GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi COVER PHOTO CREDITS

(Left) R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org

(Top right) B. Layton, MSU Extension

(Bottom right) W. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org

2 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi Greenhouse tomato growers produce vine-ripe covered enclosures over the vents that support enough tomatoes at a time of year when homegrown tomatoes screen surface area to provide the necessary air flow. are not available. Many disease and insect pests can attack Greenhouse manufacturers and suppliers sell screening greenhouse-grown tomatoes and hurt both production of various opening sizes and can provide information and and quality. Greenhouse tomato producers must be able to guidance on proper installation to achieve the necessary accurately scout for and identify these pests and know how airflow. to effectively and economically control them. In addition to properly screening air intake points, it is Growers who successfully combat greenhouse also important to be sure that any other possible entries are tomato pests rely on integrated pest management (IPM). sealed. Even in properly screened and sealed greenhouses, IPM simply means that growers use a combination of insect pests can enter or be sucked into the greenhouse biological, cultural, and chemical methods to suppress pest through the door as workers come and go. Adding an populations, rather than relying only on one method, such air-lock or enclosed porch over the door is an inexpensive as repeated insecticide use. This integrated approach uses way to prevent this kind of insect entry. Of course, once preventive measures to avoid likely insects and diseases, you have gone to the trouble and expense of screening and crop monitoring to allow early detection, biological control sealing a greenhouse, it is important to properly maintain when possible, and pesticides when needed. A sound the exclusion devices. Repair holes or tears immediately, and IPM program reduces pesticide use, allows more timely clean screening to maintain airflow. application of needed pesticide treatments, and improves pest control. Sanitation Sanitation is another major part of greenhouse pest INSECT MANAGEMENT management. Many tomato pests also occur on other crops Many of the insect pests that attack field-grown or broadleaf weeds. For this reason, it is important to avoid tomatoes also attack greenhouse tomatoes. But because of growing other crops next to the greenhouse and to prevent the enclosed, controlled environment of the greenhouse, heavy growths of broadleaf weeds around the outside edges insect management is different from what is used in the field. of the greenhouse. Not letting weeds and volunteer plants The most important components of insect management in grow inside the greenhouse, during either cropping or greenhouse tomatoes are discussed below. noncropping periods, is even more important, because such plants can serve as hosts for a number of pests and can let Exclusion pests survive inside the greenhouse during noncrop periods. One of the most important points in sanitation is to Exclusion, keeping insects from entering the begin with insect-free transplants and avoid bringing other greenhouse, is a key part of greenhouse insect management. plants into the greenhouse once you plant the crop. Serious Many common pests that attack greenhouse tomatoes infestations of insects or diseases can be introduced on new are small, flying or windborne creatures that can easily plants, either vegetables or ornamentals, that are brought be sucked into the greenhouse through ventilation fans into the greenhouse or exchanged with other growers. It and cooling pads or that can easily enter through other is best to avoid this entirely. If new plants are introduced, openings. Building the greenhouse so that it is “bug tight” quarantine them in another location and closely observe can help growers can avoid many serious insect infestations. them for several days to be sure they are pest-free. Although building an insect-proof greenhouse requires Finally, keep the greenhouse clean and free of debris. additional planning and expense, it is well worth it. Promptly remove pruned leaves and cull overripe fruit. One of the first steps in building an insect-proof greenhouse is to install proper screening over air intake vents or cooling mats. Because many greenhouse insect Scouting pests are so small, it takes very fine screening to exclude Scouting and early detection are critical to successful them. Thrips are the smallest insect pests that need to insect control. Purposefully inspect plants one to two times be screened out, and a screen mesh of 81x81 is required. per week to check for developing insect problems. Do this Obviously, screening that keeps out thrips also keeps out by walking through the greenhouse, making random stops, larger pests, such as aphids and whiteflies. and visually examining both upper and lower leaf surfaces One very important point to keep in mind when as well as buds, blooms, and fruit for insect pests. Give extra installing screening over intake vents or cooling mats is attention to plants or areas that show unusual symptoms or that such fine mesh screens greatly reduce airflow. So if you appearance. Many insect infestations begin in isolated spots install screening, you may need to build special screen- within the greenhouse but quickly spread if not controlled.

3 Because many insects and mites are so small, a 10–20x hand information. Keep in mind that biological control agents lens is an important tool to use when scouting. Also be are living organisms, and the quality of the agents can differ alert for insect pests when performing routine maintenance between sources. Success of biocontrol often depends on procedures, such as pruning, training, or harvesting. careful management of environmental conditions, especially There are a number of pest-management tools you can temperature and humidity. Certain species of predators or use in addition to visual scouting. Yellow sticky cards from parasites perform best under certain conditions, and in some greenhouse supply companies can help detect whiteflies cases different strains of the same species are available for and many other greenhouse pests early. Pheromone traps different conditions. available for tomato pinworms can allow critical early One of the major factors affecting success of biological detection if you use them according to directions and control efforts is insecticide use. For example, you cannot replace the lure as required. conduct a successful biological control program against whiteflies if broad-spectrum, long-residual insecticides are Cultural Practices being used regularly in the greenhouse to control other Many cultural practices can help reduce insect pests. The biological control effort must target all major pests populations. Maintaining good weed control and not likely to occur in the greenhouse. When insecticide sprays bringing other plants into the greenhouse were discussed are required, carefully select products compatible with any in the sanitation section. Pruning lower leaves after biological control agents being used. Fortunately, a number harvesting lower fruit clusters is another helpful measure in of biopesticide and insect growth regulator (IGR) type horticultural and disease management. This can also help products meet this requirement. control insects by removing large numbers of developing leafminers and whiteflies. But growers practicing biological Insecticides control need to remember that excessive leaf removal Insecticides are the last resort in any IPM system. can interfere with biological control efforts by removing However, insecticide use is often needed to keep pest parasitized pests before the parasites emerge. Managing populations from reaching damaging levels. When using irrigation to avoid leaks and excessive moisture helps any pesticide in greenhouses, read and follow all label control fungus gnats. instructions. Be sure to wear appropriate protective equipment because pesticide exposure can be greater Biological Control in enclosed areas. Using properly fitting respirators is Biological control can be a viable alternative to using especially important when making pesticide applications insecticides in greenhouse tomato production and works in greenhouses. Also take care to use appropriate rates. especially well with using bumble bees for pollination. Applying pesticides at excessive rates can result in plant Successful biological control requires careful, frequent injury and other problems. scouting, accurate pest identification, knowledge of the pest Most insect pests of greenhouse tomatoes occur on biology, knowledge and understanding of the biology of the undersides of leaves, and you will not get good control the biocontrol agents used, and careful selection and timely unless you spray the bottoms of the leaves. Because pest release of biocontrol agents. One key to successful biocontrol populations are often highest on the lower, older leaves, it is to understand that it is not meant to eliminate all insect is especially important to be sure to treat the undersides pests. Low levels of pests must be present to provide food for of lower leaves. Using adequate spray volume and taking the biological control agents. It is important to begin releases the time necessary to treat the leaf undersides thoroughly, of biological control agents when pest populations are low to especially lower leaves, is critical to achieving good control keep them from reaching damaging levels. with insecticide sprays. Poor control is often the result of Several suppliers specialize in developing and producing poor, hastily made applications. predatory and parasitic insects and mites, along with other biological control agents, for use in greenhouses. If you are interested in using this approach, contact suppliers to learn details about which species are available, recommended release rates, specific environmental conditions under which the agent performs best, frequency of release, cost, and other

4 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi may be winged or wingless depending on environmental MAJOR INSECT PESTS conditions. Infestations easily spread through the wind- assisted flight of winged females. Although aphids usually have a fairly narrow host range, many species occur on a number of vegetable plants as well as certain weeds. Outdoors, aphids are preyed on and parasitized by many beneficial insects, and this naturally occurring biological control normally keeps aphid populations in check. Outbreaks occur when aphid populations get ahead of biological control or when biological control is disrupted by insecticide treatments targeted toward other pests.

Management Exclusion and sanitation are important in avoiding aphid infestations. Proper screening of ventilation fans and keeping greenhouses “bug tight” will prevent entry of windborne females. Do not allow weeds and other plants to grow in the greenhouse during noncrop periods, and maintain control of broadleaf weeds around the outside edges of the greenhouse. Also, do not allow other plants to be brought into the greenhouse when a crop is in production. Aphid infestations often begin in isolated areas Figure 1. Potato aphids are one of several species of aphids that can occur on within the greenhouse, and prompt spot treatments can greenhouse tomatoes. Color can vary from red to green. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension. eliminate these infestations before they spread. Several biological control agents are available for use against aphids in greenhouses, including generalist predators, such as APHIDS lacewings and lady beetles, and several species of Green peach aphids Myzus persicae parasitic wasps. Potato aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae Several other species Insecticides for Aphid Control

