land Review A Review of Libyan Soil Databases for Use within an Ecosystem Services Framework Hamdi A. Zurqani 1,2 , Elena A. Mikhailova 1,*, Christopher J. Post 1, Mark A. Schlautman 3 and Azzeddin R. Elhawej 2 1 Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
[email protected] (H.A.Z.);
[email protected] (C.J.P.) 2 Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya;
[email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-864-656-3535 Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 15 May 2019; Published: 18 May 2019 Abstract: Ecosystem services (ESs) are increasingly being used by many countries around the world as a framework for addressing the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review article of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ESs and SDGs is the first of its kind for North Africa. The objectives of the article are to: describe the available soil resources of Libya in relation to an ES framework; provide examples of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ES applications (e.g., provisioning, Healthy Eating Plate), and describe some of the typical disservices in the country. Desertification, salinization, and limited freshwater resources are the largest challenges (disservices) for agriculture and future development in Libya. Seawater intrusion in coastal areas due to rising sea levels has resulted in high concentrations of salts in irrigation waters, which can lead to low soil productivity.