1. Which Protocol Was Based on the Specification Called the Ethernet A
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Mikrodenetleyicili Endüstriyel Seri Protokol Çözümleyici Sisteminin Programi
YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MİKRODENETLEYİCİLİ ENDÜSTRİYEL SERİ PROTOKOL ÇÖZÜMLEYİCİ SİSTEMİNİN PROGRAMI Elektronik ve Haberleşme Müh. Kemal GÜNSAY FBE Elektronik ve Haberleşme Anabilim Dalı Elektronik Programında Hazırlanan YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay UZUN (YTÜ) İSTANBUL, 2009 YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MİKRODENETLEYİCİLİ ENDÜSTRİYEL SERİ PROTOKOL ÇÖZÜMLEYİCİ SİSTEMİNİN PROGRAMI Elektronik ve Haberleşme Müh. Kemal GÜNSAY FBE Elektronik ve Haberleşme Anabilim Dalı Elektronik Programında Hazırlanan YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay UZUN (YTÜ) İSTANBUL, 2009 İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa KISALTMA LİSTESİ ................................................................................................................ v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ...................................................................................................................... viii ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ .................................................................................................................... x ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................................... xi ÖZET ........................................................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xiii 1. GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... -
Gigabit Ethernet - CH 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethern
Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet - CH 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethern.. Page 1 of 36 [Figures are not included in this sample chapter] Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet - 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet Standards This chapter discusses the theory and standards of the three versions of Ethernet around today: regular 10Mbps Ethernet, 100Mbps Fast Ethernet, and 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet. The goal of this chapter is to educate you as a LAN manager or IT professional about essential differences between shared 10Mbps Ethernet and these newer technologies. This chapter focuses on aspects of Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet that are relevant to you and doesn’t get into too much technical detail. Read this chapter and the following two (Chapter 4, "Layer 2 Ethernet Switching," and Chapter 5, "VLANs and Layer 3 Switching") together. This chapter focuses on the different Ethernet MAC and PHY standards, as well as repeaters, also known as hubs. Chapter 4 examines Ethernet bridging, also known as Layer 2 switching. Chapter 5 discusses VLANs, some basics of routing, and Layer 3 switching. These three chapters serve as a precursor to the second half of this book, namely the hands-on implementation in Chapters 8 through 12. After you understand the key differences between yesterday’s shared Ethernet and today’s Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet, evaluating products and building a network with these products should be relatively straightforward. The chapter is split into seven sections: l "Ethernet and the OSI Reference Model" discusses the OSI Reference Model and how Ethernet relates to the physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the OSI model. -
Twisted-Pair Cable (Cat
1 LAN Physical Layer Various symbols are used to represent media types. The function of media is to carry a flow of information through a LAN. Networking media are considered Layer 1, or physical layer, components of LANs. Each media has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantage or disadvantage comparisons concern: • Cable length • Cost • Ease of installation • Susceptibility to interference Coaxial cable, optical fiber, and even free space can carry network signals. However, the principal medium that will be studied is Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable (Cat 5 UTP) 2 Cable Specifications 10BASE-T The T stands for twisted pair. 10BASE5 The 5 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 500 meters 10BASE5 is often referred to as Thicknet. 