Amid Typhoon Mapping Volatile Currents
Matthew D. Eckberg
May 18, 2010 Bachelor of Science in Architecture Master of Architecture SAID, DAAP
Professor Tom Bible Professor Elizabeth Riorden Professor Edson Cabalfin This page was intentionally left blank Copyright 2010 1 [Abstract FORM As shifting magnitudes of meteorological systems engage market processes, complex and interdependent forces will emerge that influence qualities of formal organization. Analyses will examine the existing formal ANALYSIS organization of a Filipino farmstead, located in the typhoon battered province of Batanes, by tracing the evolution of vernacular architecture in DIAGRAM response to historical meteorological and market forces. The tracing will distill components of organization that correlate to projections for the intensification of typhoon, sea level rise, increases in precipitation, influencing environments of mar- ket production and distribution. The emergent map of organizational pro- jections, subjected to the shifting forces, will drive a dynamic architectural system of components FORCES that facilitate program, form and structure. A process will evolve to serve as a para- digm for a dynamic architecture that embraces a swiftly shifting world.
DIAGRAM DESIGN
FORM
[1.1] Process Diagram i 2 [Acknowledgements To John, Carol, and Rachel Eckberg
Thanks to my thesis chairs, Tom Bible, Liz Riorden, and Edson Cabalfin, who were excellent mentors, dispensing invaluable guidance within their specialties. Throughout the duration of my the- sis studies, Nikki Fannin, Thor Erickson, Joven Ignacio, and Byron Peralta, guided me with insight and crucial information and data regarding the wealth of history and culture of the Ivatans. I would like to thank my friends at Aidea Philippines Inc., who inspired me with their hospitality and generosity to study the anthropol- ogy and climate of their beautiful country: Mark de Castro, Peter Patrick Lara, Francisco Lanuza, Gerry Valenzuela, Eric Bunsoy (and the hospital- ity of Mr. and Mrs. Bunsoy), Ruel Santos, Meloy Bencito, and the rest of my friends at the office. Without their feedback and guidance, I would not have the appropriate resources for my studies. Thanks to the Philippine Meteorology Society (PMS), for an education in the Philip- pines’ atmospheric processes during their 4th Convention in 2008. Also, a thanks to the Philip- pine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), for the tour of their facilities and a round of applause for my rendition of The Cure’s “Friday I’m in Love”.
The project that follows is based on re- search conducted on the Philippines and Batanes. It follows from resources provided by people who have lived on or studied the island. It also follows from contemporary news stories and meteorologi- cal data. Some of the issues arising from my stud- ies have political origin and as a designer I will try to understand those things that I can change. As a student from Ohio, I am designing within a foreign culture. I have lived in the Philip- pines for only six months and have the utmost respect and admiration for the circumstances and environment in which I am designing. ii 3 [Contents
1 [Abstract] 2 [Acknowledgements] 3 [Contents] [ Table of Contents iii [ List of Illustrations iv [ List of Symbols v 4 [Volatile Currents] [ Introduction 1 5 [Methodology for Analysis] [ Theory and Methodology ] [ Christopher Alexander 4 [ “Emergent Technologies and Design” 5 [ Post-Agriculture 8 [ Retreating Village 10 [ Baldwin House 12 6 [Batan, Batanes, Philippines] [ [20°26’31”N, 121°59’25”E] 14 7 [Issues Related to a Farmstead] [ 2010 - Existing Farmstead Issues 18 [ Regional Components 19 [ Organizing Regional Components 20 [ Farmstead Formal Organization 21 [ Farmstead Program 22 8 [Shifts in Forces] [ Correlative Forces 24 [ 2050 - Subsistence 25 9 [Design Scenarios] [ Designing for Crisis 30 [ Design Scenarios ] [ Site Analysis for Scenarios 31 [ 2020 - Agricultural Cooperative 33 [ 2030 - Agrotourism 37 10 [Conclusion] [ 2040 - Synthesis 41 11 [Bibliography] 12 [Appendix]
iii List of Illustrations lation: Batanes, 2000. 2000 Census of [5.13] Diagrams by author Images/Maps/Charts Population and Housing (POPCEN). [5.14] Menges, Achim. “Proliferation of the Pneu- [4.11] “Figure 1”. Total Population by Censal Year: matic ...“ 2002.
1 Commodity Market Shifts Shifting Means of Production Taiwan Y‘Ami In our contemporary economic climate, Pushes and pulls rising from shifts in May Sanga there are constant interrelated shifts in markets market systems are linked to scale. In agriculture, around the world. Many of these shifts have politi- international systems would push for monocul- Bashi Channel cal origin and there is little design can do to influ- ture and specialization, seen through industrial ence those shifts. agriculture. However, this is dangerous because For instance, changes in tariff legislation this system is susceptible to just one shock. Re- Mabudia Siayan from the World Trade Organization (WTO) have gional agricultural systems push for polyculture South China Sea affected developing countries around the world. and diversification, seen through subsistence Lee Kyung Hae, died after stabbing himself in the farming, which mediates risk from shock. The heart to protest the loss of economic protection invisible forces of global economics and global Itbayat for South Korean farmers and the opening of the meteorology are in conflict. Pushes in culture and rice market, destroying competition and allowing tradition also occur as people shift from heirloom Dinem those who practice industrial agricultural to ex- seeds to genetically modified varieties. Also, large port cheaply (Schuman, 2005). For my thesis site, corporations capture land previously cultivated by Philippine Sea which will be introduced later, garlic is no longer subsistence farmers, shifting means of production exported as a cash crop affecting the livelihood and consumption that will dramatically alter our and ability to participate in international markets. world’s cultural landscape (Doyo, 2009). These issues are being questioned and solutions sought through programs like “Small Farmers Batan - Taipei, Taiwan Batan - Seoul, South Korea Adapting to Global Markets” by the Canada Inter- 408 miles 1220 miles Batan national Development Agency, who are working 15,000’ 60,000’ to develop a means for farmers to maintain their Dequey Batan - Hong Kong SAR 30,000’ N 525 miles livelihood amid dramatic shifts in commodity Ivuhos Sabtang market legislation (Small, 2010). Batan - Manila Balintang Channel 408 miles However, there are shifts that have a Luzon Strait direct influence over architectural development. The disparity in commodity distribution is becom- Typhoon Parma Manila - Hong Kong SAR ing unstable and ever more pivotal for a country’s October 3-10, 2009 590 miles stability [4.6]. With rising oil prices and failing Typhoon Ketsana Air freight distribution networks from climate events September 26, 2009 [4.7], international and domestic markets will Typhoon Mirinae Ferry/Cargo October 30-31, 2009 drastically shift in the near future, affecting means of production and distribution around the world Manila - Kuala Lumpur 1,300 miles (Cidell, 2008). Manila/Laoag
Manila - Singapore 1,490 miles [4.8] Regional transit in Batanes Only large cargo ships and air freight facilitate commodity market chains between Batanes and Luzon from September through May as June through August is the rainy season (Erickson, 2010). Future shifts in climate harbor intense risks for shocks that will be felt by commodity chains.
50 150 Miles 100 Percent (Exports-Imports) / Consumption in calories N < -50 -25 0 25 50 > No data [4.6] Commodity (Exports vs. Import) [4.7] Commodity chains + climate events 2 Human Factors [4.10] Population differential Demographic Flux Though there will be many means for Age-Sex Pyramid of Population This influx of migrants from the periph- humans to adapt to shifts in meteorology and Difference between 2007 and 2000 ery to cores of the Philippines will have intense markets, migration will be prevalent due to grow- affects on production, distribution, and consump- ing risks related to: “economy, labour market, 80 + tion, drastically altering systems of agriculture demography, welfare, education, networks, remit- 75-79 and tourism (Stevens 178, 2009). Mimura finds tances, environment, geopolitics and governance” that individual members of a family will mi- 70-74 (Stevens 19, 2009). It is imperative that there is grate to mediate the entire family’s risk to shock, 65-69 an examination of the shocks brought by the eco- and Quisumbing finds that those who migrate nomic and environmental forces, potentially the 60-64 from the family will typically be well educated most prominent forces leading to migration in the 55-59 (Quisumbing 95, 2010). Gender also plays an A near future. According to Stevens, it is likely that g 50-54 important role in migration as migrants typically a country like the Philippines will see a greater e 45-49 leave the rural, agricultural sector, to find work in magnitude of domestic migrants, or “peri-urban G 40-44 an urban region (Quisumbing 95, 2010). Males r migrants” and “urban migrants”, due to the inten- o 35-39 will typically stay in a labor-based sector outside sification of climate events (Stevens 31, 2009). u 30-34 of agriculture while females will typically find p employment in the urban service or industrial sec- 25-29 [4.9] Migration to Cities tor and (Quisumbing 93, 2010). Once migrants Basco 20-24 leave their region of origin, many will support 15-19 their families with excess money, or remittances, 10-14 they earn. These remittances are typically invested 5-9 in non-agricultural assets (Quisumbing 97, 2010). Laoag Aparri 0-4 As people leave Batan, there will be affects that echo into the future, such as lower percentages of 765432101234567 elderly and children. Baguio % of Population Females in 2007 [4.11] Population by censal year (thou- Males in 2007 Manila, Quezon City, sands) Antipolo City Change from 2000
Cebu City
Davao Zamboanga
50 150 Miles 100 N 3 5 [Methodology for Analysis Christopher Alexander
To understand how shifting forces would impact the architecture of Batan and avoid a [5.1] Variable groupings [5.3] Correlated Issues metaphoric design process that only “looked” like decisions would respond to forces, there needs to be a methodology to understand how the forces will cause existing systems of formal organiza- tion to shift. The work of Christopher Alexander provided a significant point of departure for this analysis. D1: 26 Sentimental system: wish not to destroy old way of Christopher Alexander is an architect, life; love of present habits governing bathing, food, etc. 29 Provision for daily bath, segregated by sex, caste, with a PhD in Architecture and a Master of From the “Entire Village”, Alexander decomposes the village’s formal organization into issues related to its func- and age. Mathematics, who sought to develop a methodol- tional processes. These issues are then organized into groups 56 Sheltered accommodation for cattle (sleeping, milk- ogy to decompose cities into the issues that were that exhibit the village’s formal organization. ing, feeding). necessary for their sustenance. Alexander decom- 67 Drinking water to be good, sweet. 76 Flood control to protect houses, roads, etc. posed an Indian agricultural village into the issues 85 Everyone’s accommodation for sitting and sleeping related to its formal organization and illustrated should be protected from rain. this process in his famous book, Notes on the 87 Safe storage of goods. Synthesis of Form. Though this book is nearly 40 years old, its methodology is still sound and has not been replaced. This book helped define [5.2] Organizational Groupings a methodology and provide a point of departure for the analysis of the formal organization that emerged on the island of Batan. Alexander began his analysis of the vil- lage by grouping all of the issues related to the village’s proper functioning, like: “11. Marriage is to person from another village.; 12. Extended family is in one house.; ... ; 70. Full collection of underground water for irrigation.; 71. Full collec- tion of monsoon water for use.”, under 13 head- ings related to issues like “social issues” or “wa- ter” (Alexander 137-139, 1966). Then, Alexander combined issues with strong formal correlations into components that compose four over arching categories, “A, B, C, D” which represent four dis- tricts that are related to themes like “agricultural production” or “communal life” [5.1] (Alexander, 1966). From this hierarchy Alexander composes the formal organization of the village [5.2]. This is convenient in showing corre- spondence and chronology, though ultimately, each variable grouping is seen as an independent 4 part within a whole, and the strong correlations “Emergent Technologies and Design” [5.6] Structural Order of Organism between variables is lost when each component at the Architectural Association The structure of a plant is subject to the relation- is viewed independently. If a town’s develop- ships between each integrated floral system that evolves from their environment. ment is as interdependent as Alexander describes, representation would not be so convenient and separable.
