An Efficient Strategy for Obtaining Mutants by Targeted Gene Deletion
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Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus Rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba By
Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba by Sunday Oghiakhe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Entomology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2014 Sunday Oghiakhe Abstract Hylurgopinus rufipes, the native elm bark beetle (NEBB), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Manitoba. Dissections of American elms (Ulmus americana), in the same year as DED symptoms appeared in them, showed that NEBB constructed brood galleries in which a generation completed development, and adult NEBB carrying DED spores would probably leave the newly-symptomatic trees. Rapid removal of freshly diseased trees, completed by mid-August, will prevent spore-bearing NEBB emergence, and is recommended. The relationship between presence of NEBB in stained branch sections and the total number of NEEB per tree could be the basis for methods to prioritize trees for rapid removal. Numbers and densities of overwintering NEBB in elm trees decreased with increasing height, with >70% of the population overwintering above ground doing so in the basal 15 cm. Substantial numbers of NEBB overwinter below the soil surface, and could be unaffected by basal spraying. Mark-recapture studies showed that frequency of spore bearing by overwintering beetles averaged 45% for the wild population and 2% for marked NEBB released from disease-free logs. Most NEBB overwintered close to their emergence site, but some traveled ≥4.8 km before wintering. Studies comparing efficacy of insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos gave 100% control of overwintering NEBB for two years as did bifenthrin: however, permethrin and carbaryl provided transient efficacy. -
The Identification of Ophiostoma Novo-Ulmi Subsp. Americana from Portland Elms
The Identification of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. americana from Portland Elms by Benjamin K. Au A PROJECT Submitted to Oregon State University University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honor Baccalaureate of Science in Biology (Honors Scholar) Presented on March 5, 2014 Commencement June 2014 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Benjamin K. Au for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Biology presented on March 5th, 2014. Title: The Identification of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. americana from Portland Elms. Abstract approved: Melodie Putnam Dutch elm disease (DED) is a disease of elm trees caused by three species of Ascomycota fungi: Ophiostoma ulmi, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, and Ophiostoma himal-ulmi. There are also two subspecies of O. novo-ulmi: subsp. americana and subsp. novo-ulmi. The pathogen is spread by bark beetles, which inhabit and traverse different elms. O. novo-ulmi is noted to be more aggressive than O. ulmi, and thus many areas in which O. ulmi had been dominant are being replaced by O. novo-ulmi. Epidemiology of DED has been studied in areas including Spain, New Zealand, and Austria. Studies of the disease in the United States are not as prevalent. This study attempts to identify to subspecies, 14 fungal strains isolated from diseased elms growing in Portland, Oregon. Goals include determination of the relative abundance of O. novo-ulmi and O. ulmi. Most elm surveys categorize diseased elms as having signs of DED, but do not specify the causal species or subspecies. Another goal is to develop methods that can be used to differentiate between the species and subspecies of Ophiostoma, based on growth rate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). -
The Mitochondrial Genome of Ophiostoma Himal-Ulmi and Comparison with Other Dutch Elm Disease Causing Fungi
Canadian Journal of Microbiology The mitochondrial genome of Ophiostoma himal-ulmi and comparison with other Dutch elm disease causing fungi. Journal: Canadian Journal of Microbiology Manuscript ID cjm-2020-0589.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Feb-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Wai, Alvan; University of Manitoba, Hausner, Georg; University of Manitoba, Buller Building 213 Keyword: Introns, Ophiostomatales, homing endonucleases, Dutch Elm Disease Is the invited manuscript for Draft consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 42 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1 The mitochondrial genome of Ophiostoma himal-ulmi and comparison with other Dutch 2 elm disease causing fungi. 3 4 Alvan Wai and Georg Hausner# 5 Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 6 #Corresponding author: [email protected] 7 8 Draft 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Microbiology Page 2 of 42 9 Abstract 10 The mitochondrial genome of Ophiostoma himal-ulmi, a species endemic to the Western 11 Himalayas and a member of the Dutch elm disease-causing fungi, has been sequenced and 12 characterized. The mitochondrial genome was compared with other available genomes for 13 members of the Ophiostomatales, including other agents of Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi, 14 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies americana) 15 and it was observed that gene synteny is highly conserved and variability among members of the 16 Dutch-elm disease-causing fungi is primarily due to the number of intron insertions. -
