H´$_ ^r OZgßª`m d•o’ H$m{ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& oOb{ H{$ gmW-gmW ‡X{e d X{e _{ß ]∂T>m h°, Cg_{ß Zr_M oObm AJÚr ahm h°& 3. ‡dmg ‡X{e _{ß ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Am›Xm{bZ Edß _wª`_ßÃr H$›`mXmZ `m{OZm Edß OZZr 4. A›` KQ>H$ Om{ A‡À`j Í$[ g{ OZgßª`m d•o’ `m H$_r H$m{ ‡^modV gwajm `m{OZm AmoX H$m ‡^md ‡X{e d oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV [a Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ h¢&(2)(2)(2) oXImB© X{ ahm h° oOb{ _{ß obßJ AZw[mV ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß gdm©oYH$ `m{JXmZ _Zmgm em{Y [Ã H$r VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 H{$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 1971 g{ Vhgrb H$m h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 _{ß oOb{ H$r odo^fi Vhgrbm{ß H$m 1981 H{$ _‹` Zr_M oOb{ H$r OZgßª`m d•o’ Xa _.‡. d ^maV H$r VwbZm VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZ{ `h oZÓH$f© ‡m· hm{ ahm h° oH$ Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß _{ß AoYH$ h° VWm VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 H{$ A‹``Z g{ ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahm h° oH$ 1971, 1981, 1991 Edß 2001 H{$ _‹` obßJ AZw[mV _ß{ gdm©oYH$ d•o’ oOb{ H$r VrZm{ß Vhgrbm{ß _{ß ^r OZgßª`m d•o’ H$r Xa gdm©oYH$ h° ode{fH$a hwB© h° [a›Vw 2011 _{ß OmdX d _Zmgm Vhgrbm{ß _{ß obßJ AZw[mV V{Or g{ Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 35.58 ‡oVeV h°, oOgH{$ oZÂZ H$maU h¢- ]∂S>m h° 2001 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2011 _{ß _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß obßJ AZw[mV 18 A. oOb{ _{ß ‡OZZ Xa Dß$Mr ahr h°&(3)(3)(3) d••o’ H{$ gmW 975 hm{ J`m Om{ gdm©oYH$ h°, Edß A[Z{ Am[ _{ß EH$ naH$mS©> h°& * emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ** Ama.Ama.E_. H$m∞b{O, Zr_M (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 70

gmjaVm H{$ A‹``Z g{ oH$gr X{e H{$ bm{Jmß{ H$r oejm, gßÒH•$oV Edß H$_ h°& (g) `wdmAm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß ‡m°∂T> _ohbmAm{ß _{ß gmjaVm H$m d•o’ H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& oejm g{ Z°oVH$ odH$mg, Ïò∫$Àd ‡oVeV H$_ h°& (X) AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ gÂ[fi [nadmam{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß odH$mg, MnaÃ oZ_m©U, ]wo’ H$m odH$mg, CÀ[mXZ j_Vm ]∂T>mZ{, AmodÓH$ma Jar] [nadmam{ß _{ß _ohbm gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV H$_ h°°& H$aZ{, gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H$aZ{ VWm _mV•^yo_ H$r ‡mMrZ gßÒH•$oV H$m gwPmd :- [naajU hm{Vm h°&(8)(8)(8) odkmZ Edß ‡modoYH$r [a AmolV EH$ odÌd _{ß oejm 1. OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU h{Vw ode{fH$a J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß, [nadma H$Î`mU hr EH$ E{gm VÀd h° Om{ bm{Jm{ß H$r g_•o’, H$Î`mU VWm gwajm H{$ ÒVa H$m H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ bm{H$o‡` ]ZmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& oZYm©a m H$aVm h°&(9)(9)(9) em{Y [Ã H$r VmobH$m H´ß$. 05 H{$ A‹``Z g{ `h 2. Om{ Jar] ]É{ YZ A^md H{$ H$maU [∂T>mB© N>m{∂S>H$a hm{Q>bm{ß _{ß H$m`© H$a oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ o[N>b{ 5 XeH$ _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ gmjaVm ah{ h¢ Edß ]oÉ`mß ]V©Z, Pm∂Sy>-[m°N>m AmoX H$m H$m`© H$a ahr h°, CZH{$ H$m ‡oVeV _.‡. d ^maV g{ AoYH$ h° O]oH$ _ohbm oejm _{ß `h oObm ob`{ ode{f ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Edß `wdmAm{ß H$m{ CÉ oejm Edß ‡X{e d X{e g{ bJmVma [rN{> ahm h°& am{OJma H{$ Adga ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw OmdX Vhgrb _{ß, S>rH{$Z d OraZ ÒHy$b Mb{ h_, Jm±d H$r ]{Q>r, ‡oV^m oH$aU, Edß A›` N>mÃd•oŒm`m{ß Vhgrb _{ß, _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AoV AmdÌ`H$Vm ÒHy$b OmZ{ h{Vy oZ:ewÎH$ gmB©oH$b, `yoZ\$m_©, [wÒVH{$ß AmoX H{$ ‡m{ÀgmhZm{ß h° Edß am{OJma _ybH$ C⁄m{J bJmZ{ h{Vw ode{f ‡`mg H$r ^r Z{ _ohbm oejm H{$ ‡oVeV _{ß H$m\$r hX VH$ d•o’ Vm{ H$r h° [a›Vw AmO ^r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß VH$ZrH$r oejm H{$ odÒVma h{Vw Bg j{Ã _{ß Am°a AoYH$ ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Jar]r, Í$∂T>rdmoXVm Bo›OoZ`naßJ d _{oS>H$b H$m∞b{O H$r ^r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmZr MmohE& Edß gm_moOH$ [aÂ[amE± ]{oQ>`m{ß H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ _{ß Edß [∂T>Z{ _{ß ]mYH$ ]Z ahr 3. oOb{ H{$ Jar] [nadmam{ß H$m{ oMo›hV H$aH{$ CZH{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ oejm h°& oOb{ _{ß Ohm∞ [wÍ$fm{ß H$r gmjaVm X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß oeIa [a h°, dhm± oXbmZ{ h{Vw gaH$ma ¤mam ode{f ‡`mg oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& _ohbm gmjaVm H{$ ‡oVeV _{ß H$_r VWm ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_, EH$ 4. oOb{ _{ß gmjaVm H{$ ‡oVeV H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw ‡m°∂T> oejm Ao^`mZ H$m{ oM›VZr` [hby h°& VmobH$m 05 _{ß `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahm h° oH$ 1991 g{ 2001 gKZ H$aZm MmohE VmoH$ oH$gr ^r [nadma _{ß ‡m°∂T> AZ[∂T> Z ah{& Bg{ H{$ XeH$ _{ß [wÍ$f gmjaVm _{ß gdm©oYH$ 13.2 ‡oVeV Edß _ohbm gmjaVm OZ Am›Xm{bZ H$m Í$[ X{Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& _{ß 19.0 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° [a›Vw 2001 g{ 2011 _{ß `h ‡JoV gßX^© gyMr :- g›Vm{fOZH$ Zht h°& 01. Spenglar and Duncan : Demographic Analysis 1963 P.-53 em{Y H{$ oZÓH$f© :- 02. A. Sinha, V.C. & Dwivedi, R.S. : Principal of Demography, 1. Zr_M oObm, OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU Edß [nadma H$Î`mU H{$ j{Ã _{ß ‡X{e d 1989, P-21 B. X{e g{ AmJ{ h°& oOg_{ß oOb{ H$r OmdX Vhgrb H$m ode{f `m{JXmZ h°& 03. * A.) _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß ‡OZZ Xa AmoW©H$ Edß gmßoª`H$r gßMmbZmb`, ^m{[mb 2. oejm Edß am{OJma H{$ H$maU oOb{ H{$ `wdmAm{ß H$m ‡dmg X{e H{$ A›` H{$ gd} H{$ AmYma [a * ].) g{Â[b aoOÒQ≠>rH$aU ]wb{Q>rZ : ^maV H{$ _hmaoOÒQ≠>ma, ÒWmZm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW odX{em{ß _ß{ ^r hm{ ahm h°& J•h _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÑr, 1991, [•ÓR>-2, 3, Edß 14 * g.) g{Â[b gd{} - AmoW©H$ Edß gmßoª`H$r gßMmbZmb`, ^m{[mb 3. Zr_M oOb{ H$m obßJmZw[mV odJV Mma XeH$m{ß _{ß _.‡. d ^maV H$r 04. ^maV H$r OZJUZm AmdÓZ VmobH$m * 1971 [•ÓR> 43-46 VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ h°& Bg_{ß oOb{ H$r _Zmgm Vhgrb H$m gdm©oYH$ * 1981 [•ÓR> 127-130 * 1991 [•ÓR> 132-134 `m{JXmZ h°& ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ao^`mZ, _wª`_ßÃr H$›`mXmZ `m{OZm, 05. * A.) _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_ : oObm oMoH$Àgmb`, _›Xgm°a OZZr gwajm `m{OZm AmoX H$m ‡^md oOb{ _{ß Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vm h°& g{ ‡m· AmßH$∂S>m{ H{$ AmYma [a * ].) B©©à ]wH$ 1987-88 Edß 1990-1991 odJV VrZ XeH$m{ß _{ß oOb{ H$r VrZm{ß Vhgrbm{ß H$m ^r obßJ AZw[mV ÒdmÒœ` Edß [nadma H$Î`mU _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© oXÑr * g.) gßMmbZmb` ÒdmÒœ` g{dmEß, _0‡´0 emgZ, ^m{[mb X{e d ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ h° Om{ EH$ ew^ gßH{$V h°& 06. Kumar,V. : Demography, 1993, P.- 41 4. Zr_M oObm [wÍ$f gmjaVm _{ß odJV VrZ XeH$m{ß g{ _.‡. d ^maV H$r 07. [{Ãm{d od∫$a : ^maV H$m OZgßª`m _ybH$ A‹``Z, 1987, P.- 91 VwbZm _{ß AmJ{ h° [a›Vw odJV [m∞M XeH$m{ß g{ _ohbm gmjaVm _{ß oObm 08. Mukarji, S.N.:Education in India - Today's & Tomorrow, 1964, P.-2 ‡X{e d X{e g{ [rN{> h° Om{ EH$ oM›VZr` [hby h° em{Y H{$ oZÓH$f© g{ 09. Report of Education commission, 1964-66, P.-2 `h kmV hwAm h°- (A) oOb{ _{ß eham{ß H$r VwbZm _{{ßß J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß, 10. ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 11. _›Xgm°a oObm OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z 1971 g{ 1991 [rEM.S>r. Wrogg 1995 _ohbm gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV H$_ h°° (]) oOb{ _{ß H$m`©erb OZgßª`m 12. www.censusindia.gov.in H$r VwwbZm _{ß AH$m`©erb OZgßª`m _{ß _ohbm gmjmaVm H$m ‡oVeV Zr_M oObm, _.‡. Edß ^maV _{ß OZgßª`m d•o’ Edß d•o’ Xa _{ß [nadV©Z VmobH$m H´ß$. 01 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 71

VmobH$m H´$. 01 H$m MmQ©

Ûm{V :- ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971 g{ 2011

Zr_M oOb{ H$r Vhgrbdma OZgßª`m d•o’ Edß d•o’ Xa _{ß [nadV©Z VmobH$m H´ß$. 02

VmobH$m 02 H$m MmQ>© H´$.

Ûm{V :- ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971 g{ 2011 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 72

Zr_M oObm, _.‡. Edß ^maV _{ß obßJmZw[mV Edß qbJmZw[mV _| [nadV©Z VmobH$m H´ß$. 03

MmQ©> H´ß$. 03

Ûm{V :- ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971 g{ 2011 Zr_M oOb{ H$r Vhgrbm{ß _{ß obßJ AZw[mV Edß qbJ AZw[mV _| [nadV©Z VmobH$m H´ß$. 04

MmQ©> H´ß$. 04

Ûm{V :- ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971 g{ 2011 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 73

Zr_M oObm, _.‡. Edß ^maV _{ß gmjaVm Edß gmjaVm _| [nadV©Z MmQ©> H´ß$. 05

Ûm{V :- ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971 g{ 2011

**************

OZohV _| Omar ]{Q>r h° Vm{ H$b h°- ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ob h° Vm{ OrdZ h°- Ob ]MmAm{ D$Om© h° Vm{ h_ h°- D$Om© ]MmAm{ a∑VXmZ- OrdZXmZ Z{ÃXmZ- _hmXmZ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 74 Effect of Duration of Marriage on Marital Adjustment lr_Vr H$_b{e C[m‹`m` * Abstract - VmC_´ MbZ{ dmbr ‡oH´$`m h°& AoYH$mße d°dmohH$ gß]ßYm{ß _{ß b¢oJH$ j_VmEß A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` 5 df© g{ H$_ VWm 5 g{ 10 df© VH$ H{$ oddmohV Edß Am[g H$r AmZßX d°dmohH$ OrdZ H$r g\$bVm H$m _hÀd[yU© H$maH$ h¢&666 XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m _m[Z H$aZm Wm& Bg h{Vw 2#2 H$maH$ Methodology Ao^H$Î[ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m& lr ‡_m{X Hw$_ma Edß Hw$.Hß$MZ am{hVJr Objective- d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ ÒVa [a oddmh H$r AdoY (0 g{ ¤mam oZo_©V "d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ [´ÌZmdbr' H$r ghm`Vm g{ 5 df© g{ H$_ 5 df© VWm 5 g{ 10 df©) Edß obßJ (_ohbm VWm [wÍ$f) H{$ ‡^md H$m oddmohV 20 XÂ[oŒm`m{ß Edß 5 g{ 10 df© H$r d°dmohH$ AdoY dmb{ 20 A‹``Z H$aZm& XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H$m{ `mX•p¿N>H$ aroV g{ ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß MòZV H$a ‡XŒmm{ß H$m Hypothesis- `h [naH$Î[Zm H$r OmVr h° oH$ oZÂZmßoH$V g_yhm{ß gßH$bZ oH$`m J`m & A‹``Z H{$ [naUm_ Bg ‡H$ma ah{- (1) 5 df© g{ H$_ H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ gß]ßYr _‹`_mZ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H{$ _‹` gmßoª`H$r` H$r AdoY H{$ oddmohV XÂ[oŒm`m{ß _{ß _ohbm ‡`m{¡`m{ß H$m b¢oJH$, gm_moOH$ —oÓH$m{U g{ H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m OmEJm- VWm ^mdZmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ A[Z{ [wÍ$f gmoW`m{ß g{ AoYH$ [m`m J`m h°& 1. _ohbm VWm [wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ _‹` & (2) 5 g{ 10 df© H$r AdoY H{$ _‹` oddmohV XÂ[oŒm`m{ß _{ß _ohbm ‡`m{¡`m{ß 2. 0 g{ 5 df© VWm 5 g{ 10 df© H$r d°dmmohH$ AdoY dmb{ ‡`m{¡`m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß [wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ b¢oJH$, gm_moOH$ VWm ^mdZmÀ_H$ H{$ _‹` & g_m`m{OZ H$m ÒVa AoYH$ [m`m J`m h°& (3) gÂ[yU© [arjU [a 5 df© g{ Sampling- dV©_mZ A‹``Z H$m ‡oVXe© _.‡. H{$ Zr_M oOb{ g{ H$_ oddmohV _ohbm ‡`m{¡`m{ß H$m d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ [wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß H$r ob`m J`m h°& 5 df© g{ H$_ VWm 5 g{ 10 df© H$r oddmh AdoY dmb{ 20- VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& (4) Bgr ‡H$ma 5 g{ 10 df© H$r oddmh 20 XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H$m{ ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m J`m& g^r ‡`m{¡`m{ß H$r Am`w AdoY H{$ [wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß _{ß gÂ[yU© [arjU [a d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ CZH{$ gr_m 18 df© g{ AoYH$ Wr& VwÎ` g_yhm{ß (_ohbm ‡`m{¡`m{ß) g{ AoYH$ [m`m J`m& (5) [arjU H{$ Used Test- ‡_m{X Hw$_ma Edß Hw$.Hß$MZ am{hVJr ¤mam oZo_©V odo^fi j{Ãm{ß _{ß g{ oH$gr ^r j{Ã H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ ÒVa _{ß A‹``Z ""d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ ‡ÌZmdbr'' ‡[Ã H$m C[`m{J ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ d°dmohH$ g_yhm{ß _{ß gmßoª`H$r` —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m J`m& g_m`m{OZ H{$ ÒVa H$m _m[Z H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ oH$`m J`m& `h [arjU VrZ Introduction- odo^fi j{Ãm{ß-b¢oJH$, gm_moOH$ VWm ^mdwH$Vm _{ß d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ oddmh Ûr-[wÍ$f H{$ ]rM AÀòYH$ _hÀd[yU© gß]ßYm{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h°& ÒVa H$m _m[Z H$aZm h°& [arjU _{ß hm±/Zht H{$ Xm{ odH$Î[m{ß H{$ gmW Hw$b 25 _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ß Z{ oddmh H$m{ N>h odo^fi j{Ãm{ß `Wm-Y_©, gm_moOH$ OrdZ, [X goÂ_obV h°& [arjU H$r odÌdgZr`Vm A’©-od¿N{>X odoY g{ .70 [maÒ[naH$ o_Ã, gmg-ggwa, AW© Edß H$m_ _{ß [na^mofV oH$`m h°&111 dmÒVd VWm [arjU-[wZ[©arjU odoY g{ .84 [mB© JB© h°& [arjU H$r d°YVm _{ß oddmh OrdZ `mÃm H$m dh MaU h°, oOg_{ß gmWr H$m ghr Í$[ _{ß M`Z, .71 g{ .84 [mB© JB© h°& [arjU _{ß eVmßer` _mZH$ oXE JE h¢& oOßXJr _{ß Iwoe`m{ß H$r ]m°N>ma bm gH$Vm h°, dht Xygar Am{a JbV M`Z Design - VH$br\$m{ß H$r Vbdma bQ>H$m gH$Vm h°& [na[∑d$ C_´ _{ß hm{ ahr emoX`m± C[am{∫$mZwgma [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m [arjU H$aZ{ h{Vw 2# 2 H$maH$ M`Z H{$ AmYma [a g\$b h° [aßVw g_m`m{OZ H{$ A^md _{ß d°dmohH$ OrdZ H{$ Ao^H$Î[ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& A‹``Z _{ß Ma obßJ H{$ Xm{ _yÎ` _ohbm _m{Vr AZ{H$ Adgam{ß [a o]IaV{ ZOa AmV{ h¢& ^æ [nadma, odIßoS>V VWm [wÍ$f Edß oddmh H$r AdoY H{$ Xm{ _yÎ` 0 g{ 5 df© VWm 5 g{ 10 df© [nadma, AH{$bm (_mVm `m o[Vm) Ao^^mdH$ `m o\$a VbmH$ E{gr AZ{H$ obE JE h¢& g_Ò`mAm{ß H$r O∂S> d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ _{ß H$_r hr h°&222 gßVwoÓQ> Am°a d°dmohH$ Discussions & Conclusions- g_m`m{OZ _{ß AßVa h°& d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ EH$ JÀ`mÀ_H$ ‡oH´$`m h° O]oH$ Table-1 d°dmohH$ gßVwoÓQ> Bg g_m`m{OZ ‡oH´$`m g{ ‡m· ‡oV\$bm{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h°& d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß, _mZH$ Ò[{oZà VWm Hy$b{ (1976)333 odMbZm{ß VWm t _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ Xem©Vr (5 df© g{ H$_ AdoY dmb{ oddmohV d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ hwE Wm∞_g Z{ obIm h° oH$ XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß) ""d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ dh AdÒWm h°, oOg_{ß [oV-[ÀZr _{ß A[Z{ oddmh Areas VWm EH$ XyO{ g{ Iwer Edß gßVwoÓQ> H$r gÂ[yU© ^mdZm oZohV hm{Vr h°&''444 g_mZ ‡OmoV, Y_© AWdm gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ dmb{ OrdZ gmWr H{$ gmW Am_Vm°a [a ]{hVa d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ ÒWmo[V hm{ [mVm h°& AaZ{ÒQ>, ]´wJ{g E S> obAm{ZmS©> H$m{Q>a{b (1939)555 d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 75

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 Om{ oH$ 5 df© g{ H$_ d°dmohH$ OrdZ dmb{ XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H$m{ Xem©Vr h°& VmobH$m H{$ Adbm{H$Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ H$r H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ gß]ßYr _‹`_mZm{ß, _mZH$ odMbZm{ß Edß t _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ AdoY H{$ ]∂T>Z{ g{ _ohbm/[wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h°& Ûr Edß [wÍ$f ‡`m{¡`m{ß H{$ b¢oJH$, gm_moOH$, ^mdZmÀ_H$ AßVa Zht [m`m OmVm h°& g_m`m{OZ Edß Hw$b ‡m·mßH$m{ß gß]ßYr _‹`_mZ ‡m·mßH$m{ß _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Table-3 gmßoª`H$r` —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ Zht [m`m J`m h°& d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ j{Ãdma F _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ Xem©Vr VmobH$m 5 df© g{ H$_ oddmh AdoY H{$ XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ Xem©Vm VwbZmÀ_H$ X S> Ama{I

Bgr ‡H$ma VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3 H{$ A‹``Z _{ß goÂ_obV oH$E JE Mmam{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H$r gmW©H$Vm H{$ AßVa H$r gmßoª`H$r` odd{MZm H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h°& b¢oJH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m F= 0.297 (NS) gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m F= 2.38 (NS)] ^mdZmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ H$m F=0.170 (NS) VWm gÂ[yU© ‡ÌZmdbr [a Hw$b d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m F=0.669 (NS) [m`m J`m h°& AV: oZÓH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ A‹``Z _{ß CÑ{oIV C[am{∫$ Xm{Zm{ß [naH$Î[ZmEß gÀ` og’ hm{Vr h°& Refrences- 1- Lazarus R.S.Delingis; A pshychological stress and coping in aging, Americal Psychologist 1983; 38 : 245-254 Table-2 2- Patidar Sangeeta, " A Comparative study of Marital d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ odo^ﬁ j{Ãm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß, _mZH$ odMbZm{ß Adjustment." A undergraduate Research Project, 2007- VWm t _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ Xem©Vr h° (5 g{ 10 df© H$r AdoY dmb{ oddmohV XÂ[oŒm`m{ß 08 Page-3 H{$ gßX^© _{ß) 3- International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 6(1), 127-128 4- Thomas E.J. Marital Communication and Decision Making. New York, Free Press (1977) 5- Earnest Burgess and Leonard Cottrell, Success or failure on marital Adjustment (1939) 6- Dr. Shikha Goel, Dr.Darshan Kaur Narang, Dr. Kavita 5 g{ 10 df© H$r oddmh AdoY H{$ XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ d°dmohH$ Karodiya, Marital Adjustment and Mental Health among g_m`m{OZ H$m{ Xem©Vm VwbZmÀ_H$ X S> Ama{I Bank employees and Doctors during Middle age (40-45)

****************************

Bgr ‡H$ma VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2 Om{ oH$ 5 g{ 10 df© H$r d°dmohH$ AdoY gmW JwOmaZ{ dmb{ XÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ d°dmohH$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ j{Ãdma ‡m·mßH$m{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 76

Rotationally Inelastic Collisions in N2 - Ne System and Validity of Two Parameter Power-Gap Law.

Dr. N.K.Dabkara * Dr. V.K.Ojha**

Abstract - The maximum amount of rotational energy transfer I∆∆∆EI* given by the power-gap law has been investigated over

a wide range of energies for N2-Ne system. Further the variation of cross -sections with energy are discussed. Also we

compared the predicted and computed cross- sections for the N2-Ne system. We found that they are in a very good agreement. However the variation is about 4 %.

Keywords: Rotational energy transfer, inelastic cross- over a wide range of potential functions and collision sections, power-gap law. parameters. Such a study of fitting laws is also expected to 1. Intorduction lead to various interesting features such as the correlation The study of rotationally inelastic collisions in molecular between the parameters of the colliding system and potential systems has been a subject of considerable interest. In with the parameters of the fitting laws. A systemic study of molecular system, the rotational transitions usually such a correlation may also lead to some fundamentally accompany vibration and/or electronic transitions .But at low important information regarding the mechanism of the collision energy rotational transitions occurs even without rotational energy transfer. In view of the above mentioned vibration and electronic transitions. Thus the study of importance of the mechanism of RET, we have planned our rotational inelastic scattering between molecules and neutral investigations as follows:- atoms at low collision energies is a fast developing field in (i) The integral inelastic cross-sections (IICS) have been collision dynamics1-10. computed using the modified infinite order sudden The experimental and theoretical framework on rotationally approximation (IOSAM)23-24 for rotational transitions in a simple inelastic collisions can be divided into two concepts, the system like N2-Ne over a wide range of collision energy. dynamically and statistically based scaling laws11-12. The (ii) To analyze the cross-sections so obtained by using infinite order sudden approximation (IOSA)13-14 and the energy the well known two parameter power-gap law. corrected sudden approximation (ECSA)15-16 are the common (iii) The validity of the power-gap law has been examined representatives of dynamically based scaling laws. On the and the correlation between the parameters of the power gap other hand statistically based scaling laws are the power- law and the collision parameters has been studied. gap(PG) law17, the exponential-gap (EG) law18-19 and the power The computational details and the procedure for exponential-gap(PEG) law20 which are typically depend on determination of the classical limit of rotational energy transfer the rotational energy spacing. I∆∆∆EI* are given in Section 2. The numerical results are One of the important outcomes regarding the rotational presented and discussed in Section 3. Finally the conclusions energy transfer (RET) in atom-diatom collisions has been are summarized in Section 4. the evolution of the empirical scaling and fitting laws which 2. Computational Details attempts to fit the entire matrix of integral inelastic cross- 2.1. Computation of cross-sections sections (IICS) and rate constants in terms of a few The integral inelastic cross-sections (IICS) were computed parameters. Considerable attention has been focused on the by using Agrawal and Raff's modified version of the infinite power-gap (PG) law21-22. order sudden approximation (IOSAM)23-24. σσσ For the computation of cross-sections for rotational IOSAM cross sections IOSAM are related to those transitions in the molecular collisions by the approximate calculated by the well known infinite order sudden quantum mechanical methods, it is now possible to study approximation (IOSA) by the following relation:- σσσ σσσ the dependence of cross-sections on different terms and IOSAM = ( kf /ki ) IOSA, (1) parameters of the intermolecular potential. Thus, it is possible where kf and ki, represents the wave vectors corresponding to examine the validity of different scaling and fitting laws to final and initial translational energies respectively. Such a

* Department of Physics, Govt. Girls College, Neemuch (M.P.) ** Department of Physics, Govt. P.G. College, Neemuch (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 77

σσσ →→→ ½ modification closes those channels which are not allowed where Y = ln[ (ji jf ) (Ti / Tf ) / (2jf + 1)], (9) by the energy conservation constraints. and X = ln I∆∆∆ EI. (10)

2.2. Potential energy surface Fig.2 gives a typical X-Y plot for N2-Ne system at initial

For the computation of IICS the homo nuclear diatomic translational energy E=0.1 eV for the potential VR(9). This molecule, N2, is treated as a rigid rotator and the atom, Ne, plot shows the existence of two straight lines signifying the is taken as a pair wise sum of the potential terms, i.e, two regions. The location of the critical point has been marked ∆∆∆ V = V(r1) + V(r2) (2) as I EI* in the figure. For all sets of computed cross sections 1 2 ∆∆∆ where r1 and r2 are the N -Ne and N -Ne distances, I EI* has been obtained by such plots. respectively, as shown in Fig.1 3. Results and Discussions The following forms of Lennard - Jones (L-J) potentials 3.1 Variation of cross-sections are taken: Table1 gives the variation of cross-sections with energy εεε 9 6 εεε 9 6 V (9-6) = [ 2 (r0 /r1 ) - 3 (r0 / r1 ) ] + [2 (r0 /r2 ) - 3 (r0 / r2 ) ], and comparison of cross sections so obtained by IOSAM (3) with the cross sections predicted by the power-gap law for and the system N2-Ne using potential V(12-6) are also listed in εεε 12 6 εεε 12 6 the table. V (12-6) = [ (r0 /r1 ) - 2 (r0 / r1 ) ] + [(r0 /r2 ) - 2 (r0 / r2 ) ], (4) We see that with the increase in energy the cross sections εεε are decreased. Also a comparison of predicted and computed where r0 and are taken as 3.232 Å and 5.352 meV respectively. cross sections for N2-Ne system in the energy range 0.15< In addition to the above potential functions, only repulsive E < 0.5 eV shows that they are in very good agreement .The terms of the potential functions have also been investigated. variation is about 4%. Such potentials were denoted by the notation VR(9) and 3.2 Effect of energy ϒϒϒ ϒϒϒ VR(12). Thus the following expressions can be written for The effect of varying energy on low, high, alow and ahigh the repulsive potentials: given by the scattering calculations and power gap law for εεε 9 9 V(9-6) and V (9) potentials is shown in Table 2. In all the VR(9) = 2 [ (r0 /r1 ) + (r0 /r2) ], (5) R εεε 12 12 calculations, the molecule N , has been taken initially in the VR(12) = [ (r0 /r1 ) + (r0 /r2) ], (6) 2 rotational ground state. We see that the value of I∆∆∆EI* is 2.3. Computation of I∆∆∆EI* found to increase with the increase in E for all the potentials The parameter I∆∆∆EI* is determined with the help of cross- studied. The dependence of I∆∆∆EI* on E is also exhibited by sections obtained from scattering calculations and the power- the plots shown in Fig. 3. ϒϒϒ ϒϒϒhigh gap law. It is to look at the variation in the parameters low,

According to the power-gap law, the cross-sections ln(alow) and ln(ahigh) with energy as given in Table 2. For a σσσ →→→ given potential we see that ϒϒϒ , and ln(a ) are insensitive (ji jf )can be expressed as: low low σσσ →→→ ½ ∆∆∆ -ϒϒϒ to the change in the collision energy E. The variation exhibited (ji jf ) = a (Tf / Ti ) I EI , (7) ϒϒϒ in the table is within the accuracy of the results. However, where a and are the fitting parameters, ji and jf are the the values of ϒϒϒ and ln(a ) shows a different trend. initial and final rotational quantum numbers, Tf and Ti are the high high final and the initial translational energies and I∆∆∆E I is the The data reported in Table 2 also reveal that all four energy gap between initial and final rotational levels. parameters increases with removal of attractive term in the In the power-gap law the dependence of two parameters potential. However, the physical explanation of the four a and ϒϒϒ on I ∆∆∆E I was pointed out by different research parameters of the power-gap law is a matter of further group27-30 . They found that two straight lines are required to research. fit the cross-sections. Schinke30 pointed out that the 4. Conclusions- transitions with I∆∆∆EI < I∆∆∆EI* correspond to the classically The two parameter power-gap law has been used to allowed region and those with I∆∆∆ EI > I∆∆∆EI* correspond to compute the maximum amount of rotational energy transfer the classically forbidden region. Thus it is reasonable to identify I∆∆∆EI* from the cross sections computed by scattering

I∆∆∆EI* as the maximum limit of rotational energy transfer. calculations for N2- Ne system over a wide range of energies. The power-gap law given by Eq. (7) gives the following Further the variation of cross sections with energy are also equation that can be used to separate the two regions: discussed and predicted and computed cross sections are compared for N - Ne system. Y = -ϒϒϒX + ln a , (8) 2 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 78

The important feature of this study is the understanding 198,201(1999). of the two regions of rotational energy transfer. For I∆∆∆EI < 21. J.M. Hutson, Annu. Rev. Chem. Phys. 41,123 (1990). I∆∆∆EI*, the cross- sections satisfy the power gap law given 22. Xia Zhang, Chris Eyles, Csiag A. Tatjes, Dajun Ding & ϒϒϒ ϒϒϒ ∆∆∆ Steren Stolte, Chem. Phys., 15,5620(2013). by Eq.(7) with constant a = alow, = low, and for I EI > I∆∆∆EI* the power-gap law holds good with constant a = a , 23. P.M. Agrawal & L.M. Raff., J. Chem. Phys., 74,3292(1981). high 24. P.M. Agrawal, S. Tilwankar & N.K. Dabkara, J. Chem. ϒϒϒ = ϒϒϒ . high Phys., 108,4854(1998). It is also found that the value of I∆∆∆EI* increases with the 25. D.E. Gray(Ed.), American Institute of Physics, Handbook, increase in initial translational energy E for V(9-6) and V (9) R McGraw Hill, New York, 1957,P. 4.129. potentials. Further, we found that the predicted and computed 26. R.A. Svehla, NASA Tech. Rep. TR R-132,1962. cross sections are in very good agreement. 27. I. Noor Batcha, N. Sathyamurthy, Chem. Phys. Lett., 79, Acknowledgements- 264(1981). One of the authors N.K.Dabkara gratefully acknowledges 28. N.K. Dabkara , Acta Phys.Pol. A 100, 41(2001). Dr. Meena Harit, Principal of the Govt. Girls College , Neemuch 29. P.M. Agrawal & N.C. Agrawal Chem. Phys. Lett., for her inspiration and cooperation during the course of this 117,451(1985). work. 30. R. Schinke, J. Chem. Phys., 75,5205,(1981). References- 1. F.A. Gainturcu , J.P.Toennies and M.Bernardi. J.Chem. Soc. Faraday Tran, 87,31 (1991). 2. X.Yang and A.M.Wodke, J.Chem. Phys., 96,5123,(1992). 3. L.S.Bontuyan, A.G. Suits, P.L. Hutson and B.J. Whittaker, J.Phys. Chem. 97, 6342,(1993). 4. B.Kumar, N.Chandra and G.P.Singh, Phys. Lett. A , 262, 174(1999). 5. D.Bruno, M. Cacciatore, S. Lonap and M.Rutigliano, Chem. Phys. Lett., 320, 245,(2000). 6. Keith Burnett, Paul S. Julienne, Paul D. Lett, Eite Tiesinga And Carl J. Williams, Nature, 416,225,(2002). 7. Dieter Gerlich, J.Anal.At. Spectrom, 19, 581,(2004). 8. L.Paramonov and S.N. Yaliraki, J.Chem.Phys. 123, 1941119(2005). 9. R.Wambier and R. Schneider, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 10285, (2011). 10. J.Perez-Rios, G.Tejeda, J.M.Fernandez, M.I. Hernandez and S.Montero, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 174307(2011). 11. P.M. Agrawal and S. Tilwanker, Acta Phys. Pol. A , 93, 453, (1998). 12. P.Beaud, T. Gerber, P.P.Radi, M.Tules and G.Knopp, Chem. Phys. Lett. 373,251,(2003). 13. R.Goldflam, S. Green and D.J.Kouri, J.Chem. Phys. 67, 4149,(1977). 14. A.E. De Pristo, ,and H.Rabitz, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 24, 201(1977). 15. A.E. De Pristo, S.D. Augustin, R. Ramaswami $ H. Rabitz, J.Chem. Phys., 71, 850(1979). 16. M.H. Alexander, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 1683 (1979). 17. N.K. Dabkara & P.M. Agrawal, Chem. Phys., Lett., 299,125(1999) 18. D.F. Heller, Chem. Phys. Lett. 45,64(1977). 19. J.M. Hartmann, C. Boulet & D. Robert, Cellisional Effects on Molecular Spectra, Elsevier (2008). 20. W.F. Wang, J.M. Sirota & D.C. Reuter, J. Mol. Spectro Sc., Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 79

Table-1 Variation of cross sections in (Å)2 with energy and composition of predicted (a) and computed (b) cross sections εεε for the system N2-Ne using potential V(12-6). Parameters are r0=3.232Å and =5.351947 meV

(a) Predicted by the Power - Gap Law. (b) Computed by IOSAM

Table-2

Effect of energy on the slopes and IEI* for the system N2-Ne at different potential energy surfaces Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 80 X-ray absorption studies of some copper (II) mononuclear and binuclear complexes Dr. R.D.Gupta * Dr. S.K.Joshi ** Shashank Dubey *** Abstract - The X-ray K-absorption spectra of copper (II) mixed mononuclear and binuclear complexes have been studied using a 40 cm bent crystal spectrograph. The complexes included in the present studies are : (I) [(glygly) Cu(H2O)], (II)[(glygly)Cu(ImH)], (III)[(glygly)Cu-Im-Cu(glygly)]Na, (IV)[(glygly)Cu-Im-Zn (glygly)]Na and (V)[(glygly)Cu-Im-Ni(glygly)]Na, where glygly = glycylglycine and ImH = imidazole. X-ray absorption chemical shifts have been determined using the K- edge positions in the spectra of the complexes. Our studies support the tetrahedral geometry for the complexes.