Michael Hensel, Achim Menges and Mi- chael Weinstock, are professors for the Architec- tural Association in London who have developed research relevant to this thesis. They often publish their writings and their student’s work in the peri- odical, Architectural Design. Their study of living organisms as complex systems of integrated com- ponents whose form and functions have evolved from their environment in a relationship known as ecology, inspires their architectural design [5.4] [5.4] Meteorological Patterns (Hensel, 2004). When the processes acting on the The group studies complex systems whose form and living organisms is applied to architecture, it is function evolve from environmental conditions often related to meteorology. called “morphogenesis” (Hensel, 2006). Suppos- edly, their architectural systems are born from interactions with their site’s environment and this interaction evokes program, form, and structure (Hensel, 2004). Though their studies are relevant to this thesis, their projects lacked an understanding of the shifts that arise from a changing climate that affect the region of the site and larger contexts. Their architecture seemed to emphasize meta- phorical relationships to climate, with sweep- ing, streamlined buildings that exhibit intense formal qualities, often in heavy contrast to the [5.5] Landscape Formation Fraser Island off the Queensland Coast of Austra- site context. In this regard, program often seemed lia, has been shaped through interactions with meteorologic superficial and secondary to the generation of phenomena like coastal winds and tidal waves (Hensel, 2008). form. It was also difficult to understand how stud- Spatial and formal organization is constantly changing, effect- ies of regional climate was manifest in program ing the propagation and distribution of sand, sediment and development, as if it was prescribed without vegetation. considering the existing regional technology or human ecology. However, an industrial agricul- ture project by Achim Menges, a proponent of the Emergent Technologies group, was analyzed to further develop a methodology for understanding the criteria the project was responding to as well as the project’s technological implications.
5 Methodology Validation Through Precedent Analysis
Using elements of Christopher Alexan- der’s methodology, a process was developed for precedent analysis to understand the projects could respond to shifts in meteorological, market and human factors. The analysis of architectural precedence examines shifts from the existing industrial agriculture of Westland, Netherlands to Postagriculture by Achim Menges; from the village of Happisburgh, North Norfolk, Britain, to the Retreating Village by Smout Allen; and from early New England homes to the Baldwin House in Branford, Connecticut. Like Christopher Alexan- der’s methodology, the three elements that each cluster of issues may relate to are economy (E), [5.7] Postagriculture, Achim Menges production (P), and communal life and shelter (C).
This analysis is intended to validate the process of analysis and understand how shifts may become manifest in the architecture of Batan. As the precedent projects are already completed, the process of precedent analysis is concise and shorter because it involves only finding the webs that gave rise to evolution. The process involves another component for the Batan project because the correlations between the existing architecture and the forces giving rise to the shifts in architec- ture are uncertain and must be developed. [5.8] Retreating Village, Smout Allen
[5.9] Baldwin House 6 7 Postagriculture Achim Menges, Existing Agricultural Building Westland, Netherlands, 2002 Westland, Netherlands Designed in an agricultural region of the Netherlands, Postagriculture marries an agricul- [5.12] Existing facility components tural and recreation facilities into an urban setting while drawing upon the greenhouse typology of the region. The project proposes to intensify agricultural production through performance based pneumatic components that manipulate the project’s macro-environment. Through the manipulation of local ecology, the project devel- ops from the theory of Michael Hensel (Hensel, 2004). Though the project recognizes the exist- E1 ing conditions in which it is designed and reacts [E] Proximity to urban center for transfer of resources through metaphor: the complex shell of the build- [E] Connection to existing intense distri- ing looks like it should accommodate shifts in cli- bution infrastructure promotes regional mate. A close analysis of the agricultural context self-sufficiency of the site reveals that the project accommodates shifts in regional systems related to meteorology, markets, and human factors. It is important to note the political impli- cations this project carries for the Netherlands. This technologically intensive project, though seemingly imaginative, may actually be suited to + entice and redefine demographic sentiments that linger in Westland, unsure of identity or defini- P2 C1 tion, eagerly awaiting revitalization. [E] Development of agricultural produce Greenhouse components arranged in a to supply growing demand from local structural system for efficiency markets [H] Production units only facilitate Companies operate intensively for popu- singular use lation demand
[5.10] Existing agricultural campus P1 [M] “Glasshouses” are used to modify environment to facilitate agricultural production [M] Intense monocropping with homoge- neous support systems
[5.11] Existing agricultural facility 8 Postagriculture Achim Menges, Westland, Netherlands
Shifts [M] Meteorology Climate shifts require adaptable cultivation [E] Markets Diversification of produce from global markets Intensification of agricultural production New roads for access and filtration [H] Human Factors E1 Demand for recreational facilities Development of internal distribution infrastructure to nodes Integration into existing intense distribu- [5.13] New facility components tion infrastructure promotes self-suf- ficiency
E2 P1 C1 Development of agricultural produce to Expansive membrane structure is used to Layering of performance systems alter supply national markets modify environment to facilitate agricul- wind and light transmission to accommo- Agricultural footprint utilizes available tural production date use profiles land to promote regional self-sufficiency Intense polycropping Production units facilitate potential mul- tiple programmed spaces [5.14] Postagriculture perspective
P2 C2 Support systems integrated per program Greenhouse components arranged in a Recreational spaces integrated into agri- structural system for greater efficiency cultural program Pneumatic system and structural frame integrated at particular points
[5.15] Postagriculture layer section 9 Retreating Village Smout Allen, Hap- Existing Village Layout pisburgh, North Norfolk, Britain, [5.18] Existing village components 2005 Smout Allen, an architectural firm com- prised of professors teaching at the Bartlett School of Architecture, developed the project, “Retreating Village”. Not only intended to investigate issues of erosion in Happisburgh, the project may have larger spheres of influence for the economy and demographics of the region (Allen, 2005). Though houses moving on large tracks along an eroding coastline may seem monumental within the con- E1 text of Happisburgh, it accommodates the existing Infrastructure is developed as radial programmatic structure of the region and offers a extensions from the town to mitigate unique tourist draw. This could reflect on the cul- erosion ture and history of the region giving this project Agricultural land extend perpendicular to erosion the appropriate means to contest the forces that encourage migration and identity loss.
E2 C1 P1 [E] Tourism industry is supported through [M] Homes are on the coast for views [M] Agricultural land is located behind coastal rental property that is lost in and breeze but risk collapse homes to be protected from erosion erosion Homes are located in proximity to the [M] Agricultural land is susceptible to [H] Coastal land on the perimeter of the town church for community gathering erosion village has historic and social value but is lost to the sea [5.16] Existing village of Happisburgh
P2 C2 [M] Coastal disintegration discharges soil Coastal erosion is diminished through into the sea boulders [M] Habitats on the coastal fringe are The tide is diminished by timber walls disturbed through erosion
[5.17] Existing coastline of Happisburgh 10 Retreating Village Smout Allen
Shifts [M] Meteorology Intensification of coastal erosion [E] Markets Funding for development and coastal protection [H] Human Factors Loss of history and local culture
[5.19] New village components E1 Infrastructure is developed as radial extensions from the town to mitigate erosion Agricultural land extend perpendicular to erosion
[5.20] New tracks for homes
E2 C1 P1 Tourism industry supported through Homes are developed upon a mobile Textile enclosures are integrated into coastal rental property platform that recedes from the eroding retreating residential structures to serve The mobile infrastructure illustrates the coast as a garden history of coastal development over time, Homes are located in proximity to the Gardens are for family cluster subsistence maintaining social value town church for community gathering only
P2 C2 Erosion subsides with obstructive nets Coastal erosion is diminished through and revetments timber reinforcements Habitats on the coastal fringe experience Cliffs are reinforced where erosion occurs relief from agitation
[5.21] New homes 11 Baldwin House Branford, Connecti- Imported Building Construction cut, c. 1645 Methodology from England After immigrants settled the New England region of the United States, they relied on the im- [5.24] Existing construction methods portation of older and familiar building concepts developed in and for their origin climate (Fitch, 1966). This proved disastrous as the construction methods formerly suited for England, particularly the types of wood framing, were not suited for the variable New England climate. The winters, often lead to a “rapid expansion and contraction” of the frame that jeopardized the structural integrity of the building (Fitch, 1966). Slowly and through E1 trial and error, technology evolved as did building New England economic growth [M] Wattle and daub panels within tim- methodology, leading to the “Salt Box”, a build- ber framing shrinks or cracks to reduce ing of clapboard siding, suited for New England thermal barrier environments (Fitch, 1966). [M] Structure of frame jeopardized
C2 C1 [M] Daub adhered to wattle panels for [E] Rough timber frames created using non-structural environmental barriers mortise-and-tenon joinery with pegs Relatively easy to replace [H] Framing labor required help of com- munity [5.22] The Oaks, England, 1550
P1 P2 E2 Wattle reinforcement for insulated panels Abundant local resources utilized for Timber is an abundant resource [E] Woven reeds made from abundant thermal qualities [E] Precision difficult from level of tech- local resources Adhesive like clay or lime and aggregates nology and skill of labor brought from like earth and small stone used for daub England [E] Pitsawing utilized to maintain em- ployment rate [5.23] Gleason House, Connecticut, 1650 12 Baldwin House Branford, Connecti- cut
Shifts [M] Meteorology New climate calls for new structural system [E] Markets Few skilled laborers travelled from England [H] Human Factors Became sedentary to develop colonies E1 [5.25] New construction methods New England sees economic growth and evolution of new technologies for construction Insulation needed for intense New Eng- land climate Adapts to frame displacement
[5.26] Periods of house evolution