Xyleborus Bispinatus Reared on Artificial Media in the Presence Or
insects Article Xyleborus bispinatus Reared on Artificial Media in the Presence or Absence of the Laurel Wilt Pathogen (Raffaelea lauricola) Octavio Menocal 1,*, Luisa F. Cruz 1, Paul E. Kendra 2 ID , Jonathan H. Crane 1, Miriam F. Cooperband 3, Randy C. Ploetz 1 and Daniel Carrillo 1 1 Tropical Research & Education Center, University of Florida 18905 SW 280th St, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; luisafcruz@ufl.edu (L.F.C.); jhcr@ufl.edu (J.H.C.); kelly12@ufl.edu (R.C.P.); dancar@ufl.edu (D.C.) 2 Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33158, USA; [email protected] 3 Otis Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, 1398 W. Truck Road, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: omenocal18@ufl.edu; Tel.: +1-786-217-9284 Received: 12 January 2018; Accepted: 24 February 2018; Published: 28 February 2018 Abstract: Like other members of the tribe Xyleborini, Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff can cause economic damage in the Neotropics. X. bispinatus has been found to acquire the laurel wilt pathogen Raffaelea lauricola (T. C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva) when breeding in a host affected by the pathogen. Its role as a potential vector of R. lauricola is under investigation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate three artificial media, containing sawdust of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and silkbay (Persea humilis Nash.), for rearing X. bispinatus under laboratory conditions. In addition, the media were inoculated with R. lauricola to evaluate its effect on the biology of X. bispinatus. There was a significant interaction between sawdust species and R. -
MYCOTAXON Volume 104, Pp
MYCOTAXON Volume 104, pp. 399–404 April–June 2008 Raffaelea lauricola, a new ambrosia beetle symbiont and pathogen on the Lauraceae T. C. Harrington1*, S. W. Fraedrich2 & D. N. Aghayeva3 *[email protected] 1Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University 351 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA 2Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service Athens, GA 30602, USA 3Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Patamdar 40, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan Abstract — An undescribed species of Raffaelea earlier was shown to be the cause of a vascular wilt disease known as laurel wilt, a severe disease on redbay (Persea borbonia) and other members of the Lauraceae in the Atlantic coastal plains of the southeastern USA. The pathogen is likely native to Asia and probably was introduced to the USA in the mycangia of the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Analyses of rDNA sequences indicate that the pathogen is most closely related to other ambrosia beetle symbionts in the monophyletic genus Raffaelea in the Ophiostomatales. The asexual genus Raffaelea includes Ophiostoma-like symbionts of xylem-feeding ambrosia beetles, and the laurel wilt pathogen is named R. lauricola sp. nov. Key words — Ambrosiella, Coleoptera, Scolytidae Introduction A new vascular wilt pathogen has caused substantial mortality of redbay [Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.] and other members of the Lauraceae in the coastal plains of South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida since 2003 (Fraedrich et al. 2008). The fungus apparently was introduced to the Savannah, Georgia, area on solid wood packing material along with the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a native of southern Asia (Fraedrich et al. -
Ophiostoma Novo-Ulmi Subsp. Novo-Ulmi(ニレ類立枯病 菌)に関する病害虫リスクアナリシス報告書
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi(ニレ類立枯病 菌)に関する病害虫リスクアナリシス報告書 平成28年3月25日 農林水産省 横浜植物防疫所調査研究部 目次 はじめに ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 リスクアナリシス対象の病害虫の生物学的情報(有害植物) .......................................................................... 1 1 学名及び分類 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 地理的分布.......................................................................................................................................... 1 3 宿主植物及び国内分布 ....................................................................................................................... 2 4 感染部位及びその症状 ........................................................................................................................ 2 5 移動分散方法 ...................................................................................................................................... 2 6 生態 .................................................................................................................................................... 2 7 媒介性又は被媒介性に関する情報 ...................................................................................................... 3 8 被害の程度.......................................................................................................................................... 3 9 防除に関する情報 .............................................................................................................................. -
Recovery Plan for Laurel Wilt of Avocado
