Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 353 Third International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2019 – Humanity, Education and Social Sciences (IcoSIHESS 2019) Korean Gastro Diplomacy: Strategy To Enhance Country Promotion Toward Moslem Countries Ratih Herningtyas Department of International Relations Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract— This paper has discussed culinary as a medium of few over a century ago [1]. The concert of famous and cultural exchange and strategic instrument to enhance other idolized group namely H.O.T in Beijing gave the Chinese countries awareness, to engage on a cultural and personal level, press the opportunity to coin the term: "The boom began in and to encourage economic development such as trade and the early 1990s with the export of Korean television dramas investment, as well as country promotion with everyday diners. (mini-series) to China. South Korea has since emerged as a It is no longer just a problem in the kitchen area, nor a product that is processed and then is eaten. South Korea is an excellent fresh center for transnational pop culture manufacturing, example to describe how the uses of culinary or popularly exporting a variety of cultural products to neighboring Asian known as Korean Food, as well as other successful instruments nations. Lately, Korean pop culture has started to spread such as Korean Drama or Korean Pop Music started in the from its Asian comfort zone to more worldwide audiences in early 1990s, have been boosted Korean cultural popularity. the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and the Americas” [1]. They directly and indirectly enhance Korean economic and K-Drama represents not only exciting stories and political influences throughout the world. Interestingly, in excellent film quality but also boosts various elements of contrast to K-Drama or K-Pop, K-Food has found a challenge Korean culture such as fashion style, lifestyle, food to convince certain countries, primarily Moslem countries that uniqueness, traditions and tourist attractions such as beautiful their food had met Halal standard, which mean the food is prepared in a manner prescribed by Islamic law. This article places as the setting of the film. In a short time, K-drama used political approaches, especially on the perspective of soft becomes very popular and creates new trends in the world. diplomacy and commodification of the Halal label. This paper Moreover, because of the rapid development of technology found that Korean Government, represented by the Ministry of and communication, Korean Drama and films can be enjoyed Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs conducted Gastro through multiple media channels in various countries around Diplomacy -with its premise that the easiest way to win hearts the world. K-Drama popularity, which is then followed by and minds is through the stomach- by first, organizing K-Food K-Pop, makes the foreign publics addicted and obsessed Fair in three Moslem countries, such as Malaysia, United Arab everything related to Korea [2]. At the same moment, the Emirates, and Indonesia in 2015. Second, it is by making Lunch Korean government has attempted to take advantage of the Box Mini Drama Series and then by uploading them into YouTube to communicate, to promulgate, and to convince other Korean Wave as a policy instrument to enhance its cultural countries that Korean has noticed and fulfilled on requirement and public diplomacy. Under Lee's presidency, the Korean Halal standard for Moslems. government has put "complicated diplomacy" and "value diplomacy" as the primary policy goals for improving Keywords— Korean Food, Gastro Diplomacy, Country cultural and public diplomacy along with improving Promotions domestic picture and branding. Specifically, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Nation Branding I. INTRODUCTION Presidential Council sought to take benefit of the Korean As a middle power country, South Korea (Korea) Wave's popularity in promoting Korean national interest and faces the challenge of showing its existence, shaping the in enhancing Korean pictures worldwide. identity and image of the country, and promoting its strategic The success of Korean Wave through K-Drama and interests in international relations. Korea attempts to enhance K-Pop has caused a trickle-down effect for Korean other its image by introducing and promoting its potential and sectors such as the tourism industry, electronics industry, competitive identity through cultural uniqueness to the manufacturer and culinary industry in the world especially in international world through public diplomacy. Korean efforts Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore and Indonesia, in spreading the culture and in establishing identity are well- East Asia, Central Asia, the United States, and Europe [3]. known as Korean Wave or Hallyu, which begins through the The Korean Wave, which was initially an alternative strategy film industry and drama series (K-Drama) and is followed by out of the economic crisis that hit Asia in mid-1997, has the music industry (K-Pop). The word of Korean Wave was become promising sources of state revenues. The Korean invented for reference to the popularity of Korean pop export figure increases from USD 40,312.73 million to USD culture in China by the Chinese press (Han liu in Chinese) a 43,189.0 million, while the benefits of tourism can reach Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 247 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 353 USD 1,765.40 million [4]. In 2015, South Korea's tourism to try to follow all actions or behaviors carried out of the sector contributed 5.1% of GDP [5]. In 2013, the profit of adopted state. It is essential to get the attraction of other the music industry put Korea as the second largest country in countries, not only to force other countries to change through the world music market. Whereas in the television industry, the threat and use of military and economic weapons, but K-Drama or reality show with influential TV stations such as alsoto use the attraction or soft power. KBS, MBC, and SBS, contributed 82% for Korea cultural Joseph S. Nye, Jr. in his book entitled Soft Power: exports, which is equal to USD 167 million [6]. The Means to Success in World Politics, divides the concept The phenomena of Korean Wave continue to be of power into hard power and soft power and explains the developed by exposing the Korean culinary as a new cultural argument why soft power is an essential element in foreign commodity, and it is popularized by the term K-Food. policy. In Nye's definition, soft power is: However, unlike K-Drama and K-Pop, K-Food has found a “Its ability to attract others by the legitimacy challenge to convince certain countries, primarily Moslem of the State's policies and the values that countries that their foods has met Halal standard, which underlie them” [8]. means that the food has been prepared in a manner For Nye, a country should promote attractiveness and prescribed by Islamic law. This paper discusses how the persuasion, as quoted by Nye in his journal "Public Korean government's strategy convinces the international Diplomacy and Soft Power," which co-opts people rather Moslem community that Korea has met halal certification than coerces them." In other words, soft power is the ability standards so that Korean foods are safe to consume. to get others to do what we want without conducting violence or payment, but through the attraction [8]. According to Nye, the source for the creation of a country's II. LITERATURE REVIEW soft power can be obtained through: Each country always prioritizes its national interest “The resources that produce soft power for a in dealing with other countries. One of the efforts of the state country include its culture (where it is to achieve its national interest is by conducting diplomacy attractive to others), its values (where they are with other countries. According to Sir Ernest Satow, attractive and not undercut by inconsistent diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to practices) and its policies (where they are seen conduct of official relations with vassal states or more briefly as inclusive and legitimate in the eyes of still, the conduct of business among states by peaceful others)” (Parmar & Cox (eds.), 2010). means. This definition emphasizes the skills or expertise to The significance of the use of soft power can be seen in the conduct relationships with other countries. In this context, ability of a country's soft power to shape the preferences of diplomacy can be useful if actors with extraordinary abilities others. In soft power, the other party does what we want and skills conduct it. Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr because of their desire. The ability to arrange these introduce the other concept of diplomacy. They define preferences can be associated with intangible assets, such as diplomacy as a means by which a state directly influences beautiful nature, culture, political and institutional values, another [7]. The key word of this definition is a means or legal policies, and moral authority. This makes the soft instrument or a tool, which can be anything as long as it can power of a country lies in its cultural resources, values, and influence other countries. Paradiplomatic management by policies. The antonym of soft power as a concept or as a secessionist regions follows the same pattern in federal and strategy is a hard power, which includes various steps or unitary systems, and is reflected in the changes of their actions taken to force or to threaten other countries (Parmar regional laws on paradiplomatic affairs Mukti, et.