Holger Zetzsche Die Phylogeographie Des Artkomplexes Pulsatilla Alpina

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Holger Zetzsche Die Phylogeographie Des Artkomplexes Pulsatilla Alpina Holger Zetzsche Die Phylogeographie des Artkomplexes Pulsatilla alpina (Ranunculaceae) urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000008982 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3-000008982] Die Phylogeographie des Artkomplexes Pulsatilla alpina (Ranunculaceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr.rer.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Bereich) der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg von Herrn Holger Zetzsche geb. am 14.05.1971 in Altenburg (Thür.) Gutachter 1. Prof. Dr. Eckehart J. Jäger 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Röser 3. Prof. Dr. Herbert Hurka Halle (Saale), 21. Dezember 2004 urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000008982 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3-000008982] Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung V Zusammenfassung VII 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Die Gattung Pulsatilla 2 1.2. Die Sektion Preonanthus 5 1.3. Der Artkomplex von Pulsatilla alpina 7 1.3.1. Biologie des Artkomplexes von Pulsatilla alpina 7 1.3.2. Die Sippen des Artkomplexes von Pulsatilla alpina 8 1.3.3. Auffassungen zur Evolution und pleistozänen Ausbreitungsgeschichte der Sektion Preonanthus und des Artkomplexes Pulsatilla alpina 15 1.3.4. Hybridisierung und Introgression im Artkomplex 18 1.4. Phylogeographie subalpiner und alpiner Arten 19 2. Hypothesen 21 2.1. Hypothesen zur Herkunft und Phylogeographie des Artkomplexes 21 2.2. Verifikation der Hypothesen 23 3. Einführung in die Theorie der Methoden 24 3.1. Morphologische Daten 24 3.2. Molekulare Marker 24 3.3. Sequenzanalyse 26 3.4. Methoden zur Rekonstruktion der Phylogenie 29 3.4.1. Distanzmethoden 30 3.4.2. Maximum Parsimony und Maximum Likelihood 31 3.4.3. Statistische Bewertung molekularer Phylogenien 33 3.5. Datierung phylogenetischer Daten 35 3.5.1. Molecular-clock-Hypothese 35 3.5.2. Relative-rate-Test 36 3.5.3. Likelihood-ratio-Test 37 3.5.4. Penalized Likelihood 37 3.6. Analyse kombinierter Datensätze 38 I 3.6.1. Kombination molekularer Datensätze 38 3.6.2. Korrelationsanalysen molekularer und morphologischer Daten 39 3.6.3. Methoden zur geographischen Analyse phylogenetischer Daten 40 4. Material und Methoden 43 4.1. Untersuchungsgebiet, Pflanzenmaterial und ökologische Parameter 43 4.2. Aufbereitung und Analyse der DNA 44 4.3. Analyse der Datensätze 48 4.3.1. Anwendung der phylogenetischen Rekonstruktionsmethoden 48 4.3.2. Bestimmung der Variabilität der Substitutionsraten und molekulare Datierung 49 4.3.3. Anwendung der Methoden zur Analyse kombinierter Datensätze 50 5. Ergebnisse 53 5.1. Sequenz- und Haplotypenanalyse des Chloroplasten-Spacers trnL-trnF 53 5.1.1. Molekulare Merkmale der trnL-trnF-Region 53 5.1.2. Haplotypendiversität und Vorkommen 54 5.1.3. Phylogenetische Analyse der trnL-trnF-Region 55 5.1.4. Nested-clade-Analyse der trnL-trnF-Fragmente lf1 und lf2 58 5.1.5. Chloroplasten-Haplotypen in den Unterarten und Morphotypen des Artkomplexes 60 5.2. Sequenzanalyse der ITS-Region 61 5.2.1. Molekulare Merkmale der ITS-Region 61 5.2.2. Analyse der