Keywords: X-ray absorption spectra, XANES, Chemical shift. programme involving the data port and status port of the 1. Introduction: LPT (printer port) have been used in the present work. Mixed ligand complexes play an important role in 3. Results & Discussion: biological process as exemplified by many instances in which Chemical Shift : 1 ∆∆∆ enzymes are known to be activated by metal ions . Copper The shift of the X-ray absorption edge Ei (i=K,M,L...... ) (II) complexes have found possible medical uses in the of an element in a compound/ complex with respect to that 2 ∆∆∆ treatment of many diseases including cancer of the pure element is written as : Ei=Ei(compound) - Ei(metal) The copper complexes included in the present studies are: Extensive studies have been reported9-11 on chemical shift (I) [(glygly) Cu(H2O)] of X-ray absorption edges. Two main factors contribute to (II) [(glygly) Cu(ImH)] the observed high energy shifts of X-ray absorption edges, (III) [(glygly)Cu-Im-Cu(glygly)] Na i.e., (i) The tighter binding of the core level because of the (IV) [(glygly)Cu-Im-Zn(glygly)]Na change of the effective charge (or screening) of the nucleus (V) [(glygly)Cu-Im-Ni(glygly)]Na caused by the participation of the valence electrons in the All these samples are important from the biological point chemical bond formation. (ii) Appearance of the energy gap of view as imidazolate bridged binuclear copper(II) complexes Eg when we go from a metal to a compound or complex. In have been used as models for the study of copper-zinc general, the chemical shift is towards the high energy side of superoxide dismustase. Samples I and II mentioned above the metal edge12 increasing progressively with increase of are mononuclear complexes viz., aquaglycylglycinato copper the valence of the cation. Of course the shift may also be (II) and imidazole glycinato copper(II). Samples III, IV and V suppressed by the covalent character of the bond or enhanced are binuclear copper(II) complexes and these also serve as by the formation of metal - metal bonding. In the present model compounds for type-3 copper in cuproproteins3. X-ray work, the K-absorption edges of all the copper complexes K-absorption spectral studies of such complexes are known are found to be on the high energy side. to provide useful structural information for metals and their Earlier workers13-15 have reported the chemical shift values complexes4-7 . of various copper (II) complexes between 6.8 - 12.9eV. For 2. Experimental Details : the presently studied complexes, the shift values lie in the A Chirana X-ray tube with a tungsten target having two range 7.6 to 10.4 eV and hence on the basis of this beryllium windows was used as the source of continuous comparison all our complexes under present investigations radiation. The tube was operated at 20 kV and 10 mA. A possess oxidation state 2+.A perusal of Table 1 shows that bent crystal spectrograph of diameter 0.4m was used in this the chemical shift values for the mononuclear complexes work to record the spectra using (100) reflection planes of are I(10.0eV)≈≈≈II (9.9eV). Central metal copper ion is ααα βββ mica on Agfa/Konica X-ray films. Tungsten WL 1 nd K 1,3 surrounded by three nitrogen and one oxygen in complex II, emission lines were used as reference lines. The data whereas two oxygen and two nitrogen in case of complex I. acquisition system adopted in the present work8 consists of The electro negativity values of oxygen and nitrogen are 3.5 interfacing a microdensitometer with personal computer (P.C.) and 3 respectively. Contribution of two oxygen - copper bonds using a stepper motor controller unit. A proper software in case of complex I slightly increase the effective charge * Physics Department, Govt. P.G. College, Mandsaur (M.P.) ** S.V. Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) ***Research Scholar in Physics, Mewar University, Gangrar (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 81

and hence the chemical shift value in case of complex I that due to hydroxylation the effective charge on the central For the binary complexes the shift values vary in the sequence metal copper ion has increased resulting in the higher value IV>III>V. However, the values for III and V samples are less of chemical shift. (See Table No.1) than those for the mononuclear complexes. This may be 4. Conclusion: interpreted as follows: The X-ray K-absorption spectra of copper in the The contribution of surrounding ligands in a mononuclear mononuclear and binuclear complexes with mixed ligands complex is for one copper centre only whereas in a binuclear have been studied. These studies establish the oxidation complex the contribution of the bonding ligands towards state of 2+ for all the complexes. The values of chemical effective nuclear charge on the copper metal ion is for two shifts obtained have been explained for the different copper centers and hence on any one centre it is reduced as complexes. Our X-ray absorption studies confirm the compared to the case of mononuclear complex. This is the tetrahedral geometry for the complexes. reason for the lower chemical shift values in case of samples References: III and V. However for the complex IV i.e. Cu-Zn- hetero [1] B.L. 'Valle and J.E. Coleman, Compr. Biochem. 8 (1968) metallic binuclear complex the higher value of chemical shift 1458. at first sight seems to be surprising. Patel and Pandeya16 [2] J.R.J. Sorenson, Chem. Br. 16 (1984) 1110. [3] H. Sigel, Metal Ions in Biological Systems, (Marcel have reported the EPR spectral studies of an imidazolate Dekker, New York) 13 (1981). bridged Cu-Zn complex of glycylglycine. Their studies suggest [4] R.K. Vyas, S.K. Joshi, B.D. Shrivastava, M.C. Shah and J. that the imidazolate bridged complex is stable in the pH range Prasad, Ind. J. of Pure & Appl. Phys. 43(2005) 509. 7-10. At lower pH (<7) the imidazolate bridge breaks on the [5] R.D. Gupta, S.K. Joshi, B.D. Shrivastava, M.C. Shah and copper side. At higher pH (>10) the EPR changes suggest J. Prasad, Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 28 (1 & 2) (2005) 39. either hydroxylation of the copper centre or breaking of the [6] R.J. Iwanowski, K. Lawniczak-Jablonska, Z. Golacki & A. Traverse, Chem. Phys. Lett.,283(1998)313. imidazolate bridge on the zinc side. According to Patel and [7] F. d Acapito, S. Mobilio, G. Battaglim, E. Cattarnzza, etal.,J 16 Pandeya only four such complexes have been reported so Appl. Phys., 87(2000)1819. far, and the imidazolate bridge has been found to behave [8] U.A. Palikundwar, V.B. Sapre and S.V. Moharil, Proc. of differently from compound to compound. X-band EPR spectral the NSI 30 (2006) 580. studies at room temperature of the polycrystalline Cu-Zn [9] S.K. Joshi, B.D. Shrivastava and A.P. Deshpande (Eds) complex are suggestive of weak dipole-dipole interaction X-ray Spectroscopy and Allied Areas (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi) 1998. arising from spin-exchange interaction which is confirmed [10] C. Bonnelle and C. Mande, (Eds) Advances in X-ray by the presence of a strong half-field signal. That the nature Spectroscopy (Pergamon Press, New York) (1983). of this interaction is intermolecular is confirmed by the EPR [11] S.K. Joshi, B.D. Shrivastava, Bhakta Darshan Shrivastava observations in solutions where the interaction is lost. Further and A. Mishra, X-ray Spectrom. 33 (2004) 466. 16 [12] B.K. Agrawal and L.P. Verma, J. Phys. C 3 (1970) 535. Patel and Pandeya have reported the A11 and g11 parameters vis-a-vis geometry of copper (II) in this complex. Their studies [13] R.C. Kumavat, S.K. Joshi and B.D. Shrivastava, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.32 (1993)567. support the distorted tetrahedral geometry for this complex. [14] P.N. Koul and B.D. Padalia, X-ray Spectrom. 12 (1983) 128. Further the higher value of chemical shift as obtained from [15] A.N. Nigam, O.P. Rajput and B.D. Shrivastava, X-ray present X-ray absorption studies for the Cu-Zn complex also Spectrom. 15(1986)111. supports the hydroxylation of the copper centre. This implies [16] R.N. Patel and K.B. Pandeya, J. Inorg. Biochem. 72 (1998) 109. Table 1: Chemical shifts* and other X-ray K-absorption parameters for copper (II) complexes Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 82 Importance of Computational Chemistry and Fields of application

Sunil Kumar Sikarwar *

Abstract - Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses the results of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into efficient computer programs, to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids. Its necessity arises from the well-known fact that apart from relatively recent results concerning the hydrogen molecular ion, the quantum n-body problem cannot be solved analytically, much less in closed form. While its results normally complement the information obtained by chemical experiments, it can in some cases predict hitherto unobserved chemical phenomena. It is widely used in the design of new drugs and materials. Examples of such properties are structure (i.e. the expected positions of the constituent atoms), absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles. The methods employed cover both static and dynamic situations. In all cases the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) increase rapidly with the size of the system being studied. That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate; highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems. Ab initio methods are based entirely on theory from first principles. Other (typically less accurate) methods are called empirical or semi-empirical because they employ experimental results, often from acceptable models of atoms or related molecules, to approximate some elements of the underlying theory. In some cases, the details of electronic structure are less important than the long-time phase space behavior of molecules. This is the case in conformational studies of proteins and protein-ligand binding thermodynamics. Classical approximations to the potential energy surface are employed, as they are computationally less intensive than electronic calculations, to enable longer simulations of molecular dynamics. Furthermore, cheminformatics uses even more empirical (and computationally cheaper) methods like machine learning based on physicochemical properties. One typical problem in cheminformatics is to predict the binding affinity of drug molecules to a given target.

Key Words: Computational chemistry, methods and complex atomic systems began to be a realizable objective. applications. In the early 1950s, the first semi-empirical atomic orbital Introduction calculations were carried out. Theoretical chemists became Building on the founding discoveries and theories in the extensive users of the early digital computers. A very detailed history of quantum mechanics, the first theoretical account of such use in the United Kingdom is given by Smith calculations in chemistry were those of Walter Heitler and and Sutcliffe.[1] The first ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations Fritz London in 1927. The books that were influential in the on diatomic molecules were carried out in 1956 at MIT, using early development of computational quantum chemistry a basis set of Slater orbitals. include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson's 1935 Introduction For diatomic molecules, a systematic study using a to Quantum Mechanics - with Applications to Chemistry, minimum basis set and the first calculation with a larger basis Eyring, Walter and Kimball's 1944 Quantum Chemistry, set were published by Ransil and Nesbet respectively in Heitler's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics - with 1960.[2] The first polyatomic calculations using Gaussian Applications to Quantum Chemistry, and later Coulson's 1952 orbitals were carried out in the late 1950s. The first textbook Valence, each of which served as primary references configuration interaction calculations were carried out in for chemists in the decades to follow. Cambridge on the EDSAC computer in the 1950s using With the development of efficient computer technology in Gaussian orbitals by Boys and coworkers.[3] in 1971, when the 1940s, the solutions of elaborate wave equations for a bibliography of ab initio calculations was published,[4] the

* Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Jhabua (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 83

largest molecules included were naphthalene and atomic mass unit atoms, such as transitional metals and azulene.[5][6] Abstracts of many earlier developments in ab their catalytic properties. Present algorithms in computational initio theory have been published by Schaefer.[7] chemistry can routinely calculate the properties of molecules In 1964, Hückel method calculations (using a simple linear that contain up to about 40 electrons with sufficient accuracy. combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method for the Errors for energies can be less than a few kJ/mol. For determination of electron energies of molecular orbitals of ? geometries, bond lengths can be predicted within a few electrons in conjugated hydrocarbon systems) of molecules picometres and bond angles within 0.5 degrees. The treatment ranging in complexity from butadiene and benzene to ovalene, of larger molecules that contain a few dozen electrons is were generated on computers at Berkeley and Oxford.[8] computationally tractable by approximate methods such as These empirical methods were replaced in the 1960s by semi- density functional theory (DFT). empirical methods such as CNDO.[9] There is some dispute within the field whether or not the In the early 1970s, efficient ab initio computer programs latter methods are sufficient to describe complex chemical such as ATMOL, Gaussian, IBMOL, and POLYAYTOM, reactions, such as those in biochemistry. Large molecules began to be used to speed up ab initio calculations of can be studied by semi-empirical approximate methods. Even molecular orbitals. Of these four programs, only GAUSSIAN, larger molecules are treated by classical mechanics methods now massively expanded, is still in use, but many other that employ what are called molecular mechanics. In QM/ programs are now in use. At the same time, the methods of MM methods, small portions of large complexes are treated molecular mechanics, such as MM2, were developed, quantum mechanically (QM), and the remainder is treated primarily by Norman Allinger.[10] approximately (MM). One of the first mentions of the term "computational Methods- A single molecular formula can represent a number chemistry" can be found in the 1970 book Computers and of molecular isomers. Each isomer is a local minimum on Their Role in the Physical Sciences by Sidney Fernbach the energy surface (called the potential energy surface) and Abraham Haskell Taub, where they state "It seems, created from the total energy (i.e., the electronic energy, therefore, that 'computational chemistry' can finally be more plus the repulsion energy between the nuclei) as a function and more of a reality."[11] During the 1970s, widely different of the coordinates of all the nuclei. A stationary point is a methods began to be seen as part of a new emerging geometry such that the derivative of the energy with respect discipline of computational chemistry.[12] The Journal of to all displacements of the nuclei is zero. A local (energy) Computational Chemistry was first published in 1980. minimum is a stationary point where all such displacements Accuracy - The words exact and perfect do not appear here, lead to an increase in energy. The local minimum that is as very few aspects of chemistry can be computed exactly. lowest is called the global minimum and corresponds to the However, almost every aspect of chemistry can be described in most stable isomer. If there is one particular coordinate a qualitative or approximate quantitative computational scheme. change that leads to a decrease in the total energy in both Molecules consist of nuclei and electrons, so the methods directions, the stationary point is a transition structure and of quantum mechanics apply. Computational chemists often the coordinate is the reaction coordinate. This process of attempt to solve the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation, determining stationary points is called geometry optimization. with relativistic corrections added, although some progress The determination of molecular structure by geometry has been made in solving the fully relativistic Dirac equation. optimization became routine only after efficient methods for In principle, it is possible to solve the Schrödinger equation calculating the first derivatives of the energy with respect to in either its time-dependent or time-independent form, as all atomic coordinates became available. Evaluation of the appropriate for the problem in hand; in practice, this is not related second derivatives allows the prediction of vibrational possible except for very small systems. Therefore, a great frequencies if harmonic motion is estimated. More importantly, number of approximate methods strive to achieve the best it allows for the characterization of stationary points. The trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. frequencies are related to the eigenvalues of the Hessian Accuracy can always be improved with greater matrix, which contains second derivatives. If the eigenvalues computational cost. Significant errors can present themselves are all positive, then the frequencies are all real and the in ab initio models comprising many electrons, due to the stationary point is a local minimum. If one eigenvalue is computational expense of full relativistic-inclusive methods. negative (i.e., an imaginary frequency), then the stationary This complicates the study of molecules interacting with high point is a transition structure. If more than one eigenvalue is Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 84

negative, then the stationary point is a more complex Diagram illustrating various ab initio electronic structure one, and is usually of little interest. When one of these is methods in terms of energy. Spacings are not to scale. found, it is necessary to move the search away from it if the The simplest type of ab initio electronic structure experimenter is looking solely for local minima and transition calculation is the Hartree-Fock (HF) scheme, an extension structures. of molecular orbital theory, in which the correlated electron- The total energy is determined by approximate solutions electron repulsion is not specifically taken into account; only of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, usually with no its average effect is included in the calculation. As the basis relativistic terms included, and by making use of the Born- set size is increased, the energy and wave function tend Oppenheimer approximation, which allows for the separation towards a limit called the Hartree-Fock limit. Many types of of electronic and nuclear motions, thereby simplifying the calculations (known as post-Hartree-Fock methods) begin Schrödinger equation. This leads to the evaluation of the total with a Hartree-Fock calculation and subsequently correct for energy as a sum of the electronic energy at fixed nuclei electron-electron repulsion, referred to also as electronic positions and the repulsion energy of the nuclei. A notable correlation. As these methods are pushed to the limit, they exception are certain approaches called direct quantum approach the exact solution of the non-relativistic Schrödinger chemistry, which treat electrons and nuclei on a common equation. In order to obtain exact agreement with experiment, footing. Density functional methods and semi-empirical it is necessary to include relativistic and spin orbit terms, methods are variants on the major theme. For very large both of which are only really important for heavy atoms. In all systems, the relative total energies can be compared using of these approaches, in addition to the choice of method, it molecular mechanics. The ways of determining the total is necessary to choose a basis set. This is a set of functions, energy to predict molecular structures are: usually centered on the different atoms in the molecule, which Ab initio methods are used to expand the molecular orbitals with the LCAO The programs used in computational chemistry are based ansatz. Ab initio methods need to define a level of theory on many different quantum-chemical methods that solve the (the method) and a basis set. molecular Schrödinger equation associated with the molecular The Hartree-Fock wave function is a single configuration Hamiltonian. Methods that do not include any empirical or or determinant. In some cases, particularly for bond breaking semi-empirical parameters in their equations - being derived processes, this is quite inadequate, and several configurations directly from theoretical principles, with no inclusion of need to be used. Here, the coefficients of the configurations experimental data - are called ab initio methods. This does and the coefficients of the basis functions are optimized not imply that the solution is an exact one; they are all together. approximate quantum mechanical calculations. It means that The total molecular energy can be evaluated as a function a particular approximation is rigorously defined on first of the molecular geometry; in other words, the potential principles (quantum theory) and then solved within an error energy surface. Such a surface can be used for reaction margin that is qualitatively known beforehand. If numerical dynamics. The stationary points of the surface lead to iterative methods have to be employed, the aim is to iterate predictions of different isomers and the transition structures until full machine accuracy is obtained (the best that is for conversion between isomers, but these can be determined possible with a finite word length on the computer, and within without a full knowledge of the complete surface. the mathematical and/or physical approximations made). A particularly important objective, called computational thermochemistry, is to calculate thermochemical quantities such as the enthalpy of formation to chemical accuracy. Chemical accuracy is the accuracy required to make realistic chemical predictions and is generally considered to be 1 kcal/mol or 4 kJ/mol. To reach that accuracy in an economic way it is necessary to use a series of post-Hartree-Fock methods and combine the results. These methods are called quantum chemistry composite methods. Density functional methods Density functional theory (DFT) methods are often considered to be ab initio methods for determining the Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 85

molecular electronic structure, even though many of the energies; therefore, they can be applied to band structure most common functionals use parameters derived from calculations. Since it is time-consuming to calculate the empirical data, or from more complex calculations. In DFT, energy for a molecule, it is even more time-consuming to the total energy is expressed in terms of the total one-electron calculate them for the entire list of points in the Brillouin density rather than the wave function. In this type of zone. calculation, there is an approximate Hamiltonian and an Chemical dynamics approximate expression for the total electron density. DFT Once the electronic and nuclear variables are separated methods can be very accurate for little computational cost. (within the Born-Oppenheimer representation), in the time- Some methods combine the density functional exchange dependent approach, the wave packet corresponding to the functional with the Hartree-Fock exchange term and are nuclear degrees of freedom is propagated via the time evolution known as hybrid functional methods. operator (physics) associated to the time-dependent Semi-empirical and empirical methods Schrödinger equation In the complementary energy- Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods are based dependent approach, the time-independent Schrödinger on the Hartree-Fock formalism, but make many equation is solved using the scattering theory formalism. The approximations and obtain some parameters from empirical potential representing the interatomic interaction is given by data. They are very important in computational chemistry for the potential energy surfaces. In general, the potential energy treating large molecules where the full Hartree-Fock method surfaces are coupled via the vibronic coupling terms. without the approximations is too expensive. The use of The most popular methods for propagating the wave packet empirical parameters appears to allow some inclusion of associated to the molecular geometry are: correlation effects into the methods. Semi-empirical methods ò the split operator technique, follow what are often called empirical methods, where the ò the Chebyshev (real) polynomial, two-electron part of the Hamiltonian is not explicitly included. ò the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method For ?-electron systems, this was the Hückel method proposed (MCTDH), by Erich Hückel, and for all valence electron systems, the ò the semiclassical method. extended Hückel method proposed by Roald Hoffmann. Molecular dynamics Molecular mechanics Molecular dynamics (MD) use either quantum mechanics, In many cases, large molecular systems can be modeled Newton's laws of motion or a mixed model to examine the successfully while avoiding quantum mechanical calculations time-dependent behavior of systems, including vibrations or entirely. Molecular mechanics simulations, for example, use Brownian motion and reactions. MD combined with density a single classical expression for the energy of a compound, functional theory leads to hybrid models. for instance the harmonic oscillator. All constants appearing Interpreting molecular wave functions in the equations must be obtained beforehand from The Atoms in molecules or QTAIM model of Richard Bader experimental data or ab initio calculations. The database of was developed in order to effectively link the quantum compounds used for parameterization, i.e., the resulting set mechanical picture of a molecule, as an electronic of parameters and functions is called the force field, is crucial wavefunction, to chemically useful concepts such as atoms to the success of molecular mechanics calculations. A force in molecules, functional groups, bonding, the theory of Lewis field parameterized against a specific class of molecules, for pairs and the valence bond model. Bader has demonstrated instance proteins, would be expected to only have any that these empirically useful chemistry concepts can be relevance when describing other molecules of the same class. related to the topology of the observable charge density These methods can be applied to proteins and other large distribution, whether measured or calculated from a quantum biological molecules, and allow studies of the approach and mechanical wavefunction. QTAIM analysis of molecular interaction (docking) of potential drug molecules (e.g. [1] and wavefunctions is implemented, for example, in the AIMAll Methods for solids software package. Computational chemical methods can be applied to solid Fields of application state physics problems. The electronic structure of a crystal The term theoretical chemistry may be defined as a is in general described by a band structure, which defines mathematical description of chemistry, whereas the energies of electron orbitals for each point in the Brillouin computational chemistry is usually used when a mathematical zone. Ab initio and semi-empirical calculations yield orbital method is sufficiently well developed that it can be automated Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 86

for implementation on a computer. In theoretical chemistry, ò Efficient code generation by computer algebra chemists, physicists and mathematicians develop algorithms ò Force field implementation and computer programs to predict atomic and molecular ò Important publications in computational chemistry properties and reaction paths for chemical reactions. ò International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science Computational chemists, in contrast, may simply apply ò Mathematical chemistry existing computer programs and methodologies to specific ò Molecular graphics chemical questions. ò Molecular modelling There are two different aspects of computational chemistry: ò Molecular modelling on GPU ò Computational studies can be carried out to find a starting ò Monte Carlo molecular modeling point for a laboratory synthesis, or to assist in ò Protein dynamics understanding experimental data, such as the position ò Computational Science and source of spectroscopic peaks. ò Statistical mechanics ò Computational studies can be used to predict the References: possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to 1. Smith, S. J.; Sutcliffe B. T., (1997). "The development of explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied Computational Chemistry in the United Kingdom". by experimental means. Reviews in Computational Chemistry 70: 271-316. Thus, computational chemistry can assist the 2. Schaefer, Henry F. III (1972). The electronic structure of experimental chemist or it can challenge the experimental atoms and molecules. Reading, Massachusetts: chemist to find entirely new chemical objects. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. p. 146. Several major areas may be distinguished within 3. Boys, S. F.; Cook G. B., Reeves C. M., Shavitt, I. (1956). computational chemistry: "Automatic fundamental calculations of molecular ò The prediction of the molecular structure of molecules structure". Nature 178(2): 1207. Bibcode: 1956 by the use of the simulation of forces, or more accurate Natur.178.1207B. doi: 10.1038/1781207a0. quantum chemical methods, to find stationary points on 4. Richards, W. G.; Walker T. E. H and Hinkley R. K. (1971). the energy surface as the position of the nuclei is varied. A bibliography of ab initio molecular wave functions. ò Storing and searching for data on chemical entities (see Oxford: Clarendon Press. chemical databases). 5. Preuss, H. (1968). International Journal of Quantum ò Identifying correlations between chemical structures and Chemistry 2: 651. Bibcode:1968IJQC....2..651P. properties (see QSPR and QSAR). doi:10.1002/qua.560020506. ò Computational approaches to help in the efficient 6. Buenker, R. J.; Peyerimhoff S. D. (1969). "Ab initio SCF synthesis of compounds. calculations for azulene and naphthalene". Chemical ò Computational approaches to design molecules that Physics Letters 3: 37. Bibcode:1969CPL.....3...37B. interact in specific ways with other molecules (e.g. drug doi:10.1016/0009-2614 (69) 80014-X. design and catalysis). 7. Schaefer, Henry F. III (1984). Quantum Chemistry. Oxford: Software packages Clarendon Press. There are many self-sufficient software packages used 8. Streitwieser, A.; Brauman J. I. and Coulson C. A. (1965). by computational chemists. Some include many methods Supplementary Tables of Molecular Orbital Calculations. covering a wide range, while others concentrating on a very Oxford: Pergamon Press. specific range or even a single method. Details of most of 9. Pople, John A.; David L. Beveridge (1970). Approximate them can be found in: Molecular Orbital Theory. New York: McGraw Hill. ò Biomolecular modelling programs: proteins, nucleic acid. 10. Allinger, Norman (1977). "Conformational analysis. 130. ò Molecular mechanics programs. MM2. A hydrocarbon force field utilizing V1 and V2 torsional ò Quantum chemistry and solid state physics software terms". Journal of the American Chemical Society 99 (25): supporting several methods. 8127-8134. doi:10.1021/ja00467a001. ò Molecular design software 11. Fernbach, Sidney; Taub, Abraham Haskell (1970). ò Semi-empirical programs. Computers and Their Role in the Physical Sciences. ò Valence bond programs. Routledge. ISBN 0-677-14030-4. ò Bioinformatics 12. "vol 1, preface". Reviews in Computational Chemistry. ò Computational Chemistry List doi:10.1002/9780470125786. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 87 Socio-Economic Status of Fishermen in Western Nimar (M.P.) Dr. Sunita Bakawale * Dr. R. Kanhere **

Abstract - The present study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic status of fishermen Sep.2005 to Aug. 2006. The results reveal that the data of fishermen population and total population of villagers in the Districts of Barwani ranges from 1-55kms as in the Case of population distribution the total fisher folk 415 and the number of fisher folk households highest in Piplud 64 and lowest in Eklara 15. The total Population of villagers 15239. The literacy rate among the fishermen in the village was poor.Untill now fishermen were doing fishing by traditional methods i.e. riverine fishing but now the flowing river water is changed to a reservoir of stagnant water. The fishermen generally belong to a very low stratum of society, and fishing is invariable regarded as one of the meanest of all trades of professions. Fishermen normally lack any formal fisheries education. They need to be trained through vocational courses in scientific innovations and techniques for better utilization and conservation of aquatic resources & also to create awareness of the fisheries potential in terms of resource conservation and utilization, farming system, processing and product development.