azadirachtin, Beauvaria bassiana, flonicamid, paraffinic oil, Aphids (plant lice) are small, soft-bodied insects that potassium salts of fatty acids, pyrethrins differ in color from light green or yellow to pink, red, or Paraffinic oil, potassium salts of fatty acids, and black. There are several different species, and all of them pyrethrins provide contact control but have very short suck plant juices, causing leaves to curl and turn yellow. residual activity. The biopesticideBeauvaria bassiana is Some species inject toxic saliva or disease-causing organisms a fungal disease that infects aphids. Flonicamid works by during feeding. Heavy aphid infestations may cause a paralyzing the aphids’ mouthparts and making it impossible failure of bloom set in some vegetable crops. Aphids excrete for them to feed. large amounts of sticky, undigested plant sap, known as honeydew, which can support the growth of sooty mold fungus. Although sooty mold fungus does not attack the plant directly, heavy amounts of honeydew and sooty mold WHITEFLIES can discolor fruit and interfere with photosynthesis. Silverleaf whiteflies Bemesia tabaci Greenhouse whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum Biology Most aphid species reproduce without mating and Whiteflies are the most common and most problematic give birth to live aphid nymphs rather than laying eggs. insect pests of greenhouse tomatoes. Despite their name, Under the best conditions, the nymphs, which are usually whiteflies are not true flies; they are closely related to aphids. all females, can reach maturity and begin bearing young of Adults are about one-sixteenth of an inch long and have their own within 7 days. Because of this high reproductive four wings covered with a white, powdery material. They rate, heavy infestations can develop quickly. Mature females rest with their wings folded tent-like over their backs and are weak fliers. Immature whiteflies are very different from 5 Figure 2. Silverleaf whiteflies are the most damaging insect pests of greenhouse Figure 3. Irregular ripening is a physiological response to feeding by silverleaf tomatoes. Adults are only about one twenty-fifth of an inch long. Photo: B. Layton, whiteflies that causes wedge-shaped, unripened areas that begin at the bloom end MSU Extension. and extend toward the stem. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension. adults. Except for the newly hatched crawlers, immatures are especially effective against greenhouse whiteflies, but other immobile scale-like insects. They look like tiny, oval scales parasites are more effective against silverleaf whiteflies. attached to the undersides of leaves. Whiteflies cause damage by sucking sap from plants and producing honeydew, which Biology supports the growth of sooty mold. These insects can build Female whiteflies lay about 150 eggs, usually attached up to very high levels in protected greenhouse environments to the undersides of leaves. In greenhouses, eggs hatch and are capable of causing severe crop loss. in 4 to 7 days into tiny, white, oval crawlers. These move There are several different species of whiteflies, but a short distance, insert their mouthparts into the plant the two most common species in greenhouse tomatoes tissue, produce a protective scale-like covering, and do not are greenhouse whitefly and silverleaf whitefly. Of these, move for the rest of their nymphal development. Nymphs silverleaf whitefly is the bigger threat and is more difficult to go through three instars and a pupa stage before reaching control. Silverleaf whiteflies can transmit several significant adulthood. The winged adults emerge through a slit in the tomato viral diseases, and they also cause a problem known pupal covering. Full development usually takes 25 to 30 days as irregular ripening. This is thought to be physiologically in greenhouses. Adults may live up to 30 days. induced, meaning that it is not caused by disease but is an indirect result of the whitefly infestation. According to Management research conducted in Florida, populations of silverleaf Yellow sticky cards placed in the upper plant canopy whiteflies that exceed five nymphs per 10 leaflets are are useful for monitoring whitefly populations. Exclusion sufficient to cause irregular ripening. Thus, treatment is and sanitation are the keys to whitefly management. You recommended when populations of silverleaf whiteflies can also buy and release certain predators and parasites reach or exceed five nymphs per 10 leaflets. Higher into the greenhouse system to manage whiteflies. But to be populations of greenhouse whiteflies can be tolerated effective, biological control must be well planned and begun without experiencing irregular ripening. when whitefly populations are low. It is important to know It is important to know which species of whitefly you are which species of whitefly you are targeting with biocontrol dealing with before implementing treatments. Proper species efforts. For example,Encarsia formosa can provide good identification is especially important when using biological control of greenhouse whiteflies, but silverleaf whiteflies control, because many biological control agents only work are more effectively controlled byEretmocerus wasps. There on a certain species. The parasitic waspEncarsia formosa is are also some predatory insects, such as the tiny lady beetle Delphastus pusillus, that attack whiteflies. Biopesticides,

6 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi such as Beauveria bassiana fungus, are also useful in can be used only on plants growing in field-type soils or controlling whiteflies. potting media. Although you need low levels of whiteflies when implementing biological control, good exclusion practices are still important. If other pests are present, you might TOMATO PSYLLIDS Paratrioza cockerelli have to make insecticide applications that would disrupt the biological control program. Properly screened greenhouses Tomato psyllids are more common in western regions also keep expensive biological agents from escaping after but have not yet been found in greenhouses in Mississippi. their release. Still, Mississippi growers need to be aware of these pests. Psyllids are relatives of aphids and whiteflies. Adults are only Insecticides for Whitefly Control about one-tenth of an inch long and look like miniature acetamiprid, azadirachtin, Beauvaria bassiana, buprofezin, cicadas. They have clear wings that are folded roof-like cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, Isaria over the body when the insect is resting. The small nymphs fumosorosea, paraffinic oil, potassium salts of fatty acids, are tan, yellow, or green and roughly oval-shaped and flat. pyrethrins, pyriproxyfen Mature nymphs are a little less than one-sixteenth of an inch Effective control of whiteflies depends on controlling long. They somewhat resemble immature whiteflies. Psyllid the immature stages. Azadirachtin is a botanical insect nymphs have distinct red eyes, but immature silverleaf growth regulator that is useful against whiteflies. It controls whiteflies also have red eyes at certain points in their the immatures and has a short preharvest interval (PHI). development. Nymphs and adults produce large amounts Buprofezin (Talus) and pyriproxyfen (Distance) are insect of white, waxy material that builds up in areas where the growth regulators that are very useful against whiteflies. insects feed. This material is often one of the first indicators Paraffinic oil and potassium salts of fatty acids provide of psyllid infestations. contact control of adults and crawlers. Pyrethrins will Tomato psyllids also occur on potatoes and other plants provide short-term control of adults, but these products and weeds in the nightshade family, known as solanaceous will not control immature whiteflies. plants. The nymphs inject a toxin into the plant that results Whiteflies are difficult to control with insecticides in a condition known as “psyllid yellows.” As the name because the eggs and nonfeeding pupae are not controlled implies, affected plants have a yellowing midrib and leaf by either contact or systemic treatments, and the actively margins and upward-curling leaves. Severely affected plants feeding nymphs are hard to control with contact insecticides. may be stunted and have a faded purple color. Infested To control whiteflies with insecticides, it is important to plants can suffer from greatly reduced growth and fruit scout regularly and begin control efforts when whiteflies are production. It takes only a few nymphs per plant to cause first detected. There are several insecticides that kill exposed these serious symptoms. adult whiteflies, but effective control of whiteflies depends on controlling the immature stages. Fortunately, greenhouse Biology growers now have access to several systemic or insect growth Female psyllids can lay several hundred eggs, which regulator products that are effective against whiteflies. The they place on stalks on the undersides of leaves. Eggs hatch growth regulators buprofezin (Talus) and pyriproxyfen in about 4 days, and the resulting nymphs feed on leaves (Distance) are especially useful whitefly control tools. using their sucking mouthparts. Once they begin to feed, the When applying foliar sprays for whiteflies, it is best to nymphs move very little. The nymphal period lasts about 2 spray when the temperature is 70 to 80°F. Because whiteflies weeks, and a generation can be completed in about 4 weeks. can quickly develop resistance to insecticides they are There are several generations per year, and this insect can exposed to repeatedly, pay close attention to information on grow year-round in greenhouses. labels about resistance management guidelines and alternate insecticide use. Management The systemic growing-media treatments, imidacloprid The best control method is to prevent the introduction and acetamiprid, are useful whitefly treatments that can be of this pest through sanitation and exclusion. Because of applied through the irrigation water. Only one application the high level of damage that even low numbers of tomato is allowed per crop. These treatments are slow-acting but psyllids can cause, the tolerance level for this pest is quite provide relatively long-term control. Note that acetamiprid low. Insecticides can be used to eliminate infestations if they (Tristar) can be used only on plants growing in perlite or do occur. other soil-less growing-media, while imidacloprid (Admire)

7 Insecticides for Tomato Psyllid Control acetamiprid, pyrethrins This pest is susceptible to contact sprays of pyrethrins, but make two applications at 7-day intervals. Spinosad is not specifically labeled for psyllids, but it is labeled for tomatoes and has given high levels of control of tomato psyllids in some trials.

Figure 5. Tomato spotted wilt virus causes circular splotches on fruit. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension.

leaves by puncturing cells with their ice pick-like mandible and lapping up the resulting plant fluid. The larvae feed in this fashion for 8 to 12 days before moving to the ground, finding a protected location, and entering the pupal stage, which lasts 3 to 7 days. Adult thrips, which have fringed Figure 4. Thrips are small, only about one-sixteenth of an inch long, but western wings, return to host plants to feed in the same manner as flower thrips (bottom specimen) vector tomato spotted wilt virus. Photo: J. Reed, MSU Extension (retired). the larvae and to deposit eggs. Although they are small and are relatively weak fliers, adult thrips are easily windblown and can migrate long distances. Adult flower thrips often THRIPS gather in blooms where they feed on pollen. Immature Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis thrips become infected with TSWV when feeding on Tobacco thrips Frankliniella fusca infected plants. Migrating adults remain infected for the Onion thrips Thrips tabaci rest of their lives and spread the virus to other hosts. Several other species

Management Thrips are tiny insects, less than one-sixteenth of an Because they can vector TSWV, exclusion and sanitation inch, that feed on plant leaves, blooms, and fruit with are the best methods of controlling thrips. But because “punch and lap” mouthparts. There are several different of their small size, you need very fine mesh screening to species of thrips, but western flower thrips, onion thrips, exclude thrips. Screening and other exclusion practices will and tobacco thrips are the most common. Although they also prevent entry of other greenhouse insect pests. Blue or don’t often occur in greenhouse tomatoes in large enough yellow sticky cards are useful monitoring tools. Blue is more numbers to cause serious injury, thrips are important pests attractive to thrips, but yellow cards attract a wider range of because they can vector tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). pests, including thrips. Thrips can scar and distort fruit by feeding on young fruit. Be careful to avoid bringing thrips or TSWV-infested plants into the greenhouse. It is also important to control Biology and prevent the growth of broadleaf weeds around the Thrips reproduce on a large number of crops and weeds, greenhouse because these weeds can serve as hosts for both many of which serve as hosts of TSWV. The eggs, which thrips and TSWV. When insecticide treatment is needed, are inserted into plant tissue, hatch into elongate, spindle- contact insecticides such as spinosad can provide effective shaped larvae. They begin feeding on the undersides of control. Other control options such as Beauveria bassiana

8 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi may be more compatible in greenhouses where you use Biology biological control. Several species of predatory mites prey Because leafminers prefer to deposit their eggs in on immature thrips. mature leaves, egg laying is concentrated in the middle and lower parts of the plant. The female flies insert their eggs Insecticides for Thrips Control into the leaf tissue individually. A female may lay several azadirachtin, Beauvaria bassiana, chlorfenapyr, paraffinic oil, hundred eggs during her lifetime. The eggs hatch in about potassium salts of fatty acids, pyrethrins, spinosad 3 days, and the small larvae begin feeding between the Although spinosad is mainly used to control caterpillar upper and lower leaf surfaces, creating narrow, winding pests, it is also one of the best products for thrips control. mines. As larvae grow, the width of the mines increases Chlorfenapyr is also very effective against thrips. Paraffinic and mines often become blotch-shaped. Depending on oil, potassium salts of fatty acids, and pyrethrins provide temperature and other environmental conditions, the leaf- contact control of thrips. Azadirachtin is a botanically mining stage lasts 5 to 12 days. Larvae then emerge from derived insect growth regulator. Beauvaria bassiana is a the leaf to form yellowish-orange, oval-shaped pupae, which biopesticide mainly used to control whiteflies, but it also usually roll off the foliage onto the ground. A new generation provides some control of thrips. is produced about every 23 days, but there is usually great overlap of generations in greenhouse infestations.