P1 C1 Brick used as nogging between the sawn Layering of clapboards on timber frame timber to reduce moisture in nogging or wattle Greater structural support and insulation and daub for the frame Clapboards make a more efficient struc- ture
[5.27] Baldwin House
E4 E2 E3 E5 New technology developed for the manu- Rough timber used frequently as a readily Clapboarding easily made with power- Technology evolved for nail production facturing of brick available resource driven saw Production facilities developed for nails Masonry manufactured in Massachusetts Technology and skill of labor begin to Proximity to new driven saw mills al- More local raw materials and metals facilitate precision lowed precise production of clapboard discovered Pit-sawing utilized to maintain employ- pieces ment and growth
13 6] Batan, Batanes, Philippines Views [20°26’31”N, 121°59’25”E] [6.2]Aerial Aerial Photograph Photogr aph The “National Road” runs the perimeter The thesis site is located on the island South China Sea of the island and is mostly used by motor vehicles of Batan, in the nothern-most island province of and cyclists connecting all urban development on the Philippines called Batanes. Batanes exhibits a the island and providing infrastructure to Basco, Humid Equatorial or Tropical Climate (A), and has where the island’s marina and airport is located. a Short Dry Season (Am), based on the Köppen– Unpaved, “farm-to-market” roads developed by the Batanes Development Foundation Incorporat- Geiger climate rating system region with ‘m’ rep- BASCO resenting ‘monsoon’ (“Köppen”, 2009). Tempera- ed (BDFI), weave between the edges of the island tures are 18°C on average or above throughout and facilitate traffic by pedestrian, cyclist, and the duration of the year and seasonal monsoon Philippine Sea carabao. Basco is the capital of the province and is located south of Mt. Iraya on the western edge winds produce dryer months after the winter Roads solstice (precipitation <60mm) (“Köppen”, 2009). of the island. Besides Basco, Batan is host to small The island is bounded by the South China Sea to towns, barangay, farmland, and beautiful views. the West and the Philippines Sea to the East. [6.4] Farm-to-Market roads
Y‘Ami May Sanga
2,500’ 10,000’ Bashi Channel 5,000’ N
Batan Island Batanes Province, RP Mabudia Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & Siayan National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 South China Sea
Itbayat [6.3] Panor ama of Mt. Ir aya v olcano with site outlined in w hite
Dinem
Philippine Sea
Site
Batan
15,000’ 60,000’ Dequey 30,000’ N Ivuhos Sabtang Balintang Channel Luzon Strait [6.1] Batanes Pro vince 14 Site Selection Land Use Zoning Meteorology Land use maps can show the interactions Zoning shows the potential uses for The islands of Batanes are located within between regional social and economic forces, sectors of land and their relationship to adjacent Asia, classified as Region 2 by the World Me- seen in the land use map of Batanes, through the sectors. Most zoning decisions are made in rela- teorological Organization (WMO). Due to the agricultural land that is required to support the tion to land use patterns and their correlation provincial location within the Pacific Ocean and urban centers. These centers also have access to to geology. Also, infrastructure is of the utmost the weather center located on Batan, Batanes is other islands in the province and Luzon through importance if the project will have correlations to famous for the number of yearly typhoon that pass the marina as well as the airport, for resource national and regional processes, as infrastructure through the region. Batanes has a strong connec- distribution. is the element that joins distinct zones. The site is tion to winds, as gusts may reach 150 mph, and As of 2007, the population of Batan located in proximity to infrastructure so that it will its generations of architecture and agriculture was 7,517 and there were 1,469 households utilize connections to social centers. (“Batanes”). The land use patterns of the island Most zoning expresses a similar method have adapted to them 3. The site faces the sea and is exposed to North Easterly winds which show reflect these numbers in terms of the density of of appropriation of districts as that of land use. yearly increases to average wind speeds of 20 settlements and the related agricultural land out- The cultural zones are located along the sea, mph (Byron) and gusts up to 145 mph (weather side of them. while the multiple use zone encompasses it and underground). The farmstead’s connection to me- the sustainable use zone lies posterior, with the teorological and market systems makes it integral strict protection zone at the pinnacle. These for tests related to this thesis. relationships also show direct connections to the geologic formation of the island.
[6.5] Wind Map [6.6] Land-use Map [6.7]Zoning Zoning Map Map South China Sea
Philippine Sea
Strict Protection Zone Sustainable Use Zone Cultural Zone Multiple Use Zone
Roads
2,500’ 10,000’ 5,000’ N
Batan Island Batanes Province, RP Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 15 Geology [6.9] Pacific Ring of Fire Regional Response Batan is located within the “Pacific Ring From Norman Lechner’s “Heating, Cool- of Fire” where 75% of the worlds volcanoes are ing, and Lighting”, and discussion with Thor located. Numerous earthquakes and volcanoes Mt. Garibaldi Erickson, the appropriate design considerations Aleutian trench Mt. St. Helens Kurile trench are located in this region due to the friction be- Japan trench for this region are: Izu Ogasawara trench Ryuku trench tween convergent tectonic plate boundaries [6.9] Puerto Rico trench Philippine Mt. Pinatubo trench Marianas trench (“Pacific”). Though once considered inactive, Mt. Mt. Mayon Middle America 1. Open the building to the outdoors since tem- trench Challenger Deep Equator Bougainville trench Iraya is an active stratovolcano whose last erup- Krakatoa peratures are comfortable much of the year.
Java (Sunda) tion was figured to be in 1454 [6.10] (“Mount”). trench a. Use outdoor spaces on the south during the Tonga trench Peru-Chile trench The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Kermadec trench winter and on the north during the summer. Seismology (PHIVOLCS), has been monitoring the b. Shelter from hot summer sun and from cool South Sandwich region since 1998 (“Mount”). trench summer winds. The island was born from volcanic flows, c. Use a non-compacted building design for maxi- and most limestone is derived from regional coral. mum contact with the outdoors The lime used in the vernacular architecture is d. Large areas of operable windows, doors and harvested from the island’s limestone deposits. [6.10] Stratovolcano Formation walls to increase contact with the outdoors. Pyroclastic soils are especially suited for agri- Though Mt. Iraya is an active volcano, it did not fig- e. Create pavilion-like buildings. cultural production and these soils are farmed ure into the forces acting on architectural adaptation because 2. Protect from the summer sun. its eruption would be extremely rare and not as likely as the throughout the year (Peralta, “Valugan”, 2009). other forces examined in this thesis. d. Neighboring buildings should shade each other. [6.8] Geological Map m. Use a double or second roof with the space between well ventilated.
[6.11] Design strategies
16 Site Introduction [6.14]Topography Topography of Batan Batan is 80.8 square miles and has a pop- South China Sea ulation of approximately 9,000 inhabitants. The 100’ 1,000’ 500’ project site is located in the lowlands between Mt. Iraya (3,310’ ASL), an active volcano on the Mt. Iraya northeastern edge, and Mt. Matarem (1,551’ ASL). The fertile land located at the base of Mt. Iraya, in San Joaquin Valugan of the northeastern region of [6.13] Sections of Batan and Mt. Iraya Basco the island of Batan, is where the project site will be located. The capital of the province, Basco, was developed under Spanish colonial rule in Philippine Sea the 18th century, and lies to the west of the site, between Mt. Iraya and Mt. Matarem5. Across the 2.5 ha Agricultural Site island are pastoral grasslands, patches of wood- 500’ intervals ASL land and forest. 100’ intervals ASL Mt. Matarem
[6.12] Basco Diptan Elementary School Batanes National Science High School
Basco Central School 2,500’ 10,000’ Batanes State College 5,000’ N St. Dominic College Batanes Provincial Capital Batan Island Batanes Province, RP Airport Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & Police Station (Barracks) Valugan Boulder Beach National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 Site
[6.15] Aerial photograph of site
Computer Store Jollibee Basco Department of Education
Batan Island Batanes Province, RP 200’ 800’ Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & 400’ N 25’ 100’ National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 50’ N 17 Ecosystems [6.16] Drying Arayu [6.17] Dibang Multiple ecosystems, including “oceanic and river ecosystems”, “agricultural ecosystems”, “grassland ecosystems”, and “forest ecosystems”, exist near the site. These ecosystems set the stage for special interactions between Ivatans and the life within the ecosystem
Sea [6.18] Philippine Pit Viper The marine life most integral to the Ivatan fisherman, are the Dibang, or flying fish and the Arayu, or dorado, which are both migratory species. The Mayvanuvanua sacrifice is made at the beginning of every fishing season for hopes of calm weather (Erickson, 2010). Most fishing oc- curs on the eastern coast of the island Short Grass The grasslands of Batan are teaming with [6.19] Ecosystems of Batan wildlife. The most notable venomous snake is the Philippine Pit Viper, found only on Batan and Sabtang (Erickson, 2010). Agriculture Due to the semi-tropical climate and the intense topography of Batan, root crops are best suited for agriculture and therefore play large cultural roles as food. Garlic, onion, ginger, cas- sava, and the greater yam, goa yam, and sweet potato are the most popular root crops grown by households (Rede-Blolong 102, 1997). Rice is dif- ficult to grow on Batan, so it is mostly grown on the island of Itbayat (Erickson, 2010). Other crops include peppers, tomato, squash and bitter melon (Rede-Blolong 102, 1997). Forest The forests of Batan consist primarily of the Palo Maria (Calophyllum brasiliense var. rekoi) tree (Rede-Blolong 102, 1997). Other trees include the coconut palm, banana tree, papaya, breadfruit and the mango tree (Rede-Blolong 102, 1997).
18 7 [Issues Related to a Farmstead
Most information pertaining to the issues [7.2] Scattered farm parcels on Batan of a functioning farmstead on Batan was gathered from the article “Ivatan Agroforestry and Ecologi- cal History”, written by Raymundus Rede-Blolong and Harold Olofson, found in the Philippines Quarterly of Culture & Society. Typical household farms found on Batan, near Basco, are scattered because it helps ensure the safety of produce from typhoon as well as matters related to inheritance. Scattered parcels also reserve the benefit of hav- ing different soil types that may be suited to a particular crop. According to the 2007 census of Batanes, the average household size is 3.9 people based on 7,517 people in 1,469 households (“Batanes”, 2007). On average, families own 2-3 Ha in multiple parcels around the island, which are mainly used for subsistence agriculture [7.2]. The size, form, and crop of each parcel is primar- ily based on climatic factors, as well as property boundaries and topography.
Ivatan House Archetypes Sinadumparan & Jinjin Most homes on Batan follow in the traditional form and program as the traditional Sinadumparan, a house made of stone, and the Jinjin house, a house made of timber.