Key Words : Fishermen, Livelihood status, Education, Annual fishermen work, the nature of resource base and the likely Income effect of development projects and programmes (Sherry Introduction: Joseph 2003). Madhya Pradesh state of India, as its name implies- Ninety percent of the traditional fisher folk live below poverty madhya means "central" and pradesh means "region" or line. Most of them have huge debts and live in huts and do "state"- is situated in the heart of India. Madhya Pradesh is not own property (Kocherry 1993). the 2nd biggest and totally a land-locked state of India, Aryaetal. (2001) has reported fish catch in the river surrounded by five other states, it possesses one of the oldest Narmada using the cast net and the gill net and its socio- mountain ranges-The Vindhyas (1400 million Years old) & economic effect on the local fishermen community. the Satpuras (1000 million years old) older than the Experimental netting was performed in the selected stretch Himalayas. The Vindhyas extend from Gujarat in the West at selected sampling stations. The netting was done using up to Amarkantak in the East covering, a very large area in gill nets of mesh size ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm and Madhya Pradesh. The Satpuras is situated just southwards cast nets. and extends parallel to Vindhyas. Fishermen are the back bone of the fisheries industry. Narmada River has been a vital source of livelihood for The economic problems of fishermen, their methods of people residing along its bank. Besides it has been a shelter production, purchase of domestic and production requisites for a large number of aquatic organisms. Narmada is unique, provision of credit and the sale of their produce must be as it is the only river, which flows through West. visualised. Fishermen are largely illiterate and are very poor A fishermen household is defined as a unit of residence community. They have always been exploited by middlemen where primary source of income is fishing and allied activities through whom their catch is sold. They are forced to sell and living under the same roof. However, when the term fisher their catch to the middlemen to whom they owe the money, folk are used, it refers to everybody living in the fishermen Fishermen get very poor return of their catch and therefore, households irrespective of their occupation. they are invariably under debt. Forced by the circumstances Sharma (1984) in his paper on the Tilisha fishery discussed of their trade, they are economically poor, socially backward. the importance of the fishery of this fish and its relationship Considering the above fact, the present study was carried with the a major rational for fishery socioeconomic analysis out to assess the livelihood status and constraint faced by is realization the development of economic policies in fisheries the fishermen of western nimar (M.P.). requires understandings of suppositional problems faced by Materials & Methods: the fishermen. Suppositional problems are those related to For the present study 14th stations were selected at the the social and economic structure of communities in which bank of river Narmada, Satmatra, Eklera, Kasrawad, Bagud,

* Guest Faculty (Zoology) Govt. P.G. College Mandsaur (M.P.) ** Principal, Govt.Girls College Barwani (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 88

Piplud, Bhilkheda , Pendra, Nangaon, Phichodi, Kathora, households by ascertaining their household incomes. About Sondul, Jangarwa, Chikhalda & Koteshwar in the stretch of 97% of the fishermen had annual income of Rs. 12,444 or 15 Km. The period of investigation were one year from Sept. less. Taking the poverty line at an annual income of 15,000 2005 to Aug. 2006. per annum set for six plans at 1978-79 prices, we find that In the present study the survey of fisherman was almost all the fishermen in the village were below the poverty conducted on the basis of questionaire and the data was line (Table-2). analyzed to find out the level of education and economic .In Comparison to the above the CIFRI Unit, Hoshangabad status of the fishermen, it was compared with the data of during their survey (1958- 66) covered 945 kms. Of the river; other areas. 800 kms. in M.P. and 145 Kms. in Gujarat. Nearly 712 villages Keeping the objectives of the study in view, data were were covered in their survey in both the states. Out of 69, collected employing different tools like direct observations, 152 fishermen reside in 349 Villages (285 in M.P. and 64 in structured interviews, and group discussions. Gujarat fishing villages) only 3082 fishermen (2600 in M.P. The occupational characteristic feature classified into and 482 in Gujarat) were reported to be actively engaged in fishing, fishing related and other activities was made. Analysis fishing throughout the year. was also carried out to determine the differences in the fishing According CIFRI the population of active fishermen is 3.2 income and returns etc. fishermen / Km. in 1958-66 whereas according to the Results & Discussion: Fisheries Department report it is 6.1/km. in 1967-71 periods. In the present study the data of fishermen population and According to the IIMA (1983) the fisherman in general, total population of villagers was studied within the stretch of belong to the weaker section of the society. They are socially, the river Narmada in a total length of 15 km. As in the case of economically and educationally backward. In view of the population distribution the total fisher folk 415 and the number fishing intensity and population per kilometer, where in they of fisher folk households highest in Piplud 64 and lowest in hardly get 2 to 3 kg. fish per day per head, their income is Eklara 15. The total Population of villagers 15239. The total fairly low and they live much below the poverty line. The number of Fishermen surveyed is given in (Chart-1) community as a whole is still under the clutches of money- lenders and fishing contractors. The Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad during their survey (1983 Vol. I) has observed that the average income of fishermen from fish business was found to be Rs. 1008 /- and over all income is Rs. 1302/- per year. Both of them were found to be lowest in the country. Sarangi et al. (1987) reported net profit to the sum of Rs. 64,461 by fish farmers of village Nussasan (Puri district in Orissa). Murthy et al. (1987) reported that majority of fisherman of Mandya district (Karnataka) fall in the annual income group of Rs. 2,000 to 5,000. Agarwal (1990) and Piska (2000) stated Formal education through schools is also a part of the that the fish production increased with increase of number of fishermen. Primary School & Aganwadi education is very old fishermen engaged in fishing. They conclude that the fish phenomena for the village. 39% of the population 5 year are production from the natural water bodies could be increased enrolled in the primary school with regard to the education by proper utilization of manpower and material for fishing. infrastructure accessible to the villagers, there are 7 primary It is apparent from the above discussion that the fishermen schools (Table-1). generally belong to a very low stratum of society and fishing In the year of 2005-2006 an attempt was made to study is invariable regarded as one of the meanest of all trades of the pattern of income distribution among the fishermen professions. Fishermen normally lack any formal fisheries education. They need to be trained through vocational courses Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 89

in scientific innovations and techniques for better References utilizastion and conservation of aquatic resources. They * Agarwal S. C. 1990. Fishery Management. Ashish Publishing should be motivated to know how to supervise and manage House, New Delhi. them so that they remain as a healthy self - generating * Ary S. C., K. S. Rao & S. Shrivastava 2001. Biodiversity & replensihable resource of their livelihood. Fishery Potential of Narmada basin western zone (M.P.) There is a crying need for improvement in the Fresh water India with special References to fish conservation in fishing craft and tackle. Much improvement has not been environment & Agriculture108-112 pp. done due to (a) the conservation of the old fashioned ideas (b) the inland waters are mostly located in remote regions * CIFRI 158-66. Present Hydro biological and Fishery status where the influence of civilization and education is waters of Narmada Valley. Directorate of Fisheries Madhya Pradesh, are mostly located in remote regions where the influence of Research Report Project Reports (1967-71) civilization and education is generally lacking. * IIMA Report 1983. Economic status of fishermen, IIMA Report, Vol. I, 29 pp. (Table-1) * Murthy H. S., M. C. Nandeesha 1987. Hydrobiologia 36(1):320pp.

* Piska R.S. 2000. Impact of stocking densities of major can seed on fish production in a minor reservoir, Fishing Chimes, 20 (9):39-41.

* Sarangi N., S. K. Sarkar, B. K. Sharma & N. K. Thakur 1987. Tans. Amer. Microsc. 83(2): 324.

* Sharma I. A. S. 1984. Hilsa fishery reach of perish National workshop on fish seed production fishery Deptt. Govt. of West Bengal Calcutta 4 pp.

* Sherry J. 2003 Fishermen: Their social & economic development. Pub. By Praveen Jain for Saloni Publishing House New Delhi. 1- 150 pp.

(Table-2) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 90 A Comparative Study Of Organizational Learning Among Public, Deemed And Private Universities Of Rajasthan

Dr. A.k. Chaudhary * N. Jain **

ABSTRACT- The purpose of the present research work is to compare the level of organizational learning among public, private and deemed universities. Respondents were directly contacted for filling up the standard questionnaire of Organizational Learning Diagnostics, developed by Dr. Udai Pareek. Three phases and 5 mechanisms were measured through OLD Tool. The statistical techniques used for the study were F-test and T-test. Results conclude that there is significant difference among organizational learning of Private, Public and Deemed universities. The significance of the study is based on the challenges facing higher education and to improve their academic standard through organizational learning by the Public, Private and Deemed universities.

Key words: Organizational learning, Private University, sociology, business, the study of organizations, and many Public University, Deemed University other fields can use their research methods for the Introduction assessment and improvement of their own institutions. Teams Organizational learning is the process by which an composed of such researchers ought to examine data that organization gains new knowledge about its environment, are relevant to the charge just as they would examine data goals, and processes. Herbert Simon (1997) posits three for a funded research project. The study and improvement of ways in which organizations learn: (1) individuals within the our own institutions should be as rigorous as our study of organization learn some new fact or procedure, (2) the other types of institutions and social structures. In this study, organization ingests outsiders with knowledge not already in the high learning groups experienced the highest levels of the organization, and (3) the organization incorporates new group learning about inequities in educational outcomes knowledge into its files and computer systems. As broader among students of different ethnic groups because of their organizations, publics and policy-making communities also attention to and thorough experimentation of data. Albert learn. (Smith) The word "university" is derived from the Latin (2005) found that top management support and involvement universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means of consultant's also facilitated organizational learning and "community of teachers and scholars." The University Grants change. Commission (UGC) of India is a statutory organisation set Objective of the Study :The significance of the study is up by Union public in 1956, for the coordination, determination based on the challenges facing higher education and to and maintenance of standards of university education. The improve their academic standard through organizational status of Deemed University is granted only after fulfilling learning by the public, private and deemed universities. certain criteria laid down by the UGC. The Deemed University 1) To study the organizational learning in the Public, status allows the institutions to develop their own syllabus Deemed and Private Universities, and course work. They also get the autonomy to set their 2) To study the various dimensions like Innovation, own guidelines regarding admission and fees. Private Implementation, Stabilization, Experimentation, Universities established by Entrepreneur with self-finance. Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System and The Public Universities established by public. Competency Building among employees Review of Literature Georgia L. Bauman (2005) 3) To compare the various dimensions among Public, "Promoting Organizational Learning in Higher Education to Deemed and Private Universities. Achieve Equity in Educational Outcomes" disagreeing with Participant : The sample consisted of a total number of Garvin's view (1993) that higher education institutions do not 90 academic and non academic staff 30 employees from engage in learning, I agree with his observation that colleges Public universities namely Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, and universities do not learn as effectively as they could. University of Rajasthan, 30 employees from Private Institutional actors are capable of applying their practices as universities namely Pacific University, Mewar university, and communities of researchers to studies of the institution itself. 30 employees from Deemed universities namely Rajasthan Therefore, faculty who conduct research in economics, Vidyapeeth, Bansthathali Vidhyapeeth.

* Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) ** Research Scholar, Faculty of Management, Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 91

Methodology: First of all the head of the institutions were which is significant at 0.01 level on Stabilization dimension contacted and after taking permission for data collection of Organizational Learning. It infers that there is significant respondents were contacted at their comfort zone of time. difference among Public, Private and Deemed Universities Then the OLD questionnaires were distributed and collected on Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning. The after 45 minutes. Thereafter scoring was done manually and F-ratio for Experimentation dimension of Organizational interpretation was done. For final result we use Analysis of Learning was 51.289 which is significant at 0.01 level on variance at significance of level and applied F-test and T-test Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning. It infers for the comparison of groups in the context of various phases that there is significant difference among Public, Private and and mechanism. Deemed Universities on Experimentation dimension of Tool: OLD (Organizational Learning Diagnostics) by Udai Organizational Learning. The F-ratio for Mutuality dimension Pareek was used. The scale consists of 3 phases like of Organizational Learning was 47.550 which is significant at Innovation, Implementation and Stabilization & 5 Mechanics 0.01 level on Mutuality dimension of Organizational Learning. like Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Temporary It infers that there is significant difference among Public, Systems, and Competency Building. It has reliability 0.98 Private and Deemed Universities on Mutuality dimension of and validity is not available. Organizational Learning. The F-ratio for Planning dimension Tools Used for Data Collection of Organizational Learning was 47.627 which is significant at Questionnaire method was used to collect data from the 0.01 level on Planning dimension of Organizational Learning. respondents. The questionnaire was developed to measure It infers that there is significant difference among Public, organizational learning practices followed in different Private and Deemed Universities on Planning dimension of Universities. An OLD index was computed by adding the Organizational Learning. The F-ratio for Temporary Systems score of all the twenty three statement. Each Statement is dimension of Organizational Learning was 32.712 which is rated with a five point scale i.e. very highly valued (4), highly significant at 0.01 level on Temporary Systems dimension of valued (3), valued (2), low value (1) and no value (0) Organizational Learning. It infers that there is significant Research Design difference among Public, Private and Deemed Universities Data were collected from 90 employees drawn from Public, on Temporary Systems dimension of Organizational Learning. Private and Deemed Universities. For testing the differences The F-ratio for Competency Building dimension of on present organizational learning practices among Public, Organizational Learning was 40.336 which is significant at Private and Deemed Universities, the distribution of sample 0.01 level on Competency building dimension of Organizational is as follows: Public Universities = 30; Private Universities = Learning. It infers that there is significant difference among 30; Deemed Universities = 30 Public, Private and Deemed Universities on Competency ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION Building dimension of Organizational Learning. H1: There will be no significant difference among H2: There will be no significant difference in the Public, Deemed and Private Universities regarding mean score between Public, and Deemed Universities dimensions of organizational learning (Innovation, regarding Organizational Learning like Innovation, Implementation, Stabilization, Experimentation, Implementation, Stabilization, Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System and Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System and Competency Building) Competency Building among employees Table - 1 : Comparison of Public , Deemed and Table - 2 : Comparison of dimensions of Private University regarding organizational learning Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Public Diagnostics (See Table No. 1) and Deemed University (See Table No. 2) The F-ratio for Innovation dimension of Organizational The mean score for Public Universities on Innovation Learning was 47.627 which is significant at 0.01 level on dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be Innovation dimension of Organizational Learning. It infers that 71.7740 and the mean score for Deemed Universities on there is significant difference among Public, Private and Innovation dimension of Organizational Learning was found Deemed universities on Innovation dimension of Organizational to be 62.5040. The mean difference was 9.27 and, the 'T' Learning. The F-ratio for Implementation dimension of value was 2.945 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers Organizational Learning was 29.970 which is significant at that there is significant difference in Innovation dimension of 0.01 level on Implementation dimension of Organizational Organizational Learning of Public and Deemed University. Learning. It infers that there is significant difference among The mean scores represents that Public University have more Public, Private and Deemed Universities on Implementation new method, idea, product, and technological innovations in dimension of Organizational Learning. The F-ratio for comparison to Deemed University. The mean score for Public Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning was 55.708 Universities on Implementation dimension of Organizational Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 92

Learning was found to be 70.5957 and the mean score for Organizational Learning was found to be 70.4177 and the Deemed Universities on Implementation dimension of mean score for Deemed Universities on Temporary Systems Organizational Learning was found to be 62.1433. The mean dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be difference was 8.45233 and the 'T' value was 2.211 which is 61.3887. The mean difference was 9.02900 and the 'T' value significant at 0.05 level. It infers that there is significant was 2.368 which is significant at 0.05 level. It infers that difference in Implementation dimension of Organizational there is significant difference in Temporary Systems Learning of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores dimension of Organizational Learning of Public and Deemed represents that Public University have more tendency to University. The mean scores represents that Public University promptly execute organizational learning program in have more Temporary System in comparisons to Deemed comparison to Deemed University. The mean score for Public University. The mean score for Public Universities on Universities on Stabilization dimension of Organizational Competency Building dimension of Organizational Learning Learning was found to be 70.5237 and the mean score for was found to be 71.5287 and the mean score for Deemed Deemed Universities on Stabilization dimension of Universities on Competency Building dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be 60.7320. The mean Organizational Learning was found to be 61.5277. The mean difference was 9.79167 and the 'T' value was 3.076 which is difference was 10.00100 and the 'T' value was 2.744 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in Stabilization dimension of Organizational difference in Competency Building dimension of Organizational Learning of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores Learning of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores represents that Public university have more stablity to represents that Public University have more demonstrates implement organizational learning program in comparison to ability to operate effectively in comparisons to Deemed Deemed University. The mean score for Public Universities University. on Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning was H3: There will be no significant difference in the found to be 64.7727 and the mean score for Deemed mean score between Public, and Private Universities Universities on Experimentation dimension of Organizational regarding Organizational Learning like Innovation, Learning was found to be 56.2123. The mean difference was Implementation, Stabilization, Experimentation, 8.56033 and the 'T' value was 2.869 which is significant at Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System and 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in Competency Building among employees Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning of Table - 3 Comparison of dimensions of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores represents Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Public that Public University are more prompt to experiment an idea and Private University (See Table No. 3) in comparison to Deemed University. The mean score for The mean score for Public Universities on Innovation Public Universities on Mutuality dimension of Organizational dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be Learning was found to be 71.0407 and the mean score for 71.7740 and the mean score for Private Universities on Deemed Universities on Mutuality dimension of Innovation dimension of Organizational Learning was found Organizational Learning was found to be 61.7367. The mean to be 44.6893. The mean difference was 27.08467 and the 'T' difference was 9.30400 and the 'T' value was 2.861 which is value was 11.351 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant that there is significant difference in Innovation dimension of difference in Mutuality dimension of Organizational Learning Organizational Learning of Public and Private University. The of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores represents mean scores represents that Public Universities have more that Public University have more Mutual understanding among new method, idea, product, and technological innovations in employees in comparison to Deemed University. The mean comparison to Private University. The mean score for Public score for Public Universities on planning dimension of Universities on Implementation dimension of Organizational Organizational Learning was found to be 70.3333 and the Learning was found to be 70.5957 and the mean score for mean score for Deemed Universities on Planning dimension Private Universities on Implementation dimension of of Organizational Learning was found to be 61.5000. The Organizational Learning was found to be 45.12. The mean mean difference was 8.83333 and the 'T' value was 3.080 difference was 25.47567 and the 't' value was 9.002 which is which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in planning dimension of Organizational Learning difference in Implementation dimension of Organizational of Public and Deemed University. The mean scores represents Learning of Public and Private Universities. The mean scores that Public University have more systematic work in represents that Public Universities have more promptly comparison to Deemed University. The mean score for Public execute organizational learning program in comparison to Universities on Temporary System dimension of Private University. The mean score for Public Universities on Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 93

Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning was Organizational Learning was found to be 71.5287 and the found to be 70.5237 and the mean score for Private mean score for Private Universities on Competency Building Universities on Stabilization dimension of Organizational dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be 42.917. Learning was found to be 40.2103. The mean difference was The mean difference was 28.61167 and the 'T' value was 30.31333 and the 'T' value was 12.635 which is significant at 10.224 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in significant difference in Competency Building dimension of Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning of Public Organizational Learning of Public and Private University. The and Private Universities. The mean scores represents that mean scores represents that Public University have more Public Universities have more stable to implement demonstrates ability to operate effectively in comparison to organizational learning program in comparison to Private Private University. University. The mean score for Public Universities on H4: There will be no significant difference in the Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning was mean score between Deemed and Private Universities found to be 64.7727 and the mean score for Private regarding Organizational Learning like Innovation, Universities on Experimentation dimension of Organizational Implementation, Stabilization, Experimentation, Learning was found to be 38.4093. The mean difference was Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System and 26.36333 and the 'T' value was 11.455 which is significant at Competency Building among employees 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in Table - 4 : comparison of dimensions of Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning of Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Deemed Public and Private University. The mean scores represents and Private University (See Table No. 4) that Public University have more prompt to experiment an The mean score for Deemed Universities on Innovation idea in comparison to Private University. The mean score for dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be Public Universities on Mutuality dimension of Organizational 62.5040 and the mean score for Private Universities on Learning was found to be 71.0407 and the mean score for Innovation dimension of Organizational Learning was found Private Universities on Mutuality dimension of Organizational to be 44.6893. The mean difference was 17.81467 and the 'T' Learning was found to be 43.1947. The mean difference was value was 6.196 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers 27.846 and the 'T' value was 11.746 which is significant at that there is significant difference in Innovation dimension of 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private University. Mutuality dimension of Organizational Learning of Public and The mean scores represents that Deemed University has Private University. The mean scores represents that Public more new method, idea, product, and technological University have more Mutual understanding among innovations in comparison to Private University. The mean employees in comparison to Private University. The mean score for Deemed Universities on Implementation dimension score for Public Universities on planning dimension of of Organizational Learning was found to be 62.1433 and the Organizational Learning was found to be 70.3333 and the mean score for Private Universities on Implementation mean score for Private Universities on Planning dimension of dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be 45.12. Organizational Learning was found to be 42.5833. The mean The mean difference was 17.02333 and the 'T' value was 5.112 difference was 27.75 and the 'T' value was 13.040 which is which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant difference in Implementation dimension of Organizational difference in Planning dimension of Organizational Learning Learning of Deemed and Private University. The mean scores of Public and Private University. The mean scores represents represents that Deemed University have more promptly that Public University have more systematic work in execute organizational learning program in comparison to comparison to Private University. The mean score for Public Private University. The mean score for Deemed Universities Universities on Temporary System dimension of on Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning was Organizational Learning was found to be 70.4177 and the found to be 60.732 and the mean score for Private Universities mean score for Private Universities on Temporary System on Stabilization dimension of Organizational Learning was dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be 43.056. found to be 40.2103. The mean difference was 20.52167 and The mean difference was 27.36167 and the 'T' value was 9.097 the 'T' value was 6.527 which is significant at 0.01 level. It which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant infers that there is significant difference in Stabilization difference in Temporary System dimension of Organizational dimension of Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private Learning of Public and Private University. The mean scores University. The mean scores represents that Deemed represents that Public University have more Temporary University have more stable to implement organizational System in comparison to Private University. The mean score learning program in comparison to Private University. The for Public Universities on Competency Building dimension of mean score for Deemed Universities on Experimentation Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 94

dimension of Organizational Learning was found to be to Private University. 56.2123 and the mean score for Private Universities on Findings Experimentation dimension of Organizational Learning was The Public University used more learning practices in found to be 38.4093. The mean difference was 17.803 and comparison of Deemed and Private Universities. It infers the 'T' value was 6.748 which is significant at 0.01 level. It that there is significant difference among Public, Private and infers that there is significant difference in Experimentation Deemed universities on Innovation, Implementation, dimension of Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private Stabilization, Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, University. Temporary System and Competency Building dimension of The mean scores represents that Deemed University have Organizational Learning. The mean scores represents that more prompt to experiment an idea in comparison to Private Public University have more Innovation, Implementation, University. The mean score for Deemed Universities on Stabilization, Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Mutuality dimension of Organizational Learning was found to Temporary System and Competency Building in comparisons be 61.7367 and the mean score for Private Universities on to Deemed University. It infers that there is significant Mutuality dimension of Organizational Learning was found to difference in Innovation, Implementation, Stabilization, be 43.1947. The mean difference was 18.542 and the 'T' value Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System was 6.125 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that and Competency Building dimension of Organizational there is significant difference in Mutuality dimension of Learning of Public and Deemed University. Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private University. The mean scores represents that Public Universities have The mean scores represents that Deemed University have more Innovative, Stabilization, Experimentation, Mutuality, more Mutual understanding among employees in comparison Planning, Temporary System and Competency Building in to Private University. The mean score for Deemed Universities comparison to Private University. It infers that there is on Planning dimension of Organizational Learning was found significant difference in Innovation, Implementation, to be 61.500 and the mean score for Private Universities on Stabilization, Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Planning dimension of Organizational Learning was found to Temporary System and Competency Building dimension of be 42.5833. The mean difference was 18.91667 and the 'T' Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private University. value was 6.587 which is significant at 0.01 level. The mean scores represents that Deemed University has It infers that there is significant difference in planning more Innovative, Implementation, Stabilization, dimension of Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private Experimentation, Mutuality, Planning, Temporary System University. The mean scores represents that Deemed and Competency Building in comparison to Private University. University have more systematic work in comparison to Private Recommendations University. The mean score for Deemed Universities on 1. Public University maintained all three main subsystems Temporary System dimension of Organizational Learning was of Organizational Learning such as Innovation, found to be 61.3887 and the mean score for Private Implementation and Stabilization. While Private and Universities on Temporary System dimension of Deemed Universities required all three subsystem. Organizational Learning was found to be 43.056. The mean 2. The Organizational Learning Program organized in the difference was 18.33267 and the 'T' value was 5.278 which is Deemed and Private University also. So that employee significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is significant can perform better. difference in Temporary System dimension of Organizational 3. Private and Deemed University enhance environment of Learning of Deemed and Private University. The mean scores Flexibility and Positive attitude, Mutuality support, represents that Deemed University have more Temporary Mutuality respect, collaborative work and effective teams System in comparison to Private University. to solve problems. The mean score for Deemed Universities on Competency 4. Public University maintained environment of flexibility and Building dimension of Organizational Learning was found to positive attitude, Mutuality support, Mutuality respect, be 61.5277 and the mean score for Private Universities on collaborative work and effective teams to solve problems. Competency Building dimension of Organizational Learning 5. Public University maintained Temporary system in his was found to be 42.917. organization and Private and Deemed Universities The mean difference was 18.61067 and the 'T' value was increase task group or task forces, project groups etc. 5.813 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that there is 6. For Competency Building Private and Deemed University significant difference in Competency Building dimension of held seminar, external training programme, Organizational Learning of Deemed and Private University. Implementation of change. The mean scores represents that Deemed University have Limitation of the Study: This research is limited to the more demonstrates ability to operate effectively in comparison educational sector of Rajasthan. This study relied on self Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 95 report and surveyed data. Learning in Higher Education to Achieve Equity in References Educational Outcomes" New Directions For Higher * Albert, M. (2005). Managing change: Creating a learning Education, No. 131, Fall 2005 : Wiley Periodicals, Inc. pp.23- organization focused on quality. Problems and Perspectives 35 in Management 1. * Senge, Peter M., Charlotte Roberts, Richard B. Ross, Bryan * Garvin, D.A. (1993) "Building a learning organization" Harvard J. Smith, and Art Kleiner. 1994. The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. Business Review, July - August. New York: Doubleday. * Georgia L. Bauman (2005) "Promoting Organizational * Simon, Herbert (1997), Administrative Behavior (3rd ed.) . New York: The Free Press Table - 1 : Comparison of Public , Deemed and Private University * Pareek Udai "Training Instruments for Human Resource regarding organizational learning Diagnostics Development" Tata Mc Graw Hills, New Delhi Table - 3 Comparison of dimensions of Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Public and Private University

Table - 4 : comparison of dimensions of Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Deemed and Private University

Table - 2 : Comparison of dimensions of Organizational Learning Diagnostics between Public and Deemed University Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 96 A Comparative of Succidal Ideation Among HIV Negative, Positive and AIDS Cases

Saroj Verma * Ravindra Prajapati ** Manik Samvatsar ***

Abstract - The aim of present paper is to analysis a comparative study of suicidal ideation among HIV negative, positive and AIDS cases. It is found that our present study reveal that consistent and systematic difference exist among HIV negative, positive and AIDS.

Introduction- worldwide. with an estimated 5 million people acquiring the AIDS stands for Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection in 2002 (Centres for Disease control and Prevention or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that refers to 2001). An estimated 20 million individuals have die from HIV collection of syndromes and infections resulting from the worldwide. This shows the pace of increase in sufferery every specific damage to the immune system caused by the human year. In 2005, more than 4 million people will be newly infected immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in humans (U.S. National wity HIV, 25 million have died of AIDS since the epidemic Institute of Health. 2007). began. AIDS has replaced malaria and tuberculosis as the AIDS is a chronic, lifethreating condition. HIV the causing world's deadliest infectious disease among adults and that's virus is different from most other viruses because it attacks why it is clamied to be the fourth leading cause of death the immune system. Immune system gives the ability to fight worldwide. Over 13 million children have been orphaned by infections in a body. HIV interferes with this body ability to the epidemic. effectively 5th off viruses, bacteria and fungi that cause As of January 2006, joint United Nation Programme on disease, HIV destroys a type of white blood cell (T cells or HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) and the world Health Organization CD4 cells) that the immunce system must have to fight (WHO) estimated that AIDS has killed more than 25 million disease and when the immune system gets infected some people since it was first recognized on June 5, 1981, making other infections occurs. These types of infections are it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. opportunistic infections. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4-3.3 million A blood test can determine if the person is infected with lives, of which more than 570,000 were children (UNAIDS HIV. but if person's test is positive for HIV, it does not (2006). The picture in India is equally worse. The first case of necessarily mean that the person has AIDS. A person with HIV was detected in 1984. And till now it is gradually HIV may receive an AIDS diagnosis after developing one of increasing. The rate of HIV infection are 21 per thousand and the CDC defined AIDS indicator illness or on the basis of the total number of AIDS cases reported upto August 31st certain blood rests (CD4 count) and may not have experiences 1997 was 4846 (NACO, 19777) whereas now total no. of AIDS any serious illness. CD4 level lower than 200 means the cases are 24 lacks and 70 thousand (NACO. July, 2006). person has developed AIDS. So HIV/AIDS occur in two Methodology- stages. First is the entry and detection of HIV in body that The topic is highly sensitive one because its highly slowly reduces the strength of the immune system and leads personalized and stigmatizing nature. For conducting the to the second stage of AIDS that is more severe a problem. study both the qualitative and quantitative methods were In the Unites States, as of Dec. 31, 2001 a total of employed. The most important task was to reach the HIV 8047.075 adults and adolescents have been reported having patients, this however was made possible by selecting the AIDS. With current estimate suggested around one million patients who were attending the NACOICTC centers. As the of the 462,653 (57%) have die. As of the end of 2002, 42 patients were already in contact with the investigator it was million people were estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS easy to develop rappot and confidence with the patients. For * ICPS, JIND Haryana ** NACO, New Delhi *** Deptt. of Home Science, Govt. Arts and Science college Ratlam (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 97

data collection standardized questionnaire and personal were 50 participants in each group i.e. 50 HIV negative. 50 interviews were used. The subjects fot the study were chosen HIV positive and 50 AIND cases and their care givers (50 in partly from Haryana and partly from Delhi. It is pertinent to each groups). mention here that the cultural values, socio economic The HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases and their conditions and the living standards of the people living the care givers were selected on the basis of non random purposive area are almost same. The most important criteria for the sampling bases from ICTCs of Delhi, Haryana (India). inclusion in the study was the CD4 level. The interviews for In the first group 50 HIV negative participants were the study were conducted after the confidentiality was ensured selected and their age range was 24 years to 48 years out of and rapport was established. The inital visits therefore were this total number of males were 25 and females were also to build confidence and rapport with the patients. As suggested 25. The second group i.e. caregivers of HIV negative by Ficher. (1983) for design the coding scheme, sequence of participants were in the age range of 28 yeara to 46 years, questionnaire, sensitive questions, mixing of open ended and out of the total number of males were 25 and famale were dichotomus questions and pilot study etc were taken into also 25. In the third group there were 50 HIV positive consideration by using the standardized questionnaires. The perticipants (as tested and identified by ICTC Center the age subjects were not only informed but informed consent was range was 30 years to 48 years. There were equal number of obtained from each and every participant in writing. As the males and females. Majority of cases were labours/drivers investigator worked as counsellor and therefor had sufficient and many of them were multiple drug users (more than 50%). training and experince in interviewing the HIV patients and The fourth group represented care givers of HIV positive their caregivers and the experience was a great help in working participants. Total numbers of caregivers were 50. The age for this study. During the pilot study investigator obtained range was 28 years to 49 years. with an equal number of sufficent training to adminisrer various questionnaires. males and females. In the fifth group there were 50 AIDS Design- cases in the range of 32-48 yearas with an equal number of As the study aimed to explore the psychosocial problems males and females cases. Majority of participants were in the HIV/AIDS patients and also attempted to see the impact labours/drivers and multiple drug users (more than 50%). In of counselling on these variables. The study was conducted the sixth group there were 50 caregivers of AIDS cases. There in two phases, in the first phase a multi group design was age range was 28 years to 49 uears. used in examine/asses, suicidal ideation, in HIV negative, HIV Tools Uses - postive and AIDS cases and their care given. There were three The following tool. were administered uniformly and groups of HIV/AIDS and three groups of their care givers. There individually to each subject by investigator himself. were 250 participants in each group. As shown in Table- 1 Suicidal Ideation Questionnaive (SIQ)- The suicidal Table: 1 showing the design of the study- distribution ideation questionnaire is a self reported measure designed to assess thought about suicide ideation in andolescents of subjets in different groups and young adults. The SIQ is developed by Reynolds. (1988). The SIQ consist of 30 items and the respondents need to rand each of the items on a 7 point scale, which assess the frequency with which the cognition occurs. For comming purpose, items are scored from 6 to 0. Items are scored in a pathological direction, so that a high score For the second phase of the study i.e. for examining the is indicative of number of suicidal congintions occuring impact of counselling on depression, suicidal ideation, family with significant regularity. The maximum possible score on burden and health and quality of life in HIV positive and AIDS the 30 itmes SIQ is 180, and lowest possible score is zero cases and their caregivers a per-post desing was use. which indicates that none of thoughts indicated by the itmes SAMPLE- have ever occurred. The samples of the study consisted of HIV negative, HIV The intemal consistency reliability of the SIQ and SIQ-JR positive and AIDS cases and their care givers. In all a total across development samples and for various sub samples number of 300 participants were included in the study. There by age and sex was completed using Cornbach (1951) co- Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 98

efficient alpha (rd) Reliability co-efficent by grade were confidence. Informed consent was obtatined from the each uniformly high and ranged from 969 to 974, with a total sample participant after explaining the purpose of the study and the reliability coefficient of 971 for ths SIQ. In the study reported procedure. It was followed up by standardized AIDS counselling by Klastemen-Fields, (1985) with 156 femals college students in the groups. The counselling was done by the investigator (primarily 18 and 19 years old) a reliability coefficient of 964 hinmself. For the second part of the study a post counselling was found. The test re-test reliability of the SIQ was examined assessment was done after three months of intake. in a large sample of adolescent from a high school in the Results and Discussion- mid-west. Subjcts were 80% youngsters from research Present study was conducted with the aim of assessing sample B who were represented on the SIQ on the SIQ the psychosocial problems of HIV/AIDS patients and their approximately 9 week after the initial assessment. On the caregivers. It was also intended to examine the effect of inital assesment a mean of 17.79 (SD=20.76) was obtained counselling on psychosocial problems of HIV/AIDS patients and 4 week later a mean SIQ score of 17.49 (SD=23.82) was and their caregivers. The study was counducted on 150 cases, found. The test retest reliability based on these two out of these, there were 50 HIV negative, 50 HIV positive and assesments was. 72 which is moderate and consistent with 50 AIDS cases and 150 caregivers (50 each in HIV negative, the status of the SIQ. The scale is given in appendix-B. HIV positive and AIDS cases group). Procedure- Each participant was administered measures The data were analyzed by using statistice i.e. mean, of suicidal ideation after building rapport everyone was biefed SD and test and simple analysis of variance. Duncan's Post about the purpose of the study and informed conesent was hoc test was done for checking the statistical significance of obtained. Those who volunteered for the study were included the difference between groups. The results are detailed in for the final testing. The testing was done under uniform and tables below, are described and discussed. standardized conditions and all the measure were Suicidal Ideation-The first objective of the study was to administered individually to each participant by the investigator assessand compare HIV negatvie, HIV positive and AIDS himself. For the second phase of the study before and after cases on and sucidal ideation. The obtained results were design was used to examine the impact of the counselling analyzed by using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's on psychosocial problems of HIV/AIDS patients and their test for Post-hoc comparison and the results are given in care givers. The base line scores were taken from the first Table2 and 3 below testing in the first phase and all the subjects in all groups Table:2 means and SD's of HIV negatvie, HIV positive were taken up for the second phase of the study. For this and AIDS cases on depression and suicidal ideation. study the counselling module for HIV positive and AIDS cases and for their care givers were taken of as such for the counselling. the counselors training modules develop by National. AIDS Control Organization, Department of AIDS. Ministry of healthy, Governmnent of India. New Delhi. The HIV positive. AIDS cases as well as their care givers were given counselling individually by the investigator every week for three month. Every case were called in ICTC Center a b c alphaher indicare Duncan's post hoc comparospm Similar same alphaher indicate non signifcant whereas differecnt onces a week and it continued for three months, after the alphaber indicate significant difference. completion of three months, measure of suicidal ideation, were administered again to each subject under standered test condition uniformly by the investigation. The sorted format of standard counselling module for HIV positive, HIV nagative, AIDS cases and their care givers are given in the Appendix-F. Administration and Scoring - All the participants were #= Significant at 0.05 level **= Significant at 0.01 level interviewed at the intake after developing rapport and building ns=non significant Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 99

Table 3 Summary of ANOVA of HIV ositive and AIDS suicidal ideation scores of all the three groups differed cases on and suicidal ideation (df=2.147) significantly (F=167.87, df=2.147) at .01 level of confidence. The mean suicidal ideation score of HIV group was 0.40 and Duncan's test revealed that the caregivers of HIV negative it was 6.60 and 6.46 respectively of HIV positive and AIDS cases had significantly less suicidal ideation than the HIV group (Table 2) ANOVA was done and it was found (Table 3) positive and AIDS cases (Table-4) AIDS cases scored that the mean suicidal ideation scores of three groups differed significantly higher on suicidal ideation than the HIV positive significantly (F=555.30 df=2.147 p<01). Post hoc comperision group (Table-4).Thus second hypothesis of the study is also by using Duncan's lest revealed (Table 2) that the HIV negative confimed. The objective of the study were relating to the cases have significantly less suicidal ideation than both the suicidal ideation to the HIV negatvie, HIV positive and AIDS HIV positive and AIDS cases. cases and their cargivers. The HIV positve and AIDS cases scored almost equal on Findings of the study revealed (Table 2 to 5) that the HIV suicidal ideation therefore the results confirm the first positive and AIDS cases have had significantly high suicidal hypothesis. that the HIV negaive, HIV positve and AIDS ideation than HIV negative cases and their caregivers. Sucidal cases will score differently on measures of depression and ideation is one of the critical features of the depression and suicidal ideation. therefore keeping the higher level of depression in HIV positive The second hypothesis was that the caregivers of HIV and AIDS cases and their caregivers in mind in seemed to negative, positive and AIDS case would differ in terms of be justified. Thus the finding are in a way indicated the reported suicidal ideation. The results are given Table 4 and 5 below higher level of depression in HIV positive and AIDS cases Table: 4 Means and SD's of caregivers of HIV negative, and their caregivers. HIV positve and AIDS eases on suicidal ideation. The finding of the studies are in line with the results of Catatan (1999), Counor and Fostrein (2000), Turina (2001), Green and Smith (2004) reporting higher level of depression and suicidal ideation in HIV positve and AIDS cases. Though there are scattered evidence in research literature about the higher areas of suicide in HIV positive and AIDS cases, yet bill date evidence is lacking that the national AIDS control society and the state AIDS control societies are a b c alphaher indicare Duncan's post hoc comparospm Similar keeping track of the actual suicides committed by the HIV same alphaher indicate non signifcant whereas differecnt positive and AIDS cases. alphaber indicate sigaficani diffcerence. The fidings of the study in tems of higher level of their Table 5 Summary of ANOVA of HIV ositive and AIDS cargivers have implications for the family members as well cases on and sjuicidal ideation (df=2.147) as for the goverment orgaization. They should focus more on this issue to prevent the suicides by directing there efforts to the critical issue also.