LEAFMINERS Management Vegetable leafminers Liriomyza sativae Pruning lower leaves is a standard production practice Serpentine leafminers Liriomyza trifolii that helps control diseases as well as leafminers. But you need to promptly remove pruned leaves from the Leafminers feed on a variety of weeds and vegetable greenhouse. Plastic sheets placed over the surface of the crops, including tomatoes. In the field, naturally occurring growing medium can prevent pupae from falling in the parasites and predators often keep leafminer populations growing media, where survival is higher, and cause them in check. However, leafminers can be significant pests in to roll into the aisle where they can be swept or vacuumed. greenhouses because the naturally occurring parasites and Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa siberica are two species of predators are excluded. The leafminers most commonly parasitic wasps commonly used for biological control of encountered in greenhouse tomatoes are vegetable leafminers. leafminers, Liriomyza sativae, and serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii. Adults of both species are small flies, Insecticides for Leafminer Control about one-twelfth of an inch long, that are black with yellow azadirachtin, pyrethrins, spinosad markings. Their overall appearance is similar to that of Although spinosad is mainly used to control caterpillar fruit flies. Damage is caused by the larvae, which mine in pests, it also has activity against leafminers. Pyrethrins are the leaves, causing winding or blotch-shaped mines that used to control adult leafminers. reduce leaf area and interfere with translocation within the Because they are protected inside the leaf, larval leaf. These pests never attack the fruit directly. Although leafminers can be difficult to control. Leafminers often light infestations (one to two mines per leaf) have little quickly develop resistance to insecticides after repeated negative effect, heavy infestations can decrease functional exposure. leaf area and overall productivity. However, because heavy infestations are usually found in the lower portion of the plant, yield effects are less than they would be if young leaves were attacked.

9 mite Hypoaspis miles, or the insect-infecting nematode Steinernema feltia.

Insecticides for Fungus Gnat Control azadirachtin, Bt israelensis, pyrethrins The best way to control fungus gnats is to use media drenches to control the larvae. Treatments containing azadirachtin or Bt israelensis can be used as media drenches. Foliar sprays of short-residual insecticides, such as pyrethrins, can provide short-term reductions of adult numbers, but they will not control larvae and will not be effective as stand-alone treatments.

Figure 6. Adult fungus gnats are tiny, mosquito-like flies. The larvae cause damage by living in the growing media and feeding on root hairs. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension.

FUNGUS GNATS Bradysia spp.

Fungus gnats are small, dark, mosquito-like flies that are less than one-eighth of an inch long and have long, beaded antennae. The adults are relatively harmless. The larvae feed on fungi in the growing medium as well as on roots and root hairs, and heavy infestations of larvae can cause enough root pruning to interfere with nutrient uptake. The larvae are slender and clear with a black head capsule and may be up to Figure 7. Spider mites feed on the undersides of tomato leaves. Photo: B. Layton, one-fifth of an inch long when fully mature. These pests are MSU Extension. most abundant in the winter and spring.

Biology SPIDER MITES Two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae Adults gather in moist, shady areas where they lay Several other species their eggs in strings of 3 to 40 on the surface of the growth medium. Eggs hatch within 3 to 6 days, and larvae begin feeding on fungi, root hairs, and roots. Larvae mature in Spider mites are not insects but tiny, eight-legged pests about 2 weeks, construct a pupal case, and remain there that feed on the undersides of leaves. Although spider mites about 3 to 7 days before emerging as adults. Adults live are visible with the naked eye, it takes a 10x or higher power about 1 week, and females can lay more than 100 eggs hand lens to really be able to see these pests. Damage is during this period. caused by both adults and immatures, which feed on the undersides of the leaves, removing sap and causing the leaves to become discolored. Where populations are heavy, Management they can cause leaves to drop off. There are several different Use yellow sticky traps placed near the growing medium species of spider mites, ranging from light green to red. Two- at the base of the plants to monitor for fungus gnats. spotted mites are probably the most common species and Practice good water management to avoid accumulations are also one of the most difficult to control. of moisture. Fungus gnats can also be controlled using Spider mites are most likely to reach damaging biological agents, such as the soil-dwelling predatory populations under hot, dry conditions. Initial signs of

10 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi around the outside of the house, and do not let weeds grow inside the house. Several species of predatory mites, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, are available for use in biological control programs.

Miticides for Spider Mite Control acequinocyl, bifenzate, chlorfenapyr, etoxazol, fenproximate, paraffinic oil, potassium salts of fatty acids Specific miticides, such as acequinocyl, bifenzate, chlorfenapyr­­, etoxazol, or fenproximate usually give best control.

Figure 8. Stippling on the upper surface of leaves is usually an indication of spider mite infestation. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension. infestation are leaves that look stippled. Close examination of the undersides of leaves with a hand lens will reveal all stages of mites and eggs. When infestations are heavy, a fine webbing of silk will often be present, and mites may be found on the upper surface of the leaves. Infestations often begin in isolated spots within the greenhouse, and prompt application of spot treatments will often prevent spread to the remainder of the house. Although they are wingless, mites can easily spread throughout the house on workers performing normal Figure 9. Tomato russet mites are microscopic in size, but symptoms of infested fruit are easy to recognize. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension. maintenance operations, such as pruning or harvesting. Mites can also be brought into the greenhouse on the clothing of workers or on plants. TOMATO RUSSET MITES Aculops lycopersici Biology Eggs are deposited on the undersides of leaves where Tomato russet mites are much smaller than spider mites they hatch into six-legged immatures known as larvae. These and can only be seen easily under a microscope or through begin feeding on leaf tissue and soon molt into eight-legged a strong hand lens. Adults are about 0.2 millimeter long nymphs. The nymphs then develop into sexually mature and are yellow, cigar-shaped creatures with two pairs of adults. The rate of development is strongly influenced by legs located near the larger, head end. These mites belong temperature and other environmental conditions, but under to the family known as Eriophyidae and differ greatly from optimum conditions, two-spotted spider mites can complete spider mites, which belong to the family Tetranychidae. a generation in as little as 5 to 7 days. Adult females may live Because these mites are so difficult to see with the unaided 1 to 2 weeks and deposit up to 100 eggs per female. eye, the damage they cause is often mistaken for disease or nutritional deficiency. As their name implies, injury Management symptoms are leaf and stem russeting or bronzing and leaf Because populations of spider mites can develop on curling. The leaf curling is due to the large numbers of tiny many other species of plants, good sanitation practices are mites feeding on the leaves. This pest attacks field-grown a key to avoiding infestations. Control broadleaf weeds tomatoes in the southern areas of the country where warm conditions allow continuous survival of favorable hosts.

11 However, tomato russet mites can survive and reproduce boring into the stem end of developing fruit, causing small, throughout the country in greenhouse-grown tomatoes. pinhole-like wounds, and this direct fruit injury can cause serious fruit loss unless infestations are quickly found and Biology controlled. Mature larvae exit the infested fruit or leaf folds Tomato russet mites are wingless, but they spread by and usually drop to the ground to pupate. wind and are carried on clothing, birds, or insects. They have The life cycle from egg to adult varies but averages about a narrow range of host plants, but they also occur on other 30 days in the summer and 40 to 55 days in the winter. solanaceous crops, such as eggplants and peppers, as well Tomatoes are the preferred host, but this caterpillar also as on solanaceous weeds, such as nightshades and jimson attacks eggplants and potatoes, as well as some solanaceous weed. Eggs are deposited on the surfaces of leaves and stems, weeds. where they hatch into tiny nymphs that immediately begin feeding and quickly grow to adults. They can complete a Management generation in as little as 7 days. Use pheromone traps to monitor for the presence of pinworm infestations. Proper use of traps provides early Management detection. Sanitation and exclusion are also important Sanitation is the key to avoiding infestations of tomato components of pinworm management. Be sure to keep russet mites. Do not allow weeds or volunteer plants to the greenhouse free of volunteer host plants, including grow in greenhouses between crops because these can solanaceous weeds, during nongrowing periods, and serve as hosts. Likewise, maintain good control of weeds, use screening to help exclude moths. Avoid introducing especially solanaceous weeds, in the outside area around infested plants into the greenhouse, and promptly remove the greenhouse, and do not allow potential host plants to be and destroy infested leaves and cull fruit. Hand-removal brought into the greenhouse when a crop is being grown. of infested leaves can be especially helpful in slowing the growth of very low infestations. Moths are attracted to light Miticides for Tomato Russet Mite Control traps, which can be useful control tools when populations chlorofenapyr, fenproximate are low. Mating disruption through the use of slow-release Sulfur is one of the products traditionally recommended pheromone dispensers or microencapsulated pheromone for chemical control of tomato russet mites, but more sprays is a useful, noninsecticidal method for controlling specific miticides, such as fenproximate or chlorfenapyr, pinworms. provide better control. Insecticides for Tomato Pinworm Control spinosad, cholorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole TOMATO PINWORMS Specific caterpillar insecticides, such as spinosad, Keiferia lycopersicella chlorfenapyr, or cyantraniliprole, provide best control when treatment is necessary, but repeated applications will usually be needed to control an established infestation. Because of These insects are important pests of field-grown their protected feeding environment, Bt products are usually tomatoes in subtropical growing areas, but they can not used against pinworms. potentially occur in greenhouse tomatoes throughout the country. Pinworms are tiny caterpillars that are only one- fourth of an inch long when fully grown. Despite their small size, these caterpillar pests can cause serious fruit injury. The LARGE CATERPILLARS caterpillars are yellow, gray, or green with purple spots and Tomato fruitworms Helicoverpa zea brown heads. Adults are small, gray moths that are about Armyworms Spodoptera spp. one-third of an inch long and generally are active at dusk. Cabbage loopers Trichoplusia ni