[7.3] Sinadumparan house anatomy
[7.1] Sinadumparan house 19 Regional Components cropping 4 [H] Metal is less durable and sometimes Using the analytical methodology de- [E] Land is equally distributed through fam- more expensive but is a status symbol 3 veloped through the investigation of Christopher ily lineage 4 Food stored in or near the home 4 Alexander’s work, a framework for analysis of the [M] Decentralization of agricultural lands for [M] Mortise and tenon, doweling and tying is issues that form a functioning family farm near climatic safety 4 used to construct most buildings to resist corro- Basco on the island of Batan was developed. [M] Shelter in fields from tropical heat as sion and uplift from wind 2 Information gathered from polled Ivatan farm- well as storms 4 Forests and Soils steads formed the backbone of Raymundus Rede- [M] Storage needed for protection of crops 4 [M] Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- Blolong’s article, “Ivatan Agroforestry and Eco- Roadside stand for connection to com- break for agriculture and soil management 4 logical History”, from the Philippine Quarterly of munity Soils in the north are pyroclastic and are Culture & Society. This article was used to devel- [E] Granary is economically, the most im- contiguously farmed 4 op a list of the issues related to a typical farmstead portant structure 3 Stone is used for infrastructure 1 on Batan. Florentino H. Hornedo’s book, Taming Husbandry Employment the Wind: Ethno-cultural History on the Ivatan of Pastoral lands require clearing of forests 4 the Batanes Isles, Joven Ignacio’s Ivatan Architec- [H] Agriculture sector is shrinking due to Cattle and caribou tied to trees even dur- corporate farmers and people are leaving for ture (Ivatan House Project - 1), and Rodrigo De ing storm 4 Perez III’s book, Folk Architecture, was also used work in Luzon to understand issues related to the architecture of Horticulture Development of agricultural produce to a functioning farm. The list that was developed [M] Rice is a staple but difficult to grow 4 contend in national markets was then organized into related categories such [M] Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes contend Water as “Employment”, similar to Alexander’s process. with climate better 4 [M] Streams are polluted after deforestation Those issues that had strong correlations to the Fish and storms so do not disturb them 4 shifting forces were marked: meteorology [M], [M] Protection of boats for access and trans- [M] Drainage through stepped irrigation and markets [E], and human factors [H]. This was fer of resources flood control 4 done prior to organizing the issues into formal [M] Fishing is only plausible under appropri- Cattle and caribou pollute streams so clusters to understand which formal clusters were ate weather conditions keep them away likely to shift when those forces acted upon them, Space needed for drying of fish 1 a step that did not exist in Alexander’s work. Education Salt house used for storage and prepara- [H] Farmers work to sell goods to send their tion 1 children to school outside of the province 4 Social Home Regional Development [M] Economy mostly based on import/export Living and kitchen structures are separate commodities as well as tourism 4 Developing stronger agricultural sector 2 for market assimilation [M] Extended family lives in one house or in Living and sleeping space are permanent a collection of adjacent homes 4 Stronger connection between islands for 2 greater self-sufficiency [H] Adult living accommodations are sepa- [M] Buildings have three walls with windows rated from children Move away from energy and food reli- and doors, but the fourth wall that faces the ance from Luzon [M] There exists a social obligation to help direction of oncoming wind is empty 3 with the construction of village structures 2 Inefficient transportation prevents assimi- [M] Layers of cogon grasses are attached to lation into international markets Proximity to airport necessary for transfer pile systems to accommodate use profiles 2 of resources Kitchens are less permanent than homes [M] When a storm is coming, a net is thrown Agriculture 1 (Hornedo, 2000) over the home and staked to resist uplift 3 Farms in proximity to inter-regional roads 2 (Ignacio, 2004) [H] Homes are often masonry structures 2 for distribution and link to home 4 3 (Perez III, 1989) Kitchens are often pile structures 2 Agricultural lands are used for share 4 (Rede-Blolong, 1997) 20 Organizing Regional Components and storms so do not disturb them 4 [M] Fishing is only plausible under appropri- After the list of issues related to a func- Cattle and caribou pollute streams so ate weather conditions tioning farmstead was developed, strong posi- keep them away tive and negative formal relationships between [M] Drainage through stepped irrigation and issues were sought. The display of strong positive flood control 4 C - Communal Life and Shelter relationships between issues meant they should C1 be grouped, like “Shelter in fields from tropical [M] Extended family lives in one house or in heat as well as storms” within “Agriculture”, is E - Economy a collection of adjacent homes 4 strongly related to “Reforestation of Palo Maria as Farms in proximity to inter-regional roads a windbreak for agriculture and soil management” E1 for distribution and link to home 4 within “Forest and Soils”. Negative relationships [M] Economy mostly based on import/export Stone is used for infrastructure 1 helped to separate issues that had adverse conse- commodities as well as tourism 4 Agricultural lands are used for share quences in proximity to one another, like an issue [M] Protection of boats for access and trans- cropping 4 related to “Husbandry” such as “Pastoral lands fer of resources [M] Decentralization of agricultural lands for require clearing of forest”, and an issue related Proximity to airport necessary for transfer climatic safety 4 to “Water” such as “Streams are polluted after of resources deforestation and storms so do not disturb them”. Stronger connection between islands for C2 [H] Adult living accommodations are sepa- Then the groupings were categorized related to greater self-sufficiency “Production”, “Economy” and “Communal Life rated from children and Shelter”, similar to the methodology of Chris- E2 [E] Land is equally distributed through fam- topher Alexander. Roadside stand for connection to com- ily lineage 4 munity Living and kitchen structures are separate [E] Granary is economically, the most im- 2 P - Production portant structure 3 Living and sleeping space are permanent P1 E3 2 (6) Orchard plots @ 12,000 SF each [H] Agriculture sector is shrinking due to C3 [M] Shelter in fields from tropical heat as corporate farmers and people are leaving for [M] There exists a social obligation to help well as storms 4 work in Luzon with the construction of village structures 2 [M] Rice is a staple but difficult to grow 4 Soils in the north are pyroclastic and are [H] Homes are often masonry structures 2 [M] Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes contend contiguously farmed 4 Kitchens are often pile structures 2 with climate better 4 [H] Farmers work to sell goods to send their [H] Metal is less durable and sometimes [M] Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- children to school outside of the province 4 more expensive but is a status symbol 3 break for agriculture and soil management 4 E4 C4 P2 Development of agricultural produce to [M] When a storm is coming, a net is thrown [M] Storage needed for protection of crops 4 contend in national markets over the home and staked to resist uplift 3 Salt house used for storage and prepara- Developing stronger agricultural sector [M] Layers of cogon grasses are attached to tion 1 for market assimilation pile systems to accommodate use profiles 2 Food stored is in or near the home 4 Move away from energy and food reli- [M] Mortise and tenon, doweling and tying is Space needed for drying of fish 1 ance from Luzon used to construct most buildings to resist corro- P3 Inefficient transportation prevents assimi- sion and uplift from wind 2 Pastoral lands require clearing of forest 4 lation into international markets 1 (Hornedo, 2000) Cattle and caribou tied to trees even dur- E5 2 (Ignacio, 2004) ing storm 4 [M] Fish moving further north as ocean water 3 (Perez III, 1989) [M] Streams are polluted after deforestation warms 4 (Rede-Blolong, 1997) 21 s Farmstead Formal Organization ile Key m 08 4 After grouping the issues that had strong ila an Road M Marina to To formal relationships, the groupings were orga- rt Tree cover/orchard Islands po nized to show those that correlated. Program was Air then developed which deviates from Alexander’s Enclosed program methodology. This program exhibits the typical Cultivated plots sizes and relationships of spaces required for a Pastoral plots functioning farmstead, including everything from 400’ 1,600’ the island, to the village, farmstead and home. E1 800’ N Basco, the capital municipality, is 9.7 square miles (2,500 Ha) [7.3] Formal organization of farmstead
C1 E4 E3 E5 Residential Agricultural production Farmstead @ 265,200 SF Aquatic livelihood Agriculture @ 260,000 SF Residential + storage @ 5,200 SF
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 Pastoral plots @ 130,000 SF (9) Cultivated plots @ 8,000 SF Residential @ 1,200 SF in mul- Storage @ 4,000 SF Roadside stand @ 100 SF Cattle quarters on the periphery each (Yam, Rice, Garlic) tiple structures Garden @ 1,000 SF of plots (7) Orchard plots @ 12,000 SF each
Hedgerows and circulation Yams Sweet Potatoes P5 C3 C4 C5 Circulation and hedgerows Concrete and stone, hardwood, Reeds, cogon grass 1 end is closed to the wind GI roofing 22 Farmstead Program farmers or visitors, it is essential that they are rice, and garlic, the most popular produce of the After reorganizing the list of issues that located to be accessible and have views to nearly island. Garlic may be exported to Luzon or other have strong formal relationships, a program list all spaces. Adjacency to waste and utilities is countries in the future. These plots are adjacent to was developed. This deviates from Alexander’s important. the orchard plots and shelters. methodology when program is developed from Laundry Orchard these relationships. This program exhibits the typi- [50 SF] Washing is facilitated by off-site [72,000 SF] Comprised of 8 plots for the cal sizes and relationships of spaces required for a streams, so it is important that the washing space Palo Maria to act as windbreaks for adjacent culti- functioning farmstead, including everything from for clothing is proximal to the public road. Spaces vated plots and shelters, being planted in opposi- buildings to agricultural plots. for drying are located outside homes for passive tion of intense northeasterly winds. ventilation. Shelters Space Standards and Criteria Waste [200 SF] Comprised of spaces for escape Residential and Storage Spaces [200 SF] It is important that there are from the intense sun, rain, or wind. Farmers and [5,200 SF (1,200 SF + 4,000 SF)] spaces for the acclimation of sewage, whether in pack animals use these spaces so they are ad- a septic tank or plumbing connections to mu- jacent to cultivated plots and pastoral land and nicipal facilities. Also, material burn piles are have furniture for resting. Roadside/Multiple-Use Stand important to relieve organic waste from produce. Pastoral Land [300 SF] Comprised of space for the load- Spaces for food composts are important and ing and unloading of transport vehicles to con- [87,000 SF] These are used by 2 carabao should be located near agricultural fields or the and 3 cattle to graze. trol distribution of produce. This space can also garden to fertilize soil. be used as a drop-off/pick-up zone for visitors. Requires access to public roads. Laid out so that Storage there is efficient access by main roads and it is [4,000 SF] Consists of static space to store visible from the road. produce, seeds, tools, as well as active space for the drying produce and fish. This space requires Kitchen interior and exterior environments for use. The [200 SF] Comprised of spaces for the space is laid out for archival as well as to utilize preparation and storage of food and utensils. This passive ventilation space must be separate from the dormitories due to aroma. Utilities [100 SF] Comprised of minor utilities Dining/Living/Multiple-Use like plumbing and electric with potential