Refenceres- 1. NACO (1997), HIV/AIDS Serosurveillance Update, New Delhi NACO #= Significant at 0.05 level 2. (2006) UNGASS, India report : Progress report on the **= Significant at 0.01 level declaration of commitment of HIV/AIDS. ns=non significant 3. UNAIDS (2006), ''Overview of the Globel Aids, Epidemic, The caregivers of HIV negative cases obtained a mean ''2006 report on the Globle, AIDS, Epidemie (PIDF) scores of 0.18 (SD=0.38) on suicidal ideation where as the 4. Leserman, J. Role of Depresion, stress and trauma in HIV mean suicidal ideation scores of caregivers of HIV positive diseass progression 2008 Apr. 28 (2) 203-7. (Mean=4.58, SD=2.76) and AIDS cases (Mean=6.34, 5. Masliah, E. and Achim. C.L. (1992) Gandre spetrum of HIV SD=1.09) was higher. ANOVA (Table 5) revealed that the Assoeiated Neocortical Damge, Annual, Neusology 32, 321, 329 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 100 E- Mart: A Necessity Not A Boon

Dr. Devendra Singh Rathore*

Concept - takeover over the global communication landscape was almost The importance of the topic with which this paper deals instant in historical terms. Today the Internet continues to has been well established. This paper deals with E-marketing, grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online commerce, giving a brief overview of the entire E-marketing concept. The entertainment, Culture and networking. Internet has main focus of this paper is to address the various mediums expanded at an astonishing rate across the world; Most of through which a potential business can implement E the world has embraced this new age technology with lot of marketing for itself. This paper has been made with the aim gusto Popularity of social networking (face book/ twitter) on of the paper: internet can be judged by the fact that 'Twitter' and 'Face The India is the second-most populous country with over book' are making news and receiving coverage from print as 1.22 billion people. more than 50% population of India is below well as visual media. the age of 25 years and over 65% below the age of 35 years Today's more than 6000 companies like KFC, Samsung, India will reach somewhere in the vicinity of 250-350 million Dell, and Apple in world are spending as much as 34 % of Internet users by 2015. I took a liberal interpolation of those their marketing budgets on Internet ads. According to a web estimates to arrive at a number of 30 million new users that world report, consumers showed a 31 % greater Ability to we will add in the coming year. That's a staggering number - recall a brand after seeing an Internet ad than earlier - and larger than the entire population of Australia if you like Compared with a 29 % increase with magazines, 26 per cent those kinds of comparisons. However, to truly deconstruct with newspapers, and 28 % with television. Online advertising this number and get a sense for what the potential impact has an advantage over the TV and Paper ad campaigns. While this will have for a business looking to leverage this user the good TV ad arouses curiosity, and the effective print press base, we need to look carefully not just at the users but also ad offers a little more information, the impact gets dissipated at the following 'inverted iceberg'- where there is more than over the days. When people are actually ready to buy, your that meets the eye below the surface. It means India has a campaign may be off and a rival's campaign may be on, and very big market of youth customer .to reach this group of your potential customers have no way of retrieving your earlier population we need to develop the E-marketing for the country ads In India internet is growing. It's defiantly not the largest as the youth of India has also become techno- savvy which medium for advertising but without doubt it can give you better is the prime reason behind me doing this paper. ROI (return on investment) as compared to any other Marketing is an organizational function and a set of conventional medium. Having given a fair idea of the growing processes for creating, communicating and delivering value popularity of e mart to customers and for managing customer relationships in As such an aspect, E-Marketing has its own approaches ways that benefit the Organization and its stakeholders. and tools that contribute to the achievement of marketing Therefore we can see that E -Marketing by its very nature is goals and objectives. E- Marketing ties together creative and one aspect of an organizational function and a set of processes technical aspects of the Internet including design, for Creating, communicating and delivering value to customers development, advertising, and sales. E Marketing does not and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit simply entail building or promoting a website, nor does it the Organization and its stakeholders mean placing a banner ad on another website. Effective E Since the start of 21st century, the Internet has had a marketing requires a comprehensive strategy that synergizes revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the a given Company's business model and sales goals with its rise of near-instant communication e mail, sms, blogs , website function and appearance, focusing on its target social networking , Face book.twitter ,video calls market through proper choice of advertising type, media, and ,4g,Telyshoping and different search engine . The Internet design. E Marketing is a tool that nearly everyone uses today,

* Assistant Professor of Commerce, Govt. P.G. College, Neemuch (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 101

and it continues to grow and be more prevalent in the location, such as country, region/state, city, metro code/zip lives of people around the world. Meanwhile, on-line marketing code, organization, Internet Protocol (IP) address, ISP or was once seen as a risky Endeavour for most businesses, other criteria. but the gap between it and off-line marketing has rapidly 4. Different content by choice- narrowed: E-marketing involves using the internet and other A typical example for different content by choice in geo emerging technology to research the market and carry out targeting is the FedEx website at FedEx.com where users promotional activities. E marketing process and explores have the choice to select their country location first and are some of the benefits that it can provide to business. then presented with different site or article content depending E- Marketing, also referred to as E- mail marketing, web on their selection. marketing, Online marketing, electronic / digital 5. Automated different content- marketing or Internet Marketing, is the marketing of With automated different content in internet marketing products or services over the Internet. E-Marketing is and geo marketing the delivery of different content based on essentially part of marketing. So let's try to understand where the geographical geo location and other personal information it fits within the subject of marketing. E-marketing involves is automated. using the internet and other emerging technology to research Difference between E-Marketing v/s Traditional the market and carry out promotional activities. E-marketing marketing process and explores many benefits that it can provide to 1. E- Marketing is very economical and fast way to promote business. E-Marketing is a broader term that describes product. any marketing activity performed via electronic medium. Traditional Marketing is very expensive and takes more Characteristics of E-Marketing time to promote product. 1. One-to-one approach- 2. E-Marketing is very useful for promoting product globally The targeted user is typically browsing the Internet alone, [without any additional cost]. so the marketing messages can reach them personally. This It is very expensive and time consuming process for approach is used in search marketing, where the traditional marketing. advertisements are based on Search engine keywords entered 3. In E- Marketing, you can also work with less employee by the user. And now with the advent of Web 2.0 tools, many [you can take more work with less man power]. In users can interconnect as "peers" Traditional Marketing, you need more employment with 2. Appeal to specific interests- more man power which in terms requires spending more E- Marketing places an emphasis on marketing those money. appeals to a specific behavior or interest, rather than reaching 4. In E marketing you can sell or buy product 24 X 7, round out to a broadly defined demographic. "On- and Off-line" the year without employing any person. That is not marketers typically segment their markets according to age possible in traditional marketing. group, gender, geography, and other general factors. 5. Paying Professional and Experienced E- Marketing Marketers have the luxury of targeting by activity and geo Company is very economical. Paying renowned location. Internet marketing differs from magazine Advertising and Marketing Company is very costly. advertisements, where them goal is to appeal to the projected E- Marketing in Indian scenario - demographic of the periodical. Because the advertiser has E-marketing has had a large impact on several previously knowledge of the target audience-people who engage in certain retail oriented industries including music, film, activities (e.g., uploading pictures, contributing to blogs) - pharmaceuticals, banking, flea markets, as well as the the company does not rely on the expectation that a certain advertising industry itself. Across the world E-marketing is group of people will be interested in its new product or service. now overtaking radio marketing in terms of market share. In 3. Geo targeting- the music industry, many consumers have been purchasing Geo targeting (in internet marketing) and geo marketing and downloading music (e.g., MP3 files) over the Internet for are the methods of determining the geo location (the physical several years in addition to purchasing compact discs. it is location) of a website visitor with geo location software, and surprising but truth in 2012 You tube / airtel (ring tone delivering different content to that visitor based on his or her "why this kolaveri di" and "Gangnam Style") became Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 102

largest music vendor in Asia. Websites are developed for trading also like quickr.com which The number of banks offering the ability to perform banking are getting very popular. Thus making, trading,. Selling and tasks online has also increased. Online banking is believed purchasing easier. Other websites such as justdial.com are to appeal to customers because it is more convenient than acting as global phone directories making it easy for people visiting bank branches. Internet auctions have gained to find out emergency contact numbers. popularity. Unique items that could only previously be found The web search data show in year 2012 over 60,000 at flea markets are being sold on eBay. As the premier online marketers is using this platform to capture the market share. reselling platform, eBay is often used as a price-basis for That's not all; the number is growing at a higher pace as specialized items. The effect on the advertising industry itself people research choices, product details and prices for every has been profound. In just a few months, online advertising sort of buying decision - from travel to banking to insurance to education to even a film career. 22 of the top 50 and 37 of has grown to be worth tens of E-marketing has had a growing the top 100 search advertisers by keyword volume are firms impact on the electoral process. We all knows just few month with Indian operations. The number of net surfers in India is before In Gujrat Assembly election Narendra modi heavily increasing at a rapid rate and studies have shown that people utilized E marketing ( 3d image projection/sms/blogs & are spending more and more time on the web. Buying products twitter ) strategies to reach constituents. online is convenient, hassle-free and easy. Online market Today all the companies and corporate in India have places allow buyers to see the best deals available without products or services to sell and they are advertising them via moving from their desks and choose the products they want T.V, newspapers, brochures, magazines, radio etc. But it's which they could not find at the local supermarket. For a time to take the promotions Online. Online advertising is an company putting an advertisement online gives a benefit of effective way of advertising that uses the power of Internet being present right next to your competition when people are and World Wide Web in order to deliver marketing messages looking for products or services. and attract customers. Online marketing business is galloping E marketers such as shopping for books, apparel, at a higher rate in India. Keeping pace with the international electronics, and such have really exploded this past year. market, Indian search engines are undergoing a phenomenal However, consider that these 'applications' currently comprise growth. According to a study by Internet and Mobile not only of just 14% of the total online ecommerce spends Association of India (IAMAI) in association with Pin storm, (travel comprises the remainder) but also a similar percentage India alone produces more than half-a-million searches a in terms of the Internet users who have actually ever used month. The study puts light to the evolution and growth of them. Snap deal, a popular deal shopping site has only search engine marketing in India. Even the Indian websites recently grown to over 10 million users. Not to undermine like Shaadi.com, Bharat matrimony are burgeoning rapidly those numbers, but what are all the other users doing then? and are being used too. The concepts of e-ticketing, sms - In my opinion, it still represents a gap from a business ticketing, e-banking, e learning are getting popular and opportunity standpoint - email, reading news, social widely used in India. The prime reason is that they Film networking, checking cricket scores, browsing music and Producer Kamal Hassan consume less time and are more videos. Rise in news consumption, NRI visit local websites, retail boom, Travel and Tour, e commerce, e learning. productive as well as economic. Recently, the very popular The E market provides a wide range of opportunities for released his movie "Vishwaroopam" on D2h which has small businesses that are prepared to get involved. This happened first time in India. This is best example of e chapter features information about researching your online marketing. There have been many singers nowadays who market and making informed Regardless of the size and type prefer to show their talents on you tube and other talent hunt of your business, understanding your customers is websites to save money and at the same time reach the fundamental to successful marketing. Understanding online masses. For example the teenage heartthrob Justin Bibber customers is even more vital due to the wider geographic was discovered through you tube when he uploaded his song. and cultural spread, as well as diverse characteristics and People are becoming aware of the internet and are using it to attitudes to both obtaining information and buying online. the maximum. People are trying online shopping on sites Online customers are empowered like never before - they such as Yebhi.com, Jabbong.com, Qukr, Olex, Home now have more information and many product and price Shopee and many International brands are available online. options. They are also less tolerant of poor products and Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 103

services and with the rise of latest technologies like social market share. In the music industry, many consumers have media, they can communicate instantly and raise their voices been purchasing and downloading music (e.g., MP3 files) through blogs and forums in areas that interests and concerns from internet sites. The number of banks offering the ability them. To build a better understanding of your online to perform banking tasks online has also increased. Online customers, you need to find out about their mindset, banking is believed to appeal to customers because it is attitudes, aspirations and fears and plan e-marketing more convenient than visiting bank branches. Internet auctions campaigns accordingly to get better results out of your online have gained popularity. efforts. You need to consider several factors including: Unique items that could only previously be found at flea Today Indian e-marketer's facing big problem for expand markets are being sold on eBay. As the premier online their business . e-market growth rate is slow Those Indian e- reselling platform, eBay is often used as a price-basis for commerce companies are facing: "Indians do not interested specialized items. It is absolutely right that E-marketing is to purchase on the internet ". While people have access to the greatest change in business history which is happening online shops and e-commerce nobody wants to buy anything right now. How to Lead Your Business through e marketing, online. So most Indians are looking more towards social it gives business leaders the tools to detect trends that cut networking, entertainment and communicating over the across not just industries but also countries, rethink the internet rather than purchasing and spending online .While economic and business principles they rely on, and adapt to apparel and online retail are the fastest growing sectors in the speed of innovation and unprecedented needs of the new India, the absolute numbers of searches and conversions global economy. This change is good not just for the are still very small and growing at a slow rate. businessman but also for customer and society. My dear This is largely due to the cultural mistrust of banks, credit friends please adopt it, promote it and encourage it because cards and of buying things one cannot touch and examine. E marketing is a necessity not a boon. Surprised ? We all thought that we were finally getting past References: that mindset and people were opening up to purchasing online, 01. Times life but such is not the case. While more people do buy online 02. Wikipedia than they used to, its still an insignificant number. The growth 03. web service trend is starting to flatten and the online purchases beginning 04. Face book website to cap. Cash on Delivery (COD) (old VPP) is the choice 05. US Interactive Marketing Forecast, 2011 To 2016 mode of payment for Indian customers as credit card adoption 06. Transactional Emails: Make your first e marketing is low and online transaction security is still not trusted. COD 07. Pew Internet & American Life Project becomes a problem for suppliers due to additional cost and 08. Media Week: UK e-mail marketing predicted management overhead of managing lost in transition and 09. O'Brian J. & Montezuma, customer returns. 10. Shashank Mehrotra is the business head of BigRock E-marketing has had a large impact on several previously 11. IBN Tech. retail oriented Industries including music, film, 12. The economic times pharmaceuticals, banking, Flea markets as well as the 13. Indian Digital Review advertising industry itself. Across the world E-marketing 14. assocham study 2012 is now overtaking shop showroom marketing in terms of 15. Junglee.com

*********************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 104 A study of Green Shoe Options in India

Dr. Sanjay Agrawal *

Abstract A green shoe option (GSO) provides the option of allotting equity shares in excess of the equity shares offered in the public issue as a post-listing price stabilising mechanism. This study examines whether companies need to include GSOs in their initial public offerings (IPOs), and explores the reasons for the indifference on the part of issuer companies and merchant banks in India towards GSOs. The aftermarket price performance of companies that included GSOs in their IPOs is analysed; however, the results of this analysis do not lead to any generalization due to the small number of companies that opted for GSO.

I- Introduction process. When a company decides to launch an IPO, it hires The primary market for securities plays an important role a merchant bank to help it assess the number of shares that in the economic development of a country, by enabling it can offer and at what price.Based on this advice, the companies to mobilise financial resources from the public company fixes a price band (or a floor price) within which (or for undertaking various projects. The primary market also above which) the investors bid for the shares. enables members of the public to invest their savings in gainful An IPO can be made through the fixed price method, the investment; it allows them to participate directly in the profits book building method, or a combination of both. When the of the corporate sector. The fact that 91 companies raised issuer decides the issue price at the outset and mentions it capital to the tune of INR 67,609 crore in 2010-2011 is proof in the offer document, it is commonly known as a fixed price of this role of the primary markets. In 2009-2010, a total of issue. When the price of an issue is discovered based on INR 57,555 crores was mobilised by 76 companies. the demand received from the prospective investors at various Green Shoe Options (GSOs), or over-allotment options, price levels, it is called a book built issue. were introduced by the Securities and Exchange Board of In a book built issue, the issuer company and the India (SEBI), the Indian market regulator, in 2003 to stabilise merchant bank solicit indications of interest from institutional the aftermarket price of shares issued in IPOs. A GSO investors in order to construct a demand curve. Book building provides the option of allotting equity shares in excess of the is a process of price discovery. The issuer discloses a price equity shares offered in the public issue as a post-listing band or floor price before the opening of the issue of the price stabilising mechanism. securities offered.It is at this stage that the issuer company The objective of this mechanism is to reassure investors, and the merchant bank decide whether to avail of the GSO. especially small investors who are known as retail individual This decision is taken after considering various factors such investors (RIIs), that they would have an exit route during the as the level of confidence of the issuer company and the first 30 days after the listing of shares (called the GSO window merchant bank about the price band determined by them, period) at a price close to the issue price, due to the price the expectation regarding investors' response, the market stabilising activity of the merchant banks. The issuer company sentiment, and so on. also benefits from this mechanism, as enhanced investor As the issue price is determined based on the bids confidence will result in more bids from investors at better prices. received from the investors, it is fair to expect that the after The objective of this paper is to examine the GSO market price of the shares will hover around this price, at mechanism that was included by some companies in their least in the short run. In practice, it is observed that the IPO programmes since the introduction of GSOs, and to aftermarket price is often significantly higher (underpricing) explore the reasons for the indifference to GSOs on the part of or significantly lower than the issue price (overpricing). This issuer companies and merchant banks. The paper will explore indicates a miscalculation in the pricing of the issue. However, whether companies need to include GSOs in their IPOs. research supports the claim that book building helps II- IPO Process companies to reduce underpricing. To understand the Green Shoe Option (GSO) mechanism, III- Rationale for including GSOs in IPO programmes one first needs to understand the initial public offering (IPO) Investors in an IPO could be anxious about various things:

* Assistant Professor of Commerce Govt. Girls P.G. College, Moti Tabela, Indore (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 105

before the allotment of shares, they are generally anxious not present. The larger the number of shares in the hands of whether they will get the shares; after they get the shares, the investors, the greater the possibility there these shares they worry about how the secondary market will react in the will be traded in the secondary market. period immediately following the day of listing. Will the market Secondly, if the aftermarket prices of the shares were to open above the issue price or will it open below? If the market go below the issue price during the GSO window period, the price immediately following the listing day is higher than the stabilising agent would buy shares from the market, thereby issue price, it implies that the issue price was underestimated, enhancing liquidity. a phenomenon known as underpricing. On the other hand, if E.Favoring preferred investors the market price immediately following the listing day is lower During the planning phase of IPOs, merchant banks go than the issue price, it implies that the issue price was over- on a road show, meeting institutional investors and other estimated, a phenomenon known as overpricing. sophisticated investors, in order to gauge the potential The inclusion of GSOs in the IPO programme of an issuer demand for the IPO and the price at which the shares could company can be justified on five grounds: avoiding panic be sold. The merchant bank then makes a favourable among RIIs, signalling confidence in the IPO price, protecting allotment to such institutional investors. the reputation of merchant banks, enhancing liquidity in the IV- GSOs in India aftermarket, and favouring preferred clients. The GSO facility was introduced in India by the SEBI on A. Avoiding panic among small investors August 14, 2003. This facility was expected to be a major Small investors anywhere are likely to panic if the price of policy initiative to reassure investors, especially the RIIs. The the shares they received in an IPO were to fall immediately rationale for the introduction of GSOs was stated as follows: after listing. In their panic, they may try to sell their shares at Unexpected developments may have an adverse impact low prices, and may exit the capital markets altogether in on price of newly listed securities. The facility of green shoe some cases. option introduced by SEBI facilitates the investment bankers B.Signalling confidence to stabilize the post listing price of the security. This measure Many investors, especially small investors, are usually is expected to mitigate volatility and enhance investor unable to make up their minds whether to bid or not to bid for confidence. the shares at the stated price band, as they stand to lose if The GSO process involves the appointment of a merchant the price turns out to be unsustainable. bank as a stabilising agent (SA) by the issuer company; the In this context, the issuer company and the merchant SA enters into an agreement with promoters or other pre- bank can signal confidence in the issue by availing of the issue shareholders to 'borrow' a certain number of shares GSO mechanism. By so doing, the merchant banks back from them. Pre-issue shareholders are usually the promoters up their claims of the price being fair by proposing to buy or other individuals who were already holding shares in the shares from the secondary market if their claims were to be company at the time of the IPO. The issuer company needs disproved and the aftermarket price were to fall below the to pass a shareholder resolution for availing the GSO, for issue price. appointing a stabilising agent, and for carrying out the market C.Merchant bank reputation stabilising activity in the aftermarket. Merchant banks may prevail upon the issuers to avail of A notable feature of the regulation of GSOs in India is the GSOs in their IPO programmes to retain or enhance their invocation of the doctrine of unjust enrichment; according to reputation. Given that the merchant bank plays an important this, neither the issuer company nor the promoters or pre- role in arriving at the price band or the floor price; they risk issue shareholders can derive any profit from the stabilising facing the ire of the investors if the share trades at a price activity. The profits, if any, would be used for protecting and below the issue price in the immediate aftermarket. Thus, educating investors. Another notable feature of the regulation the reputation of a merchant bank may be affected if an issue of GSOs in India is that it is optional; it is left to the discretion managed by them has a bad opening. of the issuer-company. D.Liquidity Apart from GSOs, the SEBI Regulations also contain an Investors expect the market to stay liquid and transparent enabling provision for issuer companies to provide for a safety- when trading begins in the secondary market.. Green shoe net arrangement. The idea of a safety net is as follows: if the options help improve the liquidity of markets in two ways. shares trade at a price below the issue price in the period Firstly, due to the over-allotment of shares, more shares immediately following the listing date, a specially designated would go to the investors than it would have if GSOs were entity would buy the shares from the investors. The issuer Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 106

company and the merchant bank are required to ascertain was not possible to make any meaningful generalizations. the financial capacity of the designated entity, and make VII- Reasons for indifference towards GSOs requisite disclosures in the offer document. The data reveals that there is a case for issuer companies V- Data and methodology and merchant banks to avail the facility of GSOs to reassure The current study focuses on the IPOs made in India investors, especially RIIs, and to discourage them from exiting from the time the first IPO was made on March 26, 2004 the capital markets. What then is the reason for this after the GSO mechanism was introduced by SEBI, up to indifference to GSOs on the part of issuer companies and and including the IPOs made until December 2011. This period merchant banks? From our interaction with market saw 304 IPOs being made. The data relating to these IPOs participants and merchant banks, various reasons emerged, was gathered from the commercial database Prime such as the uncertainty about the effects of GSOs, the Database, the prospectus issued by the respective interference with market forces, the unfair advantage to companies, and the SEBI bulletins and press releases. The merchant banks, the merchant banks' unwillingness to bear information relating to whether or not the issuer company additional responsibility, the lack of incentives, the absence had opted for the GSO was gathered from the offer documents of market discipline, and so on. These reasons are discussed filed by the companies with the SEBI. The price data was in some detail in the rest of this section. obtained from the Website of the National Stock Exchange A.Uncertainty about impact of GSOs of India Limited (NSE). Of the 365 companies that made an Our interviews with merchant bankers revealed that many IPO from August 2003 (when GSOs were introduced in India) issuer companies and quite a few merchant banks were to December 31, 2011, only 18 companies availed of the unsure of the effects of GSOs. There was a feeling that the GSO facility in their IPO programmes. GSOs facility was highly constrained by the limit of 15% This data is summarised in Table 1. (See Table No. 1) over-allotment and the 30-day stabilisation period. The general The evaluation of the aftermarket performance of companies opinion was that there was no guarantee that the stabilisation that included GSOs is presented in the next section. programme would in fact be successful. In this scenario, VI- Analysis these issuer companies and merchant banks felt that the From August 24, 2003 (the day GSOs were introduced in panic and fear of the retail individual investors (RIIs) would India) to December 31, 2011, 365 companies made IPOs in only increase. India. Of these companies, only 18 companies (4.93%) had B.Interference with free play of market forces included GSOs in their IPO programme (see Table 1). If we Some investors felt that the practice of GSOs was consider a more recent time period, we see that only two out questionable as it artificially propped up share prices, thereby of 122 companies (1.64%) included GSOs in their IPO interfering with the free play of market forces. It was suggested programmes from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011. that starting from the pre-SEBI days, RIIs were led to believe A list of companies that included GSOs in their IPO that investing in an IPO would guarantee them positive initial programmes is given in Table 2. (See Table No. 2) returns. The GSO would merely reinforce these attitudes. Table 3 shows the GSO window period (i.e., 30 days from Further, any aftermarket price stabilisation would deprive the listing date) performance of the companies that included "value investors" from purchasing shares from naïve investors GSOs in their IPO programmes. Of the 18 companies that did when the price falls in the immediate aftermarket. included GSOs, the aftermarket closing price of six companies C.Unfair advantage for merchant banks never went below the issue price during the GSO window period. Merchant banks that are designated as stabilising agents As such, the SAs of these companies did not buy any shares get high fees for availing of the GSOs. Such high fees for from the market. At the close of the GSO window period, the merchant banks were felt to be unjust as they face limited SAs handed over the amount received by them on over-allotment risk in implementing GSOs of shares to the issuer company; the issuer company then D.Unwillingness of merchant banks to accept additional made a further issue of shares at the cut-off price to the pre- responsibility issue shareholders who had lent their shares to the SA; finally, The issuer companies and merchant banks that we the SA closed the GSO bank account and the GSO, without interacted with felt that the legal and regulatory compliances any profit or loss. (See Table No. 3) were cumbersome, and that the consequent risks had However, the number of companies that included GSOs increased manifold. In this scenario, they were not prepared in their IPO programmes in India was so small in comparison to take any additional responsibility for a facility that was to the IPOs during the period that was studied (4.93%) that it optional to begin with. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 107

E. Lack of incentives B.Control QIB flips According to the GSO regulations, merchant bankers are When an issuer company is unable to satisfy the eligibility not allowed to earn a profit from the aftermarket price criteria related to past track records, they are allowed to stabilising activity. SEBI does not permit merchant bankers make an IPO if they are able to get qualified institutional to make money in trading. They will have to buy the stock if buyers (QIBs) to make a significant investment. The implicit the price falls below the offer price, but they are not allowed assumption is that the QIBs are sophisticated investors who to sell even if the stock value goes up. We are required to would take a long-term investment view of the investment. stabilise the price around the offer price for which we get a C.Disclose track record of merchant banks fixed fee" Any profits arising from the price stabilisation activity Merchant banks seemed to be indifferent to the need to be transferred to the Investor Protection and Education aftermarket price movement. They claimed this indifference Fund (IPEF) established by the SEBI. In this scenario, issuer was justified because the compliance work of IPOs was companies, promoters and pre-listing shareholders, and already voluminous, and they were not in any position to merchant banks did not see any incentive to opt for GSOs. assume additional responsibilities and risks. Merchant banks F. Absence of market discipline in India are able to get away with this attitude because the In a mature market, if the aftermarket price of the shares investors do not show any interest in disciplining them, for falls significantly, the investors would hold the merchant banks instance, by boycotting the issues managed by them. In responsible for the same. In such an event, the credibility of order to facilitate such market discipline, the regulator may need to mandate an additional disclosures requirement the merchant banks would take a hit. This would adversely regarding the aftermarket returns for each merchant bank. affect their chances of getting further business because D.Tighten norms for small IPOs investors would keep away from the issues managed by them. The performance of small IPOs (with an issue size less However, investors in India, especially the RIIs, appear to than INR 100 crore) has been dismal. There is a definite be indifferent to ascribing responsibility. In the face of this need to re-examine the IPO norms for such small issues. lack of market discipline, merchant banks in India have no The implicit assumptions and expectations from QIBs and reason to shirk the additional responsibilities associated with project appraisal agencies in such small issues also need to GSOs and talk about the lack of incentives. be re-examined. Further, this issue needs to be studied in VIII- Suggestions detail by independent researchers. The GSOs provision was introduced by the SEBI in 2003 IX- Conclusion as a mechanism for reassuring RIIs that the aftermarket price Based on the analysis of the aftermarket price performance of the shares they were allotted in an IPO would be maintained of the companies that availed of the GSO facility in their IPO at least in the first month of listing. However, we found that programmes, it could be concluded that GSOs were not most issuer companies and merchant banks were indifferent effective in stabilising the prices in the period immediately to GSOs, and such options were rarely availed. Various following the listing date. However, broad generalizations reasons for this indifference emerged, such as the uncertainty cannot be made due to the small size of the companies, about the effects of GSOs, the unwillingness to bear both in absolute terms and as a proportion of the companies additional responsibility, the lack of incentives, the absence making IPOs. of the companies that did not include the GSO of market discipline, and so on. facility in their IPO programmes, a disproportionately large Based on our findings, we propose the following number of companies performed poorly. This led us to suggestions: make GSOs mandatory; control flipping by propose that GSOs be made mandatory; some penalties qualified institutional buyers (QIBs); disclose the track record would need to be imposed on QIBs who sell in the immediate of merchant banks; and tighten IPO norms, especially for aftermarket; merchant bankers would need to disclose their small IPOs. track record; and the IPO norms would have to be tightened, A.Make green shoe options mandatory especially for small issues. On the face of it, the suggestion to make GSOs mandatory References: may sound preposterous to many people. Currently, GSOs 1. Website of Security Exchange board of India are not mandatory in any country. However, given the SEBI's 2. Website of National Stock Exchange of India objective of increasing the participation of RIIs, and the 3. News paper Economic Times peculiar nature of the capital markets in India, we feel that 4. News Paper Financial Express the suggestion to make GSOs mandatory is reasonable. 5. Website of Bombay Stock Exchange Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 108

Table 1: Number of Companies that Opted for GSOs in their IPOs in India from Aug. 14, 2003 to Dec. 31, 2011

Year No. of Compines of IPOs Opted for GSOs of companies Percentage of opting for GSOs companies opting for GSOs 2003 3 0 0% 2004 21 2 9.52% 2005 43 3 6.98% 2006 60 6 10% 2007 86 5 5.81% 2008 30 0 0% 2009 17 1 5.88% 2010 66 1 1.51% 2011 39 0 0% Total 365 18 4.93%

Table 2: List of Companies that Opted for GSOs in their IPOs in India from Aug.14, 2003 to Dec. 31, 2011 No. Issuer COMPANY Opening Date Listing Date 01 Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. 29 Jul 2004 25 Aug 2004 02 Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. 25 Nov 2004 22 Dec 2004 03 3I Infotech Ltd. 30 Mar 2005 22 Apr 2005 04 HT Media Ltd. 04 Aug 2005 01 Sep 2005 05 Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd. 07 Oct 2005 01 Sep 2005 06 Entertainment Network (India) Ltd. 23 Jan 2006 15 Feb 2006 07 Jagran Prakashan Ltd. 25 Jan 2006 22 Feb 2006 08 B. L. Kashyap & Sons Ltd. 20 Feb 2006 17 Mar 2006 09 Prime Focus Ltd. 25 May 2006 20 Jun 2006 10 Parsvnath Developers Ltd. 06 Nov 2006 30 Nov 2006 11 Cairn India Ltd. 11 Dec 2006 09 Jan 2007 12 House of Pearl Fashions Ltd. 16 Jan 2007 19 Feb 2007 13 Idea Cellular Ltd. 12 Feb 2007 09 Mar 2007 14 Housing Development & Infrastructure Ltd. 28 Jun 2007 24 Jul 2007 15 Omaxe Ltd. 17 Jul 2007 09 Aug 2007 16 Brigade Enterprises Ltd. 10 Dec 2007 31 Dec 2007 17 Indiabulls Power Ltd. 12 Oct 2009 30 Oct 2009 18 Electrosteel Steels Ltd. 21 Sep 2010 08 Oct 2010 Table 3: Performance of Companies that Opted for GSOs in India from Aug. 14, 2003 to Dec. 31, 2011 No. Issuer COMPANY 01 Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. 25 Aug 04 850 00 23 0 02 Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. 22 Dec 04 162 17 22 77.27 03 3I Infotech Ltd. 22 Apr 05 100 20 21 95.24 04 HT Media Ltd. 01 Sep 05 530 19 21 90.48 05 Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd. 01 Sep 05 285 00 21 0 06 Entertainment Network (India) Ltd. 15 Feb 06 162 00 20 0 07 Jagran Prakashan Ltd. 22 Feb 06 320 19 19 100.00 08 B. L. Kashyap & Sons Ltd. 17 Mar 06 685 00 18 0 09 Prime Focus Ltd. 20 Jun 06 417 23 23 100.00 10 Parsvnath Developers Ltd. 29 Dec 06 300 00 21 0 11 Cairn India Ltd. 09 Jan 07 160 21 21 100.00 12 House of Pearl Fashions Ltd. 19 Feb 07 550 20 20 100.00 13 Idea Cellular Ltd. 09 Mar 07 075 00 19 0 14 Housing Development & Infrastructure Ltd. 24 Jul 07 500 04 22 18.18 15 Omaxe Ltd. 09 Aug 07 310 04 21 19.05 16 Brigade Enterprises Ltd. 31 Dec 07 390 21 23 91.30 17 Indiabulls Power Ltd. 30 Oct 09 045 20 20 100.00 18 Electrosteel Steels Ltd. 08 Oct 10 011 18 21 85.71 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 109 Perception Of Unorganised Retailers Towards FDI In Multibrand Retailing In India Dr. Pradeep Kumar Sharma * Vishwas Sharma ** Rishi Mishra***

Abstract - FDI in multi brand retail remained a most discussed topic in the last few years. Almost all unions of the unorganized retailers across the nation opposed it. This resistance of unorganized retailers gave a clear indication that all of them understand the impact of the FDI in multi brand retailing. This research is conducted to know whether unorganized retailers have clear understanding about FDI or not. This research work aims at giving a fair idea of the understanding of the local unorganized player in this particular matter. The study is exploratory in nature and was conducted in Indore city which is popularly referred as the business capital of Madhya Pradesh. The study is based on both primary and secondary data and structured questionnaire has been used to collect the primary data from respondents. Random and judgmental sampling has been used to conduct the research work. Data has been analyzed using pivoting methods in excel. The study concludes with the suggestions and recommendations for addressing the queries of the unorganized retailers and gaining their good faith in any further decision.