Biology There are several species of large caterpillars (over 1 inch The tiny eggs are usually deposited on the leaves in small long when fully grown) that sometimes infest greenhouse clusters. Upon hatching, the tiny larvae bore into the leaf and tomatoes. These infestations are most likely during the fall feed as leafminers, causing white, blotchy mines. After they after large numbers of moths have developed on field crops. grow too large to live within the leaf, the larvae fold a leaf or Because a single female can lay several hundred to over web two leaves together to create a protected environment 1,000 eggs, it only takes a few female moths getting into the where they continue feeding. Older larvae also feed by greenhouse to cause a serious infestation. 12 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi are mainly foliage feeders, but they will occasionally damage fruit. Because armyworms lay their eggs in large masses, heavy infestations may occur in isolated areas within the greenhouse, and timely spot treatments can often provide effective control.

Figure 10. Tomato fruitworms are important pests of field-grown tomatoes. Their presence in the greenhouse indicates that exclusion practices could be improved. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension.

Common Species of Large Caterpillars Tomato fruitworms: Tomato fruitworms are one of the Figure 11. Yellow-striped armyworms sometimes damage leaves and fruit in most significant insect pests of field-grown tomatoes. They inadequately screened greenhouses and high tunnels. Photo: B. Layton, MSU are less common in greenhouses, but when infestations do Extension. occur, they can cause serious losses. This is because, as their name implies, this caterpillar feeds directly on the fruit. Cabbage loopers: Loopers are pale-green caterpillars with This insect attacks many other crops and is also known as only two pairs of abdominal prolegs (armyworms and the cotton bollworm, corn earworm, or soybean podworm. tomato fruitworms have four pairs). This causes them to These are stout-bodied, green or brown, striped caterpillars move in a “humpbacked” or looping fashion. They have light about 11⁄2 inch long when fully grown. The moths are buff stripes down their backs and are up to 1 inch long. Cabbage brown with a small brown spot on each forewing. loopers are leaf feeders and rarely attack fruit, but they are Tomato fruitworms feed on blooms, as well as one of the more difficult caterpillars to control. Cabbage immature and ripe fruit. The individually laid eggs are looper moths are gray with a silver figure-eight or octopus- most often deposited on leaves near upper bloom clusters. shaped mark on each forewing. If not controlled, heavy infestations of these caterpillars can destroy more than half a crop. Because large larvae that Biology have already bored into fruit are very difficult to control, Eggs are deposited by female moths that have made it is important to detect infestations and begin treatment their way into the greenhouse. Tomato fruitworm and when caterpillars are small (less than one-fourth of an looper moths lay their eggs individually, but armyworm inch long). Tobacco budworm is a similiar species that also moths lay their eggs in large masses. Eggs hatch within 3 to attacks tomatoes. 7 days, depending on species and temperature. The small Armyworms: Several different species of armyworms caterpillars begin feeding on leaf tissue. The caterpillar occur in greenhouse tomatoes. Fall armyworms vary from stage lasts about 11 to 17 days, with larvae eating more light tan or green to nearly black. They have a distinct white and causing proportionally more damage as they become inverted Y-shape on the front of their heads. Their bodies larger. Caterpillars eat about 80 percent of their total food have a greasy appearance and may be up to 2 inches long. consumption during the final 3 days of their larval period. Beet armyworms, yellow-striped armyworms, and southern This is why serious injury often appears to occur overnight. armyworms are some of the other species that are sometimes Upon completion of its larval development, the caterpillar found on greenhouse tomatoes. All species of armyworms forms a pupa on the foliage or in the soil, depending on

13 species. Moths may emerge from these pupae in as little SLUGS as 8 to 11 days. However, some species overwinter Several species as pupae. Slugs are soft-bodied, gray or mottled, slimy creatures Management measuring up to 4 inches long. They are unrelated to insects, Because of their size, the moths that produce these and their bodies are covered by a thick, slimy mucus. They caterpillars are easy to exclude from greenhouses (even can occasionally become serious pests in greenhouses. Slugs regular window screening is sufficient), and serious feed on molds, decaying organic matter, and the foliage infestations are rare in houses with good exclusion practices. of plants. They must have a moist environment, and they Because large caterpillar pests don’t often invade the prefer darkness. Ideal habitats include under boards, trash, greenhouse, biological controls are rarely used on them. and other debris and in crevices. Slugs are active at night and leave a shiny slime trail. These trails can be seen on Insecticides for Large Caterpillar Control foundation walls, floors, walkways, and plant leaves. Bt kurstaki, chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole, spinosad Specific caterpillar treatments, such as spinosad, Management provide good control when applied in a timely and Slugs are best controlled by eliminating their hiding appropriate manner. Chlorofenapyr will control leaf-feeding places. This involves removing boards and other debris left caterpillars but is less effective against tomato fruitworms. on the ground and maintaining good weed control. Heavy Foliar-applied Bt sprays are most compatible with biological growths of weeds can provide good hiding places for slugs, control programs, but because they are slow-acting, these whether inside the greenhouse or around the outside of the must be applied when caterpillars are small. house.

Molluscides for Slug and Snail Control iron phosphate, metaldehyde Slugs can be controlled with specially formulated bait treatments containing iron phosphate or metaldehyde. Because these are pellets or granular products that are not applied directly to the plants, these treatments are compatible with biological control programs. Metaldehyde is poisonous to pets and wildlife, so be sure to follow label directions.

Figure 12. Slugs occasionally occur in greenhouses. Photo: B. Layton, MSU Extension.

14 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi - - Comments adjuvant. or use a surfactant Do not mites. spider Controls a minimum Allow per crop. applications exceed two Do not russet mites. control Does not between treatments. 21 days of irrigation through or drench a growing-media as Apply application one than more apply Do not label. to according perlite, wool, in rock growing plants to only Apply per year. growing plants media or growing soil-less other or in field-type growing plants to apply Do not hydroponically. neonicotinoid-type is a media. This potting or soils is thrips but leaf-feeding will control Acetamiprid product. blooms. in on thrips effective less A (OMRI)-approved. Review Institute Materials Organic regu insect acts an growth as that botanically based product a as Applied leaves. pests on to spray a foliar as Applied lator. control. gnat fungus for soil drench actas insect growth that products basedbotanically are These pests for spray foliar as a applied be Theymay regulators. gnats. fungus for media drench a growing as or leaves, on OMRI-approved. is Molt-X containing pre-mix is a This OMRI-approved. Azera is needed, as Reapply pyrethrins. natural and azadirachtin a as be applied May between treatments. 5–7 days allow but gnats. fungus control to media drench when pests. Apply caterpillar controls Only OMRI-approved. gnats. fungus control Bt will larvaenot small. This are fungus control to a soil drench as Apply OMRI-approved. Bt This water. irrigation through be applied larvae. May gnat pests. caterpillar larvae fly control willand not controls only when pests. Apply caterpillar controls Only OMRI-approved. gnats. fungus control Bt will larvaenot small. This are or not ES is BotaniGard OMRI-approved. O is Mycotrol successive Apply biopesticides. slow-acting are These ganic. is a intervals. disease, fungal This 7-day 3- to at applications other it will also infest but whiteflies, used control to mainly insects.listed 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA PHI (Days) PHI 4 4 4 4 4 4 12 12 12 REI (Hours) Pests Controlled Pests mites spider whiteflies, aphids, psyllids, thrips aphids, whiteflies, thrips, leafminers, fungus caterpillars, gnats aphids, whiteflies, thrips, leafminers, gnats fungus aphids, whiteflies, thrips, leafminers, fungus caterpillars, gnats caterpillars gnats fungus caterpillars aphids, whiteflies, thrips, psyllids - Use Rate 1–2 lb/acre 31 fl oz/acre 31 fl 2–4 tbsp/gal 1–2 qt/100 gal 1–2 qt/100 8–21 fl oz/acre 8–21 fl 10 fl oz/100 gal 10 fl 10–21 fl oz/acre 10–21 fl 1–1.5 lb/100 gal1–1.5 lb/100 53–107 fl oz/100 gal 53–107 fl oz/100 gal 32–128 fl pressed air sprayers) air pressed 1.25 fl oz/1,000 plants oz/1,000 1.25 fl (1–2 fl oz/gal for com for oz/gal (1–2 fl - Azera Chemicals) (BioWorks) Xentari (Certis) Xentari Gnatrol (Valent) Gnatrol Azatin XL (OHP) Azatin Dipel DF (Valent) DF Dipel Molt-X (BioWorks) Molt-X AzaGuard (BioSafe) AzaGuard BotaniGard ES (Bio BotaniGard TriStar 8.5 SL (Cleary 8.5 SL TriStar Azatrol EC (Gordon’s) Azatrol Works) or Mycotrol O Mycotrol or Works) Trade Name (Supplier) Name Trade Kanemite 15 SC (Arysta) Kanemite -

0.6% liquid 54% DF 54% DF acequinocyl 15.8% acetamiprid 1.2% azadirachtin 3% azadirachtin 1.2% + azadirachtin Pyrethrins 1.4% thuringiensis Bacillus aizawai thuringiensis Bacillus israelensis thuringiensis Bacillus kurstaki Beauveria bassiana 11.3% liq GHA Strain 10.9% liquid uid or Active Ingredient and and Ingredient Active ConcentrationPercent Table 1. Insecticides, miticides, molluscicides greenhouse and tomatoes. for Table