Recovery Plan for Laurel wilt of Avocado (caused by Raffaelea lauricola) 22 March 2011 Contents Page Executive Summary 2-3 Reviewer and Contributors 4 I. Introduction 4 - 7 II. Symptoms 7 - 8 III. Spread 8 - 11 IV. Monitoring and Detection 11 - 12 V. Response 13 - 143 VI. Permit and Regulatory Issues 14 VII. Economic Impact 14 VIII. Mitigation and Disease Management 14 - 17 IX. Infrastructure and Experts 17 - 18 X. Research, Extension and Education Priorities 18 - 19 XI. Timeline for Recovery 20 References 21 -24 Web Resources 24 This recovery plan is one of several disease-specific documents produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS) called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9). The purpose of the NPDRS is to insure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impact of high consequence plant disease outbreaks such that a reasonable level of crop production is maintained. Each disease-specific plan is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, extension, and education needs. These documents are not intended to be stand-alone documents that address all of the many and varied aspects of plant disease outbreak and all of the decisions that must be made and actions taken to achieve effective response and recovery. They are, however, documents that will help USDA guide further efforts directed toward plant disease recovery. Executive Summary Laurel wilt kills American members of the Lauraceae plant family, including avocado (Persea americana). -
Ophiostoma Stenoceras and O. Grandicarpum (Ophiostomatales), First Records in the Czech Republic
C z e c h m y c o l . 56 (1-2), 2004 Ophiostoma stenoceras and O. grandicarpum (Ophiostomatales), first records in the Czech Republic David N ovotny1 and P etr ŠrŮ tka2 1 Research Institute of Crop Production - Division of Plant Medicine, Drnovská 507,'161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Czech Agricultural University, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic Novotný D. and Šrůtka P. (2004): Ophiostoma stenoceras and O. grandicarpum (Ophiostomatales), first records in the Czech Republic. - Czech Mycol. 56: 19-32 Two species of ophiostomatoid fungi were observed in oaks. Ophiostoma stenoceras was isolated during a study of endophytic mycobiota of the roots and seedlings of a sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Ophiostoma grandicarpum was recorded in the stem of a pedunculate oak ( Q . robur). These fungi have not yet been reported from the Czech Republic. The knowledge on the occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi in the Czech Republic is reviewed. Key words: ophiostomatoid fungi, distribution, oak, roots, bark, Ceratocystis, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur Novotný D. a Šrůtka P. (2004): Ophiostoma stenoceras a O. grandicarpum (Ophiosto matales), první nálezy v České republice. - Czech Mycol. 56: 19-32 Během studia mykobioty dubů byly pozorovány dva druhy ophiostomatálních hub. Druh Ophiostoma stenoceras byl izolován při studiu endofytické mykobioty kořenů dubů a mladých dubových semenáčků ( Quercus petraea). D ruh Ophiostoma grandicarpum byl nalezen na kmeni dubu letního (Q. robur). V případě obou druhů se jedná o první nálezy z České republiky. V článku je uveden přehled dosud zjištěných druhů ophiostomatálních hub z České republiky. -
Fungi of Raffaelea Genus (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales) Associated to Platypus Cylindrus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) in Portugal
FUNGI OF RAFFAELEA GENUS (ASCOMYCOTA: OPHiostomATALES) ASSOCIATED to PLATYPUS CYLINDRUS (COLEOPTERA: PLATYPODIDAE) IN PORTUGAL FUNGOS DO GÉNERO RAFFAELEA (ASCOMYCOTA: OPHiostomATALES) ASSOCIADOS A PLATYPUS CYLINDRUS (COLEOPTERA: PLATYPODIDAE) EM PORTUGAL MARIA LURDES INÁCIO1, JOANA HENRIQUES1, ARLINDO LIMA2, EDMUNDO SOUSA1 ABSTRACT Key-words: Ambrosia beetle, ambrosia fun- gi, cork oak, decline. In the study of the fungi associated to Platypus cylindrus, several fungi were isolated from the insect and its galleries in cork oak, RESUMO among which three species of Raffaelea. Mor- phological and cultural characteristics, sensitiv- No estudo dos fungos associados ao insec- ity to cycloheximide and genetic variability had to xilomicetófago Platypus cylindrus foram been evaluated in a set of isolates of this genus. isolados, a partir do insecto e das suas ga- On this basis R. ambrosiae and R. montetyi were lerias no sobreiro, diversos fungos, entre os identified and a third taxon segregated witch quais três espécies de Raffaelea. Avaliaram-se differs in morphological and molecular charac- características morfológicas e culturais, sensibi- teristics from the previous ones. In this work we lidade à ciclohexamida e variabilidade genética present and discuss the parameters that allow num conjunto de isolados do género. Foram the identification of specimens of the threetaxa . identificados R. ambrosiae e R. montetyi e The role that those ambrosia fungi can have in segregou-se um terceiro táxone que difere the cork oak decline is also discussed taking em características morfológicas e molecula- into account that Ophiostomatales fungi are res dos dois anteriores. No presente trabalho pathogens of great importance in trees, namely são apresentados e discutidos os parâmetros in species of the genus Quercus. -
Evaluation of Effect of Ophiostoma Novo-Ulmi on Four Major Wood Species of the Elm Family in Rasht (North West of Iran)