ITS-Region des Artkomplexes in der Gattung Pulsatilla 62 5.2.3. Analyse der ITS-Region innerhalb des Artkomplexes 64 5.2.4. Analyse einzelner ITS-Polymorphismen 66 5.2.5. Die Einordnung problematischer Akzessionen 67 5.3. Analyse der kombinierten ITS- und trnL-trnF-Sequenzen 68 5.4. Datierung der phylogenetischen Knoten 70 5.4.1. ITS-Topologie für die Bestimmung der Divergenzzeiten 70 5.4.2. Clocklike-Datierung und Penalized-Likelihood-Datierung 70 5.5. Korrelationsanalysen 73 5.5.1. Korrelationsanlyse morphologischer und phylogenetischer Daten 73 5.5.2. Evolution morphologischer und ökologische Merkmale 76 6. Diskussion 79 6.1. Die Sektion Preonanthus in der Gattung Pulsatilla 79 6.1.1. Revision der Sektionsgliederung, Monophylie der Sektion und nächste Verwandte 79 6.1.2. Asiatischer Ursprung und Zeitraum der Abspaltung 80 6.2. Phylogenie und Alter der Sektion Preonanthus 81 II 6.2.1. Phylogenie und Divergenz der Sippen der Sektion Preonanthus 81 6.2.2. Sicherheit und Methodenkritik der Datierung 83 6.3. Die Evolution der molekularen und morphologischen Merkmale des Artkomplexes 84 6.3.1. Die Evolution des cp-Spacers trnL-trnF und des Kern-DNA-Spacers ITS 84 6.3.2. Evolution morphologischer und ökologischer Merkmale 86 6.3.3. Merkmale der frühen europäischen Populationen 88 6.4. Die Phylogeographie des Artkomplexes 90 6.4.1. Herkunft des Artkomplexes, Radiation in Europa und alte Ausbreitungswellen 91 6.4.2. Jüngere Migrationsbewegungen und aktuelle Verteilungsmuster 92 6.4.3. Phylogeographie der API-Gruppe 93 6.4.4. Phylogeographie der PIC-Gruppe 95 6.4.5. Phylogeographie der ALP-Gruppe 96 6.4.6. Gab es ein frühes Verbreitungszentrum in Italien und Korsika? 98 6.4.7. Klima, Arealdynamik und Spenderpopulationen der heutigen Vorkommen 99 6.4.8. Vergleich der Nested-clade-Analyse und der F-Statistik 100 6.5. Die Sippen des Artkomplexes 101 6.5.1. Apiifolia-Clade 101 6.5.2. Alpicola-Clade und die alpicola-Population vom Brocken 103 6.5.3. Alpina-Clade 105 6.5.4. Taxonomie des Artkomplexes 106 6.6. Hybridisierung und Introgression 107 6.6.1. Sippen mit hybridogenem Einfluss 108 7. Thesen zur Dissertation 111 8. Literatur 115 9. Anhang 123 III IV Danksagung Natürlich möchte ich nicht behaupten, dass ich diese Doktorarbeit ganz ohne fremde Unterstützung hinbekommen hätte. Gerade die phylogenetischen Methoden waren am Beginn der Untersuchungen Neuland für mich. Mit dem Wissen aus den Veröffentlichungen allein wäre ich vermutlich gescheitert. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich deshalb bei allen bedanken, die zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. An erster Stelle danke ich Prof. Eckehart Jäger. Er hat mir die Anregung zu dieser Doktorarbeit und dazu gegeben, mich mit Hilfe der modernen molekularsystematischen Methoden an eine unserer mitteldeutschen Leitpflanzen heranzuwagen. Die immer anregenden Diskussionen besonders zu den geobotanischen Fragen ("Es wird gemeinhin zu wenig gedacht und zu viel gerechnet.") und die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts waren und sind ein großer Gewinn für mich. Ohne Frank Blattner wäre ich nicht nach Gatersleben gekommen und für vier Jahre geblieben. Er hat mich mit seiner Erfahrung in den molekularen Methoden und den Sequenzanalysen gewissermaßen an die Hand genommen und stand mir immer