15 - - - Comments than greater fruit diameter mature varieties with on only Use exceed two Do not miticides. use other with Rotate 1 inch. per year. applications con only that product regulator-type an insectis This growth exceed not pests. Do sucking other few a and whiteflies trols per crop. applications two side of the top from moves that a miticide is Chlorfenapyr leaf-feeding thrips, also controls It the bottom. to the leaf Do not pinworms. tomato and pests, caterpillars, caterpillar than less fruit diameter mature varieties with tomato use on Do not between applications. 5–7 days least at Allow 1 inch. than more apply Do not applications. consecutive exceed two per crop. applications three control in a whitefly to include useful is a This product new specifiedon as adjuvant a spray Include program. rotation Do between applications. 7 days of a minimum Allow label. per acre. ai exceed 0.4 lb not Do not exceed two foliar applications per crop. apply to crops that have already been treated with imidacloprid, acetamiprid, or another neonicotinoid insecticide. Do not exceed 2.7 lb of product per acre. apply to crops that have already been treated with imidacloprid, acet amiprid, or another neonicotinoid insecticide. use a Do not mites. spider of nymphs eggs and Controls per applications exceed two Do not adjuvant. or surfactant Does between treatments. 21 days of a minimum Allow crop. russet mites. control not applications exceed two Do not miticides. other with Rotate season. per growing sup provides aphids. Beleaf for specificallyis product This per applications exceed two not Do whiteflies. of pression between treatments. 7 days of a minimum Allow crop. 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 PHI (Days) PHI 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 REI (Hours) - - - Pests Controlled Pests mites spider mealybugs, whiteflies, leafhoppers* tomato mites, spider caterpillar russet mites, pests, tomato thrips, pinworms psyl tomato whiteflies, caterpillars lids, aphids, leafminers, white flies, mealybugs aphids, leafminers, white flies, mealybugs mites spider tomato mites, spider potato russet mites, psyllids aphids Use Rate 9 fl oz/acre 9 fl 2 pt/100 gal 2 pt/100 potting media 4–8 oz/100 gal 8–20 oz/100 gal 8–20 oz/100 2.8–4.28 oz/acre 4–8 fl oz/100 gal 4–8 fl 6.5–13 fl oz/acre 6.5–13 fl 13.5–20.5 fl oz/acre 13.5–20.5 fl oz of drench per gal 12–24 oz/100 gal & 4 fl Akari 5SC Talus (SePro) Talus Beleaf 50 SG (FMC) Floramite SC (OHP) Floramite Exirel (0.83 lb ai/gal) (0.83 lb Exirel Pylon (Olympic Hort.) Pylon (Olympic Trade Name (Supplier) Name Trade TetraSan 5 WDG (Valent) TetraSan Safari 20 SG (Valent USA) Safari 20 SG (Valent USA) Safari 20 SG (Valent ) ) foliar spray foliar soil drench bifenazate 22.6% SC bifenazate 40 SC buprofezin 2 SC chlorfenapyr 10.2% cyantraniliprole liquid Dinotefuran, 20 SG ( Dinotefuran, 20 SG ( 5% etoxazol 5% SC fenproximate 50% SG flonicamid Active Ingredient and and Ingredient Active ConcentrationPercent Table 1. Insecticides, miticides, molluscicides greenhouse and tomatoes. for Table

16 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi - - - - Comments a growing-me as water of 16 gallons of in a minimum Apply Do label. to according irrigation through or dia drench to only Apply per year. 1 application than more apply not media. not Do or in field-typepotting soils growing plants soil- other or perlite, wool, in rock growing plants to apply This hydroponically. growing plants media or growing less will control Imidacloprid product. a neonicotinoid-type is thrips in blooms. control will not but thrips leaf-feeding long-term have imidacloprid of treatments drench Media bees. bumble on effects adverse plants. to directly apply Do not OMRI-approved. is humidity relative when effective Most OMRI-approved. post-treatment. 8–10 hours higher for 80% or at maintained repeated Make situations. humidity low under effective Not period. 3-week a 2- to intervals over 7-day 3- and at sprays plants. to directly apply Do not plants. to directly apply Do not Spray pests. suffocating by control Provides OMRI-approved. the pest directly. contact must control per season. Provides applications exceed four Do not Oils directly. the pest contact must Spray pests. suffocating by Read injury when used improperly. serious plant cause can carefully. label ef achieve to applications will need usually repeated You applications exceed three do not but control, fective the pest directly. contact must period. a 2-week within Spray when injury used improp plant cause Insecticidal can soaps Read label carefully. erly. applications will need usually repeated You OMRI-approved. appli exceed three not do but control, effective achieve to the pest contact must period. a 2-week within Spray cations when injury used plant cause Insecticidal can soaps directly. Read carefully. label improperly. of Botanical knockdown fast insecticide for OMRI-approved. insects. adult 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA NA PHI (Days) PHI 4 4 4 12 12 12 12 NA NA NA REI (Hours) - Pests Controlled Pests whiteflies aphids, slugs aphids, whiteflies, mites thrips, spider slugs slugs aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mites thrips, mites, aphids, whiteflies mites, spider aphids, thrips, whiteflies, psyllids mites, spider aphids, thrips, whiteflies, psyllids fruit thrips, aphids, psyl flies, whiteflies, gnats fungus lids, Use Rate 1 lb/1,000 ft2 1 lb/1,000 ft2 1 lb/2,000 ft2 1 lb/1,000 1–2 gal/100 gal 1–2 gal/100 gal 1–2 gal/100 gal 1–2 gal/100 gal 14–28 oz/100 gal 14–28 oz/100 16–32 fl oz/30 gal 16–32 fl 0.6 fl oz/1,000 plants oz/1,000 0.6 fl plants oz/1,000 1.4 fl Snail Snail M-Pede Micro-Gen) Macho 2.0 FL Macho Pyganic (King) Killer (Bonide) PFR-97 (Certis) PFR-97 Preferal (SePro) Preferal (Olympic Hort.) (Olympic SuffOil-X TriTek SuffOil-X Sluggo (Monterey) Sluggo Slug Killer (Ortho) Slug (Bayer CropScience) (Bayer AdmirePro (4.6 lb/gal) AdmirePro Insecticidal 49.52 Soap No Escape Slug & Escape Slug No Trade Name (Supplier) Name Trade Ortho & Bug-Geta Snail Ultra-Fine Oil (Whitmire Oil (Whitmire Ultra-Fine 20% imidacloprid 1% phosphate iron Isaria fumosorosea 97) Strain (Apopka 2% metaldehyde 0.13 bait metaldehyde 80% mineral oil oil 98.8% paraffinic fatty of salts potassium 49.52% liquid acids fatty of salts potassium 49% liquid acids 1.4% liquid pyrethrins Active Ingredient and and Ingredient Active ConcentrationPercent Table 1. Insecticides, miticides, molluscicides greenhouse and tomatoes. for Table

17 - - - Comments insects. adult of knockdown for fogger aerosol release Total pyrethrins sizes. Although 6-oz and 16-oz, in 20-oz, Available and synergist, botanical insecticides, PBOare inorganic an is organic for approved not PBO and are pyrethrins of mixtures production. adult flying of Botanical knockdown fast insecticide for botanical insecticides, are insects. pyrethrins Although pyrethrins of mixtures and synergist, PBO inorganic an is production. organic for approved not PBOand are insects. adult of Botanical knockdown fast insecticide for botanical insecticides, PBO are an is pyrethrins Although PBO and are pyrethrins of mixtures and synergist, inorganic production. organic for approved not is that product regulator-type an insectis This growth control It doesnot especially whiteflies. useful against Must immatures. of development with interferes but adults varieties with on only Use spray. a foliar as be applied apply Do not 1 inch. than greater fruit diameter mature applica exceed everytwo than not Do often 14 days. more per season.tions OMRI-approved. Spinosad is one of the most effective treat effective the most of one is Spinosad OMRI-approved. thrips in pests and caterpillar of control for available ments successive two than more apply Do not tomatoes. greenhouse not Do chemistry. of class a different to rotating before sprays transplant. for grown tomatoes to apply 2 within apply or oil mix with Do not OMRI-approved. spray. oil an of weeks 0 0 1 1 NA NA PHI (Days) PHI 4 12 12 12 12 24 REI (Hours) - - Pests Controlled Pests aphids, gnats, fungus psyllids whiteflies, fruit thrips, aphids, psyl flies, whiteflies, gnats fungus lids, fruit thrips, aphids, psyl flies, whiteflies, gnats fungus lids, (immature whiteflies only) pests, flower caterpillar miners thrips, leaf tomato russet mites tomato Use Rate 9,000 sq ft 2–5 lb/acre 3–6 fl oz/acre 3–6 fl 6 fl oz/100 gal 6 fl 2–16 fl oz/acre 2–16 fl 12–24 oz/100 gal 12–24 oz/100 One 6-oz can/4,500– 6-oz One - - Science) Sciences) Micro-Gen) Micro-Gen) ger-Sunbelt Ind.) ger-Sunbelt Distance (Valent) Distance Microfine Sulfur (Ti Microfine Pyreth-It (Whitemire (Whitemire Pyreth-It Pyrenone Crop Spray Spray Crop Pyrenone (Bayer Environmental Environmental (Bayer Entrust SC (Dow Agro SC (Dow Entrust Trade Name (Supplier) Name Trade Pyrethrum TR (Whitmire Pyrethrum TR (Whitmire pyrethrins 4% + 16% pyrethrins TR aerosol PBO, 6% + PBO pyrethrins 60% 6% + PBO pyrethrins 60% 11.23% EC pyriproxyfen 22.5% spinosad Active Ingredient and and Ingredient Active ConcentrationPercent sulfur 90% SP Table 1. Insecticides, miticides, molluscicides greenhouse and tomatoes. for Table example, For production. tomato legal reflect use to in greenhouse change constantly labels Product use in a greenhouse. prohibit does not the and label on tomato has Each product carefully. these products Read for labels 1 Quadris purchased example, For using. are you the product of the age is concern Another state. legal is in your if the product determining for responsible are You a special in certain use states. permit only have products some usedbe in a greenhouse. cannot product the that specifically a restriction stating has several the last within months Quadris the label. purchased of interpretation EPA to according use in the greenhouse legal is for ago year area. the treated enter may workers before application an after pass entryREI, restricted must the interval, time that is label. entryproduct specifiedon early is the for be worn must that equipment, personal protective PPE, harvest. and the product of between pass application the last must time that of amount the interval, least is preharvest PHI, fluid or 0.23 by 44, divided = 10 ounces per acre fluid 10 example, For by 44. by dividing feet per 1,000 square amount to per acre amount convert can You feet. 44,000 square about or feet in 1 acre, 43,560 square are There feet. per 1,000 square ounce or 6.8 millili by 29.6, multiplied feet = 0.23 ouncesquare per 1,000 fluid ounce. So 0.23 fluid in 1 29.6 milliliters are about There ounces. fluid than in milliliters measure easier is to it liquid, of small amounts measuring When teaspoon. per 5 milliliters about are There feet. per 1,000 square ters 28.35 are $100. There than less for be can purchased grams fractions of and grams measure Small digital will scales ounces. accurately that than in grams measure easier is to dry it of products, small amounts measuring When feet. per 1,000 square 44 = 3.9 grams 172 divided by per acre. 28.35 = 172 grams by 6.08 multiplied per acre. 6.08 ounces or per acre, 16 ounces by So = 0.38 multiplied per 0.38 pound acre in 1 ounce. grams