10BASE2 The 2 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 200 meters 10BASE2 is often referred to as Thinnet. All 3 of these specifications refer to the speed of transmission at 10 Mbps and a type of transmission that is baseband. Thinnet and Thicknet are actually a type of networks, while 10BASE2 & 10BASE5 are the types of cabling used in these networks. 3 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable 4 Physical Media Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Consists of 4 pairs (8 wires) of insulated copper wires typically about 1 mm thick. The wires are twisted together in a helical form. Twisting reduces the interference between pairs of wires. High bandwidth and High attenuation channel. Flexible and cheap cable. Category rating based on number of twists per inch and the material used CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5, Enhanced CAT 5 and now CAT 6. -
Fact Sheet: Single-Pair Ethernet Trade Article
Fact sheet Single Pair Ethernet Matthias Fritsche – product manager device connectivity & Jonas Diekmann – technical editor HARTING Technology group – October 2016– November 2016 Wireless technology and optical cable have already been often heralded as the future transmission technology. However, simple twisted pair cable based on plain old copper, often pronounced dead, is the most common transmission medium. Simple, robust, and perhaps with 100GBASE T1 soon to be also incredibly fast. From the beginnings of Ethernet in the 1970s, then via diverse multi-pair Ethernet developments with multiple parallel transmission paths, now apparently we are taking a step back. Back to single twisted-pair. With a new protocol and new PHYs transmission rates of up to 10 Gbit/s and PoDL capacities of up to 60 W are no longer a problem. Ultimately one pair is enough. When the team surrounding David Boggs and Robert Metcalf in the 1970s developed Ethernet at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), no one could foresee that this transmission method would develop so dynamically and dominate data transmission worldwide to this day. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet still used coax cable as the common medium. Today, next to wireless and optical cables, twisted-pair cable, often pronounced dead, is the most frequently used transmission medium. Starting in 1990 with 10BASE-T, the data transmission rate of the IEEE standards increased by a factor of 10 approximately every 5 years over 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T up to 10GBASE-T. This series could not be continued for the jump to 100GBASE-T, instead however four new IEEE standards were finalized in 2016. -
Ethernet Coax Transceiver Interface 1CY7B8392 Functional Description
CY7B8392 Ethernet Coax Transceiver Interface 1CY7B8392 Functional Description Features The CY7B8392 is a low power coaxial transceiver for Ethernet 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 applications. The device contains all • Compliant with IEEE802.3 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 the circuits required to perform transmit, receive, collision de- • Pin compatible with the popular 8392 tection, heartbeat generation, jabber timer and attachment • Internal squelch circuit to eliminate input noise unit interface (AUI) functions. In addition, the CY7B8392 fea- • Hybrid mode collision detect for extended distance tures an advanced hybrid collision detection. • Automatic AUI port isolation when coaxial connector is The transmitter output is connected directly to a double termi- not present nated 50Ω cable. • Low power BiCMOS design The CY7B8392 is fabricated with an advanced low power • 16-Pin DIP or 28-Pin PLCC BiCMOS process. Typical standby current during idle is 25 mA. Logic Block Diagram RX+ HIGH PASS AUI CCM EQUALIZATION DRIVER RX– RXI LOW PASS FILTER CD+ AUI GND – CARRIER DRIVER LOW PASS SENSE CD– FILTER + TX+ TX– – COLLISION CDS LOW PASS + RCV FILTER TXO WAVEFORM + DC/AC SHAPING SQUELCH – VEE 10 MHz CLK WATCHDOG JABBER RESET OSC TIMER26 ms TIMER0.4 sec RR+ REFERENCE 1K CIRCUIT TRANSMIT RECEIVE RR– STATE STATE MACHINE MACHINE HBE 8392–1 Pin Configurations PLCC DIP Top View Top View – RX+ CD CD+ CDS NC RXI TXO CD+ 1 16 CDS 432 1 28 2726 CD– 2 15 TXO VEE (NC) 5 25 VEE (NC) RX+ 3 14 RXI VEE (NC) 6 24 VEE V VEE 7 23 VEE (NC) EE 4 13 VEE 7B8392 7B8392 VEE 8 22 VEE (NC) VEE 5 12 RR– VEE (NC) 9 21 VEE RX– 6 11 RR+ VEE (NC) 10 20 VEE (NC) TX+ 7 10 GND VEE (NC) 11 121314 15 16 1718 RR– TX– 8 9 HBE – – TX+ TX RX 8392–3 RR+ HBE GND GND 8392–2 Cypress Semiconductor Corporation • 3901 North First Street • San Jose • CA 95134 • 408-943-2600 Document #: 38-02016 Rev. -