Keywords: - FDI, Multi brand Retailing, Unorganized Retailer. FDI, its effects, and to gauge their perception towards the Introduction- Government's decision. In 2004, The High Court of Delhi defined the term 'retail' This study will help to identify the level of authenticity as a sale for final consumption in contrast to a sale for further of the fact that all unorganized retail players, were against sale or processing (i.e. Wholesale). In other words retail its FDI decision. It will help in adopting measures to can be defined as a sale to the ultimate consumer. increase the level of awareness and reduce inflated Thus, retailing can be said to be the interface between concerns of the affected. the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal Objectives - consumption. India is a signatory to World Trade 1. To study the awareness level of unorganized retailers Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, towards FDI. which include wholesale and retail services, had to open up 2. To analyze the respondent's knowledge of Multi-Brand the retail trade sector to foreign investment. The government FDI and its effects. made a proposal to allow 51% FDI in multi brand retailing 3. To analyze source of information regarding FDI and its and raise the bar to 100%. The UPA government announced impacts. on 24 November 2011 the following: 4. To suggest positive measures to build consensus among ò 51 % FDI in Multi- Brand retailing. unorganized retailers. ò Single brand foreign retailers, such as Apple and IKEA, Literature Review- can own 100 percent. Tomu Francis (2006) concluded that organized retailing ò Both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, have to source nearly a third of their goods from MSME. that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, ò Multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment etc mainly involving the corporate-backed hypermarkets and of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail in the back end. businesses. Almost all unions of the unorganized retailers across the Unorganized retailing, on the other hand, refers to the nation opposed it which ultimately led to the rollback of FDI traditional formats of the retail industry involving example, decision in multi brand retailing. Finally in December 2012, the local kirana shops the corner stores, owner manned the UPA Govt. passed the FDI bill in parliament. general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, This research work has been conducted to understand hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. The latter involves the level of understanding of the local unorganized retailers a large majority of the Indian population that is involved in with respect to FDI, more particularly towards multi-brand the retail industry.

* Prof. of Com.Govt. Hamidia College, Bhopal ** Asst. Prof. SAIM&S, Indore *** Visiting Faculty, B Schools, Indore Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 110

According to Deepak Joshi (2012) majority of the (See Table No. 1.1) unorganized retailers were having an opinion that FDI will 52% of the respondents had an opinion that FDI will have have negative effect. Minority of them actually knew what negative effect while 15% said that it will impact positively, FDI (Multi / Single Brand) is all about. while 22% were unable to analyze what will happen. 38% of Surabhi Pareek (2011) Concluded in her research paper the total (Including Big and Small Shop owners) had a graduate that the investment may lead to an interruption in the smooth and above degree while 20% were uneducated. 19% were flow of the economy and would lead to external dominance. below 10th and 23% were up to 12th. However it was Tripathi, Salil (2011), suggests that critics of retail policy interesting to note that overall 46% of uneducated said that had five points; One, India doesn't need foreign retailers, since FDI will impact negatively while only 61% of respondents homegrown companies and traditional markets are doing the with graduation and higher degree said it will impact negatively. job well. Two, independent stores will close, leading to job Knowledge Of Single And Multibrand FDI losses. Three, profits will go to foreigners. Four, there will be (See Table No. 1.2) sterile homogeneity and Indian cities will look like cities The respondents were asked whether they were aware of anywhere else. And five, the government hasn't built consensus. single and multi brand FDI concerns. Almost 44% of total Indian Brand Equity Foundation (2011), Reports, "India respondents were aware of Multi/Single Brand and FDI. 38% has been ranked as the fourth most attractive nation for retail respondents answered irrelevant. investment among 30 emerging markets by the US-based Reaction Towards Governments Decision On Multibrand global management consulting firm, A.T. Kearney, in its FDI (See Table No. 1.3) Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) 2011, and Indian 55% of the Respondents were against The Multi Brand retail sector accounts for 22 per cent of the country's gross FDI, though only 44% as discussed earlier actually knew domestic product (GDP) and contributes to 8 per cent of the what multi brand FDI was. Only very few 8% of total supported total employment". Government saying it will benefit them. Research Methodology- Reaction Towards Governments Decision On Multibrand The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Fdi Vs Source Of Info (See Table No. 1.4) The required information was collected through the following 38% of the Respondents got information on FDI from TV sources: and Newspapers while 29% got from fellow Business Man Primary Data- and union leaders. 13% Got information from their family A non-probability, convenience sampling technique was members and rest 20% from other sources. The co-relation used to administer the questionnaire. A structured of source of information and views of respondents for FDI questionnaire has been used by the researcher to identify gave an interesting outcome that almost 98% of the awareness level of unorganized retailers about FDI, Multi brand respondents who got information about FDI from Fellow and Single Brand FDI, their response towards government Businessman and Union Leaders, voted against FDI. Almost decision and the source of information of FDI. 69% of the Respondents who got the info about the FDI Sample Size - through TV/Newspaper had almost a neutral view. The initial data was collected from 200 unorganized retail Perception Of Future Vs Reaction Towards players from Indore City. However for getting the meaningful Government's Decision (See Table No. 1.5) and reliable insights the aware of FDI (172) were evaluated Majority (50%) of the respondents had a view that Big will on other parameters. grow and smaller will perish, while others were almost divided Tools and Techniques- equally in their perception i.e. Both Big & Small Players will The data collected through questionnaire were tabulated benefit, Don't Know, and nothing will happen. When this and analyzed by using pivoting methods in excel. perception was further analysed vis a vis their reaction Data Analysis And Interpretation- towards Government's decision of allowing multi brand FDI, Awareness Level of FDI (See Graph No. 1) 77% of Respondents who were against FDI had a view that The data analysis showed that 86% of the respondents Big will grow and smaller will perish, while rest either Didn't had heard of FDI previously, while 14% had not heard of the had an idea or said nothing will happen and even both Big FDI before. Based on this response, the questionnaire of the and Small will grow (The point to be considered here is though responds that were aware of FDI in India were analyzed further they had answered previously that they were against to gain deeper insights. Government's Decision, however either they didn't knew the Perceived Effect of FDI Vis a Vis Education Level future scenario or had a conflicting view). Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 111

Annual Turnover And Education Level TV/Newspaper had almost a neutral view. (See Table No. 1.6) ò 50% of the respondents had a view that Big will grow 54% of the Respondents were having annual turnover and smaller, while others were almost divided equally in below 2 lakhs, 22% Respondents had turnover between 5 - their perception. 10 lakhs, 17% were having 10 lakhs and above while 7% ò The survey revealed that 78% of respondents who were were having 2-5 lakhs annual turnover. From education point against FDI had a view that Big will grow and smaller of view 38% were having qualification above graduation, 23% will perish, while others, who were actually against FDI, upto 12th, 19% below 10th. either didn't knew what will be the future scenario or Action Against Declining Business Vs Source Of their future perception posed a conflicting view. Information (See Table No. 1.7) ò 52% of the respondents did not had any idea what they 52% Did not had any idea what they shall do if business shall do if business declines, 34% had a view that declines, 34% had a view that ultimately they will have to ultimately they will have to switch their present business switch their present business and 10% hoped that reducing and 10% hoped that reducing cost will help them to cost will help them to stay in the business. While 4% were stay in the business. adamant saying it won't happen (FDI cannot impact them). ò The 67 % of respondents who were having a view of The Co-relation of the responses for the actions that reducing costs had Newspapers/TV as their source of respondents were willing to opt in case their business is information of FDI. affected negatively with the source of information gave very ò The study reveals that all those who were against FDI meaningful insights. The 67% of respondents who had a view and had said to Switch their Occupation, got the updated of Reducing Costs had Newspapers/TV as their source. information about FDI from sources other than TV/ Action Against Declining Business Vs Annual Turnover Newspapers. Further 35% of them were having turnover (See Table No. 1.8) below 2 lakhs. 35% of the respondents who said that they will switch In a nutshell, all the respondents were not against FDI, their occupation were having turnover below 2lakhs. It is the most of the respondents who were against FDI(multibrand) important to note that as per table 1.7, the source of and tout their negative impacts were not having their own Information for 62% of such respondents (switch occupation) understanding of the scenario, they were responding based on was other than TV and Newspapers. what they are being made to visualize by others (mostly fellow Findings Of The Research businessmen and union leaders) . In this case, Newspaper and ò The research shows that only 86% of the initial TV have been most authentic source of information. Newspaper respondents were aware of FDI and 14% did not had and TV have played an important role in shaping the any idea of FDI. understanding the views of the respondents in a positive manner. ò 52% of the respondents (out of 172) were having an Recommendations/suggestions opinion that FDI will have negative effect and 15% said ò There is an urgent need of increasing the level of that it will impact positively. understanding of FDI and implications. ò The study reveals that 46% of uneducated respondents ò Alternative means such as local newspapers, regional said that FDI will impact negatively while only 61% of TV channels, Community radios should be used to respondents with graduation and higher degree said it increase the level of awareness about FDI. will impact negatively. ò Panchayati Raj institutions can play an important role ò 44% of respondents actually knew what FDI (Multi / in disseminating positive information and creating Single Brand) is all about, though 55% of them were awareness in this regard. against The Multi Brand FDI. ò Programmes organized by MSME, specially focused ò 38% of the Respondents got information on FDI from TV on small unorganized retailers should be made; so as and Newspapers while 29% got from fellow Businessmen to help the local retailers increase efficiency and build and union leaders. 13% got information from their family competitive advantage. members and rest 20% from other sources. ò Government should permit FDI in multibrand retailing in ò The study reveals that almost 98% of the respondents a phased manner; phased opening of the sector for FDI who got information about FDI from Fellow Businessman will facilitate the fellow unorganized player to gauge the and Union Leaders, voted against FDI, while around 69% impact, if any and adjust accordingly. of the respondents who got the info about the FDI through Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 112

Conclusion References- Everything has its pros and cons; the same is the case 1. Deepak Joshi (2012), IJRCM- FDI in Multibrand of permitting multi brand FDI in India. however the merits and Retailing in India: Perception of the Unorganised demerits of permitting FDI has not been analysed properly, and Retailers in Business capital Of Uttarakhand. voices which are deemed to be of the affected ones are actually 2. DIPP. (2010). Discussion Paper On Foreign Direct of the mediators or politicians, who are known for voicing such Investment (FDI) In Multi-Brand Retail Trading. New concerns for their own benefits. The allowing FDI in multibrand Delhi: Department of Industrial Policy and Investment retail is going to have a positive impact for consumers and Promotion medium and small suppliers. It may control inflation, increase 3. Tomu Francis (2006): Single Brand Retail. Viewed on jobs, reduce wastages, and improve supply chain. Unorganized March, 25, 2012 http://www.businessgyan.com/node/ retailers have lots of confusions about FDI. There is an urgent 1409 need to make them aware of FDI in multibrand retail. 4. Tripathi, Salil (2011): India needs Super markets, London: The Guardian, Viewed on March 21, 2012 http:/ /www.guardian.co.uk/globaldevelopment/poverty- matters/2011/nov/29/india-needs-foreign-owned-super markets.

Awareness Level of FDI (Graph No. 1)

Source: Primary Data

Table 1.1: Perceived Effect of FDI Vis a Vis Education Level

TABLE 1.2: Knowledge Of Single And Multibrand FDI Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 113

Table1.3: Reaction Towards Governments Decision On Multibrand FDI

Table 1.4: Reaction Towards Govt. Decision On Multibrand FDI Vs Source Of Info

Table 1.5: Perception Of Future Vs Reaction Towards Government's Decision Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 114

Table 1.6: Annual Turnover And Education Level

Table 1.7: Action Against Declining Business Vs Source Of Information

Table 1.8: Action Against Declining Business Vs Annual Turnover Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 115 Rural Women Enterprenership Development in India

Dr. Ravi Prakash Pandey *

Introduction - unutilized. Even after 56 years of the independence women The Government of India (1984) has defined women in India are struggling for entrepreneurial freedom. They have entrepreneur as "an enterprise owned and controlled by a to face various socio-economic problems. Women women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated women who initiate, organize and operate a business in the enterprise to women". enterprise. The Government of India has defined women This definition does not suit to rural women entrepreneurs entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by in India. Any rural women or a group of rural women which women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of innovates, limitates or adapts an economic activity may be the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment referred as a rural women entrepreneur.The educated women generated in the enterprise to women. Women entrepreneurs do not want to limit their lives in the four walls of the house. engaged in business due to push and pull factors which They demand equal respect from their partners. However, encourage women to have an independent occupation and Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights stands on their on legs. and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian A sense towards independent decision-making on their society where the sociological set up has been a male life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex and Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities are always made to depend on men folk in their family and women want to get independence. Under the influence of outside, throughout their life. The Indian culture made them these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession only subordinates and executors of the decisions made by as a challenge and an urge to do something new. Such a other male members, in the basic family structure. While at situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors least half the brainpower on earth belongs to women, women women engaged in business activities due to family remain perhaps the world's most underutilized resource. compulsion and the responsibility thrust upon them. Despite all the social hurdles, India is brimming with the Objectives And Research Methodology Of The Study- success stories of women. They stand tall from the rest of The study is based on secondary data which is collected the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their from the published reports of RBI, NABARD, Census Surveys, respective field.The transformation of social fabric of the Indian SSI Reports, newspapers, journals, websites, etc. society, in terms of increased educational status of women The study was planned with the following objectives: and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change ò To evaluate the factors responsible for encouraging in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with women to become entrepreneurs man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life ò To study the impact of assistance by the government and business is no exception for this. These women leaders on women's entrepreneurship. are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They ò To study the policies, programmes, institutional networks managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition and the involvement of support agencies in promoting with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. Ability to women's entrepreneurship. learn quickly from her abilities, her persuasiveness, open ò To critically examine the problems faced by women style of problem solving, willingness to take risks and entrepreneurs. chances, ability to motivate people, knowing how to win and Reasons For Women Becoming Entrepreneurs - lose gracefully are the strengths of the Indian Women 1. Self identify and social status. Entrepreneurs. 2. Education and qualification. Concept Of Women Entrepreneurs- 3. Support of family members. Men & Women both are two wheels of society and 4. Role model to others contribution of both is very essential for building healthy nation. 5. Success stories of friends and relatives. There are around seven lakh villages in India and more than 6. Bright future of their wards. 70% of our population lives in villages. In rural sector 56% of 7. Need for additional income. the male and 33% of the female were in the labor force. About 8. Family occupation. 66% of the female population in the rural sector is idle & 9. Government policies and procedures.

* Assistant Professor of Commerce, Sharda Mahavidyalaya Sarlanagar, Maihar Distt. Satna (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 116

10. Freedom to take own decision and be independent. 11. Employment generation. 12. New challenges and opportunities for self fulfillment. 13. Innovative thinking. Growth in women Entrepreneurship- In recent years the entrepreneurship has gained wide popularity on the whole globe. The rate of becoming entrepreneurs in women is more compared to men. (Renzulliet a1 2000)In North America 38 percent & small businesses are owned by women (Brush & Hierarch, 1999) the growth rate in women enterprises in some of the developing countries are higher as compared to the developed countries. According to ILO Statistics the growth rate is 24% in Malaysia, 30% in Thailand & 36% in Philippines & 42% in Indonesia. The growth rate was highest in the Tamil Nadu state of India. It was 18% in 2001. Challenges Faced by Rural Women Entrepreneurs for women operated by different departments and ministries. The main challenges faced by rural women in business Some of these are: - are educational & work background. They have to balance ò Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) their time between work & family. Some of the challenges ò Khadi And Village Industries Commission (KVIC) faced by rural entrepreneurs are as ò Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM 1. Growth of Mall culture- The greatest deterrent to rural ò Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) women entrepreneurs is that they are women. India is a kind ò Entrepreneurial Development program (EDPs) of patriarchal male dominant society. Male members think it ò Management Development progammes is a big risk financing the ventures run by women. ò Women's Development Corporations (WDCs) 2. Illiteracy- The literacy rate of women in India is found at ò Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women low level compared to male population. The rural women are (MAHIMA) ignorant of new technology or unskilled. They are often unable ò Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development to do research & gain the necessary training (UNIDO, 1995, (ARWIND) schemes p1). According to the economist, women are treated as ò Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and second-class citizens which keeps them in a" Pervasive cycle Development (TREAD) of poverty". The uneducated Rural Women do not have the ò Working Women's Forum knowledge of measurement and basic accounting. ò Indira Mahila Yojana 3. Low Ability to Bear Risk- Women in India lives protected ò Indira Mahila Kendra life. She is taught to depend on male members from birth. ò Mahila Samiti Yojana She is not allowed to take any type of risk even if she is ò Mahila Vikas Nidhi willing to take and has ability to bear. Economically they are ò Micro Credit Scheme not self dependent. ò Rashtriya Mahila Kosh 4. Lack of Infrastructure and Rampant Corruption - These ò SIDBI's Mahila Udyam Nidhi are also the other problems for the rural women entrepreneurs. ò Mahila Vikas Nidhi They have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries to ò SBI's Stree Shakti Scheme get the things done, especially the marketing and sales side ò NGO's Credit Schemes of business. Here is the more probability for business fallacies ò Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit. Programmes (MSE-CDP). 5. Lack of Finance- The financial institutions discourage ò National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Development's women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time Schemes leave their business. Therefore, they are forced to rely on ò Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana (RGMVP) their own savings, loan from their relatives and family friends. ò Priyadarshini Project- A programme for Rural Women Women are developing city wise and industrywise due to Empowerment And Livelihood in Mid Gangetic Plains' some limitations. NABARD - KFW- Seva Bank project" Schemes of the Government Her mantra of success, Just remember that work is worship At present, the Government of India has over 27 schemes - whatever you do, be it at home or outside, treat it respectfully. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 117

Conclusion a chance for the rural development in India because women It can be said that today we are in a better position wherein power can be utilized at a optimum level. Women are so women participation in the field of entrepreneurship is good for her work, science, politics, economics, medical increasing at a considerable rate. Efforts are being taken at science, space research work, military operation, etc. In other the economy as brought promise of equality of opportunity in words Rural area development then India become a developed all spheres to the Indian women and laws guaranteed equal country. rights of participation in political process and equal Refernces- opportunities and rights in education and employment were Arora, R.;and Sood, S.K.(2005),Fundamentalsof enacted.But unfortunately, the government sponsored Enterpreneurship and Small Business Baporikar, N. (2007) development activities have benefited only a small section of Entrepreneurship Development & Project Management- women i.e. the urban middle class women. Women sector Himalaya Publication House Brush, C. (1997). Taori ,Dr. occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population. At this juncture, Kamal - Entrepreneurship in the Decentralised Sector effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial Women-Owned Businesses: Obstacles and Opportunities, awareness, orientation and skill development programs to Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. women.The role of Women entrepreneur in economic Desai, V: (1996) Dynamics of Entrepreneurial & development is also being recognized and steps are being Development & Management Himalaya publishing House - taken to promote women entrepreneurship. Fourth Edition, Reprint Dhameja S K (2002), Women Resurgence of entrepreneurship is the need of the hour Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance and Problems, emphasizing on educating women strata of population, Deep Publisher (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Gordon E. & Natarajan spreading awareness and consciousness amongst women K.: (2007) Entrepreneurship Development - Himalaya to outshine in the enterprise field, making them realize their Publication House, Second Revised edition. Hattangadi Dr. strengths, and important position in the society and the great Vidya: (2007) Entrepreneurship - Need of the hour, Himalaya contribution they can make for their industry as well as the Publication House, First edition.Schemes and Programmes entire economy.Women entrepreneurship must be moulded of Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro & properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the Rural Industries, Govt. of India Kalyani Publishers. Kumar, A changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be (2004), "Financing Pattern of Enterprises Owned by Women competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the Entrep reneurs". The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 57, No entrepreneurial arena. Websites If every citizen works with such an attitude towards * [email protected] accessed on 19 April 2011 respecting the important position occupied by women in society and understanding their vital role in the modern * www. Smallindustryindia.com accessed on 4 April 2011 business field too, then very soon we can pre-estimate our * www.dcmsme.gov.in/schemes/Schemes for the chances of out beating our own conservative and rigid thought development and promotion of women entrepreneurs. PDF process which is the biggest barrier in our country's accessed on 4 April 2011 development process. We always viewed that a smart woman * www.ghallabhansali.com accessed on 4 April 2011 can pick up a job any day, but if she becomes an entrepreneur * www.icfaijournals.com accessed on 4 April 2011 she can provide a livelihood to 10 more women at least..!! * www.imer.com accessed on 7 April 2011 Highly educated, technically sound and professionally qualified * www.ludhianadistrict.com/articles/article1184678891.html women should be encouraged for managing their own accessed on 20 April 2011 business, rather than dependent on wage employment * www.ludhianadistrict.com/personality/rajni-bector.php outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be accessed on 20 April 2011 identified, trained and used for various types of industries to * www.nawbo.org. "About NAWBO" National Association increase the productivity in the industrial sector. of Women Business Owners accessed on 2 April 2011 In this time women are progressing every area then why * www.newsweek.com/2010/07/06/women-will-rule-the- we give a chance lead some business unit. So many women world. accessed on 20 April 2011 are leading like Indira Noori, chanda Kocher, in business and give a highest return to that business unit. In this time * www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Sm-Z/Women- Entrepreneurs.html accessed on 20 April 2011 so many area where women are dominated and give extraordinary result to the society because in nature he is * www.udyogini.org accessed on 2 April 2011 having patience, good logical thinking, work done in a {Approved by Dr. P.P.Pandey(Dean/professor) Awadesh Pratap Singh perfection manner, sincerity, follow the command, this the University Rewa(M.P) Govt.P.G.College Maihar Distic Satna (M.P)} qualities which is given by a nature. In my view must be give *********************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 118 Indian Agriculture Sector: After Economic Reforms

Dr. Vinod Kumar Sharma*

Although agriculture now accounts for only14 per cent of investment in infrastructure, research and extension Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it is still the main source of contributed to growth in the agricultural sector. However, livelihood for the majority of the rural population. It is accounted investment on agriculture declined throughout the nineties, for about 58 per cent employment in the country according leading to a slowdown in the agricultural growth especially in to Census 2001. As such rapid growth of agriculture is critical the late nineties. The magnitude of secular decline in growth for inclusiveness. There are several ways to assess variability over the last 30 years is also important. performance of agriculture sector. This is now less than a third of its peak. A major role The most common indicator is at what rate the sector is must have been played by the increase in irrigation from about growing and whether growth rate is decelerating, stagnant or 20 per cent of arable area in 1981 to 35 per cent today, accelerating. The average of annual growth rates of GDP in based mainly on groundwater. agriculture and allied sectors during the XI Five Year Plan is However, since water tables have fallen and temperatures now placed at 3.3%. This is short of the target of 4 per cent risen, the extent of variability decline is surprisingly large. but is significantly better than the achievement of 2.4 % in Even assuming zero variability on irrigated land, this implies the X Plan. Growth rates and average growth of five years that variability on rain-fed land must have reduced very since the beginning of XI Plan have been higher than long run substantially. growth rate in Indian agriculture, which is 2.86. Indian Crop Sector More than half of cropped area in India is agriculture faced serious slowdown during 1996-97 to 2005- rain fed. As was seen in the case of GDP agriculture, crop 06. There is an unambiguous recovery from 2006-7 onward. sector output also followed sharp deceleration in growth after The First Five-Year Plan accorded highest priority to 1996-97. agriculture and allocated substantial part of the plan outlay There is some increase in the rate of growth of crop output to this sub-sector. The importance and priority given to during 11th Plan. Another notable change in growth pattern agriculture was diluted in the Second and Third Five Year is that the effect of severe drought of 2009-10 was moderate Plans, and as a consequence, the sub-sector witnessed a compared to the previous droughts of similar magnitude. deceleration during sixties (1.7%). This led to severe shortage This indicates increased resilience of agriculture to weather of food grains, and the country was compelled to import huge shock. Crop Productivity Performance of crop sector has quantities of food grains. also been quite variable across crops. Also, area under some The food aid from the USA came with conditionality, which crops is rising while some crops show decline. Thus growth influenced economic and foreign policies of the country, and in production of various crops shows much higher variation forced the country to put greater efforts to increase food grain than the variation in growth in productivity. production. In mid-sixties, a new agricultural strategy was Trend growth rate in productivity of major crops was adopted which emphasized on spreading dwarf and high- estimated by fitting log linear trend to two years moving yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice. average of productivity beginning with 1999-00. Still, it is The new strategy paid dividends and resulted in well- pertinent to mention that, despite this smoothening, growth acclaimed 'green revolution'. The crop sub-sector, which was rates can turn out to be totally different with small change in growing at an annual rate of 1.8 per cent in the seventies, the period. Cotton topped the list with more than 10 per cent grew at the rate of 2.2 per cent in1980s and 3.0 per cent in annual growth in its productivity, a Bt driven phenomenon the nineties. Though the same growth in the crops was which now occupies more than 90 percent area under cotton. maintained, it fell short of the targeted growth rate of 4 per Bajra comes second with more than 4 per cent annual growth cent in the eleventh five year plans. The policy support, in yield. adoption of improved production technologies and public Productivity of groundnut, soyabean and jowar is increased

* Professor of Economics - Govt. Art & Science College, Ratlam (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 119

by more than 3 per cent during 2001 to 2008-9. Maize gone down in the last five years. Still ratio of quality seed to and sunflower maintained per cent growth in productivity during total seed is much lower than norm and there is a tremendous the last decade. Among the two major cereals, productivity scope to raise productivity and production by raising share of rice show annual growth of 1.69 percent but wheat of quality seed in total seed used by farmers. productivity experienced less than half a percent growth. The The data for the seven years i.e., after 2001-02 show increase in productivity of pulses remained unimpressive. that the gap between private sector and public sector in Productivity of sugar cane remained stagnant. development of hybrid considerably narrowed down compared Factors Affecting Agriculture Growth to the earlier period even though private sector continued An examination of various factors affecting agriculture at their dominance in cross pollinated crops like cotton, maize, national level shows that following factors have contributed pearl millet and sorghum. in a big way to the recovery of growth rate in recent years: Recommendations- Terms of trade ò There is also a need for policies and strategies to adjust Terms of trade for agriculture witnessed a sharp decline to the new types of technologies, changing demand during late 1990s to 2004-05. There has been a turnaround patterns, upcoming value chains and supermarkets, in TOT after this. This is evident from terms of trade for revolution in communication technology, institutional agriculture sector relative to non-agriculture and from ratio of innovations and globalization and other evolving changes food price index relative to prices of non-food items. Share in the system surrounding agriculture. of agriculture in total GDP at 2004-05 prices was 18.9 during ò It is essential for sustainable production activity in long 2004-05. During 2010-11 it declined to 14.3 per cent at run that India focus on farmers and natural resource constant prices but rose to 19.0 per cent at current prices. system, comprising land, water, vegetation, which form The difference in share of GDP in agriculture at current and the production base of agriculture. Unless growth and constant prices show that farm gate prices received by development of farming leads to improvement in welfare farmers have turned 30 percent higher than non-agriculture of farmers, it cannot be sustained. prices during six years after 2004-5. ò Agriculture diversification towards high value agricultural Public and private investments- commodities like fruit, vegetables and dairy products Indian agriculture had suffered a stagnation and even hold vast potential to accelerate growth and improve farm decline in public investment in agriculture for more than two income in the country. decades beginning with 1980-81). As a result share of public ò Growth in output and farm income depends upon a large investments in agriculture dropped from more than 5 per cent number of factors viz. prices of output and inputs, to 1.6 percent during 1980-81 and 2000-01. Private sector technology and other non-price factors. Raising growth investment also showed phases of stagnation during this requires remunerative and assured pricing environment period. for output, access to improved technology, application This long stagnation and decline in public investment was of quality inputs and machinery because growth comes reversed during 2004-05 when public investments in real terms primarily from the increase in productivity. (1999-00 prices) were raised by almost 30 per cent in one ò Terms of trade for agriculture during 1997 to 2005 shot. Both public as well as private investments witnessed remained adverse and are identified as one of the factors sharp increase after 2003-04. However, public investments for poor performance of agriculture during this period. showed decline again in year 2008-09. Till some big breakthrough in technology takes place, Quality Seed and Hybrid- agriculture growth will be led by price incentives. Seed is carrier of technology. During last six years strong Therefore, in order to maintain the tempo of growth, emphasis and support has been provided to seed sector. agricultural prices should not be suppressed. This has resulted in success in two fronts. One, production ò India would need to raise public investment to 4% of of quality seed doubled in four years after 2004-5). Two, public GDP agriculture. Public investments are falling short of sector has taken on private sector to compete in seed market. this target which needs to be met at the earliest. As a result share of private sector in seed production has ò Technology is the prime mover for growth. Considering Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 120 the costs and constraints of resources such as water, nutrients like Bihar, East Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Assam, and energy, the genetic enhancement of productivity Chattisgarh and West Bengal, marketing infrastructure should be coupled with input use efficiency. This can be is very underdeveloped and private trade is exploitative. made possible only by creation and utilization of new As such, the incentives for the adoption of new and improved technology. technology in such areas are very weak. In order to usher ò There is need to raise supply of power to rural areas and in green revolution in these states farmers need to be agriculture sector and to check erratic supply, assured of incentive structure. unscheduled cut and low voltage. This restricts ò Evidence from field observations in various parts of the exploitation of irrigation potential in several areas and country shows that at peak times either adequate labour adoption of efficient technologies like drip and sprinkler. is not available or it is available at very high wage rate.. Free or highly subsidised fixed tariff for electric power Thus, despite, labour abundance and poverty in the results in inefficient use of power and also results in countryside, farmers face difficulties in getting hired indiscriminate use of scarce water resources which has labour. Policies that reduce availability of labour for serious implications for future availability of water agriculture and hurt production prospects need to be ò Seed is the basic input to raise productivity. In most of reoriented. the crops use of quality/certified seed in total seed use References- is awfully low. Inadequate availability at or near to villages, 1. Economic survey 2011-12 high prices and spurious or low quality seed are the 2. Draft of 12th Five year plan major constraints in promoting use of seed. 3. Working papers ò In Central and Eastern states having a large potential

************************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 121 A Correlational Study Of Stress And Adjustment Of Nursing College Students Dr. Ajay Kumar Chaudhary* Nisha Mod**

Abstrat - The present study was undertaken to analyze the correlation between stress and adjustment in Nursing College students. The study was purposively conducted on 30 students of Balaji Nursing College of Udaipur city. The data was collected randomly on nursing college students using Bist Battery of Stress Scale constructed by Dr Abha Rani Bist and the Adjustment Inventory by Dr A.K.P. Sinha and Dr R.P. Singh. The data was analyzed using Mean, S.D. and t-test. The analysis of data showed that the nursing college students are experiencing high level of academic stress and maladjustment in various areas of adjustment. Result shows that there is significant correlation between high level of stress and maladjustment.