18 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi DISEASE IDENTIFICATION DISEASE IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT Fungal and Fungal-like Diseases To develop a successful greenhouse tomato disease Botrytis gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is probably the management program, you must be aware of and be able most common and troublesome disease in greenhouse to recognize the diseases that may affect the crop and the tomatoes since resistant varieties are not available and the conditions that promote disease development. It is also fungus is present in all greenhouses. Infection by the gray important to scout a crop regularly and often for signs and mold fungus occurs when the relative humidity is 90 percent symptoms of disease. or higher. Plants are generally more vulnerable during fruit Signs (the physical presence of pathogens; e.g., fungal bearing. mycelium or sclerotia) and symptoms (the plant’s reaction Key sign: Brown or gray, fuzzy fungal growth present on to infection by a pathogen; e.g., chlorosis, wilting, leaf spots) infected tissues. of greenhouse tomato diseases may be present on roots, stems, leaves, and fruit. While some symptoms are common to several diseases, it is usually possible to identify a few of the more common diseases by their key signs or symptoms. When these key signs or symptoms are not present, it is often necessary to submit a physical sample to a plant diagnostic laboratory or specialist for examination to obtain an accurate diagnosis. Descriptions of the signs and/or symptoms, including any key signs and/or symptoms, of the most common diseases that occur in greenhouse tomatoes are included below. If you have trouble identifying a disease, contact your local county Extension agent. He or she will collect information, such as a description of the symptoms, recent applications of pesticides, varieties affected, and production practices. The agent may take, or ask you to submit, digital photos of the problem. Information explaining the best types of photos to take for assistance with plant disease problems can be found in MSU Extension Publication 3022 Taking Figure 13. Gray fungal growth is visible in the area of the Botrytis lesion on the Photos of Plant Disease Problems. This information will help edge of this tomato leaflet. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org. diagnose the problem and aid in developing management recommendations. All plant parts can be affected. Tan or gray lesions It is possible that you may be asked to collect and bring (localized areas of diseased tissue) typically form at the tips a specimen to the Extension office. Your county agent can of leaflets and become covered with brown or gray fungal guide you on how to correctly collect and package samples growth (Figure 13). Infected leaves typically collapse and for diagnosis. Instructions for collecting and packaging wither. Other sites of infection include dying flowers and plant disease specimens for diagnosis may also be found in the calyx area of fruit. From the calyx, infection proceeds publication M1562 How to Collect and Package Plant Disease into fruit, which quickly becomes water-soaked and soft. Specimens for Diagnosis. Specimens may also be mailed If viewed with a hand lens, spore-bearing structures that directly to the Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab for diagnosis. look like bunches of grapes may be seen on the infected When submitting a specimen, be sure to fill out Form 1139 tissue. The causal fungus does not actively attack healthy Plant Disease Sample Submission Form with as many details tissue, and stem invasion occurs through wounds, such as as possible, and include it with your sample. These details those resulting from pruning. The tan cankers (defined, can be useful for accurate and faster diagnosis. dry, necrotic lesions) that form along the stem, commonly In more difficult situations, your local county Extension around pruning wounds, may be large and often cause agent may decide that an MSU Extension specialist should wilting of the tissue above the canker and early plant death examine the problem directly and schedule a site visit. (Figure 14). Under humid conditions, distinct masses of fungal growth form on the surface of the cankers.

19 Figure 14. Gray fungal growth is present near the center of the Botrytis stem lesion around a pruning wound on this tomato stem. Photo: A. Henn, MSU Extension.

An unusual symptom associated with this disease is the production of “ghost spots,” small whitish rings or halos that develop on the fruit (Figure 15). These “ghost spots” are spots where Botrytis spores germinated but failed to infect the fruit.

Figure 16. Concentric rings are visible in the early blight lesions on this tomato leaflet. The leaf tissue surrounding the lesions is chlorotic. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org.

Figure 17. Concentric rings are visible in the early blight lesions on this tomato stem. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org.

Figure 15. The ghost spots on this ripening tomato fruit are an unusual symptom of Botrytis gray mold. Photo: A. Henn, MSU Extension. Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radices-lycopersici) was first found in Early blight (Alternaria solani and A. tomatophila) is a Mississippi greenhouse tomatoes in the late 1980s. This common problem in field-grown tomatoes but sometimes disease is favored by cooler temperatures and can spread causes problems in greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Disease quickly in a greenhouse. development is favored by high humidity and mild Symptoms of FCRR include stunted growth and wilting temperatures. on sunny days, especially if plants have heavy fruit loads. Symptoms of early blight may occur on leaves, stems, After initially infecting secondary roots, the FCRR fungus and fruit (Figures 16 and 17). Circular, brown lesions, up moves into larger roots and eventually invades the plant’s to 2 inches in diameter, develop on infected plant tissues. vascular system. Infected plants may die after repeated Concentric rings are often visible in each lesion. The leaf wilting. tissue surrounding the brown lesions may be chlorotic To diagnose whether a plant has FCRR or Pythium root (yellow). rot, cut the base of the stem lengthwise. Look for a reddish discoloration in the outer fourth of the stem inside the 20 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi vascular tissue. The vascular tissue of plants infected with the FCRR pathogen is typically dark to reddish-brown. This discoloration may extend as high as 12 to 18 inches above the soil line.

Leaf mold (Passalora fulva, formerly Fulvia fulva and Cladosporium fulvum) was a common and severe problem in the early 1970s because resistant varieties were not available. Today, varieties that have resistance to various races of the leaf mold fungus are available. Infection by the leaf mold fungus occurs when relative humidity remains at 90 percent or higher for several hours.

Figure 19. Olive-green Passalora fulva (leaf mold) fungal growth is visible on the lower surface of this tomato leaflet. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org.

Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica and Oidium neolycopersici) can be found throughout North America, but it has not been a widespread greenhouse tomato problem in Mississippi. The pathogenL. taurica is restricted to areas with semi-arid or arid environments; however, the pathogen O. neolycopersici favors humid environments and can be problematic in greenhouses.

Figure 18. Yellow leaf mold lesions are visible on the upper surface of these tomato leaflets. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org.

Key sign/symptom: Pale green or yellow lesions with irregular margins on the upper surface of leaflets (Figure 18) and olive green, velvet-like fungal growth on the underside of the leaflets directly beneath lesions (Figure 19). Leaf mold is a foliar disease. Symptoms begin on lower, older leaves but progress to younger leaves over time. Infected leaves become yellow-brown and drop prematurely. Defoliation progresses up the plant.

Figure 20. The white fungal growth on the upper surface of these tomato leaflets is a sign of powdery mildew. Photo: R. A. Melanson, MSU Extension, Bugwood.org.

21 Key sign: White patches of fine, powdery growth on the upper surface of leaflets (Figure 20). Powdery mildew is a foliar disease. Patches of fungal growth may be up to 2 inches in diameter and generally appear on the oldest foliage. Severe infections weaken the plants and can reduce yield. Light green or bright yellow, irregularly shaped lesions typically appear on the upper surface of tomato leaflets infected withL. taurica.

Pythium root rot (Pythium spp.) can be a severe problem in greenhouses. The various species ofPythium that cause problems in tomatoes are easily introduced into the greenhouse via contaminated water and soil clinging to shoes and tools. A common source of Pythium is a nonsterile growth medium, such as river sand piled on bare ground that becomes contaminated from underlying soil during wet conditions. Pythium root rot occurs most often when too much water accumulates around roots. Pythium is one of a group of fungal-like pathogens (oomycetes) commonly called water molds. Pythium is most aggressive Figure 21. Target spot lesions on tomato leaflets have a target-like appearance when the growth medium is too heavy and drainage and are typically surrounded by chlorotic tissue. Photo: T. C. Barickman, is poor. When this occurs, the fungus attacks juvenile MAFES/MSU Extension. roots and eventually the main root mass. The problem is enhanced by overcast weather. Timber rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), also called white Plants with Pythium root rot are often wilted and mold or Sclerotinia stem rot, has been present in Mississippi stunted with yellow, weak foliage. The roots of infected greenhouse tomatoes. plants are typically chocolate-brown or black. Infected plants Key sign: White fungal growth on the plant stem and generally do not die and often produce new roots if moisture black sclerotia (resembling rat droppings) on or inside the problems are corrected. Early symptoms may start with a plant stem at the site of the lesion (Figure 22). slight wilt during hot days and plant recovery at night. The wilting may become worse until no plant recovery occurs at night and the plant dies.