Networking Fundamentals
SMB University: Selling Cisco SMB Foundation Solutions Networking Fundamentals © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-1 Objectives • Describe the function and operation of a hub, a switch and a router • Describe the function and operation of a firewall and a gateway • Describe the function and operation of Layer 2 switching, Layer 3 switching, and routing • Identify the layers of the OSI model • Describe the functionality of LAN, MAN, and WAN networks • Identify the possible media types for LAN and WAN connections © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-2 What is a Network? • A network refers to two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these resources. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-3 Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-4 WAN Technologies Leased Line Synchronous serial Circuit-switched TELEPHONE COMPANY Asynchronous serial. ISDN Layer 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-5 WAN Technologies (Cont.) Frame-Relay Synchronous serial SERVICE PROVIDER Broadband Access SERVICE PROVIDER Cable, DSL, Wireless WAN © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-6 Network Topologies: Bus Topology SEGMENT Terminator Terminator © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-7 Network Topologies: Star Topology Hub © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-8 Network Topologies: Extended Star Topology © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SMBUF-9 The OSI Model— Why a Layered Network Model? • Reduces complexity Application 7 • Standardizes interfaces Presentation • 6 Facilitates modular engineering • Ensures interoperable technology Session 5 • Accelerates evolution Transport • 4 Simplifies teaching and learning Network 3 Data Link 2 Physical 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. -
Ethernet Basics-1/5 BB-WP3 © 2002 by B&B Electronics
Ethernet Basics-1/5 BB-WP3 © 2002 by B&B Electronics. All rights reserved.1005 ETHERNET BASICS B&B ELECTRONICS Regular, Fast, and Ultrafast Ethernet 10BASE5—Thick Ethernet or Thicknet—is the original Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 Ethernet. 10BASE2—Thin Ethernet, Thinnet, or Cheapernet—resembles 10BASE5, was introduced to reduce the cost and complexity of installation, and became very popular for replacing Thick Ethernet as an office-cabling solution. 10BASE-T, a completely new physical layer, is IEEE 802.3i and uses two pairs of unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) B&B B&B ELECTRONICS telephone-type cable: one to transmit; the other to receive. 10BASE-F refers to three different fiber-optic specifications: . 10BASE-FL (Fiber Link) replaces the 1987 Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL) specification and is backward compatible with existing FOIRL devices. It is the most popular 10-Mbps fiber standard. 10BASE-FP and 10BASE-FB are dead. P means passive; B means backbone. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T is 10BASE-T with the original Ethernet Media Access Controller (MAC) at 10 times the speed. It allows three physical-layer implementations, all part of IEEE 802.3u: 100BASE-TX, which has two pairs of Category 5 UTP or Type 1 STP cabling and is most popular for horizontal connections; 100BASE-FX, which has two strands of multimode fiber and is most popular for vertical or backbone connections; 100BASE-T4, which as four pairs of Category 3 or better cabling and is not common. Gigabit or 1000-Mb Ethernet is the 1998 IEEE 802.3z standard that includes the Gigabit Ethernet MAC and three physical layers. -
L8: Physical Media Properties
