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An Examination of Local Newspaper Photographs of the Wounded Knee Occupation of 1973

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An Examination of Local Newspaper Photographs of the Wounded Knee Occupation of 1973 University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 5-1-2000 An examination of local newspaper photographs of the Wounded Knee occupation of 1973 Anne Katherine Schmidt University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Schmidt, Anne Katherine, "An examination of local newspaper photographs of the Wounded Knee occupation of 1973" (2000). Student Work. 502. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/502 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EXAMINATION OF LOCAL NEWSPAPER PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WOUNDED KiyEE OCCUPATION OF 1973 Thesis Presented to the Department of Communication and the Faculty of the Graduate College \ University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Arts University of Nebraska at Omaha by Anne Schmidt May 2000 UMI Number: EP73140 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. [email protected] Publishing UMI EP73140 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 = 1346 ACCEPTANCE PAGE THESIS ACCEPTANCE Acceptance for the faculty of the Graduate College, University of Nebraska, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, University of Nebraska at Omaha. Committee C Name Department/School Chai rpersorT^^^ Date ^ ABSTRACT In February of 1973, the American Indian Movement occupied the small village of Wounded Knee. AIM’s purpose was twofold, to increase awareness of the plight of Native Americans in the area and to remove the Tribal Chairman, Richard Wilson. AIM used the historic site of Wounded Knee and stereotypical images of Indians in hopes of gaining national attention through the media. AIM thought this media attention was necessary in order to bring about change. Portrayals of Native Americans in the media have for the most part been stereotypical. Evidence of this can be found in the extensive research on Native American stereotypes. The previous research has focused mainly on films, but there is evidence of Native American stereotypes in the print and broadcast media. The following research examined news photographs of the Wounded Knee occupation of 1973. The sources of these photographs were the Alliance Times Herald, the Rapid City Journal, and the Chadron Record. Each photograph was examined using five categories: the scene, the subject, the portrayal, the camera perspective and whether or not it was stereotypical. In addition, six photographs were analyzed in detail to give a close up view of stereotypical photographs versus images that were not stereotypical. The scenes of the photographs most often showed confrontation on both sides of the dispute, but never showed either side actually being fired upon or firing upon another. Areas of relative safety were pictured a third of the time even though gunfire was a regular occurrence during the occupation. Native Americans were most often the subject of the images. The portrayal of the occupation most often showed fatigue or relative safety. Only one photograph of a life-threatening situation was published. This is not a completely accurate portrayal since two people were killed and one left paralyzed during different exchanges of gunfire. The camera perspective was usually close up shots, with normal views being used with almost the same frequency. Surprisingly, only 25% of the photographs were stereotypical. The savage warrior stereotype was most often found in the stereotypical images. Differences were found in the newspapers’ photographic coverage of Wounded Knee. The Chadron Record ran photographs related to Wounded Knee but none that were taken at Wounded Knee during the occupation. The Alliance Times Herald ran mostly close up shots that conveyed emotion. The Rapid City Journal, which published the most photographs, published a variety of photographs from government military equipment to groups of Native Americans demonstrating. In general, these images show that a confrontation took place, but they do not show the life-threatening situations that were common during the occupation. The images convey a lopsided battle between Native Americans and the government. Images of helicopters, armored personnel carriers and tanks, all belonging to the government, make it clear that Native Americans were the underdogs. Some stereotypes were found in the photographs with the savage warrior stereotype the most common. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................4 Minorities in the Media Portrayals of Minorities..........................................................4 Stereotypical Coverage.......................................................8 Amount and Content of Minority Coverage.....................11 News Photography Influences of News Photography................................... 15 Minorities in News Photographs ................................ 17 Media Images of Native Americans Stereotypes........................................................................... 19 The Hollywood Indian.....................................................23 Other Sources ......................................................................27 Wounded Knee, 1973 Prelude to Wounded Knee ...............................................29 The Takeover......................................................................31 Negotiations Continue .......................................................35 An End to the Conflict .................................................... 37 The Media at Wounded Knee ..........................................40 CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY........................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER THREE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................. 48 CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................ 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 77 LIST OF TABLES TABLE I, FREQUENCIES OF SCENE............................................................. 49 TABLE II, FREQUENCIES OF SUBJECT......................................................... 51 TABLE III, FREQUENCIES OF PORTRAYAL.................................................52 TABLE IV, FREQUENCIES OF PERSPECTIVE.............................................. 53 TABLE V, FREQUENCIES OF STEREOTYPE.................................................. 55 TABLE VI, CROSSTABULATION OF NEWSPAPER VS. PORTRAYAL........... 59 TABLE VII, CROSSTABULATION OF NEWSPAPER VS. PERSPECTIVE........60 TABLE VIII, CROSSTABULATION OF NEWSPAPER VS. SUBJECT............. 60 TABLE IX, CROSSTABULATION OF NEWSPAPER VS. SCENE................... 61 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1, “Contrasts at Wounded Knee” ......................................................... 50 FIGURE 2, “AIM’s Weapon” ................................................................................54 FIGURE 3, “Meat for the Village” ......................................... 56 FIGURE 4, “He’s Indian and Proud” .................................................................. 58 FIGURE 5, “AIM’s Weapon” ................................................................................62 FIGURE 6, “Oscar Running Bear” .......................................................................64 FIGURE 7, “Trading Post Lookout” ....................................................................65 FIGURE 8, “Barricade in front of church” ..........................................................67 FIGURE 9, “Woman displays bolt of cloth”.......................................................68 FIGURE 10, “Rene Two Bulls” ............................................................................ 70 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In 1973 on the evening of February 27, the American Indian Movement (AIM) occupied the tiny village of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge reservation. AIM's purpose was to bring attention to the injustices American Indians were facing and to force the removal of Tribal Chairman Richard Wilson, who many considered corrupt. At the occupation’s end, May 8, 1973, two Indians were dead and one U.S. Marshal was left permanently paralyzed. ^ The year prior to the occupation was filled with tension. Two Indians were killed that year, both by white men who were tried for manslaughter and received light sentences. Indians were infuriated by these seemingly minor charges and sentences since Indians accused of killing whites were usually charged and found guilty of murder. On top of the injustice felt for these crimes, Richard Wilson was adding to the
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