Introduction Elsevier et al. (2006) reported that nursing student have Nursing school an exciting and challenging adventure that stress in many ways. First stress is an experience a person will devote much of nursing student in terms of time and is exposed to through a stimulus or a stressors are disruptive energy because nursing in a discipline comprising knowledge forces operating within or on any systems ( Human 1995) from many related fields students nurse will be asked to learn stress is also the appraisal or perception of stressors. to think critically, synthesize information and then apply it to Appraisal is how people interpret the impact of the stressors situations involving like people. (Dewet, 2003). Nursing field on themselves of what is happening and what they can do is most crucial that nursing students have some stress in about it, finally stress is a general term that line their student life. Stress affects human life at all stages of environmental demands the student capacity to meet those development but especially it affects student life. Stress demands ( kasl, 1992) stress in this concept refers to the affects the academic achievement because this can harm consequences of stressors as well as to the person's child physically, socially, intellectually and emotionally. appraisal of the stressors. Stress means the tension, pressures, affecting physically, The word "Adjustment" came into popular use in emotionally and mentally. Stress is a normal reaction for psychology during the 1930's. Adjustment may be defined people of all ages but students life is a period of stress. They as the activities which an individual attempts to meet the experience emotional instability from time to time which is a demands made upon him by biological, social and academic logical consequences of the necessity of making adjustments need with the resources in his environments. It can be seen to new patterns of behaviour and to new social expectations. in different dimensions such as home, emotional, social, and Students life lead a period of stress a time when a number of educational adjustment. major adjustments must be made in the home, college and Students who are poorly adjusted especially those who social aspects of their lives. have been making poor adjustments in educational field tend Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define psychological stress to be most unhappy the more persistently throughout the whole as "a relationship between the person and the environment academic life. Their unhappiness increases the stress which that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or affects their psychological, emotional and educational life. her resources and endangering his or her well being" (p. 21). As students often change their clinical settings, many They add that the person uses cognitive appraisal to judge find that the unfamiliarity of clinical setting is stressful (Beck whether the person-environment relationship is stressful. & Srivasteva, 1991; Kim, 2003; Shipton, 2002). Nursing Varcarolis, Benner- Carson and Shoemaker (2006) define students in Melia's study (1982) stressed the importance of stress as a state which is created by "a change in the fitting in and learning the rules of the wards. They identified environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or the transient nature of their experiences as a source of stress. damaging to a person's well being" (p. 212). Sullivan, an Several studies reported that relationships with teachers American psychiatrist who developed the Interpersonal were a big source of stress, particularly during interpersonal Theory, defined anxiety as an emotion or painful feeling conflict with the instructor and when students were being "arising from social insecurity or blocks to getting biological observed or evaluated (Beck & Srivasteva, 1991; Garret, 8 needs satisfied" (Varcarolis et al., 2006, p. 17). Manuel & Vincent, 1976; Mahat, 1998; Parkes, 1985;

* Senior Lecturer, Departmet of Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) ** Research Scholar, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 122

Kleehammer et al., 1990; Mahat, 1998; Kim, 2003; Sellek, Table -2 (Distribution of Adjustment in Nursing students) 1980). Other studies show that students were stressed or The above table2 shows that distribution of adjustment in anxious when their teacher was inexperienced (Melincavage, nursing college students. The inventory consists of three type 2008), incompetent (Pagana, 1988; Shipton, 2002), anxious of adjustment as; Emotional, Social and Educational (Windsor, 1987) or had ineffective teaching skills (Kleehammer adjustment. The result indicates that the mean and standard et al., 14 1990; MacMaster, 1979; Melincavage, 2008; deviation on adjustment of nursing college students are Oermann, 1998; Shipton, 2002). Many nursing students respectively;(2.28with±1.60), (3.40with±2.35) and identify non supportive (Brophy, 2000), threatening, derogatory (6.80with±2.25). This shows that nursing students are more (Windsor, 1987), and demeaning (Mahat, 1998; Pagana, educationally maladjusted than that of emotional and social 1988) teachers as a source of anxiety. adjustment. Table -3 (Correlation between Stress and Objectives :- 1. To study the level of Stress in nursing students. Adjustment in nursing college students) 2. To study the level of Adjustment in nursing students. 3. To study the correlation between stress and adjustment in nursing college students. Hypothesis :- There will be no correlation between stress * significant at 0.01 level and adjustment in nursing college students. The above table3 illustrate that the mean value of stress Method- Sample- The sample for the study consisted of 30 and adjustment in nursing college students are nursing college students from Balaji Nursing of Udaipur city. (268.80with±49.20 SD) and (12.48with±6.20 SD). Tools:- The Bist Battery of Stress Scale was used to assess The result shows that the nursing college students are the academic stress of nursinng college students which is experiencing high academic stress which affects their constructed by Dr Abha Rani Bist and the Adjustment adjustment and it is significant at 0.01 level. Inventory by Dr A.K.P. Sinha and Dr R.P. Singh was used to The coefficient of co-relation is 0.75 which shows high study the adjustment of nursing college students. correlation between stress and maladjustment. Result and Discussin :- Conclusion- The collected data was tabulated and the results obtained 1. Nursing students are experiencing high academic stress. are present under the following; Table-1 (Distribution of 2. Nursing college students are more academically Academic Stress in Nursing college students) maladjusted than that of emotional and social adjustment. 3. There is high correlation between stress and maladjustment of nursing college students. References- * Abidin, R. R. EBD ( 1995). Parenting stress Index ( 3rd ), New York : Psychological Assessment Resources. * Bell (2001) Transforming the National's Health: Next Step in Mental The data was obtained among nursing students on the Health Promotion. American Journal of Public Health 100 (12). Bist Battery of Stress Scale. Academic stress had four * Bethesda (2002) Stress among Male and Female Nursing components such as academic frustration, academic conflict, students for job. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 2 (1) pg academic pressure and academic anxiety. 12. Chrostal Bech Nurse (2002) Adjustment about job in The above table1 shows that distribution of academic Nursing Students. The Jouranl of Psychaitric and Mental Health Nursing. Vol 3 (1) pg 73. stress in nursing college students. The data reveals on the * Dewit & Elsevier et al. (2003): Health of Nursing Person at Work academic stress on nursing college students are respectively; Place. Dissertation Abstract International, 65 ( 9), 3078-83. (95.2with±13.54), (46.5with±10.79), (48.5with±12.83) and * Elsevier et al. ( 2006) "Source of stress among Nursing (78.6with ±12.04). This shows that nursing college students students," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 23, 32. are experiencing high academic frustration and academic * Human ( 1995) "Stress and Stressors" Guinea Publications, anxiety in their academic life. Gueina. Pg 234-244. * Kaplan (1993) Adjustment about job in Nursing Students. Journal of Psychaitric and Mental Health Nursing. Vol. 3 (1) pg 74. * Kasal, ( 1992) " Environmental Demands booster for Stress Management, Vol 12(1) pg 25. * Lawrence ( 2002) Stress in Nursing Faculty. A Case Study of Nursing School. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 123 Impact Of Cotpa Act 2003 On The University And Colleges Of Indore

Yakshita Malhotra * Dr. Sharda Trivedi**

Abstract - Tobacco is the only lethal product that has no safe limit and that is legally marketed to consumers (especially near educational institutes) around the world. So, in order to find out the ground reality, whether the tobacco laws, as envisaged in the COTPA Act 2003 being enforced and followed. The study was conducted in the university and colleges of west Indore. 120 samples for the study (Staff and students) were selected by the random sampling method. Self constructed questionnaire was used to collect the information through survey method. For analyzing the results percentage was used and revealed the level of awareness among the respondents towards COTPA Act 2003.

Introduction:- People including smokers and cigarette sellers are Tobacco smoking is the act of smoking tobacco products, seemingly obvious of a law that bans smoking in public especially cigarettes and cigars. Tobacco smoking is places. If we walk into any college canteen we will find considered a significant cause of human health problems, ourselves enveloped in a haze of smoke. No one would have especially cancer and other disorders affecting the lungs. heard of the COTPA Act 2003, which bans smoking in places The practice of smoking tobacco originated as a ritual practice such as education institutions, hospitals, auditoriums, among American Indians in North America, where tobacco restaurants, and publictransport. And those who have heard is native. Today it is widespread throughout the world; of it couldn't care to hoot about the law. A global youth according to WHO, it is most common in East Asia, where tobacco survey has found that percentage of teenage smokers as many as 2/3rd of all adult males smoke tobacco. in eastern India increased from 7.7% in 2003 to 12.7% in Smoking represents a serious global health issue given 2006. COTPA has been framed specifically to discourage that it has been unequivocally established that exposure to the young from taking up smoking. tobacco smoke causes significant mortality and morbidity. The cigarettes and other tobacco products act 2003 in Use of tobacco currently accounts for 3 million deaths each India is a comprehensive legislation which prohibits the year worldwide, and nearly a third of these deaths occur in advertisement of and production, supply and distribution of India. Effective tobacco control needs multipronged strategies cigarettes and other tobacco products. However, this act is focusing on reducing the demand for tobacco products. not being strictly enforced in different part of the country due The Government of India has launched a new National to various reason and is mostly limited to papers only. Tobacco Control programme to implement the anti tobacco Objectives:- laws. The Indian parliament enacted the COTPA Act 2003 1. To assess the awareness among the students towards cigarettes and other tobacco products (Prohibition of COTPA Act 2003 of the university and colleges. advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, 2. To find out the awareness among the staff (teaching and production, supply and distribution) Act2003 on May 18. non teaching) towards COTPA Act 2003 of the university The Act is a result of decades of consultations and and colleges of Indore. development and has undergone many changes to assume Methodology: a final form. Beginning with the cigarettes (Regulation of The study was conducted to study the awareness among production, supply and distribution ) act which specified the students and staff(N=120) towards COTPA Act 2003 of statutory health warnings on cigarettes in 1975, over the years, the university and college campus, Indore. Random selection it has evolved and gradually developed into a complete, method was used to select the sample unit. Out of 120 comprehensive act encompassing key aspects of tobacco samples 40 each were selected randomly from the control, regulation and enforcement. Tobacco use is on rise University(Journalism &Mass Communication DAVV, Indore), among the youngsters. colleges (Holkar science and Arts &Commerce). For eliciting

* Research scholar (Home Science) DAVV, Indore (M.P.) ** Rtd. Prof and HOD (HomeScience) GDC, Indore (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 124

the awareness of the study subjects, self structured The data above reveals that among the staff members, questionnaire was developed under the guidance of subject among both Holkar Sciences, Arts and Commerce colleges. experts. 60% staff and 55% staff of Journalism and Mass Before administering the tool the pilot study was conduted Communication were aware towards the issues related to in order to finalize the tool. Two different questionnaires were COTPA Act 2003. Rest 45% staff of Journalism, 40% each used, one for students and other for staff(teaching &non from both the colleges were not aware about the related topic. teaching) to obtain information regarding issues related to Table 3 Distribution of respondents (N=120) on the basis COTPA Act 2003. The type and number of questions were of their responses towards impact of COTPA Act 2003 framed in such a way so as to find out the information towards (See Table 3) issues related to COTPA Act 2003 among the respondents. The data in the above table describes the their responses For each correct answer respondents were given 1 mark towards the impact of COTPA Act 2003. Among Journalism and 0 to those having wrong or partial information. Survey and Mass communication maximum 80% said that there is method was used for the data collection. a ban on smoking tobacco in their department, 655 said that Analysis of Data: these laws are effective and being implemented in India, 60% Percentage was used for data analysis. reported that they have seen people consuming tobacco in Scoring the department, 355 of them said that there is a punishment 0-3(not aware) in their department for violating these laws and the same 3-8(aware) percent of them said that they consume tobacco. The awareness towards COTPA Act 2003 was analysed In Holkar science, 55%said that they consume tobacco. in the form of percentages as given below: According to these laws are effective and there is a ban on Table 01: Awareness among students towards issues smoking in their department.In Arts and Commerce maximum related to COTPA Act 2003 70% said that there is ban on tobacco in India but they had seen people being punished for violating these laws. 40% accepted that these laws are effective and they themselves consume it. Conclusions:- The responses of the subjects were thoroughly studied and analysed .It was found that awareness towards the issues related to COTPA Act 2003 was not satisfactory among the respondents. Very few percent of them were aware about the name of the COTPA Act 2003, many of them both the The data in the above table shows that among the students students as well as staff even had not heard about it. of Journalism & Mass communication maximum 80% were Again the information related to the penalty for violating not aware and only 20% were aware, 55% were aware and the law, distance upto which the sale of tobacco is banned rest 45% were not aware in Holkar Science and again in Arts near educational institutes, age limit for buying tobacco and & Commerce college maximum 70% students were not aware other such issues were not answered correctly by maximum only 30%were aware about the issues towards COTPA of them. Although most of them (89%) had the positive attitude Act2003. toward these laws and its implementation but maximum of Table 02:Awareness among staff towards issues related them were not eager to take some steps on their own to help to COTPA Act 2003 government and other agencies to eradicate this scourge from the society especially the male members. The condition was almost similar in all the three study areas. Very few of them (52%) said that they usually like to take initiative in order to stop any person if consuming tobacco infront of them. The implementation was although effectively being followed by the authorities related to COTPA Act 2003. As there was Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 125

ban on the consumption of tobacco in the campus, each For general public- of the educational area had rules like 500 fine on violating the ò More smoke free public and workplaces should be laws. In Arts and Commerce college punishment like created across the country as mandated under section suspension from class for week etc.effective and appealing, 4 of COTPA. motivating posters, hoardings have been used within these ò Key stakeholders as well as the general public should areas. In media department they use to conduct time to time be made aware of the public health significance of the GD's on these type of current issues among students, also smoke-free law. their staff take active participation. Refernces: Suggestions: 1. Ahuja Ram, Research Methods: Rawat Publications, 2008. For further study- 2. Braverman and Aaro's,2003: Tobacco marketing awareness on youth smoking suspectibility and perceived ò The sample size could be increase for further study. prevalence before and after an advertising ban. ò For further study the impact of COTPA Act 2003 could 3. Kumara Achala, 2010: Prevalence of chewing form of be seen on other groups like-from rickshaw pullers to tobacco and existing quitting patterns in urban population executives, etc. of Jamnagar, Gujarat, V35(1),105-108. ò The same study could be made comparative by comparing 4. Indian Journal of community medicine, 2007:V32 5. Malhotra C, Malhotra R, MM Singh, S Garg GK Ingle, 2007:A the prevalence of tobacco consumption different groups study of tobacco use among street children of like, according to age group, different socioeconomic Delhi;V32(1),58-59 status, family background, geographical area etc. 6. Nayak NS, Annigeri VB,Revankar DR, 2010:The efficacy of ò The study could have been done to search for the factors cigarettes and other tobacco products act 2003;V47(5)24-29 that result in the failure of implementation of these laws. 7. Peter D, 2010:Enforcement of youth access laws reduces tobacco sales to minors:V75(14)

Table 3 Distribution of respondents (N=120) on the basis of their responses towards impact of COTPA Act 2003

*********************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 126 Ecological conciousness in Kamla Markandaya's Nectar in a sieve Mrs. Asha Jain*

Abstract- Nature nurtures human socities and it has played a very important role in the human development. Kamala markandaya's first novel 'Nectar in a sieve' deals with the impact of environmental degradation, cultural and Social economic strands and uprootedness caused by industrialization and agrarian bankruptcy. The bitter experience of hunger, starvation, and disintegration in Rukmani's life dealt realistically. The heroin Rukmani encounters not only the consequences of changing times but other problems like destitution, deprivation, death, loss of tradition that are experienced by many people for many reasons in contemporary India . The novel is a sharp protest against the demoralizing impact of industrialization and urbanization. Kamla Markandaya is a very sensitive novelist who conveys very sharply how people became insensitive to the aesthetics of nature. She brilliantly demonstrates that the survival of humanity depends on the sensitive treatment of nature. Any disrespect shown against nature will inevitably results in lamentation. This research paper will focus on the introduction of Ecocriticism and symbiotic relationship between man and nature. It would explore the environmental problems created by man due to rapid industrialization and the consequent exploitation of nature .It would suggest the solutions at the moral level as suggested by Kamla Markandaya's 'Nectar in a Sieve'.

Key words- Nature, Nectar in a sieve, Environment, relationship between literature and physical environment. Just symbiosis as feminist criticism examines language and literature from Intorduction - a gender-conscious perspective, and Marxist criticism brings Man's relation with nature is an exciting theme. In the an awareness of modes of production and economic class present context this has become absolutely important to its reading of texts, eco-criticism takes an earth centered because human beings survival depends on the nature. approach to literary studies ( Cheryll,1996 xviii) 'Nectar in a sieve' is the first novel of Kamala Markandaya Greg Garrard defines, " Eco-criticism is the study of the that deals in terms of present and future relations between relationship of the human and the non human, throughout human communities and the environment. It is a powerful, human cultural history and entailing critical analysis of the depressing, but ultimately hopeful novel of a life with love, term "human" itself (Garrard, 2007: 5.) faith and inner strength. It is also about the destruction of the Glen a love in his book, "Practical Eco-Criticism" defined traditional way of life in an Indian village by a tannery. It deals Ecocriticism as a literary enquiry that encompasses non- with the growing industrial capitalism that destroy the humans as well as human contexts and consideration. traditional rural values. It was written in 1954 and has (Glen a love ,2003:1) effectively communicated the concept of symbiotic 1.2 Historical Background relationship. It deals with the continuous struggle of Rukmani, The term "Ecocritisim" was coined firstly by William a peasant from a village in India .This paper is an attempt to Ruckert in 1978 in his essay " Literature and Ecology an explore environmental consciousness and symbiotic experiment in Ecocriticism". (cheryll. 1996 : 105-123). By relationship between human and his environment. Ecocriticism he meant "the application of and ecological 1. Definition of Ecocriticism concepts to the student of literature". Mainly he was concerned Ecocriticism is a vast and complex field that has a broad with the science of Ecology. Cheryll, writes "Some scholars scope of inquiry. Literary texts create a multidimensional like the term, ecocriticism because it is short and can easily world which is not distinct from environment, but an integral be made into other forms like ecocriticism and ecocritic. part of it. It is a mixture of all interconnections and Additionally, they favor eco-criticism to show relationships interrelatedness of all organisms. There are diverse views of between things, in this case, between human culture and ecocritics about the growth and necessity of eco-criticism the physical world. Further more, in conotations, enviro-is that challenges readers to understand the subject properly. anthropocentric and dualistic, implying that we humans are Various definitions will help us to comprehend the subject at the centre surrounded byeverything that is not us, the and its scope properly- environment. Eco, in contrast, implies interdependent Cheryll Glotfelty says: "Eco-criticism is the study of the communities and integrated system , and strong connections * Assistant professor of English Govt. College, Sanawad (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 127

among constituent part ! (Cheryll,1996:x husband's abode she catches the landscape and narrates: x) "For six hours we rode on and on along the dusty road, 2. Nectar in a sieve: An Ecocritical Analysis passing several villages on the way to ours, which was a Kamala Markandaya has presented nature with its vivid good distance away. Halfway there we stopped and ate a manifestations. She believes that nature is an inseparable meal: boiled rice, dhal, vegetables and curds...... my part of human societies. She voices her sharp protest against husband...... unyoked the bullocks and led them each a the demoralizing impact of industrialization and its ugly effects handful of hay. Poor beasts, they seemed glad of water, for on environment. It has marginalized the subalterns and already their hides were dusty...... The animals, refreshed, dislocated the poor and innocent villagers. The damage done began stepping jauntily again, tossing their heads and jangling to the purity of nature is incalculable. It is the first novel of the bells that hung from their red-painted horns. The air was Kamala Markandaya published in 1954 less than a decade full of the sound of bells, and of birds, sparrows and bulbuls after India's independence. It is translated in seventeen mainly ,and sometimes the cry of an eagle, but when we languages. It is not dealing with any specific time or place passed a grove ,green and leafy, I could hear mynahs and yet it has the universal appeal. parrots .It was very warm, and unused to so long a jolting, I The living conditions, life struggles, poverty, fragility and fell asleep." (12) abasement of life depicted are beyond imaginations for those Throughout the novel nature is presented in its various who are never able to stretch a single meal. Everyday was a life manifestations. Sometimes in the form of blue skies, tender and death situation. Starvation was a certainty that Markandaya trees and the brook and Sometimes in the form of seeds and knew firsthand. In 1943 a starvation in Bengal of epidemic vegetables. "....the beans, the brinjals, the chillies and the proportions claimed the lives of over three million people. pumpkin vine which had been the first to grow under my hand. She describes hunger in the novel with reference to starving And their growth to me was constant wonder from the time people, who are sometime willing to do anything in order to the seed split and the first green shoots broke through, to feed themselves. People's attitude towards the new spectrum the time when the young buds and fruit began to form. I was of economic opportunities is tempered by the cruelty of the young and fanciful then, and it seemed to me not that they natural environment on which they rely. The other grew as I did .unconsciously, but that each of the dry, hard consequences of changing times such as destitution, pellets I held in my palm had within it the very secret of life deprivation, death, loss of tradition, tension between Hindu itself, curled tightly within, under leaf after protective leaf for and Muslims, creation of Pakistan and other political issues safekeeping, fragile, vanishing with first touch or sight. With are experienced by many people for many reasons, in each tender seedling that unfurled its small green leaf to my contemporary India. eager gaze, my excitment would rise and mount: winged, However the central connection is Rukmani's respect for wondrous...... There have been many sowings and nature's inherent energy and a belief in pristine nature as a harvestings, but the wonder has not been departed". (23-24) necessity for human life. She believes that man must respect 3. Symbiotic relationship between human and nature's sacred energy and so must reverse the present environment trends towards progress at any cost, and have an unwavering Every object of nature seems to posses the secrets of passion for what is nature .(Mcclintock 1989:41)The novel life. Earth is portrayed as a regenerative force that supports deals with the post -colonial conditions of India. It depicts a human life through its fertility. It is personified in feminine south Indian family, which had met many tragic experiences form and observed as the symbol of life and its growth. like poverty, unemployment, deprivation of land, population "The soil here was rich, never having yielded before and growth, malnutrition, failure of crops and famine conditions loose so that it did not require much digging. The seeds make their life more miserable. Their two sons leave the house sprouted quickly, sending up delicate green shoots that I in search of work and their other two sons die due to poverty carefully watered, going several times to the well nearby for and malnutrition. Deprivation of land by the heartless landlord, the purpose. Soon they were not delicate but sprawling that they were cultivating for decades and deeply attached vigorously over the earth, and pumpkins began to form, which to it increases their hardships. fattening on soil and sun and water, swelled daily larger and This love and symbiotic relationship with the land becomes larger and ripened to yellow and red, until at last they were the cause of Nathan's death .Rukmani narrates the centrality ready to eat, and I cut one took it in. (9)" of the natural environment as the essential part of human Kamala Markandaya believed that nature is like a trained life. After her marriage, while on her journey towards her 'wild animal', if treated sensitively than human beings can Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 128

get immense beneficial result, but disregard towards the from their land is the result of the beginning of industry on call of nature will only bring calamities. The environmental the lives of the villagers. Growth of industry means scientists are giving warning repeatedly that the disturbance marginalization of subalterns and dislocation of the villagers. in the ecological system is the great hazard of life on this It is an inestimable damage done to the purity of nature. earth. She talks more about the fury of nature through Man's evolution is nothing but a series of encounters with incessant rains, dislocating the lives of the peasants, washing nature. His greed and selfishness prompts him to dislike out paddy in the corn fields, devastation of uprooted trees, nature. The ill effects of urbanization, the insensitive attitude dead dogs ,cats and rats cluttering the roadside . Ecocritism of human beings towards nature became a great danger to is concerned with ecological literacy and environmental the aesthetics of nature. issues along with the causes of ecological degradation. 6. Conclusion Threat to natural resources and rapidly increasing natural Markandaya's focus is on the rapid degradation of disasters have impelled us to think that spiritual quality of environment. She protest sharply against the demoralizing life and loving and living relationship with diversity are more and disorganizing effects of industrialization, unhygienic important than material possessions. The answers to conditions in the towns and incalculable damage done to ecological problems are found in Nectar in a sieve', Hunger, nature. At the same time she communicates her ideas about disappointment, failure of rains ,severe famine aggravates symbiotic relationship between man and nature and sensitive their struggle and bewailing of Rukmani: treatment of nature for the survival of humanity . "Each day the level of the water dropped and the heads of She investigates the possibility of rational arguments for the paddy hung lower. The river had shrunk to a trickle; the assigning intrinsic value to the natural environment and its well was dry as a bone." (101) She is pointing towards water nonhuman contents. Narrator deals with dynamic balance of crisis which we are facing in the present context. She nature, with the interdependence of living and nonliving things. complains that "the earth is parched and dust and all that I Any disregard to the dynamics of nature and its functioning grew is dead."(104) Feeling of the respect for other living will bring unimaginable consequence to the human mind. things in the universe is developed. Nathan tells to his wife Nectar in a sieve can rightly be considered a critical text in Rukmani; "yet you have lived long enough to learn to disregard terms of present and future relations between communities them,' he said. Are they not found everywhere-tree snakes, and environment. Markandaya's environmental ethics affirm the sacredness of mother earth,ecological unity and the water snakes and land snakes? You only need to be careful interdependence of all species and the right to be free from and they pass you by."(25) ecological destruction. 4. Lack of Empathy for biodiversity References: At one side the novelist has shown care and regards * Christopher,Hitt. (1999), "Toward an Ecological sublime", towards the animals, but on the other side the dialogues new literary between Rukmani and carter shows the disregard and * History,30.3p.612. insensitivity towards animals. Lack of empathy for the suffering * Curry, Patrick. Ecological Ethics: An Introduction. Cambridge: of animals 'need for survival and attraction towards materialism Polity . D. Balasubramanian, (2006 ),"We borrow the earth suggest disturbed relationship between human and animals, from our children: protection of the biosphere and biodiversity The comparison between the various objects of nature and is relevant to all of humankind." divergent human qualities are shown here as- * 7 September The Hindu. "Pumpkins round and fleshed like young women," "a * Garrard, Greg.(2004). Ecocriticism. First Indian reprint. maiden like a flower"," bend like the grass, that you don't Newyork: Routledge, Glotfelty,cheryll and Harold Fromm. break," (160) Human life without nature is unimaginable. (1996).The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology.Georgia:The university of Georgia Press. James, Sunlight and fresh air are the essential sources of human I.Mcclintock,' (1989),Edward Abbey's "Antidotes to despair", life. The bond of deep attachment between the land and Critique,vol. 31.1p.41. humans is eternal. Land and nature is portrayed as the eternal * Markandaya Kamala. (1954),Nectar in a Sieve New York: repository of their emotions. "Look at our land-is it not John Day,; rpt. New York: Signet, n.d. Subsequent references beautiful? The fields are green and the grain is ripening. It to this edition appear in the text. Peter Reed, (1989), "Man will be a good harvest year, there will be plenty."(39) Apart: An Alternative to the Self-Realization Approach", 5. Personification of nature Environmental To Whom It May Concern:rr Ethics, 11.153-69. Nature is personified into a living being and dislocation * Valentine T.Bill, (1974).Nature in Chekhov's fiction', Russian review, vol.33.no.2. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 129 Potential of Visual Culture in Voicing Women as Subaltern: Deepa Mehta's Water

Veena Singh*

In India we often associate subalternity with the lowest her subalternity becomes impossible. In the end we find socioeconomic classes and social castes but social Kalyani drowns herself in Ganga, a violent act that turns her expectations of women allow for the presence of subalternity body into a physical testament to her plight. Her suicide is very complex and we find Indian cinema as an active carrier turns her body into a text that can be read, viewed and of the complex nature of gendered subalternity. This paper understood. Gayatri Chakraborti Spivak gives a same example focuses on Deepa Mehta's Water to express the ways that in "Can the Sulbaltern Speak" Bhubaneswari Bhaduri, a how a particular social position is enforced through oppression woman who committed suicide for her failure to commit an and humiliation. The class which enjoys a social power does act of anti-colonial violence. She waited until she was not let women enjoy their own status in society. Deepa menstruating to end her life to demonstrate that the suicide Mehta's Water presents before us different aspects of was not the result of a doomed love affair. Despite her subalternity. And also show how essential are they in South intentions, this is the way her suicide was read (Spivak, 1985: Asian Cultural production. The movie effectively demonstrates 120-130). Kalyani's suicide is her way of resistance though how subalternity is constructed and enforced across social Madhumati considers it a lesson for all widows who live in contexts and how a woman's social worth is derived from her ashram. But it is her way of speaking against the systematic husband. We see her subjectification being enforced through oppression, she faces as a widow. Her action is unable to social ridicule and panoptic discipline. Kalyani, a widow is change her fate. She can never reduce the burden of her restricted to a secluded life in an ashram of Varanasi. She is status, which shows her inability as a subaltern to change constantly punished for being without a husband. The movie her fate and makes the audience shamed into acknowledging opens with a quote from the Manusmiriti which outlines the their plight. expected behaviour of widows. The juxtaposition of this sacred Water does not allow the happy closure of a widow's Hindu scripture suggests that what type of behaviour is marriage but like the early novels on the subject, probes the demanded by a lady without husband. The film here gives an reasons for Kalyani's action. It succeeds in making apparent accurate description of the way that the existence of women the helplessness of a woman trapped within the social grid cannot be imagined without the institution of marriage. when she has neither the means nor the opportunities of The head widow of the ashram, Madhumati, prostitutes standing by herself in defiance of society. Without the Kalyani to pay for rent. Kalyani accepts her fate as she protection of a male, she is merely an object for exploitation, considers her womanhood as a punishment. Her body is whether inside or outside a home or a bidhva-ashram, by used as a product, a commodity. Her physical abuse men and colluding women. preserves her subaltern status when she is approached by a Water points not only to the suffering of widows in colonial young Gandhian idealist for marriage, she accepts his India but to the widow-house that still exists in Varanasi and proposal but her plans are abondoned by Madhumati by houses poor widows in seclusion and disgrace, away from physical restraints and shearing her hair. As this scene almost the community. The film opens the lens to the prostitution invokes a sense of female castration as Kalyani is forced in and privation experienced by many widows, as well as compliance through the violent. Madhumati locks Kalyani in Gandhi's efforts to change the laws that affected "widow her room and thus limits her mobility. Kalyani is transformed remarriage." The question of 'widow remarriage', along with into a docile subject. A fellow widow eventually frees Kalyani. dowry and Sati, became popular issues at various times in She soon discovers that her fiance's father has sexually the last hundred years when the nation wished to champion exploited her in the past. Thus her escape from the legacy of the uprightness of Indian masculine morality, and its ability