Target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) can be another problem in greenhouse tomatoes. Early symptoms of target spot first appear on foliage as small, water-soaked lesions on the upper surface of older leaves. These lesions rapidly grow to form light- to dark- brown circular lesions that take on the appearance of a target (Figure 21). Chlorotic halos develop around individual brown lesions on leaflets. Lesions may also appear on stems and fruits. Symptoms on fruit begin as sunken, pinpoint-sized, brown lesions. These lesions enlarge and develop into crater-like spots that continue to grow and will crack open as fruit ripens. This disease may move quickly from foliage to fruit, causing a large reduction in the yield of marketable fruit.

Figure 22. White mycelial growth and black sclerotia are often present inside a timber rot stem lesion on a tomato. Photo: C. Balbalian, MSU Extension.

22 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi Timber rot begins as a water-soaked lesion on the stem of the plant, usually close to the floor and within 2 to 3 feet of the base of the plant. White fungal growth may be present on the stem when environmental conditions are favorable. Infected plants turn yellow (youngest leaves), wilt, and die quickly. If a cut is made through the lesion on the stem, hard, black, rock-like structures (sclerotia) may be present inside the stem. These sclerotia (fungal survival structures) can fall onto the floor or into the growing medium and serve as a source of inoculum for the next season’s crop. The white color of the fungal mycelium and the dark- colored, hard sclerotia are what distinguish timber rot from gray mold.

Bacterial Diseases Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) can be a devastating disease of both field and greenhouse tomatoes. This bacterial species is divided into five races (subgroups), not all of which are present in the United States. The race that commonly infects tomatoes is Race 1 and is endemic throughout the southeastern United States. However, the Figure 24. Vascular discoloration may occur in plants with bacterial wilt. Photo: D. Ferrin, LSU AgCenter, Bugwood.org. diseases caused by some races not in the United States are important enough that all races of the pathogen are Plants infected with the bacterial wilt pathogen rapidly considered to be select agents by the USDA Animal wilt and die without showing symptoms of chlorosis and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). As such, (yellowing) or leaf necrosis (death). A brown lesion may be samples testing positive for this bacterium must be handled visible on the outside of the stem near the base of the plant according to protocol, and reports must be submitted to (Figure 23). When cut near the base of the stem at the soil/ USDA APHIS. media line, the inside of the stem may be dark and water- Key sign/symptom: Vascular discoloration and bacterial soaked (Figure 24). In plants with advanced infections, the streaming in plants that exhibited rapid and permanent stem may be hollow. wilting followed by plant death. Plants suspected to have bacterial wilt can be tested for bacterial streaming. This test is easy to perform, and results may be seen in only a few minutes. While bacterial streaming does not occur 100 percent of the time in plants with bacterial infections, it can be used to confirm a bacterial infection. Tomatoes with bacterial wilt typically exhibit profuse streaming. Follow these steps to test for bacterial streaming: 1. Cut a 2-inch-long section from the base of an affected stem (near the soil/media), and remove any soil/media from the outside of the stem. 2. Suspend the stem (using a wire hanger, nail, etc.) in a clear container of water so that the base of the stem is a good distance from the bottom of the container, and place this setup where it will be left undisturbed. 3. Observe the setup after a few minutes for a thin, milky stream flowing from the stem to the bottom of the container (Figure 25).

Figure 23. A brown lesion at the base of the tomato stem may be present in plants Streaming is best seen when the container is at eye level, with bacterial wilt. Photo: D. Ferrin, LSU AgCenter, Bugwood.org. with light coming from behind. 23 Plants with pith necrosis may exhibit a slight chlorosis (yellowing) of lower foliage and wilting.

Viral Diseases Tomato mosaic (tomato mosaic virus, ToMV) was an important disease until the introduction of resistant varieties in the early 1980s. Today, since most varieties are resistant to ToMV, a strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), this disease is no longer a major threat to production. However, growers who use varieties that are not resistant to ToMV need to be familiar with the symptoms of this disease so that immediate action can be taken if it appears. There is a wide array of possible symptoms associated with this disease, making a ToMV diagnosis, based on symptoms, difficult. Symptoms depend on the variety, age of the plant at the time of infection, and environmental conditions. Plants infected with ToMV become stunted, and leaves may have mild to severe yellow-green spots, crinkles, Figure 25. Bacterial streaming from a stem of a tomato plant with bacterial wilt. ridges, strings, or curls. Streaks of dead tissue may develop Photo: J. Brock, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org. in stems. Generally, fruit shows no symptoms; however, some strains may cause internal browning, pitting, or severe Tomato pith necrosis (Pseudomonas spp.) is sometimes mottling. referred to as bacterial hollow stem. Affected plants Because ToMV spreads easily through pruning, fruit sometimes wilt and show a slight yellowing of lower foliage. harvesting, and other routine activities, when ToMV Pathogen spread occurs via contaminated pruning and is suspected, samples should be submitted to a disease harvesting equipment. diagnostic laboratory for testing, and diseased plants should be removed immediately.

Tomato spotted wilt (tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) can be a widespread problem in greenhouse tomatoes. Like ToMV, diagnosis of TSWV can be difficult since symptoms can be numerous and can vary. Symptoms of tomato spotted wilt can also be confused with symptoms caused by other viral, fungal, or bacterial pathogens or by nutritional disorders. The virus is moved from one plant to another by several species of thrips, most commonly the western flower thrips. Scouting for and controlling thrips populations is important to prevent the spread of TSWV. A clean strip (free of broad-leaved weeds) should be maintained around the perimeter of the greenhouse since many weedy plants can harbor TSWV. Symptoms of TSWV can include small, dark-brown leaf spots in the upper portion of the plant that may be arranged

Figures 26. A brown, degraded pith and laddering may be observed in tomato stems in a “ringspot” pattern, dark streaking in petioles and stems, with pith necrosis. G. Holmes, Cal Poly – San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org. and stunted growth of terminals (Figure 27). Plants that become infected before fruit set may not Key symptom: Brown, sunken, necrotic (dead) cankers produce fruit. Fruit on plants that become infected after fruit on stems with a pith that is severely degraded, hollow, or has been set develop chlorotic ringspots with red and white dark brown to black, or that has a ladder-like appearance or yellow concentric rings (Figure 28). (Figure 26).

24 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi may appear crinkled. The symptoms will be subtle at first, but yellowing will increase over time and become very noticeable.

Figure 27. Leaves of tomato plants with tomato spotted wilt may have a bronze coloration. Photo: A. Henn, MSU Extension.

Figure 29. Symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl in a tomato plant. Photo: D. Ferrin, LSU AgCenter, Bugwood.org.

Miscellaneous Diseases Other diseases that are less common in greenhouse tomatoes but that are detected from time to time could present problems in a crop. Contact your local county Extension agent for assistance in diagnosing diseases that do not fit the “key sign or symptom” approach. Figure 28. Symptoms of tomato spotted wilt on tomato fruits. Photo: W. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org.

Immunostrip test kits are available to check for the DISEASE MANAGEMENT presence of TSWV in tomatoes. These kits are inexpensive, dependable, and easy to use. Contact your county Extension Diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses can office to find out where test kits can be purchased. Samples quickly destroy a crop of greenhouse tomatoes when of plants can also be submitted to a disease diagnostic conditions are favorable. However, if a combination of laboratory for testing. Plants suspected to be infected with recommended disease management practices is used as TSWV should be removed. part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program, diseases can be successfully managed. Biological, cultural, Tomato yellow leaf curl (tomato yellow leaf curl virus, environmental, sanitation, and chemical management TYLCV) is a destructive virus disease that was first observed practices may all be necessary since no single practice in Mississippi in greenhouse tomatoes in 2001. This disease effectively manages all diseases affecting the crop. is transmitted by whiteflies. Commonly grown Mississippi greenhouse tomato varieties do not have resistance to this Biological Management disease. Once infection occurs, the virus prevents further Biological management, through the use of disease- plant development. Flowers and fruits are not produced resistant varieties, is the most economic and effective following infection, resulting in total crop loss. Scouting method of handling several significant diseases. Compared for and controlling whiteflies are important methods of to the 1970s when the commonly grown varieties did not preventing further spread of TYLCV. have disease resistance, most modern greenhouse tomato Symptoms of the disease begin to appear 10 to 12 varieties are resistant to one or more of the diseases that days after infection. Leaves in the top of the plant develop used to be limiting factors in production. interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between the veins), and the The disease-resistance package (the combination of all sides of the leaves curl upward (Figure 29). The leaves disease resistance present) in a particular variety is often listed on seed packages and in seed company catalogs or