LE/EECS 3213 Fall 2014 L8: Physical Media Properties Sebastian Magierowski York University EECS 3213, F14 L8: Physical Media 1 Outline • Key characteristics of physical media – What signals in media are made out of – Delay through media – Attenuation through media – Frequency response of media • Twisted Pair • Coax • Optical • Wireless EECS 3213, F14 L8: Physical Media 2 (‘-. & 0 _1 ‘j ‘3 3 \r (-i) IL I C I’ t —..-- 1 $ Js L8: Physical Media 8.1 Signal Particles 8.1 SignalParticles Electrons throughmetal Photons throughglass and air • • EECS 3213, F14 Communications Systems & EM Spectrum • Frequency of communications signals Optical Analog DSL WiFi Cell fiber telephone phone Frequency (Hz) 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 X-rays Broadcast radio Powerand telephone Microwave radio Visible light Visible Gammarays Infraredlight Ultraviolet light 106 104 102 10 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 Wavelength (meters) EECS 3213, F14 L8: Physical Media 4 8.2 Delay Communication channel d meters t = 0 t = d/c • Propagation speed of signal – c = 3 x 108 meters/second in vacuum – v = c/√ε speed of light in medium • ε>1 is the dielectric constant of the medium • v = 2.3 x 108 m/sec in copper wire • v = 2.0 x 108 m/sec in optical fiber EECS 3213, F14 L8: Physical Media 5 j c • II 1’ i 0 8.2 Attenuation (1 • Usually the signal power that comes out your channel is less than the signal power that comes in your channel 2 – Attenuation = |Ac| = Pin/Pout • Can also think of it in terms of the channel’s frequency‘‘ response (aka transfer function) 2 – |Hc| = Pout/Pin .4 1 ‘ .4 I - 4 — 1 V EECS 3213, F14 L8: Physical Media 1 6 4 Summary: Attenuation in Wired and Wireless • Attenuation varies with media – Dependence on distance of central importance • Wired media attn. -
Modern Ethernet
Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen All-In-One / Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide / Meyers / 225345-2 / Chapter 6 CHAPTER Modern Ethernet 6 The Network+ Certification exam expects you to know how to • 1.2 Specify the main features of 802.2 (Logical Link Control) [and] 802.3 (Ethernet): speed, access method, topology, media • 1.3 Specify the characteristics (for example: speed, length, topology, and cable type) of the following cable standards: 10BaseT and 10BaseFL; 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX; 1000BaseTX, 1000BaseCX, 1000BaseSX, and 1000BaseLX; 10GBaseSR, 10GBaseLR, and 10GBaseER • 1.4 Recognize the following media connectors and describe their uses: RJ-11, RJ-45, F-type, ST,SC, IEEE 1394, LC, MTRJ • 1.6 Identify the purposes, features, and functions of the following network components: hubs, switches • 2.3 Identify the OSI layers at which the following network components operate: hubs, switches To achieve these goals, you must be able to • Define the characteristics, cabling, and connectors used in 10BaseT and 10BaseFL • Explain how to connect multiple Ethernet segments • Define the characteristics, cabling, and connectors used with 100Base and Gigabit Ethernet Historical/Conceptual The first generation of Ethernet network technologies enjoyed substantial adoption in the networking world, but their bus topology continued to be their Achilles’ heel—a sin- gle break anywhere on the bus completely shut down an entire network. In the mid- 1980s, IBM unveiled a competing network technology called Token Ring. You’ll get the complete discussion of Token Ring in the next chapter, but it’s enough for now to say that Token Ring used a physical star topology. -
Cheetahub Classic-2041 Quick Installation Guide
CheetaHub Classic-2041 Quick Installation Guide EH2041S E0898-R02 Copyright © 1998 by Accton Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of Accton Technology Corporation. Accton makes no warranties with respect to this documentation and disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability, quality, or fitness for any particular purpose. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Accton reserves the right to make revisions to this publication CheetaHub Classic-2041 without obligation to notify any person or entity of any such changes. Smart Ethernet Hub with 16 10BASE-T (RJ-45) ports, 1 10BASE2 (BNC) port, and 1 AUI port International Headquarters USA Headquarters No. 1 Creation Road III, P.O. Box 51420 Science-based Industrial Park Irvine, CA 92619-1420 Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C. Phone Numbers - Phone: 886-3-5770-270 Sales: 888-398-2101 or 949-707-4800 FAX: 886-3-5770-267 Support: 888-398-4101 or 949-707-4847 BBS: 886-3-5770-654 RMA: 888-398-3101 or 949-707-4828 Internet: [email protected] FAX: 949-707-2460 Accton is a trademark of Accton Technology Corporation. Other trademarks or brand names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. EH2041S E0898-R02 CheetaHub Classic-2041 Quick Installation Guide Contents Introduction The CheetaHub Classic-2041 includes 16 RJ-45 ports, 1 BNC port for connection to thin Ethernet (10BASE2), and 1 Introduction 1 AUI port for connection to a variety of media types including 10BASE5 or fiber (using a suitable transceiver). -
10Mb/S Ethernet 10BASE2/AUI Adapter
10Mb/s Ethernet 10BASE2/AUI Adapter 32-Bit PCI 28F512 10BASE2 64Kbyte BIOS memory PMC Front AMD 79C970A AUI to 10BASE2 Panel Ethernet +5V MAU Controller +5 to -9V DC-to-DC DSUB-15 (AUI) 10Mb/s "AUI" Rear Rear I/O E-Net Interface I/O PN4 AUI ISOLATION +12V The 10 Mb/s Ethernet Adapter is field-selectable for The AUI interface provides resettable fuse-protected either AUI (10BASE5) or Thinnet (10BASE2) opera- +12V on the DB-15 connector for powering an exter- tion. nal MAU. When operating in AUI mode, the +12V power to the AUI defeats the isolation barrier, and the An AMD 79C970A Ethernet controller provides a 10 PMC system Ground is tied to the external MAU Mb/s Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for connection to Ground. Media Attachment Units (MAU) either out the rear of the PMC or out the PMC front panel. A 15-pin D- The board features a FLASH memory for storing an Subminiature female is used on the front PMC panel, on-board BIOS. A 28F512 chip is used, providing up complete with the standard MAU retaining slide latch. to 64Kbytes of BIOS storage. The 28F512 chip is installed in a PLCC socket on the PMC card. The AUI interface is available at the PMC “PN4” con- nector for rear connection to the “a” and “c” rows of a Four activity and status LEDs are visible from the PMC VMEbus P2 connector. If the VMEbus host processor front panel. Interrupts are posted on the PCI bus us- adheres to the proposed IEEE 1386 routing from PN4 ing Interrupt Request “A” (INTA). -
Ethernet Basics Ethernet Basics
2016-09-24 Ethernet Basics based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4th ed., Mike Meyers Ethernet Basics • History • Ethernet Frames • CSMA/CD • Obsolete versions • 10Mbps versions • Segments • Spanning Tree Protocol 1 2016-09-24 Ethernet – Early History • 1970: ALOHAnet, first wireless packet-switched network - Norman Abramson, Univ. of Hawaii - Basis for Ethernet’s CSMA/CD protocol - 1972: first external network connected to ARPANET • 1973: Ethernet prototype developed at Xerox PARC - (Palo Alto Research Center) - 2.94 Mbps initially • 1976: "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" published in Communications of the ACM. - Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs - sometimes considered “the beginning of Ethernet” Ethernet goes Mainstream • 1979: DEC, Intel, Xerox collaborate on a commercial Ethernet specification - Ethernet II, a.k.a. “DIX” Ethernet - (Digital Equipment Corporation) • 1983: IEEE 802.3 specification formally approved - Differs from Ethernet II in the interpretation of the third header field • 1987: alternatives to coaxial cables - IEEE 802.3d: FOIRL, Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link - IEEE 802.3e: 1 Mbps over Twisted Pair wires (whoopee!) • 1990: Twisted-Pair wiring takes over - IEEE 802.3i: 10 Mbps over Twisted-Pair – 10Base-TX, 10Base-T4 2 2016-09-24 the Future is Now (next chapter) (and Now is so Yesteryear…) 1995 – Now: speed and cabling improvements • 1995: 100Mbps varieties • 1999: 1Gbps on twisted-pair • 2003-2006: 10Gbps on optical fiber and UTP • 2010: 40Gbps, 100Gbps (802.3ba) - optical fiber or twinaxial cable - point-to-point physical topology; for backbones • 2016, September: 2.5GBase-T, 5GBase-T ? - who knows? What Is Ethernet? • Protocols, standards for Local Area Networks » Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3 • Specifies Physical-layer components - Cabling, signaling properties, etc.