for the [200 SF] Comprised of spaces used for addition of batteries to process renewable energy gathering, there should be a blend of interior to sources. exterior connections for flexibility in program and Agricultural Spaces size. Adjacency to the kitchen and other public [260,000 SF] spaces is imperative to connect through paths as well as views. Garden Bedrooms [1,000 SF] Comprised of growing spaces [400 SF] Comprised of a mixture of adult adjacent to the kitchen. Cultivated plots would and children sleeping spaces, it is essential that harbor herbs and spices as well as small plots for they are separated as such. Adjacency to bath- larger produce. There may be potential for the ad- rooms, utilities, and waste is important. dition of a [400 SF] greenhouse. Bathrooms Cultivated Plots [100 SF] Used by both homeowners and [80,000 SF] Plots for cultivating yam, 23 8 [Shifts in Forces [8.2] Shifting forces 190 The convergence of meteorological systems has the 180 affect of reinforcing one another. In the elements of meteo- rology examined, the storm power dissipated (Vecchi et at., 170 Correlative Forces 2008) during climate events will also affect the precipitation 160 The groups of issues that were related for that period (Peralta, “Climatological”, 2009; Mimura et al., to shifting forces were matched with their corol- 2007). These shifting meteorological patterns will have affects Existing 150 lary force to understand how formal organization on transit frequency to Batan (Erickson, 2010; Cidell, 2008) 140 would change over time [8.1]. For instance, if the and the population of Batanes (“Batanes”, 2007; Quisumbing et al., 2010). Interestingly the population of Batanes and transit 130 group of issues exhibited a strong relationship to frequency also exhibit strong relationships with one another, 120 shifts in resource transit they would be matched to where smaller populations will require less resources to be imported, and when there are less resources being imported, 110 projected shifts in resource transit frequency. After Yam Max @ 800 all formal groups are considered and adapted, the low population levels are enforced. Agro Cooperative 100 formal organization would have evolved to the 550 new set of circumstances. 90 Sweet Potato 80 [8.1] Formal organization of farmstead 75 500 Precipitation in Batan 70 cm 60 450
50 Rice 375 400 40 Banana 30 325 350 E1 Storm Power Dissipated 20 % Change 10 300 0.0 C1 E4 E3 E5 250 16 15 Population of Batanes 14 14 13 13 13 P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 Thousands 12 12 12 Transit Frequency to Batan 12 11 11 11 Visits/Year 10 10 P5 C3 C4 C5 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 6
February 5
March
July July 4
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 24 190 2040 180 Subsistence Scenario 170 If the shifting forces act without inter- 160 vention, the island will adapt by allowing exist- 150 ing economies to digress to solely a subsistence economy. A loss of local traditions and an aban- 140 doned way of life is characteristic of this scenario. It is important to utilize this forecast to develop 130 Subsistence Agrotourism 120 economic means to affect the shifts by chang- 110 ing Batan’s economic focus. This is important so Yam Max @ 800 that elements of the Ivatan culture are preserved. 100 These elements will be described in the following 550 design scenarios. Below are the categories and 90 Sweet Potato groups after the shifts [8.3] in formal organization. 80 75 500 Precipitation in Batan 70 cm 60 450
50 Rice 375 400 40 Banana 30 325 350 Storm Power Dissipated 20 E1 % Change 10 300 0.0 250 16 C1 E4 E3 E5 15 Population of Batanes 14 14 13 13 13 Thousands 12 P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 12 12 Transit Frequency to Batan 12 11 11 11 Visits/Year 10 10 9 P5 C3 C4 9 9 8 8 8 7 6 [8.3] Shifted formal organization After analyzing the existing organization of a
February 5 farmstead and proposing changes based on the shifts in forces,
March
July July 4 a new list of grouped issues was developed. The new list is the result of primary affected components shifting to accom- modate corollary forces and secondary components shifting to accommodate new primary forces.
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 25 Subsistence Formal Organization E2 Imported cement, aggregate, and rebar Distribution center and granary become decreases the width of the wall P - Production important for produce diversification on island More buildings are maintained so there is The distribution center becomes an eco- less demand for new construction P1 nomic structure for trade People migrate so less demand for new Shelter in fields from heat and storms construction Mostly yam and sweet potatoes are E3 grown because they contend with climate Agriculture sector shrinks due to corpo- C4 Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- rate farmers and people migrating to Luzon Irrigation and plantings prevent erosion break for agriculture and soil management Farmers produce enough for subsistence Buildings have three walls with windows and More orchards and windbreaks for in- Untended land reverts to forest or grassland doors, but the fourth wall that faces the direction tense typhoon E4 of oncoming wind is empty Untended fields will be left to second Townsfolk walk to farms When a storm is coming, a net is thrown growth forests Agricultural land becomes untended as over the home and staked to resist uplift P2 people migrate Storage needed for protection of crops Inefficient transportation prevents assimi- and reserves lation into international markets Food stored in or near the home E5 Sufficient space for drying of fish Fish move north as ocean water warms Garden is for growing produce for the Fishing is only plausible under appropri- household ate weather conditions P3 Aquaculture supplements agricultural diet Pastoral lands require clearing of forest Cattle and caribou tied to trees in storm C - Communal Life and Shelter Streams are polluted after deforestation C1 and storms so do not disturb them Extended family and towns people lives Cattle and caribou pollute streams so in one house keep them away People migrate to large cities leaving Drainage through stepped irrigation and untended properties flood control Less generational dependency P4 In proximity to inter-regional roads to Subsistence economy mostly based on share or trade produce provincial trade C2 Proximity to airport necessary for transfer Adult living accommodations are sepa- of emergency resources rated from children Stronger connection between islands for Different families may share property greater self-sufficiency Living and kitchen structures integrated P5 Living and sleeping space become imper- Hedgerows protect crops from wind manent as people migrate Circulation is located along the hedge- Kitchens are used as a place for gathering rows for efficient access to crops Kitchens are less permanent than homes C3 E - Economy Obligation to help maintain structures 26 s Subsistence Farmstead ile m 08 4 A new program and adjacency chart was ila an M Marina to To developed from the shifted issues and is classified rt Islands po as the subsistence scenario [9.1]. This scenario Air is “unreigned” and is characterized by a loss of tradition as people eventually abandon their homes due to increasing levels of risk brought by the shifting forces. Though this scenario presents a 400’ 1,600’ future of threatened traditions, it offers an oppor- P4 800’ N tunity for public policy and design to intervene. Basco, the capital municipality, is 9.7 square miles (2,500 Ha) [8.4] New organization of farmstead
C1 E4 E3 E5 Town residential Agricultural production Farmstead @ 3 Ha/323,000 SF Aquatic livelihood Agriculture @ 321,000 SF Residential + storage @ 2,000 SF
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 (1) Pastoral plot @ 6,000 SF each (9) Cultivated plots @ 6,000 SF Residential @ 750 SF Storage @ 1,000 SF Distribution center @ 250 SF Cattle quarters on the periphery each (Yam, Garlic) Garden @ 1,000 SF of plots Orchard transitions to forest Multiple shelters up to 200 SF
Key Hedgerows Road and circulation Tree cover/orchard Yams Sweet Potatoes Enclosed program Cultivated plots P5 C3 C4 Pastoral plots Circulation and hedgerows Concrete, rebar, reclaimed 1 end is closed to the wind wood, GI roofing 27 Farmstead Design [8.5] Farmstead Site Section In unmediated scenario where meteo- As people migrate, it becomes harder to perform rology, transit frequency, and migration, occur maintenance on homes as the community labor pool weakens. Families begin to live and farm together as they abandon their without intervention, agricultural lands as well old homes when they become unmanageable. as the island of Batan will eventually be aban- doned. During this process, agriculture will revert entirely back to subsistence as trade systems that were once open to the island begin to close as the island becomes a self-sustaining entity. The eco- systems of Batan will take over any unkept land, giving rise to new forests. Batan will not exhibit a clear hierarchy, and instead will exhibit an autonomous sys- tem of farm and farmsteads. Farming will focus around land that is best suited to agriculture, the pyroclastic soils on either end of the island. The farmsteads in these regions will be focused around parts of the site that are not suited to agriculture. Tubers will mostly be planted as it is the only cultural crop suited to the new environ- ment. There will be some carabao along marginal grasslands. The house section stays the same [8.6] Section through Farmstead House Ultimately, this path will lead to aban- Stone masonry structures will destabilize through doned agricultural lands and loss of Ivatan history meteorological conditions and roofs will corrode. If possible, Ivatans will utilize methods of construction that utilize locally and identity as youth that leave will not carry available resources to maintain their homes. on the traditions. Though this scenario is bleak, it provides an opportunity to avert the affect of the forces on the economy of Batan, through the creation of new economic systems. These oppor- tunities facilitate the preservation of architectural development on the island.
28 29 9 [Designing for Crisis This crisis point is incited at the conver- As drastic shifts in meteorological, mar- gence of lowering crop yields, need for money to ket, and human forces converge over time, there support more frequent commodity transfer, lower- will be points that incite crisis and possible col- ing populations that need work to sustain them. lapse. Therefore, these pivotal points are impor- This scenario is linked to the capacity-building tant projections that should provoke scenarios to practices of the UN where a new cash crop is challenge the framework and focus of a farmstead introduced. This is done by remarketing a cultural on Batan so that adaptation can facilitate new crop. economic focus that works within the periods of crisis. Obviously, waiting for the crisis period Agrotourism to arise is reactionary and leads one to abandon This crisis point is incited at the conver- the potential for adaptive capacity. Therefore it is gence of migration, infrequent commodity transfer important to understand the benefits of “capacity- through transit chains, and fewer supported building”, often utilized by organizations like the crops. This path ultimately lead to a celebration UN Framework Convention on Climate Change of the Ivatan culture and traditional practices. The (UNFCCC) to avert the negative large-scale im- maintenance of these traditions are all subsidized pacts of climate change (“Capacity” 2009). through tourism even as it becomes harder to Though the impacts of climate change transport goods. are of primary note in my analysis of the shifting farmstead, it is important to note how the conflu- ence of shifts in markets and human factors will also affect points of crisis. Therefore, the process of “capacity-building” has to accommodate these shifts to develop design scenarios that accommo- date transforming identity, tradition and culture. This process becomes increasingly complex as national or regional political agendas permeate through these “capacity-building” scenarios. Therefore, the scenarios posed pertain to maintaining a functioning farmstead under pro- jected shifts. This is facilitated through the finding a synergy between the impacts of shifting forces and new issues proposed in the scenarios.