Vol. 7(8), pp. 794-798, August 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST2013.1489 African Journal of Environmental Science and ISSN 1996-0786 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST Technology Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of effect of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi on four major wood species of the elm family in Rasht (North West of Iran) Shaghayegh Zolghadry1*, Mehrdad Ghodskhah Daryaee2 and Javad Torkaman3 1Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Guilan, Iran. 2Department of Forestry, University of Natural Resources, Guilan, Iran. 3Department of Forestry, University of Natural Resources, Guilan, Iran. Accepted 1 August, 2013 Dutch elm disease is the most common and destructive disease of the elm family. The pathogen of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi will systematically lead to the blockage of xylems and cavities, and will finally lead to the development of wilt symptoms. The present study aimed to compare the diameter size of vessels and the number of xylary rays in four species: Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus glabra, Zelkova carpinifolia and Celtis australis as important factors in host resistance to elm disease. To do this, some samples were randomly collected from 10 cm above the place of seedling’s inoculation. The test results showed that there was a significant difference at 1% probability level among the measured indicators in these four species, the maximum diameter of vessel and the maximum number of xylary rays belonged to U. carpinifolia. According to the results, Ulmus campestris was more sensitive towards Dutch elm disease as compared to the other three species, and C. australis had the greatest resistance to Dutch elm disease. -
Pest Risk Assessment for Dutch Elm Disease
Evira Research Reports 1/2016 Pest Risk Assessment for Dutch elm disease Evira Research Reports 1/2016 Pest Risk Assessment for Dutch elm disease Authors Salla Hannunen, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Mariela Marinova-Todorova, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Project group Salla Hannunen, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Mariela Marinova-Todorova, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Minna Terho, City of Helsinki Anne Uimari, Natural Resources Institute Finland Special thanks J.A. (Jelle) Hiemstra, Wageningen UR Tytti Kontula, Finnish Environment Institute Åke Lindelöw, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Michail Yu Mandelshtam, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University Alberto Santini, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Italy Juha Siitonen, Natural Resources Institute Finland Halvor Solheim, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Joan Webber, Forest Research, UK Cover pictures: Audrius Menkis DESCRIPTION Publisher Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Title Pest Risk Assessment for Dutch elm disease Authors Salla Hannunen, Mariela Marinova-Todorova Abstract Dutch elm disease (DED) is a fungal disease that causes high mortality of elms. DED and its vector beetles are widely present in most of the countries in the Northern Hemisphere, but they are not known to be present in Finland. DED is a major risk to plant health in Finland. DED and its vectors are moderately likely to enter Finland by natural spread aided by hitchhiking, because they are present in areas close to Finland. Entry via other pathways is much less likely, mainly due to the low volume of trade of untreated wood and plants for planting. DED and its vectors could likely establish in the southern parts of the country, since they currently occur in similar climatic conditions in other countries. -
Four New Ophiostoma Species Associated with Conifer- and Hardwood-Infesting Bark and Ambrosia Beetles from the Czech Republic and Poland
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2019) 112:1501–1521 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-019-01277-5 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Four new Ophiostoma species associated with conifer- and hardwood-infesting bark and ambrosia beetles from the Czech Republic and Poland Robert Jankowiak . Piotr Bilan´ski . Beata Strzałka . Riikka Linnakoski . Agnieszka Bosak . Georg Hausner Received: 30 November 2018 / Accepted: 14 May 2019 / Published online: 28 May 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Fungi under the order Ophiostomatales growth rates, and their insect associations. Based on (Ascomycota) are known to associate with various this study four new taxa can be circumscribed and the species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: following names are provided: Ophiostoma pityok- Scolytinae). In addition this group of fungi contains teinis sp. nov., Ophiostoma rufum sp. nov., Ophios- many taxa that can impart blue-stain on sapwood and toma solheimii sp. nov., and Ophiostoma taphrorychi some are important tree pathogens. A recent survey sp. nov. O. rufum sp. nov. is a member of the that focussed on the diversity of the Ophiostomatales Ophiostoma piceae species complex, while O. pityok- in the forest ecosystems of the Czech Republic and teinis sp. nov. resides in a discrete lineage within Poland uncovered four putative new species. Phylo- Ophiostoma s. stricto. O. taphrorychi sp. nov. together genetic analyses of four gene regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 with O. distortum formed a well-supported clade in region, ß-tubulin, calmodulin, and translation elonga- Ophiostoma s. stricto close to O. pityokteinis sp. nov. tion factor 1-a) indicated that these four species are O.