*Assistant professor of English, Govt. P.G. College, Mandsaur (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 130

to protect its women. Water points to the inequality Indian society and has tried a craft a beautiful visual painting between men and women, remarking on the traditional giving voice to the same. As Jasbir Jain argues, "Water practice of an arranged match between a man in his forties critiques Brahminical values but it also goes beyond this to or fifties with a young pre-pubescent girl. It looks closely at bring in a host of other issues related to value-structures, the custom of sending widows to live in isolation, lifelong colonial stupor and social change" (Jain 66) chastity, and renunciation of 'worldly desires', References Even if Water (Canada, 2005, Deepa Mehta) had not been * Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, which 1994. constitutes peer approbation of its cinematic distinction, it * Chatterjee, Partha. The Partha Chatterjee Omnibus. New would have been marked as a singular achievement for the Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999. director's determination to complete the film. * Corbridge, Stuart, and John Harriss. Reinventing India. Though the plight of the Hindu widows has captured the Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000. attention of the people in India and abroad, and the Indian * Jasbir, Jain. "The Diasporic Eye and the Evolving I Deepa National Commission for Women presented its Report on Mehta's Element Trilogy." Films, Literature and Culture widows living in Mathura, Vrindavan and Varanasi in 1996, Deepa Mehta's Elements Trilogy. Ed. Jasbir Jain. Jaipur: their lot remains unchanged. Three images in particular-the Rawat child widow, the ascetic widow, and the widow who burns on * Publications, 2007. 54-74. Print. her husband's pyrehave never failed to evoke pity and * Levy, Emanuel. "Mehta Water". May 2006 . women's rights activists focuses on the financial well-being * Narayan, Uma. "Contesting Cultures." In The Second Wave: and the customary rights of widows to property as both A Reader in Feminist Theory. Ed. Linda Nicholson. New daughters and daughters-in-law.6 The urgent need is to York: Routledge, 1997. highlight the widow's rights in principle and the reality of their * Nijhawan, Amita. "Damning the Flow: Deepa Mehta's Water." denial. However, these matters are yet to be satisfactorily M/C Journal 9.4 (2006). 02 Jun. 2013

Pardeep Singh * Introduction concerned authorities. But, unfortunately the prevailing The 'Welfare State' demands more and more socio-welfare corruption and redtapism at every walk of the court legislations, transparency in governance, Rule of Law and proceedings makes the way very cumbersome for the justice above them all 'Justice'-Social, economic and political. A seekers. If someone succeeds in approaching the Court then country performing well in these parameters may rightly be the agony of persons seeking justice gets aggravated when said an 'egalitarian society'. Disputes (takrar) are very basic the case prolongs year after year. 'Justice delayed is justice tendency of human behaviour, but devil resides in the denied', this saying perhaps suitable for Indian adversarial resolution (karar) of disputes. The WJP Rule of law Index, judicial system. In India the very idea of providing easy access 2012-2013, having surveyed 97 countries with 2500 experts to justice for all seem to be under threat in the prevalent and 97,000 other individuals from around the world seems to circumstances, which certainly needs a respite in the form be a rear view mirror for all the countries surveyed. Total 48 of some additional mechanism. specific indicators taken into consideration which consisted In our country, the ratio between the population and the of civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delay, civil justice judges is unrealistic. India has 15.5 judges per million people, is free of discrimination, of corruption, of improper government a figure that compares very poorly with other countries. influence, criminal adjudication system is timely and effective, Supreme Court of India had directed the Union Government ADR are accessible, impartial and effective etc. that the judge-population ratio be raised to 50 per Million in a In this report, Indian Civil Court system ranked poorly phased manner. The proposal could not be acted upon till (ranking 78th out of 97 countries), mainly because of date. The deliberations to double the strength of existing deficiencies in the areas of court congestion, enforcement judges in the next five years in a Joint Conference of Chief- and delay in processing cases. Order and security-including Ministers and Chief-Justices of High Courts, held on 7-04- crime, civil conflict, and political violence-is also a serious 2013, once again generated a ray of hope. concern in India as it is ranked second lowest in the World. Further, the problem of mounting arrear of cases on the It adds to the skepticism of the legal academics and judiciary aggravates the issue. Dr. Manmohan Singh, hon'ble researchers in general. It is the high time to deconstruct the Prime Minister of India himself has shown his concern to it actual position of our country and to build a constructive while highlighting the problem of backlog of more than 3 crore paradigm for the active global participation in near future. cases in India. On an average, approximately 18 million Skewed Access to Justice cases are being filed every year and the average disposal is A Concern Access to justice is the top most priority of somehow more or less equivalent to the filing and does not any democratic country. That is why Constitution of India contribute in decreasing the arrear. Number of cases has explicitly use the word 'Justice-Social, Economic and Political' increased so fast that the entire adjudicative system is in the 'Preamble' which is known as a key to open the mind overburdened. On the financial front also, the Union of makers of the Constitution. For administration of justice, Government's allocation of funds to judiciary under the five the right to remedy is one of the rights which is of paramount year plans is less than one per cent of the total plan outlay, importance and the same has got a place in Part III of which cannot be justified. Judiciary being a watchdog of our Constitution of India under Article 32. In India there is well constitutional values is supposed to be financially strong. structured modus operandi for knocking the doors of the Court However, Prime Minister patted the government's initiatives in both types of cases i.e. civil or criminal. For civil matters for having provisions especially for judiciary under 14th the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 under section 26 makes Finance Commission. the provision for the initiation of the proceeding by filing a Experiment with Gram Nyayalaya under Gram Nyayalaya Plaint or otherwise, whereas in criminal cases, there are Act, 2008 has not taken up as expected. There was a target provisions for lodging FIR, Complaint or Information to the to establish 5,000 gram nayalayas, but till date only 172

* Assistant Professor - Department of Law Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 132

have been established. Out of these, only 152 are the court system to devote its precious time and operational, though Government is hoping that up to year resources to the more solemn task of administrating 2014, 616 gram nayalayas will be established. Obviously, it justice in the name of sovereign. questions our political will. Various Modes of ADR ADR Strengthen the Access to Justice There are well over sixteen distinct ADR processes The above stated problems are the consequences of blindly currently in use. Many of these processes have been following the Adversarial Court System which has been developed as hybrid from three basic models: processes borrowed from the Colonial regime in India. However, a large involving only the disputing parties (negotiation), process number of disputes can be settled outside the courtroom involving a neutral, non-decision-maker (mediation), and with the help of ADR mechanism which will be less expensive processes involving a decision-maker (arbitration). All for the parties. ADR mechanism seems to be a right approach methods of ADR, including arbitration are consensual in for addressing the problems caused by the adversarial court nature- the parties must consent to the procedure before system. With the potential of providing a speedy, inexpensive being compelled to participate in the procedure and before and fair justice, ADR system can be better utilized in India. public courts deter to the procedure and outcome. ADR Meaning of ADR techniques are extra-judicial in character. They can be used According to Black's Law Dictionary the word 'Alternative' in almost all contentious matters which are capable of being means 'giving an option'. Similarly the word 'Dispute' means resolved, under law, by agreement between the parties. They a 'conflict' or 'controversy'. In the same manner the word have been employed with very encouraging results in several 'resolution' means 'a formal expression of an opinion'. In totality categories of disputes, especially civil, commercial, industrial an inference may be drawn that ADR is a mechanism for and family disputes. resolving a justifiable controversy through an unconventional Lok Adalat or 'people's courts' in India have been proved method. Primary object of ADR system is always being to be an example before the World for imparting access to avoidance of vexation, expenses and delay and promotion of justice outside the Courts. In India, till date more than 11 the idea of 'access to justice'. lacs Lok Adalats have been organized which resulted into Recently a difference of opinion towards the importance the resolving of 3.76 crore cases outside the adversarial court of ADR mechanism between two legal luminaries viz. Sh. system. In 2011 alone, as many as 41,35,411 cases were Gopal Subramanium and Sh. Sriram Panchu was published settled through Lok Adalats. in the editorial pages of 'The Hindu' dated May 1, 2013 and ADR processes were not being resorted to with the desired May 6, 2013 respectively. Wherein the former was of opinion frequency, Parliament thought it fit to introduce section 89 that: "the court-mandated resort to ADR as one of the factors and Rules 1-A to 1-C in Order X in the Indian Code of Civil that limits the effectiveness of the judicial system… it is Procedure, 1908 in year 2002 to ensure that ADR process to improper for the courts to shy away from adjudicating, and be resorted before the commencement of trial in suits. Section look at ADR," the later one came with a strong backing of 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure,1908 provides for settlement ADR when he said that: "…we need not negate or decry any of disputes outside the court. Sub-section (1) of section 89 method as second hand but take comfort from knowing that of the Code empowers the courts, when it appears that there with a panoply of ways to address dispute, we have a good exist elements of settlement which may be acceptable to chance to control conflict between individuals, companies, the parties, the court shall formulate the terms of settlement other organizations and communities." This dichotomy of and give them to the parties for their observations and after opinions can be given a solution by citing the words of Sir receiving the observations of the parties, the court may Laurence Street: reformulate the terms of a possible settlement and refer the ADR is not in truth alternative. It is not in competition same for: with the established judicial system. It is an additional ò Arbitration rage of mechanism within the overall aggregated ò Conciliation mechanisms for the resolution of disputes. Nothing can ò Judicial Settlement including settlement through Lok be alternative to the sovereign authority of court system. Adalat; or We can, however, accommodate mechanisms which ò Mediation operate as additional or subsidiary processes in the However, taking notice of various lacunae in the drafting discharge of the sovereign's responsibility. Theses enable of section 89, Mr. Justice R.V. Raveendran has observed: Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 133

Section 89 apparently was drafted in a hurry. It is not very Lok Adalats which need to be appreciated. The Adversarial happily worded. It is not very practical. But the object behind Court system will definitely be benefitted by the promotion of section 89 is sound. ADR as it will give enough time to the courts for applying its The objects behind the insertion of section 89 in C.P.C. judicial mind in the cases for which adjudication is must. was to thrive the ADR system in India. While interpreting The wording of John F. Kennedy is best suited in the Indian section 89 in consonence with this objective and after pointing context when he said that: "Let us never negotiate out of out various anomalies in it's drafting the Supreme Court of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." India in the case of M/S Afcons Infra. Ltd. & Anr. v. M/S References: Cherian Varkey Const. directed that clause (c) and (d) of * Mark David Agrast, Juan Carlos Botero, et. al., World Justice sub-section (2) of section 89 deserves to be interchanged. Project- Rule of Law Index (2012-13). The sum and substance of what the Court discussed * Pardeep Singh, "Amicable Settlement of Disputes: A Journey elaborately is that: from takrar to karar via Indian Judicial System" Legal Aid & Know the dispute; exclude unfit cases; ascertain consent Inclusive Judicial Process, CUH, 2012 for arbitration or conciliation; if there is no consent, select * All India Judges Association v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC Lok Adalat for simple cases and mediation for all other cases, 165. reserving reference to Judge-assisted settlement only in * Speech of Prime Minister of India in an inaugural ceremony exceptional or special cases. of joint Conference of CM's and CJ's held on 7-04-2013 at Consequently, the Law Commission of India (238th Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Report) recommended a number of changes to be made in * Speech delivered by Sh. Ashwani Kumar, the then Union the section 89 of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Now the ball Minister of Law and Justice at the inaugural ceremony of is in the court of Policy Makers to alter the Code in Joint Conference of CMs and CJs on 7-04-2013 held at consonence with the directions given by the Supreme Court New Delhi. for removing the ambiguity present therein and for promoting * Sir Laurence Street, "The language of Alternative Dispute ADR for amicable settlement of disputes outside the courts. Resolution" Alt. L J, 194(1992). Supra note 5. Conclusion * Justice R.V. Raveendran, "Section 89 CPC: Need For an In India, Justice-Social, Economic, Political, as goal of Urgent Relook" (2007) 4 SCC J 23. Constitution of India, can only be realized by recognizing * M/S Afcons Infra.Ltd. & Anr. v. M/S Cherian Varkey Const., ADR and by giving ADR its due. Legal Services Institutions Civil Appeal No. 6000 of 2010. like: National Legal services Authority (NALSA), various State * Law Commission of India, 238th Report on Amendment of Legal Services Authorities etc. are contributing a remarkable Sec. 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and Allied role by promoting the concept of ADR particularly through Provisions (2011).

**************************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 134 A Comparative study of job satisfaction & health between female teachers of Government and Private schools. Dr. Rashmi Singh*

Abstract - The objective of the study was to compare the level of job satisfaction and health between the female teachers of government and private schools. The sample constituted of 60 female teachers divided in two (30 female teachers from government schools and 30 female teachers from private schools) of Udaipur City. Job satisfaction scale by Dr. Amar Singh& Dr. T. R. Sharma and P.G.I.H.Q. by S. K. Verma, N. N. Wig and D. Prashad were used. The result indicated that there was significant difference between the Govt. School teachers and private school teachers. Govt. school teachers were found to be more job satisfied than private school teachers. There is high level of job satisfaction in Govt. school teachers than private school teachers. The higher level of health was experienced by Govt. school teachers than private school teachers.

Intorduction - and social well being." Neither is it "merely the absence of The public sector, sometimes referred to as the state disease or infirmity." There are two broad aspects of health- sector is a part of the state that deals with either the physical health and mental health. Physical health means a production, delivery and allocation of goods and services by good body health, which is healthy because of regular and for the government or its citizens, whether national, physical activity, good nutrition and adequate rest. Mental regional or local/municipal. health refers to people cognitive and emotional wellbeing. A The public sector is usually composed of organizations person who enjoys good mental health does not have a that are owned and operated by the government. This includes mental disorder. According to WHO, mental health is " a federal, provincial, state or municipal govt., depending on state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her where we live. Privacy legislation usually calls organizations own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can in the public sector a public body or a public authority. work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a The Private sector is that part of the economy which is contribution to his or her community." both run for private profit and is not controlled by the state. Objective- 1) To study the significant difference of job These usually include cooperation's (both profit and non profit), satisfaction among female teachers of Govt. and private schools. partnerships and charities.Job satisfaction describes how 2) To study the significant difference of health among female content an individual is with his or her job. The happier people teachers of government and private schools. are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Hypothesis- Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and 1) There is no significant difference between job satisfaction performance; methods include job rotation, job enlargement of female teachers in government and private school. and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include 2) There is no significant difference between health of female the management style and culture, employee involvement, teachers in Government and private school. empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction Method: - Sample - In accordance with the aim of the present reflects an employees overall assessment of their job research 30 female teachers from government school and 30 particularly their emotions, behaviors and attitudes about their female teachers from private schools were taken from Udaipur work experience. Health is metabolic efficiency. city by random sampling. The English word health comes from the old English world Tools- 1) Job Satisfaction scale by Dr. Amar Singh and Dr. Hale, meaning wholeness, a being whole, sound or well. T.R. Sharma was used. It constitute of 30 items which cover "Health is a state of a complete physical, mental and social different areas like job intrinsic, job extrinsic, economic and well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." community/ national growth. Reliability of the scale by test- (WHO 1948) health is resource for everyday life, not the retest method is 0.978 and validity is 0.743. objective of living. 2) P.G.I.H.Q.N-1 by S. k. Verma, N. N. Wig, D. Pershad Health is positive concept emphasizing social and personal was used to measure the health of the teachers. It is resources, as well as physical capacities. (WHO 1986) Lancet divided in two Area A constitute of 16 items and Area B states that "health is not a state of complete physical, mental constitute of 22 items respectively. * Guest Faculty, Department of Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 135

Procedure- Each of the two tests was administered were found to more in stress because of work pressure and individually while collecting data for the study. Prior to it was found that stress had a negative influence on job administration of each test or scale appropriate rapport was satisfaction ( Rosalie,2002). Brief (1998) wrote " if a person's formed and following the instructions and procedure work is interesting, her pay is fair, her promotional suggested by the authors of the scales and tests the opportunities are good, her supervisor is supportive, and her instruments were administered. coworkers are friendly, then a situational approach leads one Rssult- Table1-The t score between Govt. female to predict she is satisfied with her job." Joshi G. (2001) teachers and private female teachers on job satisfaction studied that job satisfaction is not found significantly higher in the private organization as compared to public organization.Govt. teachers were found healthier than private school teachers. Because of fixed working, work and less pressure they can easily keep attention to their families and do not have anxiety of their work in home or school. They easily manage their responsibilities. They can easily make balance between the personal, professional life, whereas in private schools because of Table-2- The t score between Govt. female teachers and overwork or less salary they are stressed more and are unable private female teachers on health to attend their families. There are more holidays in Govt. school so they get the time to rest. Job satisfaction and health are correlated with each other. We find a positive link between job satisfaction and subjective health measures; that is employees with higher or improved job satisfaction levels feel healthier and are more satisfied with their health. (Alfonso Sousa- Poza, Justina A. V. Fisher 2009). References- After data collection statistical analysis was done to test * www.google.com the hypotheses. Firstly t was calculated to find difference on * WHO int. "preamble to the constitution of the world health organization job satisfaction between female teachers of Govt. and private as adopted by the international health conference", New York, 19- school. The mean of job satisfaction among govt. teacher is 22; June 1946; signed on 22 July 1947 by the representative of 61 60.8 and of private teacher are 49.03. The t value is 6.76 that states (official records of the World health organization, no.2, p.100); is significant at 0.05 and 0.01 level. and entered into force on 7 April 1948. For the second variable Health, mean of Govt. teachers * WHO "Ottawa charter for health promotion" 1986. The harward is 2.53 and mean of private teachers is 7.97. After evaluation professional group. Three hallmarks of a career position. http:// www.harvardpro.com/careerjobs5a.htm.1998. the t value is 13.60, which is significant. * Justina A.V. Fischer & Alfonso Sousa- Poza, 2009. "does job Discussion- Govt. school teachers were more job satisfied satisfaction improve the health of workers? New evidence using panel than private school teachers. It is because Govt. job is likely data and objective measures of health," health economics, John Wiley to have fixed working hours, reasonable wages, and fair and sons, ltd, vol.18 (1), pages 71-89 benefits, have to go by the law. Whereas private school had * Rosalie, B. Lopopolo (2002). The relationship of role related variables irregular working hours, lots of unpaid work, more stress from took satisfaction and commitment to the orgabization in a restructured upper authorities, risk of having demotion or fired out from work. hospital environment. Physical therapy, 82 (10), 72- 78 Joshi G. UM Flint professor Mark J. Perry recently cited data (2001) "occupational level and job satisfaction: a comparative study showing that government employees make 45% more on of public and private sector organization"; journal of the Indian average than private employees. Govt. jobs are considered academy of applied psychology, 2001 jan-jul; 27 (1-2): 157-61 * Brief, Arthur P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. for stability and job security. Govt. jobs are more difficult to Thousands oaks, CA: Sage, p-91 Perry, Mark J, (2010); "flint economist get but when it is in our hand then we can be sure that we proves growing salary gap between public and private sectors"; will have the job unless otherwise we decide to leave. Flint journal.Dr. Singh Amar & Dr. Sharma T. R.(1999) ; manual of job They also come with good retirement benefits unlike jobs satisfaction scale; national psychological corporation,Agra. Verma in the private sector. Private school come more with work ,S.K.; Wig N.N.; Preshad, D.;(1998); manual of P. G. I. H. Q. N-1; and there is no luxury or paid for overtime. Private teachers national psychological corporation, Agra. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 136 A Correlation Study of Self Concept and Adjustment of Adolescents

Dr. A.K. Chaudhary * Deepika Jain**

Abstract - The present investigation was undertaken to study the self-concept & adjustment in adolescent for this purpose a random sample of 30 adolescent. Self-concept scale (SCQ) by R.K. Saraswat and adjustment scale by V.K. Mittal were conducted on sample. Correlation was tasted. Result indicated that correlation between self concept and adjustment is 0.69. It indicates that the strong positive relationship between adjustment and self-concept. Research Scholar Dept. of Psychology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh

Key Words: Correlation, Self Concept, Adjustment, table in or out of adjustment. Adolescents, Self-concept scale (SCQ) Review of Literature: Introduction: Gage and Berliner (2006) States that self-concept is the Adolescents have been described as phase of life, affective or emotional aspect of self and generally refers to beginning, in biology and ending in society. Adolescent may how we feel about or how we value ourselves (one's self- be defined as the period within the life span when most of worth). person biological, cognitive psychological and social Charles, Descries M. (2004) examined in their study that characteristics are changing from what is typically anti-social behaviour are significant factor in adolescences' considered child like to what is considered adult like self-concept. (learner and span 2000). According to crow (1967) adjustment is a term much used For the adolescent, this period is a dramatise challenge, both by the psychologist and the people. The latter now ever, one requiring adjustment to change in the self, in the family tend to use the term in properly. They seem to assume that and in the peer group. In contemporary society, adolescents adjustment is desirable term that connotes either good or and their parents, adolescent is a time of excitement and successful adjustment or poor adjustment. anxiety, of happiness and trouble of linked with the future. Gardner, et al. (2004) the self-concept is also implicated The self concept is associated with mental health. It is in work assessing self-esteem (the evaluative component of fact that health is an indispensable quality in human being. It self-concept), in relation to adjustment. Performance at a is indispensable as soil from which the finest flowers grow. high level is one manner in which they can maintain behaviour Health indicates psychosomatic well being. The world health that is consistent with their self-concept. organization's chapter defined health as a state of complete Good fellow and Nowak (2009) in the study on "Social physical, mental and social well being not merely the absence Adjustment, Academic Adjustment and the Ability to Identify of disease (Monopoles, 2007). Emotion in Facial Expressions of 7 -Year-Old Children". Regulation settlement of claims on equitable arrangement Marsh (2002) studied the structural equation model and of conflicting claims as in set-off contribution, subrogation demonstrated that actual effect on self-concept factors were and marshalling. The apportion of brining all the parts of an positive and ideal effects were negative thus supporting the adjustment, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper discrepancy models' predictions. relative position for use; the condition of baling thus adjusting Objective: or condition of binge adjusted act, of bringing into proper ò To study the self concept of adolescents. relations, regulation settlement of claims an equitable ò To study the adjustment of adolescents. arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution ò To study the correlation between self concept and exoneration, subrogation, and marshalling the operation of adjustment of adolescents. bring all the parts of an adjustment, as a microscope or Hypothesis: telescope into their proper relative position for use the There is no correlation between self concept and condition of being thus adjusted, as to get good adjustment adjustment in adolescents

* Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) ** Research Scholar Dept. of Psychology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 137

Method: The mean score of home dimension to adjustment of Sample: The present study was conducted on 30 adolescence was found to be 51.03 with S.D of 3.56 which is students (15 were boys and 15 were girls) of Govt. High in first that they are having average adjustment of home Secondary School in Udaipur. dimension. And the social mean score 49.47 with S.D of Tools: The following tools were used, Self concept 2.83 they are having average adjustment and the mean score questionnaire by Dr. Rajkumar Saraswat and Adjustment of health dimension to be 44.27 with S.D of 7.61 they are Inventory by V.K Mittal were used for data collection. having average adjustment. And the mean score of college Procedure: The self concept & adjustment scale was adjustment of adolescence was found to be 50.47 with S.D administered individually on 'Subjects' brief instructions. Score of 3.22 that they are having average adjustment. given to them the answered questionnaires are collected and The correlation between self concept & adjustment is 0.69 scored as per manual. The score are statically analyzed by and it is significant at 0.01 levels. From above results it is using correlation analysis. found that if self concept is good than adjustment is also Results and Discussion: good. We can say that self concept is directly proportional Results are shown below: to adjustment. Table: 1 self-concept References: * Charles, R.E and Deserie, M. (2004): Changing self-concept: Outward Bound school programme impact. Unpublished thesis, Brisbane College of advanced Education, Brisbane. * Crow, L.D. (1967): psychology of human adjustment, Alford A. Knof, New York. * Gardner, D.G., Dyne, L.V. & Pierce, J.L. (2004): "The effects of pay level on organization based self-esteem and performance: A field study". Journal of Occupational and Table: 2 Adjustments Organizational Psychology 77: Page 311. * Good Fellow, Nowak (2009): Social Adjustment Academic Adjustment and the ability to identify Emotion in Facial Expressions of 7-years old children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, V. 170: N 3, pp. 234-243. * Marsh, (2002): Integrating of self-concept theory and research: A lonely cry of protest from the dust bowl of Table: 3 Correlation = Significance of difference empiricism. Contemporary psychology, 37, 1321-2. between two groups Self Concept & Adjustment * Monopoles (2007): Adolescents time perspective and mental American journal of psychiatry, 154.

************************ Discussion: The above table shows that the mean score of dimension physical self concept of adolescence was found to be 31.47 with S.D 2.34 of which first that they are having above average of physical dimension of self concept. Social self concept of adolescent was found that to be mean score 31.20 with S.D 2.99 which is in second that they are having above average social dimension of self concept. The mean score found to be 32.00 with S.D of 2.38 above average of temperament dimension of self concept. The mean score 39.97 with S.D of 3.81 which is found that high educational self concept and moral self concept of adolescence was found to be mean score 35.10 with S.D 2.09 high score. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 138 A Comparative Study Of Depression Among HIV Negative, Positive And AIDS Cases

Ravindra Prajapati * Saroj Verma**

Abstract:- The purpose of this paper is investigated a comparative study of depression among HIV negative positive and AIDS cases. The finding of the present study reveals that consistent and systematic difference exists among HIV negative, positive and AIDS cases.

Introduction:- Depression is a mood dis-order, health and substance absuse issuses among people with characterized by sadness and dejection,decresed motivation HIV. In the light of above study it is found that a comparative and interest in life, negative thoughts physical symptom as study of Depression and suicidal ideation among HIV negative, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite and fatigue [Atkinsm positive and AIDS is the topics is highly sensitive one because and Atkinson 1998, Smith, Beon and Hookes, 2000]. of its highly personalized and stimatizing nature. Excessions depression contributes to a sense of a negative Methodology:- view of self, a negative view of the world, and a negative view The present study aimed to explore the psychosocial of future. It is observed that the irrational structures of self- problems in the HIV/AIDS patients and attempted to see the blame, self-pity and other pity become major causes of impact of counselling on these variables. The study was depression. In view of the negative influence of long standing conducted in two phases, in the first phase a multi group depression, the present study to find an answer regarding to design was used to examine/asses, suicidal ideation, possible differences between the prevalence and impact of depression, family burden, health and quality of life in HIV depression in HIV negative positive and AIDS cases. It is negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases and their caregivers. observed that HIV seropositive persons are more affected by There were three groups of HIV/AIDS patients and three groups depression than seronegative person . This is so because it of their care gives. There were 50 participants in each group. is probably one of the factors responsible for the quite As shown in Table 1 progression of their HIV seropositive status to AIDS. For the second of the study a pre-post design was used Ramachandran, Sarada and Arunagire have been pointed in which we examine the impact of counselling on depression, out that depression is associated with disturbances in family, suicidal ideation, family burden and health and quality of life sex, low social class, windowed state, unemployed condition, in HIV positive and AIDS cases and their caregivers. low educational level, nuclear family, living alone, and high The samples of the study consisted of HIV negative, HIV incidence of physical illness stigma is the most important positive and AIDS cases and their givers. In all a total number factor which producing and extending the negative of 300 participants were included in the study. There were 50 psychosocial impact of HIV and AID. Stigma can be difined participants in each group i.e., 50 HIV negative, 50 HIV as "an act of identifying, labelling or attributing undesirable positive and 50 AIDS cases and their care givers (50 in each qualities targreted towards those who are perclined as being groups). shamefully different and deriant from the social ideal" and as The HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases and their an attribute that is significantly discrediting (and is) used to care givers were selected on the basis of non random set the affected person or groups apart from the normalized purposive bases from ICTCs of Delhi, Haryana and (India). social order (Morgan-2002). Stigma prevents people from In the first group 50 HIV negative participants were taking about and acknowledging HIV as a major cause of selected and their age range was 24 years to 48 years out of illness and death. Stigma prevents HIV-infected people from this total number of males were 25 and females were also seeking counselling, obtaining medical and psychosocial care 25. The second group i.e care givers of HIV negative and taking preventive measures to avoid infecting others. participants were in the age range of 28 years to 46 years, There are several authors Havens 2005, Bing 2001, Brown out of this total number of males were 25 and female were and Harris (1979) Sethi 2001, and Goldbort 2006, who have also 25. In the third group there were 50 HIV positive been defined the various stages of dipression and their mental participants (as tested and certified by ICTC Centers) the

*NACO, New Delhi **Integrated Child Protection Scheme, Jind (Haryana) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 139

age range was 30 years to 48 years. There were equal responses to each of the 40 questions transfer through to number of males and females. Majority of cases were the bottom page. The number that corresponds to a laborers/drivers and many ? of them were multiple drug users respondents answer to an individual question is the score for (more than 50%). The fourth group represented care givers that question. Each individual HDI items measure a of HIV positive participants. Total numbers of care givers were circumscribed depressive symptom domain. Some symptom 50. The age range was 28 years to 49 years, with an equal domains are adequately measured by only one question while number of males and females. In the fifth group there were others required multiple questions for adequate sensitivity of 50 AIDS cases in the range of 32-48 years with an equal measurement. Therefore, several HDI items comprise only number of males and females cases. Majority of participants one question. Item 2,3,8,9,12,14,16 and 19 through 23 each were laborer/drivers and multiple drug users (more than 50%). comprise a single question. All other items (i.e, In the sixth group there were 50 care givers of AIDS cases. 1,4,5,6,7,10,11,13,15,17 and 18) comprise multiple questions There age range was 28 years to 49 years. and therefore require special weighted scoring procedures. Tools Used- Although based on a single question item 16 also requires The following tool, were administered uniformly and special scoring procedures. individually to each subject by investigator himself. The HDI is scored in a pathological direction such that Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDI):- higher item scores indicate higher levels of depressive Hamilton developed it. (1967). this scale has 23 questions symtomatology, Scores on items that comprise multiple in MCQ format that clinician may use to rate the severity of a questions are rounded to one decimal place (i.e. a score of patients depression. The Questionnaire rates the severity of 2.2857 on item 1 is rounded to 2.3). Raw scores for all symptoms observed in depression such as low mood, summary indexes are rounded to the nearest half point (i.e. insomnia, anxiety and weight loss. HDI is presently one of 5). The possible range of raw scores is 0 to 73 for the HDI, 0 the most commonly used scale for rating depression in to 52 the HDI 17, and 0-33 for the HDI-SF sometimes, an medical research and is a self report measure of the severity adult skip or otherwise leave one or more HDI items blank. In of depressive symptomatology in adults. The MDI may be case where five or more of the items are left blank, the HDI administered individually or in a group formats it requires result should be considered invalid. In order to consider of approximately 10 minutes to completes. although greater HDI protocol as valid at least 19 of the items on the 23 items time may he required by elderly persons or persons who are HDI must be completed. An item in considered incomplete if slow readers. There are 3 versions of the paper and pencil any question that should have been answered was left blank, form of the HDI, including the full scale HDI which consists of thereby making the calculation of the item score impossible. 23 items, the HDI 17 i.e. compressed of the first 17 items of The scales items are appended in appendix-A. the HDI and is designed to be equivalent in content and scoring Procedure- to the 17 items, clinicians administered HDRS and HDI-SF, Each participant was administered measures of a 9 items short forms of the HDI. The HDI does not include depression, after building rapport Everyone was briefed about reverse scored items, although it does include several sets the purpose of the study and informed consent was obtained. of items that are directly opposite in their symptom Those who volunteered for the study were included for the expression. The response formats for individuals items varies final testing. The testing was done under uniform and in scoring from 0-2 or 0-4. Internal consistency reliability standardized conditions and all the measure were estimates for the HDI, HDI-17 and HDI-SF based on total administered individually to each participant by the investigator HDI development samples. The reliability for the psychiatric himself. For the second phase of the study before and after sample was high, with a co-efficient alpha reliability of .89 for design was used to examine the impact of the counselling the HDI with the total psychiatric sample all forms of the HDI on psychosocial problems of HIV/AIDS patients and their demonstrated very high levels of test retest reliability. The care givers. The base line scores were taken from the first re-test reliability co-efficient for the HDI total was 95 where testing in the first phase and all the subjects in all groups as it was .93, respectively for HDI-17, HDI-SF and HDI-MEL. were taken up for the second phase of the study. For this Scoring procedure for the HDI is simple. The form HS study the counselling module for HIV positive and AIDS cases answer sheets are located in the inside sheet of the two and for their care givers were taken of as such for the page carbon less answer sheets. Tear the perforating at the counselling, the counselors training modules develop by top of the answer sheet and peel away the top page. The National AIDS Control Organization, Department of AIDS Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 140

Ministry of health Government of India, New Delhi. and AIDS differed significantly (F=616.90, df = 2, 147, p < The HIV positive. AIDS cases as well as their care givers .01). Post hoc comparison was done by Duncan's post hoc were given counselling individually by the investigator every test and it was found (Table 4.1) that the HIV positive group week the three month. Every case were called in ICTC Center scored significantly higher than the AIDS and HIV negative once a week and it continued for three months, after the group. The mean depression and scores of HIV positive and completion of three months, measure of depression, suicidal AIDS cases however did not differ. The AIDS cases had ideation, family burden health and quality of life were significantly higher level of depression than the HIV negative administered again to each subject under standerd test cases (Table 01). condition uniformly by the investigator. The sorted format of The second hypothesis was that the caregivers of HIV standard counselling module for HIV positive. HIV negative. negative, positive and AIDS cases would differ in terms of AIDS cases and their cars givers are given in the Appendix -F. depression. The results are given in Table 4 and 5 Administration And Scoring: The caregivers of HIV negative cases obtained a mean All the participants were interviewed at the intake after scores of 3.86 (SD=2.02) and the HIV positive cases obtained developing rapport and building confidence, Informed consent mean score of 32.50 (SD=4.02) where as the AIDS cases was obtained from the each participant after explaining the obtained a mean score of 31.74 (SD=2.99). ANOVA was purpose of the study and the procedure. It was followed up done and it was found (Table 4.4) that the mean depression by standardized AIDS counselling in the groups. The scores of three groups differed significantly (F=1365.10. df2, counselling was done by the investigator himself. For the 147) at .01 level of confidence. Duncan's post hoc test second part of the study a post counselling assessment was revealed that the caregivers of HIV negative cases scored done after three months of intake. significantly less than both the caregivers of HIV positive as Results And Discussion:- well as AIDS cases. The caregivers of HIV positive and AIDS Present study was conducted with the aim of assessing cases however did not differ (Table 4) the psychosocial problems of HI V/AIDS patients and their Reference:- caregivers. It was also intended to examine the effect of 1. Atkinson.R.L., Atkinson, R.C.(1998),Smith E.E..Bem, D.T., counselling on psychosocial problems of HIV/AIDS patients Hokes,S.N. (2000), Hilgard's introduction to psychology. 13 and their caregivers. The study was conducted on 150 cases, Ed, Glossary. New York: Wlley. out of these, there were 50 HIV negative, 50 HP positive and 2. Ramchandran,V.,Sarada,Mand Arunagiri,S.(1982). Social 50 AIDS cases and 150 caregivers (50 each in HIV negative, cultural factorin late onset depression.Indian journal of HIV positive and AIDS cases group). The data were analyzed psychaiatry, 24,268-273. by using statistics i.e. mean, SD and test and simple analysis 3. Morgan, D., Mahe , c., Mayanja, B., Okonge, J.M., Lubega, of variance. Duncan's post hoc test was done for checking R., & Whitworth, and J.A.(2002). "HIV-I infection in rural the statistical significance of the difference between groups. Africa : Is there a difference in median time to AIDS survival The results are detailed in tables below, and are described compared with that in industrialized countries"? AIDS and discussed in this paper, keeping the objectives of the 16:597-632. 4. Havens JF, Mellins CA, Ryan S. Child Psychiatry: Psychiatry study in mind. Sequelae of HIV and AIDS. In: sadock B, Sadock V, eds. Section1: Psychosocial problems Depression and Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidal Ideation:- Psychiatry, 8th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & The first objective of the study was to assess and compare Wilkins; 2005:3434. HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases on depression 5. Bing E, Burnham M, Longshoire D, Fleishman JA, and suicidal ideation. The obtained results were analyzed by Sherbourne CD, Turner LAS, BJ EF, Beckman R, Vitiello B, using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's test for Post Morton SC, Orlando M, Bozzette SA, Ortiz-Barron L, Shapiro - hoc comparison and the results are given in Table 2 and 3 (2001). Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human Results (Table 2 and 3) revealed that the HIV negative immunodeficiency virusinfected adults in the United States. cases obtained low score on depression scale than both Archaeology General Psychiatry 58:721-728. HIV positive and AIDS cases. The mean depression score of 6. Brown, G.W. Harris. T.O. (1978). Social origins of HIV negative cases was 2.94 (SD2.07) and the i-lW positive depression. London. Tavistokk. group scored a mean of 29.54 (SD=5.36) where as AIDS 7. Goldbort, .Joanne (2006) Transcultural analysis of postpartum depression. MCN group scored mean of 262.10 (SD=4.22). Analysis of variance 8. Sethi, (2008). Texbook of psychiatry. Elsevier: New Delhi . revealed that all the three groups i.e. HIV negative, HIV positive Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 141

Table 1 : showing the design of the study distribution of subject in different groups.