mit Rat und Tat zur Seite. Den Diskussionen um die Auswertung meines Datenwustes hat er geduldig Stand gehalten und mir zuversichtlich vertraut, die Geschichte der Brockenanemone zu entwirren. Schließlich geht auch der geplante einjährige Amerikaaufenthalt zur Verbesserung meiner english skills auf seine Beziehungen zurück. Und: Einen echten Pfälzer Saumagen essen wir auch noch, oder? Prof. Konrad Bachmann danke ich dafür, dass er mir ermöglicht hat, von der kreativen wissenschaftlichen Atmosphäre des Instituts in Gatersleben zu profitieren, obwohl die Zusammenarbeit zugegebenermaßen auf etwas unorthodoxe Weise zustande kam. Die täglichen 10- Uhr-Frühstücksdiskussionen über den neuesten Haplotypenbaum, den jüngsten Rückfall in den Artglauben, die Auswüchse des Fernsehprogramms oder die aktuellen Entwickungen im und um den Bachmannschen Garten werden unvergessen bleiben. Was wäre die molekulare Arbeit ohne die unermüdliche Hilfestellung der Laborengel? Ein langwieriges und mitunter tristes Geschäft! Besonders Petra Oswald, Manuela Kretschmann und Christina Koch gilt mein Dank für ihre engagierte Hilfe. Ralf Horres, Birgit Gemeinholzer, Heike Schmuths, Sabine Jacob, Alok Varshney, Thomas Funke, Elke Döring, Thomas Janssen und Ivana Stehlik danke ich für die herzerfrischend-menschliche Zusammenarbeit und den fachlichen Austausch hier am IPK, für die gemütlichen Abendbrote, den Kaffee- und Tee-Zimmerservice, den leckeren Kuchen, die Kinobesuche und unsere gemeinsamen Wein-, Bier- und Basketballstunden. Daniel Moser hat mit seiner biometrischen Arbeit über die Alpenanemone den Grundstein für diese phylogeographische Untersuchung gelegt. Er hat mich zu meinem Dank darüber hinaus mit seinen morphologischen Daten und seinem Herbarmaterial üppig ausgestattet. Klaus Pistricks Hilfsbereitschaft beim Bestellen der Belege aus den Herbarien dieser Welt und beim Überwinden nomenklatorischer Hürden ist wirklich mustergültig. Für das Bereitstellen des Pflanzenmaterials und die Möglichkeit der Einsichtnahme in die alten Aufsammlungen danke ich auch den Mitarbeitern der Herbarien in Berlin-Dahlem, Bern, Göttingen, Halle, Jena und Zürich. Ich danke Friedrich Ebel, dem ehemaligen wissenschaftlichen Leiter des Botanischen Gartens in Halle und Vorkämpfer für die Neugestaltung des Brockengartens. Er stand mir ebenso wie Gunther Karste vom Nationalpark Hochharz mit zahlreichen Informationen zur Geschichte der subalpinen Arten des Brockens und des Brockengartens zur Seite. V Meine Familie und meine Freunde in Altenburg und Ostthüringen hatten es auch nicht leicht mit mir, machte ich mich doch in den letzten Jahren etwas rar. Es tut gut zu wissen, dass man jederzeit in die Heimat zurückkommen kann und dort herzlich empfangen wird. Gern erinnere ich mich an die Urlaubssammelreise in die Auvergne, die Pyrenäen und in die Sierra Cantabrica mit Alexandra und Agnes Effmert aus meiner alten Wohngemeinschaft. Und ach ja, Ruth Ermentrauts aufmunternde Emails vom anderen Ende des Internets: es gibt auch noch andere Themen als die Brockenanemone. Dem Land Sachsen-Anhalt gilt mein Dank für das Graduierten-Stipendium. Die geistreichen Kolumnen von Marc Faber und die zahlreichen fundierten Beiträge aus dem Tradecentre-Board sind für den entschlussfreudigen
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