Subsistence This crisis point is incited at the con- vergence of migration from Batanes, infrequent transit of food to Batan, and shifting availability of produce on Batan. This scenario will ultimately lead to abandoned agricultural lands and loss of history/identity. It is characterized by preservation without new development or construction Agro Cooperative 30 Site Analysis for Farmstead [9.2] Orientation to Typhoon The next step was to set a framework for Typhoon and the wind or rain associated the design scenarios by developing a link between with them typically arrive from the North and program and site. The programmatic categories Northeast. In establishing zones, it was important from the organizational diagrams have specific to consider adjacent topography. Therefore, “zone parameters that meteorological and market forces 1” is sheltered by a landmass to the east and is must facilitate for program to properly function. not very steep compared to “zone 2” For example, cultivated plots can only exist in meteorological zones with little site impact due to fragility and only exist in variable market zones Zone 1 - Small Typhoon Impact due to shifting demands and climate events. Zone 2 - Medium Typhoon Impact Road Zone 3 - Large Typhoon Impact [Market: ] Tree cover (Orchard) [Market: - Meteorological: - ] Enclosed (residential, stor., dist., waste, utilities) [9.3] Erosion [Market: Meteorological: - ] Valleys and roads create channels that Cultivated plots usher runoff from high to low topographic zones, [Market: Meteorological: - ] often disturbing the site and the habitats within Pastoral plots it. During typhoon and climate events, these are [Market: Meteorological: - ] the regions that will experience the most erosion and flooding, leading to the greatest levels of site Meteorology disturbance. Topographic orientation to typhoon, zones of erosion, and storm surges affect the site.
[9.1] Meteorological Shifts Merged meteorology maps Zones of Erosion
[9.4] Storm Surge Due to the geography of the island, there are boulders and stones along most beaches, including my site, and coral off shore. Therefore, the tide and storm surges break before they hit the beach. In this regard, storm surges did not have as great an affect on the zoning of the program as orientation to typhoon and erosion. However, Zone 1 (Minimum Environmental Impact) [conversation with Thor Erickson] Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Normal Zone 5 (Maximum Environmental Impact) Storm Surge @ 5’ 31 Markets [9.6] Orchard [9.9] Residential, Storage, The existing “farm-to-market” road Distribution comprises zone 1, experiencing the least amount of shifts as it is the artery that interfaces the farmstead with the markets in the barangays, or villages, where the produce could be sold or traded. Zone 2, the region adjacent to the road, would experience more shifts than zone 1 as it is the intermediary between zones 1 and 2 that would shift to facilitate distribution to the artery that links to the market. Zone 3 experiences the most change as it responds to changing demands of markets and is devoted primarily to production.
[9.5] Market Shifts [9.7] Cultivated Plots [9.10] Waste
Zone 1 - Minimum Program Shifts Zone 2 - Medium Program Shifts Zone 3 - Maximum Program Shifts [9.8] Pastoral Plots, [9.11] Utilities Shelters
Program Zones It is now possible to integrate the pro- gram into the site, matching the specific program criteria related to site features into the diagrams for the “Meteorology” and “Market” shifts.
Suitable Programmatic Site Planning
32 2020 [9.13] Forces Giving Rise to Scenario 190 180 Agro Cooperative 170 Though the subsistence scenario pre- 160 sented a loss of local traditions and an abandoned 150 way of life, it offers an opportunity of negotiation within the immediate circumstances to circum- 140 vent the forecasted future. These negotiations 130 could occur through new policy that supports the 120 culture of the Ivatans by creating an economic 110 means to combat future shifts through utilizing the Yam Max @ 800 state of precipitation and resource transit in 2020. 100 The unique varieties of rice and yam in 550 90 Batanes would become important cash crops due Sweet Potato 80 to their relevance to Ivatan tradition. These variet- 75 500 ies also mitigate risk from catastrophicPrecipitation events in Batan Storm Power Dissipated70 because the yams are suited for sloped terrain and cm 60 450 the rice for lowlands. To understand the formal 50 Rice shifts emphasized by agricultural cooperative 375 400 policy changes, correlations between the exist- 40 Banana ing components of Batan and the particular force 30 Precipitation 325 350 they correlate to were examined. This examina- 20 tion results in newStorm groupings Power of issues Dissipated related to a functioning farmstead under the% monocropChange 10 300 scenario. 0.0 250 16 15 Population of Batanes 14 14 13 13 13 Thousands Population 12 [9.12] New organization of farmstead 12 12 Transit Frequency to Batan 12 Transit Frequency11 11 11 Visits/Year 10 10 E1 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 C1 E4 E3 E5 6
February 5
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 March July July 4
E7 C3 E6 C4 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 33 Agro Cooperative E2 Hierarchy of use helps assimilation into Formal Organization Rice is protected by greenhouse struc- international markets Below are the groups of issues related to tures and sold as a cultural cash crop People walk to agricultural fields from a functioning Ivatan farmstead under an unregu- Greenhouse structure can be manipu- town as economy is labor based agriculture lated monocrop scenario. lated based on season Maintains employment levels E3 Extended family lives in one house P - Production Agriculture sector is expanding C2 Farmers work to sell goods to send their Adult living accommodations are sepa- P1 children to universities outside of the province rated from children Shelter in fields from tropical heat as well Untended buildings on vacant lots are Vacant homes or rooms in town are as storms used for storage, processing and distribution shared or rented by farmers Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes contend Agricultural land is distributed through with climate and are cultural staples E4 In proximity to inter-regional roads for purchasers or for sharecropping Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- Living and kitchen structures are inte- break for agriculture and soil management agriculture distribution and link to home Agricultural lands are used for share grated and permanent P2 cropping C3 Storage needed for protection of crops Decentralization of agricultural lands for Social obligation to help maintain struc- Distribution center and granary merge climatic safety tures The distribution center becomes the most Corrugated galvanized iron and alumi- important economic structure E5 Fish moving further north as ocean water num roofs are prestige building materials Garden is for growing produce for the As the width of the wall is reduced, the household warms Fishing is only plausible under appropri- roof may develop an overhang for shading P3 ate weather conditions Aggregate and cement for concrete is Fewer cattle and caribou on the island Net fishing is used to supplement pro- imported due to erosion from overgrazing duce diet Reclaimed wood used for finish flooring Small plots of grassland used for feed as hardwood trees cannot be cut down Pastoral land reclaimed for agriculture E6 Cash crop brings money for the transport Deforestation prohibited Permeable textile used to cover green of construction materials Cattle and caribou pollute streams so house during extensive rain to protect cash crop During the dry season, the green house is C4 keep them away Irrigation and plantings are utilized to Drainage through stepped irrigation and not covered during fine weather Cash crop needs to be grown year round prevent erosion and flooding flood control Buildings have three walls with windows E7 and doors, but the fourth wall that faces the direc- E - Economy Hedgerows used to protect crops from tion of oncoming wind is empty wind E1 Circulation is located along the hedge- Economy mostly based on import/export rows for efficient access to crops commodities Protection of boats for access and transfer of resources C - Communal Life and Shelter Proximity to airport necessary for transfer C1 of resources Development of cultural agricultural Stronger connection between islands for produce to contend in national and international greater self-sufficiency markets 34 s Agro Cooperative ile Key m 08 4 A new program and adjacency chart was ila Road an M Marina to To Tree cover/orchard developed to accommodate shifts in the issues rt Islands po related to a farmstead involved in an agricultural Air cooperative. At ‘E3’ for instance, because the Enclosed program best arable land is given to agricultural produc- Cultivated plots Pastoral plots tion, all land that is suited for agriculture from the site analysis is given to agriculture. For ‘E6’, a 400’ 1,600’ greenhouse is needed to maintain the Ivatan Rice P4 800’ N through adverse climatic events. Basco, the capital municipality, is 9.7 square miles (2,500 Ha) [9.14] New organization of farmstead
C1 E4 E3 E5 Town residential Agricultural production Farmstead @ 3 Ha/323,000 SF Aquatic livelihood Agriculture @ 318,000 SF Residential+storage @ 5,000 SF
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 (9) Grass feed plots @ 6,000 SF (30) Cultivated plots @ 6,000 SF Residential @ 750 SF Storage, processing, distribution (16) Greenhouse structures @ Cattle quarters on the periphery each (Yam, Garlic) @ 4,000 SF 750 SF (Ivatan Rice) of plots (14) Orchard plots @ 6,000 SF Garden @ 1,000 SF Multiple shelters up to 200 SF
Hedgerows and circulation Yams Sweet Potatoes
E7 C3 C4 E6 Circulation and hedgerows Concrete, fiberglass, reclaimed 1 end is closed to the wind Concrete, Fiberglass, Textiles wood, GI 35 Agro Cooperative [9.15] Farmstead Site Section The site must be planned so that all arable land is As Batan evolves towards an economy used for agriculture. Land less suited for agriculture should be used for enclosed spaces. Also, along with spaces for storage, centered around agricultural cooperatives, there there should be interior and exterior spaces for processing are shifts that affect island land use patterns, farm- produce. The road must be paved to facilitate jeepneys that stead planning, and house configurations. These take produce to be exported. evolutions also have impacts on the local culture. For instance, on the island scale, a hierar- chy of use is developed to disintegrate farmsteads from the agricultural land so that all arable land is devoted to agricultural production and the worst land is given to housing development. Not only does this have planning and architectural implica- tions, this means that everybody will walk to their farmland daily. Though many farmers currently walk to their plots, practices will shift so that every farmer commutes. Farmstead homes will mostly develop in town though some will still dot the agricultural [9.16] Processing, Storage and Distribu- fields, either as dwellings or as places for storage, tion Center Section processing, or distribution. Where agriculture is Spaces become larger to facilitate new economic The roof slope on the elevations of the building is maintained not suited for the terrain or at risk during the rainy implements. The space closest to the road is used for distribu- to preserve the , but shifts to a shallower slope appropriate for season, greenhouses are developed. Only mar- tion while the middle and bottom space is used for the pro- the fiberglass material. The roof develops overhangs to accom- cessing and storage of rice and yams. Concrete is imported for modate a shallower wall section and to shade the perimeter of ginal land is used for grassland to give crops the construction and corrugated fiberglass panels are used to roof the building from the sun. best arable land the processing, storage, and distribution center. For the farmstead house and build- ings, the building section shifts to accommo- date imported materials. As hardwoods cannot be gathered from the island and aggregate is not recycled, all materials are imported which is economically feasible under this monocrop scenario. Buildings will develop thinner wall sections as money from cash crop brings in more efficient building technologies. Galvanized iron and fiberglass roofs and concrete will still remain popular and become affordable for Ivatans under this scenario.