Table 2 : Means and SD's of HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases on depression and suicidal ideation.

a b c alphabet indicate Duncan's post hoc comparison. Similar/ same alphabet indicate non significant, whereas different alphabet indicate significant difference

Table 3 : Summary of ANOVA of HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases on depression and (df=2,147)

*= Significant at 0.05 level **= Significant at 0.01 level ns= non significant

Table 4 : Means and SD's of caregivers of HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases on depression

abc alphabet indicate Duncan's post hoc comparison. Similar/same alphabet indicates non-significant, whereas different alphabet indicate significant difference.

Table 5 : Summary of ANOVA for depression and caregivers of HIV negative, HIV positive and AIDS cases (df =2,147)

*= Significant at 0.05 level **= Significant at 0.01 level ns= non significant Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 142 Awareness Among Adolescent Girls (10-12yrs) Towards Secondary Sexual Changes And Menarche

Yakshita Malhotra * Mrs. Parul Tripathi **

Abstract- The present study aims to know the Awareness among adolescent girls (10-12years) towards secondary sexual changes and menarche. The sample consists of 160 girls in the age group of 10-12 years from both rural as well as semi urban areas of banasthali(Rajasthan). Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. The major objectives of the research was to assess the awareness of girls towards secondary sexual changes and menarche, to make comparison of the level of awareness of girls from both the settings rural and semi urban areas towards secondary sexual changes and menarche. The tool used for the study was a self structured questionnaire and checklist based on Pubertal Development Scale, Tanner Drawings. The data was analyzed on the percentage and chi-square basis. The main findings showed the significant difference in the awareness of rural and semi urban girls towards secondary sexual changes and menarche.

Introduction: others are internal pertaining to the reproductive process. To Of all the studied areas of Human Development, the stage really understand what is or is not happening when a young of preadolescence has been the most neglected. This age child exhibits signs of puberty, a basic understanding of the range typically described as 9 to 10 or 10 to 13 is uniquely physical and hormonal events of puberty is very helpful. an awkward range that somehow bridges the gap between Adolescents confront a number of problems, because of childhood and adolescence. It has been expressed as the lack of authentic knowledge, attitude and practice regarding period of time when the nicest children begin behaving in their growing up, particularly the issues relating to pubertal most awful way. Children of this age are difficult. Their health due to lack of proper source of information which leads unconventional mannerism and their unpredictable behaviours to inaccurate information with jumbled and often contradictory make them a very difficult group to research. Teachers find messages regarding issues related to pubertal changes. Pubertal them uncooperative and parents find them annoying. In general changes awareness is required for girls (right from the it is easier to deal with youth that are either younger or older preadolescent age) to provide them positive direction and than with the preadolescents. Yet this should not make us information which would avoid unnecessary worries and tensions. fail to recognize the need for more knowledge about children Objectives: within this age range (Hershel Thornburg, 1990). ò To assess the awareness and practices of girls (10 to 12 Preadolescence is a period of anticipation- a transition year) towards secondary sexual changes and menarche. period since the pubic changes that begin during these ages ò To compare the awareness of girls (10 to 12year) towards and mature later are essential to full adult sexual functioning. secondary sexual changes and menarche from two Parents as well as the major institutions in society are aware different settings i.e., one group from semi urban and and apprehensive about these changes. other from rural setting. Some aspects of sexual changes appear earlier than ò To find out the sources of information for menarche among others, and some come on at different individuals. The time the girls from both the settings. and rate of development is not the same for boys and girls Hyposthesis: either. Biological puberty, announced by the menarche in There is no significant difference in the awareness among girls and by the capacity for ejaculation in boys and with the girls related to secondary sexual changes and menarche in development of secondary sex characteristics in both, begins girls from semi urban and rural settings. between the ages of eight and fifteen. Methodology : During this transitory period, several bodily changes occur The study was conducted among 160 girls of 10, 11 and in girls. Some of these changes are external such as breasts 12 years from rural and semi urban settings of development, growth of pubic and axillary hair, while the Banasthali(Rajasthan). The survey method was used for the

* Research Scholar (Home Science) DAVV, Indore (M.P.) ** Associate Professor(Human- Development) Banasthali University, (Raj.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 143

data collection through self constructed tool .keeping in menarcheal information only by the rural girls. mind the purpose of study and objectives the researcher made Table 3. contacts with the selected samples to get the relevant Different settings (Semi Urban and Rural settings) and information. awareness towards secondary sexual changes and Analysis: menarche among girls (10-12years Percentage Ho: There is no significant difference in the awareness Chi square towards secondary sexual changes and menarche among Scoring: girls (10-12years) of different settings. The checklist contains 32 statement and was 2 point scale in which, option 'yes' carried one mark and option 'no' carried zero marks. And the questionnaire contains 21 open ended questions and was 3 point scale in which 'yes' means that girls have correct information about secondary sexual changes (*) Value of chi square at 0.05 level of significance and menarche and was allocated 3 marks, likewise 'can't Df =10 say' means girls have no information regarding the subject Obtained value of chi-square for all the 3 age groups (10, and allocated 2 marks whereas 'no' means they have wrong 11 and 12) is greater than the tabulated value (14.1) thus, information and was allocated one marks. (see table 1) rejecting the hypothesis. This concludes that there is a The data in the above table shows that the semi urban significant difference in the attitude towards secondary sexual girls had comparatively more correct knowledge of the general changes and menarche among girls belonging to semi urban facts related to secondary sexual changes and menarche and rural settings. than rural girls. Among the 10 year girls from rural area not a Discussion single girl had the correct information that pubertal changes Study emphasizes that there is a significant difference in occur due to biological causes and starts in girls earlier than the source of information about menarche in the rural and boys. They said yes to the questions like menstruation cleans semi urban girls. The data reveals that the highest source of the body of dirty blood, girls become weak during periods. menstrual information were peers for the semi urban girls They did not know that heavy exercises are dangerous during followed by mother, relatives, teachers, wardens, books periods and showed incorrect information about the whereas mothers were the main source of information for complications during puberty. Among the girls of age 11 and rural girls followed by teachers, books, relatives, peer and 12 year not a single girl gave correct response to the question television, in the decreasing order. on whether the girls become weak during periods. From the There is a significant difference in the awareness towards semi urban girls of all the three age groups, although the secondary sexual changes and menarche in girls (10-12years) percentage of girls responding correctly to all the questions from rural and semi urban areas. Semi urban girls were having was more than the rural girls but were not satisfactory. comparatively more correct knowledge than rural girls. (Distribution of respondents on "sources of information Conclusion: about menarche") (See Table 2) The result and study reveals that it is important to educate The data in the above table shows that among the 10 preadolescents about issues related to menstruation and year girls mother and teachers were the highest sources of other pubertal changes, so that they can further safeguard information for the rural girls whereas maximum of the semi themselves against various infections and diseases. This urban girls reported peers (close friends)as their sources of could further help them to lead a healthy life. information about menarche. None of the semi urban girl It is evident from the study that none of the respondents reported warden and teachers as their sources. From the possess sufficient and correct knowledge regarding pubertal girls of 11 years of age, mother and peers were the highest changes. Only 17.24% girls of semi urban and 38.75%rural sources among rural and semi urban settings respectively girls reported teachers as their source of information and and no one from the semi urban settings respectively and no also the schools of both the settings are inadequately one reported books as their source of information about equipped to meet the challenge. menarche. And among the 12 years of age, mother was the So they should be provided with unbiased, unmoralistic highest source of information for both the rural and semi urban information so that they are better informed and adjusted to girls. Books, teachers were reported as the sources of their changing physical, biological and emotional needs. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 144

Mostly these age group girls are very shy to express their Biological and psychosocial perspectives, plenum. Press, problems in front of others. They themselves think it as a New York, 1984. matter to shame if disclosed to anyone. In order to increase * Dhingra, Rajni;Kumar ,Anil and Kaur Manreet:Knowledge the awareness among preadolescent girls regarding their and Practices related to Menstruation among pubertal health, there must be a proper source and channel Triabl(Gujjar)Adolescent Girls.EthnoMed,2009,3(1):43-48. of knowledge provided to them. * Drubashayani Devi,K;Venkata Ramaiah, P:A study on The role of teacher and family members especially mother menstrual hygiene among Rural Adolescents Girls.Indian and wardens must rise up. By getting right knowledge through Journal Medical Science, 1994,48:139-143. right channel and of right time will automatically make them * Grover, V.L.: Final Report on a study of reproductive health confidant and upraise their reproductive health status. awareness and sexual behaviours among adolescents in Suggestions: delhi:Report submitted to ICMR:Delhi,1998. For parents: * Guha Martin: The Gale Encyclopedia of Children's ò Parents should preinform their adolescents about pubertal Health:Infancy through Adolescence,2006,20(4):39-41." changes. Gupta,Sadhna;Sinha,Achala:Awareness about ò Parents must keep positive attitude towards their child's Reproduction and Adolescent Changes among School Girls puberty. of Different Socio-economic Status.Journal of Obstetrics and ò Parents should ensure that everyone goes through Gynecology,2006,56(4):324-328. puberty, they are not alone. * Hermansson,Evelyn:Transition to Puberty as Experienced For teachers: by 12 year old Swedish Nursing,2008,24(5):326-334. ò Teachers must introduce the adolescents about the * Jeanne;Brooks-Gunn,J and ruble,D.N: The development of pubertal changes under their subjects. menstrual realted beliefs and behaviours during early For wardens: adolescence.child development,1982, 53:1567-1577. ò Wardens must keep friendly attitude towards them. * Kalman,Melnie B:Taking A Different Path:Menstrual ò Wardens should organize periodical meetings their Preparation for Adolescent Girls Living Apart From Their pubertal changes. Mothers.Health Carefor Women International, 2003,24(10): For further study: 868-879. ò Further research can be worked on other sectors of * Kanyike,F.,Akankwasa,D. and Karungi, C. (2004) . adolescent girls such as lower socio economic, illiterate Menstruation as a barrier to gender equality in and disabled girls. Uganda.Insights Education. ò The comparison of the awareness about pubertal changes * Khanna,Anoop;Goyal,R.S. and Bhawsar, Rahul:Menstrual can be done among the boys and girls. Practices Reproductive Problems,2002. ò The same study can be done on girls belonging to different * Mahajan,P;Sharma,N:Awareness Level of Adolescents groups on the basis of mother's education and working Regarding Menarche.Journal of Human Ecology, 2004, status, type of family. 16(3):215-218. ò The study can be used for planning programmes, making * Nair,P;Grover, V.L;Khanna, A.T.:Awareness and Practices new policies for improving the level of information of of Menstruation and Pubertal Changes among Unmarried adolescent girls. Female Adolescents in Rural Area of East Delhi.Indian References: Journal Community Medical Science,2007,32:156-157. * Adentokunbo, Tayo O.;Oluwarotimi, Akinola, * Narayana, K.A.:Srnivasa,D.K.;Pelto P.J. and Veeanmaal, I.;Lukeman;Shittu A.J.and Osinusi,B.O:Appraisal of Menstrual S:Puberty, Ritual Reproductive Knowledge and Health of Awareness and pattern among female secondary school Adolescent school Girls in South India, 2001. students in Logos.journal of Obstetrics and * Paul,D:A Report on an ICMR Funded Project:Knowledge and Gynecologny,2009. Practices of adolescent Girls Regarding Reproductive * Bista,M.B.(2004)A review of research literature on girls Health with Special Emphasis on Hygiene During education in Nepal. For UNESCO Bangkok. Menstruation New Delhi:National Institute of Public * Bhatt, Nirojini;Mahajan, Payal and Sondhi, Minal: Awareness Cooperation and Child Development(NIPCCD),2007. regarding sex knowledge among Adolescent Girls.Vikas * Reddy,P.J.and Reddy, M.V.S.: Reproductive Health: publishing House,2004,6(2):101-103. Concerns and Constraints of Adolescents,2003. * Brooks-Gunn, J. and Petersen, A.C.:Girls at puberty: * Rogal,Alan D;Clark,Pamela A and Roemmich,James Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 145

N.Growth and Pubertal Development in Children and * Singh,S.P.;Singh,Maya;Arora,Meenakshi;Sen, P:Knowledge Adolescents:Effects of Diet and Physical Activity.American Assessment Rearding Puberty and Menstruation among Journal of clinical Nutrition, 2007,72(2):521-528. School Adolescent Girls of District Varanasi,U.P.Indian * Sharma, Pragya;Malhotra,Chetna; Taneja,D.K.and Journal Prev.Soc.Med,2006,37(1&2). Saha,Renuka. A study of the types and frequency of problems * Stubbs,Margaret L:Cultural Perception and Practices around related to menstruation in girls,department of community Menarche & Adolescent Menstruation in the United States. The medicine,2008,72. Menstrual Cycle and Adolescent Health,2008,113(5):58-66. * Shukla,S.and Hora,N.Providing for pre adolescent girls in * Talwar,R.:A study of the Health Profile of Adolescent Girls in India Insights,2004. an Urban Slum and their Knowledge about Reproductive * Shukla,S.:Working on Menstruation with girls in Mumbai, India: Health,New Delhi,1997.155. Vacha Women's Resource Centre. EQUALS, 2005, 15 (5). * Tiwari,H;Oza,U.N.and Tiwari,R: Knowledge, Attitudes and * Singh,A.J.:Place of Menstruation in the Reproductive Lives Beliefs about Menarche of Adolescent Girls in Ananad of Women of Rural North India.India Journal of community District,Gujarat,2006,12(3&4). medicine,2006,31(1):10-14.

Table 1. (Percentage distribution of respondents on "Awareness towards secondary sexual changes and menarche")

Table 2 (Distribution of respondents on "sources of information about menarche") Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 146

‡W_ gßÒH$aU H{$ gÂ_mZZr` gXÒ`m| H$s gyMr (1 Jan. to 31 Dec. 2013) (01) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. O°Z...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. S>m∞.Ama.gr. O°Z...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) ‡m{. S>m∞.]r.H{$. XmZJ∂T> ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eb.EZ.e_m©...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (05) ‡m{. S>m∞.EZ.H{$. S>]H$am ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{.S>m∞.‡H$meMß– amßH$m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (07) ‡m{. S>m∞.X{drbmb Ahra ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞.Or.H{$. Hw$_mdV ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm (_.‡.) (09) ‡m{. S>m∞.AoZb O°Z ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm (_.‡.) (10) S>m∞.amO|–Hw$_ma [°p›g`m ...... AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm (_.‡.) (11) ‡m{. S>m∞.S>r.Eg. o\$am{oO`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{.S>m∞. adrßX´Hw$_ma gm{hm{Zr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞.Za|–Hw$_ma O°Z...... lr Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ odoY ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{.S>m∞. [X_qgh [Q>{b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) (15) lr_Vr g_Vm _{hVm (H$Q>mna`m) ...... em{YmWu 111, YmZ_ßS>r, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞.AO` ^mJ©d...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) (17) S>m∞.Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr

o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU H{$ gÂ_mZZr` gXÒ`m| H$s gyMr (1 Apr. 2013 to 31 March. 2014) (01) ‡mMm`© ([X{Z) ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (02) ‡mMm`© ([X{Z) ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. eemßH$ Xw]{ ...... O°Z H$bm, dmoU¡`, odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (05) S>m∞. gwZrVm ]H$mdb{...... AnVnW nd¤mZ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. drUm qgh ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. _h{e JwﬂVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (09) ‡m{. gwZ°Zm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. amO{›–ngßJ Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. adr›– ]d} ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOrV Aam{am...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. [mag_nU JwﬂVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (14) [´m{. S>m∞. d›XZm ]d}...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (15) [´m{. S>m∞. oeßnOZr AdÒWr...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. g|dVr S>m]a ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (17) ‡m{. Jm`Ãr Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. amOHw$_ma oe›X{ ...... AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. lr_Vr H$_b{e C[m‹`m` ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 147

(21) ‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ hnaV (]•Odmgr) ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. Am{Pm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{d|X´ qgh amR>m°∂S> ...... emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ e_m©...... emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmnU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. bVm O°Z...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` AJ´dmb ...... _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (27) gwlr `jrVm _Îhm°Ãm ...... em{YmWu, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (28) lr odO` _mdr ...... em{YmWu X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (29) [´m{. S>m∞. odÌdmg e_m© ...... SAIM & S B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. F$of o_lm ...... ]r ÒHy$b, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_ßV Zm_X{d ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßOrd e_m©...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÍ$Um g{R>r ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (34) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m` ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. amOlr g{R> ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (36) [´m{. S>m∞. ^r_g{Z AIßS> ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (37) [´m{. S>m∞. ‡H$meHw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (38) [´m{. S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (39) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (40) ‡m{. S>m∞. dßXZm _mbdr`m ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (41) [´m{. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (42) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV ...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (43) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (44) ‡m{. S>m∞.gwZrbHw$_ma e_m© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (45) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (46) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡{_bVm oVdmar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (47) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aaod›X lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (48) ‡m{. adr›–Hw$_ma `m{Ym ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (49) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` _yßJr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (50) ‡m{. gwerbM›– Om`gdmb ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (51) ‡m{. S>m∞. _wHw$›Xamd _hmb{...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (52) ‡m{. g]b qgJ amdV ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (53) ‡m{. Jm{od›X dmÒH{$b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (54) ‡m{. oO`mbmb gm{bßH$s...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (55) ‡m{. a_{e Am{MQ> ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (56) ‡m{. gmnaVm Qw> S>b{ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) (57) ‡m{. S>m∞.Or.gr. _{hVm ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (58) ‡m{. Eg.Eg. _wd{b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (59) ‡m{. E_.Eb. dmÒH{$b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (60) ‡m{. [rQ>a S>m{oS>`ma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 148

(61) ‡m{. g{obZ _mdr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (62) [´m{. _rZm _mdr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (63) ‡m{. ]r.Eb. S>m]a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (64) ‡m{. h{_Vm SwS>d{ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm (_.‡.) (65) [´m{. gwZrbHw$_ma ogH$adma ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (66) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (67) ‡m{. S>m∞. odZm{XHw$_ma e_m©...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (68) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm (_.‡.) (69) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXbr[qgh _ S>bm{B© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm (_.‡.) (70) ‡m{. lr_Vr Amem O°Z...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX (_.‡.) (71) S>m∞.am_{Ìda JwflVm ...... EMRS Hw$jr (_.‡.) (72) S>m∞. AOw©Z gm°bßH$s ...... AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (73) ‡m{. S>m∞.ZQ>dabmb JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (74) ‡m{. S>m∞. Amem gmIr JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (75) ‡m{. S>m∞. g[Zm gm{Zr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (76) ‡m{. S>m∞.Ama. H$m›h{a{ ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (77) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` AßO∂S> (_.‡.) (78) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r.[m S>{`...... gßH$m`m‹`j dmoU¡` (S>rZ) AdY{e ‡Vm[qgh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (79) [´m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (80) ‡m{. S>m∞.aod‡H$me [m S>{` ...... emaXm _hmod⁄mb`, gab ZJa, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (81) ‡m{. ]r.Eg. oggm{oX`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (82) S>m∞. h{_qgh _ S>bm{B© ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (83) ‡m{. amO{e _B©∂S>m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (84) [´m{. am`Hy$ O_am...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (85) [´m{. _ram Om_m{X ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (86) S>m∞. CX`qgh qZJdmb ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (87) ‡m{. AmH$me Vmoha...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (88) ‡m{. oZ^©`qgh gm°bßH$s ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (89) [´m{. am`qgh _ S>bm{B© ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (90) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_r ]K{b ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (91) S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) (92) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (93) gwlr Z_´Vm O°Z ...... em{YmWu, [{gro\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (94) S>m∞. aoÌ_ qgJ ...... AoVoW od¤mZ amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (95) gwlr Xro[H$m O°Z ...... em{YmWu, _{dm∂S> odÌdod⁄mb`, JßJama, oObm-oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) (96) gwlr oZem _m{∂S> ...... em{YmWu, _{dm∂S> odÌdod⁄mb`, JßJama, oObm-oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) (97) S>m∞. gwlr H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r (amO.) (98) S>m∞. gam{O d_m© ...... AmB©.gr.[r.Eg., oO›X (hna`mUm) (99) ‡m{. ‡Xr[qgJ...... H|$–r` odÌdod⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (100) S>m∞. adr›X´ ‡Om[oV ...... EZ.E.gr.Am{. ›`y oXÎbr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 149

RNI No.-MPHIN28519/12/1/2012-TC (An International Multidisciplinary Refereed Journal) ISSN 2320 - 8767

MEMBERSHIP CUM AUTHOR'S BIO-DATA FORM (Photocopy of this form may be used) (1 July 2013 - 30 June 2014)

NAME (Author / Member) : Mr/Mrs/Ms/Prof/Dr : ......

NAME of of Co-Author(s) : ......

DESIGNATION : ...... SUBJECT: ......

NAME OF College/University/Institution : ......

HOME / Official Address : ......

......

STATE : ...... PIN : ...... COUNTRY : ......

Tel. No. (Res. /Office) : ...... MOB : ......

E-mail Address : ......

Sign......

1. MEMBERSHIP will be valid for individual, University/College Institute Library-One Year SUBSCRIPTION RATES For printing/publication of one research paper. * Institutions Rs. 1,000/- per annum (without publication of paper) * Membership for Author Rs. 600/- for 1 Year. * Membership for Co-Author Rs. 600/- for 1 Year. * Publication of paper each after membership Rs. 600/- (2000 Words / 4 Page) 2. For Remittances can pay printing amount through DD/Cheque in favor of 'NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR' payable at Neemuch (M.P) and send it by Registered Post. Fill information regarding Demand Draft. D.D. No. : ...... Amount ...... Name of Bank ...... Date : ...... OR You can cash deposit / Online fund transfer on NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR Current A/c.

Bank Detail :- Editor - Ashish Sharma NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR Add:- "Shri Shyam Bhawan" Current A/c. no.:- 32768184328 795, Vikas Nagar Extension 14/2, Neemuch Bank Name :- State Bank Of India (M.P) - 458441 Mob:- 09617239102 Branch :- Neemuch (M.P) Email ID :- [email protected] IFSC code:- SBIN003005 Website :- www.nssresearchjournal.com

{All disputes are subject to exclusive jurisdiction of NEEMUCH Court Only (M.P.)} Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 150

RNI No. - MPHIN28519/12/1/2012-TC ISSN 2320 - 8767 (An International Multidisciplinary Refereed Journal)

COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT FORM: (Photocopy of this form may be used) For the submission of an research paper. (mention Title of Manuscript): ------Name of Author :------Name of Co-Author ------I hereby declare, on behalf of myself and my co-authors (if any), that: [1] I/we have taken due care that the scientific knowledge and all other statements contained in the research paper conform to true facts and authentic formulae and will not, if followed precisely, be detrimental to the user. [2] No responsibility is assumed by NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR and the Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR , its staff or members or the editorial board for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products instruction, advertisements or ideas contained in a publication by NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR and by the Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR. [3] I/we permit the adaptation, preparation of derivative works, oral presentation or distribution, along with the commercial application of the work. [4] The research paper contains no such material that may be unlawful, defamatory, or which would, if published, in any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid down in the agreement. [5] The research paper submitted is an original work of mine/ours and has neither been published in any other peer- reviewed journal/ news paper/magazine/periodical/book nor is under consideration for publication by any of them. Also, the research paper does not contravene any existing copyright or any other third party rights. [6] I am/we are the sole author(s) of the research paper and maintain the authority to enter into this agreement and the granting of rights to The Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR ,Neemuch India and this does not infringe any clause of this agreement. COPYRIGHT TRANSFER Copyright to the above work (including without limitation, the right to publish the work in whole, or in part, in any and all forms) is here by transferred to NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR, Neemuch and to the Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR, Neemuch proprietary right other than copyright is proclaimed by NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR and the Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR. Under the Following Conditions: Attribution :(i) The services of the original author must be acknowledged; (ii). In case of reuse or distribution, the agreement conditions must be clarified to the user of this work; (iii) Any of these conditions can be ignored on the consent of the author. SIGN HERE FOR COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT & COPY RIGHT TRANSFER AGREEMENT : I hereby certify that I am authorized to sign this document either in my own right or as an agent of my employer, and have made no changes to the current valid document supplied by NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR and the Publisher of NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR. Write Authors Name and Designation :------Signature:------Date:------Place:------Write Co-Authors Name and Designation :------Signature:------Date:------Place:------My/Our above name research paper is originally written by me/us and all information are true. I/we will fully responsible for this research paper. Name: ------College/ University :------Subject:------Signature:------Date:------Place:------Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 151 Guideline for Authors/Research Scholars

* This is a national/international refereed NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR Research Journal for all subjects. * The selection and publication of research paper are done after recommendation of referees and subject experts. * Your research papers should be original and unpublished. * The research papers should be written according to RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Although this is a national/international registered research journal but in any case or circumstances if any university/college/ institute/society denies to accept or recognize author's/research scholar's published research papers in the journal, then it will not be the responsibility of editor, publisher, management, editorial board, referee or subject experts. * The research papers should have bibliography, footnotes, references, suggestions and findings. * Only one printed copy of research journal will be sent to the author. No extra or second copy for co-author will be sent but if anybody requires extra copy of issue then in that case individual has to give an amount of Rs. 400/- for each single issue. * The titles of your research papers should be appropriate. * If your research paper is not accepted in that case NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR will refund your amount without any interest rate within 90 days after rejection of paper. * You can also send your Research Papers by Website & Email id. * Authors/Researchers should sent hardcopy of research paper with copyright form at NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR official Address.

Double Blind Peer Review Policy Review System: Every article is processed by a masked peer review of double blind or by three referees and edited accordingly before publication. The criteria used for the acceptance of article are: contemporary relevance, updated literature, logical analysis, relevance to the global problem, sound methodology, contribution to knowledge and fairly good command on language. Selection of articles will be purely based on the experts' views and opinion. Authors will be communicated within Two months from the date of receipt of the manuscript. The editorial office will endeavor to assist where necessary with English/Hindi language editing but authors are hereby requested to seek local editing assistance as far as possible before submission. Papers with immediate relevance would be considered for early publication. The possible expectations will be in the case of occasional invited papers and editorials, or where a partial or entire issue is devoted to a special theme under the guidance of a Guest /Advisor Editor.

Compulsory Guidelines for Research Scholar Lecturers and Professors * Research paper should be typed in MS Word 2007. * Paper should be typed in A4 Size paper with standard margins of (2 cm/0.787 inches in all four sides) * Title of Research Paper should be typed in 14 Size font and Bold with Underline. * Authors / Research Scholar Names with College Address should be typed in 12 Size Font and Bold. * Line Space Between should be 1.0 line spaces. * Reference should be in Vancouver style at End of the paper (Endnote). * For HINDI and SANSKRIT papers, use only these fonts : Kruti Dev-11 (Font size : 12) * For ENGLISH papers, use only these fonts : Times New Roman (Font size : 10). Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 152 S>m∞. amYmH•$ÓUZ≤ H$m∞b{O 88, oejH$ H$m∞bm{Zr, Zr_M (_.‡.) \$m{Z: 07423-222353 _m{. 9827325092 \°$∑g: 07423-403711 FAX : 222353 E-MAIL : [email protected] odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z _{naQ> ÒH$m∞baer[ ADMISSION OPEN 85% & ABOVE 100% _.‡. emgZ ¤mam SC/ST/OBC/GEN. 80% & ABOVE 75% BBA Edß AÎ[gßª`H$, odH$bmßJ, lo_H$, 75% & ABOVE 50% AmoX H$m{ N>mÃd•oŒm H$m bm^ 70% & ABOVE 25% BCA 60% & ABOVE 10% LCD ‡m{O{∑Q>a `w∑V HI-TECH ∑bmg Í$_ oZ:ewÎH$ ‡oejU H$Âﬂ`yQ>a hmS>©d{`a Edß _°Z{O_{›Q> ^maV gaH$ma ZB© oXÎbr SIDS (MES) ¤mam GRADUCATION 12TH 10TH OFFICE CO-ORDINATOR TALLY FUNDAMETALS, MS-OFFICE MARKETING ASSOCIATE BANKING & INTERNET & SOFT SKILL HUMAN RESOUCE ASSOCIATE ACCOUNTING, COMPUTER HARDWARE FINANCE ASSOCIATE WEB DESIGNING COMPUTER NETWORIKNG _mIZbmb MVwd©{Xr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb MSC (CS) MSC(CS)LE DCA BSC(IT) MSC(IT) PGDCA BCA _hof© _h{e `m{Jr d°oXH$ odÌdod⁄mb`, oS>ÒQ>|g E¡`yH{$eZ (O]b[wa) MA (EDU.H/E/S/D/Y/M/EG.) MBA B.LIB BPP MSC (MATHS) M.COM M.S.W. BSC (CS) PGDCA DIPLOMA IN H & N B.S.W. B.COM (CA) ADCA MODERN OFF.MANAGEMENT M.LIB BA DCA Zm{Q>- oS>J´r b{Z{ h{Vw H$m∞b{O _| C[pÒWV hm{Z{ H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht$& Zm°H$ar [∂T>mB© gmW gmW A[Z{ ]OQ> _| [∂T>mB©$& Am`w H$m ]ßYZ Zht$& [arjm H{$›– Zr_M $& Am{E_Ama erQ> [a [arjm Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 153 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 154 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 155 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767April to June 2013 156