36 2030 [9.18] Forces Giving Rise to Scenario 190 180 Agrotourism 170 Agrotourism is another scenario that 160 averts the deprivation of Ivatan tradition and 150 abandonment and occurs after the monocrop scenario. This scenario facilitates the preservation 140 of culture and tradition through an economy that 130 draws tourists to celebrate local ecologies and tra- 120 ditions. Not only does this involve the breathtak- 110 ing sites of Batan, but this scenario involves and Yam Max @ 800 supports the agriculture and aquaculture sectors Storm Power Dissipated100 of Batan. 550 90 The agrotourism scenario utilizes levels Sweet Potato 80 of population after migration, resource transit, and 75 500 levels of precipitationPrecipitation during in the Batan tourist season of 70 2030. As people leave the provincecm of Batanes, 60 450 it becomes further remote, offering an economic Precipitation 50 Rice opportunity for synergies between vacant homes 375 400 and incoming tourists. Agrotourism subsidizes 40 Banana increasing costs of resource transit, and also 30 325 350 coincides with the onset of the planting season, 20 providingStorm anPower opportunity Dissipated for tourists to participate in agricultural practices.% Change 10 300 An analysis of the formal0.0 shifts brought by an emphasis on tourism, by examining250 existing 16 components of Batan and their corollary forces, 15 resulted in new groupings of issues related to a 14 14 functioningPopulation farmstead. of Batanes 13 13 13 Thousands 12 [9.17] New organization of farmstead 12 12 Transit Frequency to Batan 12 11 11 11 Visits/Year 10 Population 10 E1 9 9 9 8 8 8 Transit Frequency 7 C1 E4 E3 E5 6
February 5
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 March July July 4
P5 C3 C4 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 37 Agrotourism Formal Organization Development of agrotourism to contend Below are the groups of issues related E - Economy in national and international markets to a functioning Ivatan farmstead under an Hierarchy of regional zoning helps pre- agrotourism scenario. E1 serve tourist destinations Town development focussed around tour- People walk to tourist destinations from P - Production ist destinations town Agriculture integrated into tourism Maintains employment levels Towns specialize in particular tourist Extended family lives in one house P1 destinations Tourists live in vacant homesteads Tourists participate in agriculture Intertown paved access and infrastructure People migrate to large cities leaving Rice is a staple but difficult to grow for hiking untended properties Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes contend Airport integral to tourism C2 with climate better and flourish with shade E2 Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- Adult living accommodations are sepa- Agricultural homesteads become impor- rated from children break for agriculture and soil management tant economic structures for tourism Smaller agricultural plots though there Land is rented by tourists are more E3 Different families may live together More orchards and windbreaks for in- Agriculture sector is shrinking due to Living and kitchen structures are separate tense typhoon corporate farmers and people are leaving for work Living and sleeping space become imper- Untended fields will be left to second in Luzon manent as people migrate growth forests Tourism mitigates economic loss and reli- Kitchens are used as a place for gathering ance from the agricultural sector Kitchens are less permanent than homes P2 Vacant rooms become potential home- Storage needed for protection of crops C3 stead for tourists and excess produce used for As the width of the wall is reduced, lou- Food stored in or near the home for own tourists use and to sell to tourists vres may be added for shading Remittances also go to developing home- The roof section gets thinner as Garden is for growing produce for the steads household Fiberglass mesh reinforcing and concrete E4 imported for construction P3 Development of agricultural produce to Reclaimed wood used for finish flooring Fewer cattle and caribou on the island supply tourists and locals as hardwood trees cannot be cut down due to erosion from overgrazing Developing agricultural sector in con- Social obligation to help maintain struc- Small plots of grassland used for feed junction with tourism tures Pastoral land reclaimed for agriculture Agricultural lands are farmed by tourists C4 Streams are polluted after deforestation as well as Ivatans and storms so do not disturb them Irrigation and plantings are utilized to Cattle and caribou pollute streams so E5 prevent erosion and flooding keep them away Tourists and Ivatans fish with nets and Buildings have three walls with windows Drainage through stepped irrigation and line to supplement their agricultural diet and doors, but the fourth wall that faces the direc- flood control Fish moving further north as ocean water tion of oncoming wind is empty Tourists and townspeople walk to farms warms Fishing is only plausible under appropri- P4 ate weather conditions Hedgerows used to protect crops from wind Circulation is located along the hedge- C - Communal Life and Shelter rows for efficient access to crops C1 38 s Agrotourism Farmstead ile Key m 08 4 A new program and adjacency chart was ila Road an M Marina to To Tree cover/orchard developed to accommodate shifts in issues related rt Islands po to a farmstead based in the agrotourism scenario. Air For instance, at ‘C1’, homes that were va- Enclosed program cant from migration are now occupied by tourists. Cultivated plots Pastoral plots For ‘C2’, new tourist homesteads use imported materials, subsidized by tourists, but maintains 400’ 1,600’ traditional proportions and functions. P4 800’ N Basco, the capital municipality, is 9.7 square miles (2,500 Ha) [9.19] New organization of farmstead
C1 E4 E3 E5 Town residential Agricultural production Farmstead @ 3 Ha/323,000 SF Aquatic livelihood Agriculture @ 318,000 SF Residential + storage @ 2,500 SF
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 (1) Grass feed plots @ 6,000 SF (19) Cultivated plots @ 6,000 SF Residential @ 750 SF Storage, processing, distribution Farmsteads Cattle quarters on the periphery each (Yam, Garlic) Kitchen @ 750 SF @ 1,000 SF of plots (33) Orchard plots @ 6,000 SF Garden @ 1,000 SF Multiple shelters up to 200 SF
Hedgerows and circulation Yams Sweet Potatoes
P4 C3 C4 Circulation and hedgerows Concrete, fiberglass, reclaimed 1 end is closed to the wind wood, GI 39 Agrotourism [9.20] Agrotourism Farmstead Site Sec- tion As Batan becomes heavily involved in Jeepnies and bicycles facilitate tourist transporta- tourism, the architecture of the island must shift tion to the site. The site is planned so that tourist homesteads to accommodate new uses. These shifts towards and agricultural land are linked visually as well as spatially. The public gathering spaces between the homesteads and the tourism will also affect island land use patterns, fields are used for tourists to learn traditional Ivatan practices. farmstead planning, and house configurations. Town development on Batan will con- tinue to focus around communities with tourist homesteads and tourist destinations will remain accessible through unpaved roads. As agriculture is spread throughout the island, there is an oppor- tunity for agrotourism in these regions. Farmsteads and homesteads will accom- modate economic shifts from migration by renting vacant rooms to tourists. The spaces will maintain similar space proportions to the traditional homes of the island. Materials will have to be imported as the island cannot support locally sourced [9.21] Agrotourism Homestay Section materials. Whenever possible, recycled aggregate The architecture of the homesteads is designed Though the homestays are larger, they maintain similar roof so that tourists can experience the traditional lifestyles of profiles and eaves as the traditional homes to provide space will be used to produce concrete for building the Ivatan. The proportions of space from traditional homes for storage. However, due to thinner wall sections, louvres are construction. Reclaimed hardwoods will also be is maintained, and recycled aggregate from previous island used to shelter from the intense summer sun. used as the hardwood of Batan’s forests cannot be projects are used in concrete. cut down. The farmsteads will need larger dining spaces to accommodate tourists. These spaces should be integrated into the space used to pre- pare for agrotourism activities. Economic revenue from tourism will be used towards the preservation of homes, and new houses will maintain the proportions and uses of the existing homes, though wall sections will change as new materials and technologies are im- ported from tourism revenue. Cement, aggregate, and new technologies such as fiberglass reinforc- ing will be used for new construction, allowing wall thicknesses decrease. This will warrant the call for new mechanisms, such as louvres, to adapt and maintain levels of shade appropriate to the subtropical climate.
40 Synthesis Scenario The synthesis scenario seeks to integrate the agrotourism scenario and the agricultural cooperative scenario to diversify the risk brought by the shifting forces. This scenario poses an economic system of export agriculture and tour- ism that is integrated and in check. Each compo- nent that shifts within the tourism and monocrop scenarios is represented in the synthesis. Where overlap in shifted components occurs, mediation must also occur so that each economic system can exist. For instance, ‘C3’ shifts differently in both the tourism scenario and monocrop scenar- io, so the synthesis component needs to reconcile the differences [9.22]. Agrotourism E1
C1 E4 E3 E5
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2
[9.22] Synthesis of Scenarios P5 C3 C4
Agro Cooperative E1 E1
C1 E4 E3 E5 C1 E4 E3 E5
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 P3 P1 C2 P2 E2
E7 C3 E6 C4 E7 C3 E6 C4
41 Shifted formal organization E2 Hierarchy of regional zoning preserves Below are the groups of issues related to Rice is protected by greenhouse struc- tourist destinations a functioning Ivatan farmstead after synthesizing tures and sold as a cultural cash crop People walk to tourist destinations from monocrop and tourism scenarios. Characteristics Greenhouse structure can be manipu- town of each scenario act in balance. lated based on season Maintains employment levels E3 Extended family lives in one house P - Production Agriculture sector is expanding Tourists live in vacant homesteads Farmers work to sell goods to send their People migrate to large cities leaving P1 untended properties Shelter in fields from tropical heat as well children to universities outside of the province as storms Untended buildings on vacant lots are C2 Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes contend used for storage, processing and distribution Adult living accommodations are sepa- with climate and are cultural staples E4 rated from children Reforestation of Palo Maria as a wind- Development of agricultural produce to Vacant homes or rooms in town are break for agriculture and soil management supply tourists and locals shared or rented by farmers Developing agricultural sector in con- Agricultural land is distributed through P2 purchasers or for sharecropping Storage needed for protection of crops junction with tourism Agricultural lands are farmed by tourists Living and kitchen structures are inte- Distribution center and granary merge grated and permanent The distribution center becomes the most as well as Ivatans important economic structure Tourists and townspeople walk to farms C3 Garden is for growing produce for the E5 As the width of the wall is reduced, lou- household Tourists and Ivatans fish with nets and vres may be added for shading line to supplement their agricultural diet Fiberglass mesh reinforcing and concrete P3 imported for construction Fewer cattle and caribou on the island Fish moving further north as ocean water warms Reclaimed wood used for finish flooring due to erosion from overgrazing as hardwood trees cannot be cut down Small plots of grassland used for feed Fishing is only plausible under appropri- ate weather conditions Social obligation to help maintain struc- Pastoral land reclaimed for agriculture tures Deforestation prohibited E6 Cattle and caribou pollute streams so Permeable textile used to cover green C4 keep them away house during extensive rain to protect cash crop Irrigation and plantings are utilized to Drainage through stepped irrigation and During the dry season, the green house is prevent erosion and flooding flood control not covered during fine weather Buildings have three walls with windows Cash crop needs to be grown year round and doors, but the fourth wall that faces the direc- tion of oncoming wind is empty E - Economy E7 E1 Hedgerows used to protect crops from Town development focussed around tour- wind ist destinations Circulation is located along the hedge- Agriculture integrated into tourism rows for efficient access to crops Towns specialize in particular tourist destinations C - Communal Life and Shelter Intertown paved access and infrastructure for hiking C1 Airport integral to tourism Development of agrotourism to contend in national and international markets 42 s Synthesis Farmstead ile Key m 08 4 A new program and adjacency chart was ila Road an M Marina to To Tree cover/orchard developed for a scenario that synthesizes the rt Islands po agricultural cooperative and agrotourism sce- Air nario. For instance, in the agricultural cooperative Enclosed program scenario the farmstead would need a storage, Cultivated plots Pastoral plots processing, and distribution center as in ‘P2’. In the agrotourism scenario, homes that were vacant 400’ 1,600’ from migration are now occupied by tourists P4 800’ N in ‘C1’. These elements are integrated into one Basco, the capital municipality, scenario. is 9.7 square miles (2,500 Ha) [9.23] New organization of farmstead
C1 E4 E3 E5 Town residential Agricultural production Farmstead @ 3 Ha/323,000 SF Aquatic livelihood Agriculture @ 318,000 SF Residential + storage @ 2,500 SF
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 (9) Grass feed plots @ 6,000 SF (30) Cultivated plots @ 6,000 SF Residential @ 750 SF Storage, processing, distribution (16) Greenhouse structures @ Cattle quarters on the periphery each (Yam, Garlic) Kitchen @ 750 SF @ 4,000 SF 750 SF (Ivatan Rice) of plots (14) Orchard plots @ 6,000 SF Garden @ 1,000 SF Multiple shelters up to 200 SF
Hedgerows and circulation Yams Sweet Potatoes
E7 C3 C4 E6 Circulation and hedgerows Concrete, fiberglass, reclaimed 1 end is closed to the wind Concrete, Fiberglass, Textiles wood, GI 43 Synthesis [9.24] Site Section through the farmstead under the “Synthesis Scenario” Though each scenario posed has the ca- The farmstead maintains similar functions as the pacity to develop a synergy between shifting forc- farmstead under the agricultural cooperative scenario, but has elements that link it to agrotourism. For instance, there must es and economic systems, they also have weak be shelters for tourists around the site so that Ivatans can give points. For instance, the agricultural cooperative demonstrations on their agricultural practices. scenario is dependent on projected meteorologi- cal conditions of 2020, and the agrotourism sce- nario is dependent on seasonal characteristics of the summer months on Batan in 2030. Therefore it is important to develop a diversified capacity for reaction to crisis scenarios. Though the scenarios were developed under corollary force conditions, they have components that could be integrated to utilize both force conditions and better diversify against the subsistence scenario. In the agricultural cooperative scenario, agricultural development is unreigned, but in this scenario, it is checked by agrotourism. The agrotourism scenario also exhibited an unreigned condition, but is now checked by components of the agricultural cooperative scenario. Though it may sound as if they are limiting one another, they are actually acting to support eachother. For [9.25] Section through the Processing, [9.26] Section through the Agrotourism instance, if the agricultural cooperative were to Storage and Distribution Center Homestay face an unproductive season, the agrotourism Though the material palette is similar to the previ- For farmsteads whose land is less suited to agricul- could counterbalance its negative affects. ous scenarios, in this scenario, recycled aggregate is used for ture, homestays can be implemented. As in the agrotourism The architecture of the farmstead follows all of the construction projects to close waste outflows and scenario, the size and proportions of spaces are relative to to create a virtuous cycle of material reuse. This is especially traditional buildings. similar trends seen in previous scenarios which important as tourists require large amounts of material to be can be seen in the images to the right. In this imported that will create waste. design scenario the farmstead’s land is arable and suited to agriculture and therefore has an agricul- tural cooperative focus. Because of the farmstead’s focus, the processing, storage, and distribution center is one of the components that is integrated into the site. However, this could be different for other farmsteads located around the island that may be suited for an agrotourism focus.
44 10 [Conclusion Criticism
Though the process set forth in this thesis Though the projections for architectural sought to develop projections for formal organi- development on Batan use data that may pres- zation 30 years into the future, it is important to ent stable fluctuations of world systems, there are understand that there is no single response for the many other processes at play in the evolution of future of formal organization on Batan. Though architecture. Political changes and intense social the evolution of architecture on the island of jolts also play very important roles so it is very dif- Batan is partly shaped by shifts in meteorology, ficult, if not impossible to determine how institu- transit frequency and migration, the response of tions will influence the evolution of architecture. the regional economy to those shifts has a great Though it is very difficult to project the complex- correlation to architectural evolution. This could ity of change in global architectural development, be seen through the agricultural cooperative sce- it is important to understand the various contexts nario and the agrotourism scenario. It is important in which design becomes manifest, whether they that the design process be multi-disciplinary and are immediate or remote. collaborative, so that a multiplicity of data can be interpreted and integrated at many different scales and used to develop a scenario relative to immediate and future trends, such as the synthesis scenario proposed in this thesis.
45 11 [Bibliography pull Migration Laws.” Annals of the As- Batan islanders Relationships with other sociation of American Geographers 73.1: Taiwanese aborigines”. Past Human Aguilar, F. 2009. “Labour Migration and Ties 1-17. Migrations in East Asia Matching Archae- of Relatedness: Diasporic Houses And Doyo, Ceres P. 2009. “Global land grab, agricolo- ology, Linguistics and Genetics. Ed. Alicia Investments In Memory In A Rural Philip- nialism.” Farmlandgrab.
Thailand 500 Kilometres Vietnam 0 0 500 Miles Scale 1:32,000,000 at 5ºN [12.1] Red Slipped Pottery Cambodia Andamans
Palawan Yap Sulu Sea Nicobars Mindanao Palau
Malaya Sonsoral
Halmahera
Cenderawasih
B o r n e o Doberai Biak
Sumatra Bay Sulawesi Sula Ceram Buru Bomberai New Guinea
Banda Sea Aru
Tanimbar Java Sumbawa Bali Madagascar Flores Sumba Timor
48 Archaeological Map Built Context Austronesian Migration ca.300-500 A.D. South China Sea
Nakamaya Forced Shifts Meteorology (31.82 has.) Issues relating to functioning farm Mt. Iraya Climate supports cultivation (857 has.) Tukon Idyang through four distinct phases. Issues at play here (4.81 has.) not exhaustive. Used general research and under- Forced Shifts Markets Tukon Philippine Sea Hedgerows standing of each time period to distinguish issues Food storage in red-slipped pottery (67.07 has.) Mahatao related to functioning farmsteads in relation to the Seafaring Technology 500’ intervals ASL Diura 100’ intervals ASL Racuaydi Building material acquisition Archaeological Site contemporary farmstead. Used tracings to under- Mt. Matarem (15.49 has.) (130 has.) Imnajbu Cultural Zone Natural Heritage Site stand technology and evolution as I developed Ivana Forced Shifts Human Factors Itbud Core Cultural Heritage Zone projections for future formal organization Cross-cultural correspondence Transition Heritage Zone Kayugan 2,500’ 10,000’ Kayvaluganan 5,000’ N [12.4] Formal organization Batan Island Batanes Province, RP Key Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & E1 National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 Economy mostly based on trade Road Connection between islands for Tree cover/orchard self-sufficiency Enclosed program Topography suited for self-de- Cultivated plots fense in case of attack Pastoral plots E4 C1 Subsistence agriculture Family lives together on hill Developing stronger agricultural Homes are stacked and acces- sector to be dominant traders sible by ladder Proximity to sea for efficient Homes protected from compet- transportation and assimilation ing groups into trade networks Agriculture shared within groups
P3 P1 C2 Pastoral land requires clearing of Agricultural land requires the Living accommodations are clus- first growth forests clearing of first growth tered to protect against invasion Livestock introduced from Tai- Remediation of illness through Storage in home wan for resources native vegetable oils
C3 C4 Timber pile structures Layers of cogon grasses are at- Built into the ground tached to pile systems Mostly temporary structures that Mortise and tenon, doweling are rebuilt after typhoon and tying used for construction 49 Archaeological Map Spanish Control ca.1600-1900 A.D. South China Sea
Nakamaya Forced Shifts Meteorology (31.82 has.) Mt. Iraya Climate supports intense naval trade (857 has.) Tukon Idyang Forced Shifts Markets (4.81 has.) Tukon Philippine Sea Hedgerows Building technology development (67.07 has.) Mahatao Local resource exploitation 500’ intervals ASL Diura 100’ intervals ASL Racuaydi Intense settlement of lowlands for trade Archaeological Site Mt. Matarem (15.49 has.) (130 has.) Imnajbu Cultural Zone Natural Heritage Site Forced Shifts Human Factors Ivana Itbud Core Cultural Heritage Zone Permanent colony and growing labor force Transition Heritage Zone Kayugan 2,500’ 10,000’ Kayvaluganan 5,000’ N [12.5] Formal organization Batan Island Batanes Province, RP Source: Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) & E1 National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) 2003 Economy mostly based on trade Roads introduced for access and transfer of resources Spaniards force Ivatans to move from the hills to the town E4 C1 E3 Development of agriculture for Families lives together Spaniards control trade between sustenance Most homes are relocated to Luzon and Batanes Developing stronger agricultural western coast to centralize Trade growth with settlement sector to be dominant traders population Introduction of steel increases The Spaniards arrived in ... Discovered by ... Proximity to sea for efficient Agricultural lands shared within productivity transportation and assimilation groups Farmers work to sustain family into trade networks on island
P3 P1 C2 Extensive deforestation to fuel Remediation of illness associated Adult living accommodations lime pits with temperature through native are separated from children Windbreaks are lost with defor- vegetable oils Storage in home estation Lose produce from wind Land is acquired through force
C3 C4 New masonry structures Layers of cogon grasses are at- Pile structures tached to pile systems Built into the ground Mortise and tenon, doweling and tying used for construction 50 s American Period ca.1900 A.D. ile m 08 4 ila an M Forced Shifts Meteorology Marina to o T rt Islands po Climate supports intense naval and air trade Air Forced Shifts Markets Cheap transportation New economies and building technology New technology for public works and roads
200’ 800’ Forced Shifts Human Factors 400’ N Cultural integration
[12.6] Formal organization E1 Economy mostly based on trade Protection of boats for access and transfer of resources Proximity to airport necessary for transfer of resources E4 C1 E3 Stronger connection between is- Development of agricultural Extended family lives in one People are leaving for work in lands for greater self-sufficiency produce to contend in national house or in a collection of adja- Luzon markets cent homes Farmers work to sell goods to Inefficient transportation hurts Proximity to roads for distribu- send their children to universi- assimilation into markets tion and link to home ties outside of the province Decentralization of agricultural lands for climatic safety
P3 P1 C2 P2 E2 Pastoral lands require clearing Shelter in fields from tropical Adults separated from children Storage and protection of crops Roadside stand for connection of forest heat as well as storms Land distributed through lineage Salt house for storage to community Cattle and caribou tied to trees Rice difficult to grow Separate living and kitchen areas Food stored in or near the home Granary is economically, the even during storm Yam, garlic and sweet potatoes Living/sleeping spaces are per- Space for drying of fish most important structure Streams are polluted after de- contend with climate better manent and kitchens are not forestation and storms so do not Palo Maria as a windbreak for disturb them agriculture and soil management Cattle and caribou pollute C3 C4 streams so keep them away New masonry structures Layers of cogon grasses are at- Drainage through stepped irriga- Pile structures tached to pile systems tion and flood control Built into the ground Mortise and tenon, doweling and tying used for construction 51