25 websites. Disease-resistance codes are used to indicate enter the greenhouse and warm, moist air to leave. The to which diseases a particular variety has resistance. For cold, drier air that enters the greenhouse is heated or example, L may stand for leaf mold resistance, while TSWV further dried. After 5 to 10 minutes, close the ventilators typically stands for tomato spotted wilt virus resistance. or turn the fans off. Warm, dry air now exists in the Consult the company’s key of disease-resistance codes for greenhouse. code definitions. Heirloom varieties, which are favored by • Moving air in the greenhouse helps reduce moisture some greenhouse tomato growers, generally do not have on plant surfaces. The horizontal airflow system or the resistance to disease. overhead polyethylene ventilation tube system keeps Biological products are available for use in managing temperatures steady and decreases cold spots where diseases of greenhouse tomatoes. These products condensation is likely. work best when use begins before the appearance of • When a greenhouse is very humid, exchange the air disease. Some biological products are provided in one or more times during the night. Greenhouse Table 2 and in Publication 2036 Organic Vegetable supply companies sell controls that turn on the fans at IPM Guide. Additional biological products labeled for programmed times during the night. greenhouse use on vegetables and approved for use (OMRI) in organic production may be found in the Temperature control is also important. For example, latest edition of the Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop temperatures no lower than 70°F limit development of gray Handbook (available at http://www.growingproduce.com/ mold. FCRR and Pythium root rot also thrive in cooler southeasternvegetablecrophandbook/). temperatures. Pith necrosis appears to be most severe when plants are Note: Some products listed in the handbook may not be overfertilized with nitrogen. It is likely that Pythium root registered for use in Mississippi. Please see Publication rot could be more of a problem if roots are injured by high 3155 Pesticide Label Databases for information on accessing soluble salt levels. online databases that provide state registration information Certain pruning methods increase wounding and leave for individual products. tissue that is highly susceptible to Botrytis (gray mold) infection attached to the stem. Fewer stem lesions develop Cultural Management when petioles are cut or broken close to the stem than when Cultural management refers to the practices connected they are removed 1 or 2 inches from the stem. to the production of the crop. This type of management creates conditions that do not favor disease development. Sanitation Management Because a greenhouse is a protected system, it is possible Most growers view sanitation as an important part of to manipulate the environment in the greenhouse. This effective disease management. Unfortunately, not all growers includes the temperature as well as the relative humidity. carry out a strict sanitation routine. Regulating the relative humidity is critical since moisture is the main factor influencing plant infection by the fungi Before beginning a new crop: responsible for gray mold, leaf mold, and timber rot. Relative • Remove plant debris. Plant debris can serve as a source humidity must be above 90 percent for spore germination of inoculum (any part of a pathogen that is infectious; and infection to occur. Most bacterial diseases also need e.g., bacterial cell, fungal spore) for future disease high relative humidity. outbreaks and can also harbor insects that transmit Control of relative humidity is particularly important pathogens. Debris removed from the greenhouse should when greenhouses are tightly sealed to conserve energy. not be placed outside the greenhouse nearby and should Warm air holds more moisture than cool air. Thus, during be placed downwind from the greenhouse. It is best if warm fall and spring days, the air inside the greenhouse the debris is removed from the site. picks up moisture. As the air cools in the evening, its • Do not reuse growth containers, such as rockwool slabs moisture-holding capacity drops. When this happens, the and poly bags, or growth medium from which diseased dew point is reached and moisture (condensation) begins plants were removed. In greenhouses with a nutrient to form on plant surfaces. Condensation can be reduced or film technique (NFT) system or a modified NFT system, eliminated by practicing the following methods: use a suitable disinfectant to disinfest buckets and other • When the heat comes on in the late afternoon, keep the materials before planting the next crop. Remember ventilators open about 1 inch or keep the exhaust fans to completely flush the system following treatment to running on low capacity. This allows cold, dry air to remove disinfectant that could be poisonous to plants.

26 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi • Disinfect the greenhouse by spraying all surfaces with of fungicide labels indicates that if a product is labeled for a suitable disinfectant. Research has shown that fungal use on tomatoes and the product label does not specifically spores may be carried over from season to season in prohibit the use of the product in greenhouses, the product dust on greenhouse support beams. is considered legal to use on tomatoes in the greenhouse. Please note that product labels change. Some fungicides When producing transplants: once labeled for use on greenhouse tomatoes may no longer • Use disease-free seeds. be legal for use on greenhouse tomatoes. For example, • Use sterile growth media and containers. a product purchased some time ago (with the label still • Remove and destroy transplants that do not look attached) may be labeled for use on greenhouse tomatoes normal. and would be legal to use on greenhouse tomatoes, but the same product, purchased recently, may not be labeled for After crop installation: use on greenhouse tomatoes and would not be legal to use • Set up a clean-up room where hands and shoes (via on greenhouse tomatoes. This may be due to a change in the footbath) can be disinfected and cleaned before entering makeup of the product, such as the addition of a chemical and after exiting the greenhouse. Use any practice that is not labeled for use on a food crop. available to prevent introducing pathogens into the When using fungicides to manage disease, it is greenhouse. important to rotate (alternate) fungicide groups as part of a • Restrict the use of tobacco products if ToMV-susceptible resistance management program. Each group of fungicides varieties are being grown. uses a specific biochemical mode of action to attack a • Frequently disinfect tools and other equipment with a pathogen. The chance of a pathogen becoming resistant to suitable disinfectant. Many disinfectants are available. a particular fungicide increases if products with the same Information on choosing the best disinfectant and how mode of action are used repeatedly. For this reason, it is to properly use various disinfectants can be found in important to alternate fungicide applications with fungicides Information Sheet 1955 Choosing a Disinfectant for Tools that have different modes of action. Fungicides are arranged and Surfaces in Horticultural Operations. into groups based on their mode of action. These groups, • Keep a “clean strip” around the outside of the designated by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee greenhouse to reduce populations of thrips, aphids, and (FRAC), are assigned FRAC codes (e.g., M3, 3, 11). These other insects that could be sources of virus introduction. FRAC codes are normally clearly indicated on the product • Consider using insect-barrier screens to cut down on label. Rotation of fungicides should be based on the FRAC the movement of thrips, aphids, and other possible codes (groups) rather than by the product name or the active virus-carriers into the greenhouse. ingredient of a fungicide since different products may use • Observe plants constantly for any evidence of disease the same active ingredient or related active ingredients that development. Promptly remove diseased plants, and have the same mode of action. remove foliage that may be seriously diseased or no A list of many of the fungicides labeled for disease longer contributing to plant growth. Destroy diseased management in greenhouse tomatoes is provided in plants and plant debris or carry them far enough away Table 2. Information on the efficacy of various products for downwind from the greenhouse so that they will not management of diseases in greenhouse tomatoes is available be a source of inoculum to reintroduce the pathogen(s) in the latest edition of the Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop into the greenhouse. Handbook.

Chemical Management (Fungicides) The need for weekly fungicide applications decreases if biological, cultural, and sanitation practices, as previously described, are used. However, it may be necessary to use fungicides as part of an integrated disease management program to successfully manage disease. When using fungicides, remember: the label is the law. You must completely read product labels before use, and you must follow the label. Many fungicides are labeled for use on greenhouse tomatoes. Other fungicides are not prohibited for use on greenhouse tomatoes. The EPA interpretation

27 - - - - - Cuprofix Cuprofix Ultra Do not exceed 20 Do not See product labels for com for labels See product Do not make more than eight applica eight than more make Do not production. transplant use for Do not sequential two than more make Do not Begin applications prior to disease development, and repeat repeat and disease to development, prior Begin applications Some products are OMRI-listed. Some are products occur some with may phytotoxicity conditions, some Under Comments for greenhouse prohibited Not use. to apply Do not per per per exceed year. 6 oz season. acre tions Do not Use 7 days. intervals than less on applications make Do not plants. stressed reductions. yield lead to may this product of for greenhouse prohibited Not use. foliar application. For 10 gal per than in less acre. per per apply season. acre Do not product of lb to if applied products, occur copper with if tank-mixed may Phytotoxicity tank-mix Do not adjuvants. with if mixed or residues, copper with plants application and restrictions additional See for label products. copper with instructions. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. a to switching before applications consecutive two than more make Do not prod of oz exceed 47 fl of action. not modeDo a different fungicide with or transplanting after 21 days until uct per per apply season. acre Do not EC any or mix with tank use adjuvants seeding. with not after Do 35 days production. transplant use for Do not tomatoes. fresh-market on product specifics. See for label occur adjuvants. the use with of may injury Plant OMRI-listed. other See for label the formulation. intervals on depending 10-day 5- to at diseases labeled. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. of mode a different a fungicide with to alternating before applications action. green for prohibited not use; others greenhouse for labeled products Some use. house specific disease and instructions labels labels. product See application plete occur certain under may Phytotoxicity reentry interval requirements. for a certain pH. below is solution if the spray or conditions environmental green for prohibited not use; others greenhouse for labeled products Some use. house application rate potential, phytotoxicity on details See for label products. labeled diseases. other and limits, maximum instructions, on rates application minimum lower 40 Disperss has a 2(ee) label for tomatoes. 5 0 1 14 14 PHI (Days) See label See label See label 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 hr REI (Days) See label See label See label

1 3 ),

) ) . - ), . spp spp ), target ), target Alternar Leveillula ), gray leaf leaf ), gray Colletotrichum Pythium ), early blight blight ), early Phytophthora ), Septoria leaf spot spot leaf ), Septoria Stemphylium botryosum Corynespora cassiicola Alternaria solani Septoria lycopersici Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens speckbacterial and spot ( off damping ( rots root ( anthracnose ( mold black spp.), ia alternata ( spot ( powdery mildew ( taurica ( spot ( bacterial spot, speck and Botrytis early mold, gray powdery mildewblight, Botrytis powdery mold, gray mildew bacterial speck anthracnose, leaf gray blight, early spot, and leaf Septoria blight, late mold, spot bacterial speck anthracnose, leaf gray blight, early spot, and leaf Septoria blight, late mold, spot acre acre See label See label See label Use Rate 8 fl oz/acre 8 fl 0.33–0.75 oz/ 2.5–5.0 lb/acre 24.4–36.6 fl oz/ 24.4–36.6 fl 2 P 33 M1 M1 NG BM01 11 + 9 FRAC FRAC Group - strain QST 713 QST strain ) 6 Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active (Actigard acibenzolar-S-methyl 50WG) WDG) tris (Aliette aluminum + difenoconazole azoxystrobin (Quadris Top) Bacillus subtilis Serenade) (CEASE, doce albus de Lupinus Banda (BLAD) (Fracture) basic including (fixed), copper oxide, copper sulfate, copper copper hydroxide, copper ions copper and oxychloride, (various pen basic or sulfate, copper 40 Ultra (Cuprofix tahydrate Flowable, Cuproxat Disperss, 27 AG) Phyton Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table

28 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi - - - Ranman Apply as a 0.01% solution (6.5 fl a 0.01% solution as Apply Ranman 400SC is allowed use for (see next table entry). table next (see Use with the labeled rate of a protectant a protectant of the labeled with rate Use as such small to tomatoes apply Do not prod of oz 47 fl than more apply Do not Apply as a soil drench. Do not use a Do not a soil drench. as Apply Comments recom surfactant for See label year. oz exceedper 16.5 fl per acre Do not a different have fungicides that with applications Alternate mendations. applications consecutive three than more make Do action. not mode of three for of action mode a different have that products to switching before application 400SC. See Ranman to for label returning before applications disease. specificto instructions target bell and peppers) in the greenhouse. (tomatoes vegetables fruiting on in the greenhouse, vegetables allowed fruiting useRanman is not on for production transplant for EXCEPT only. production transplant For the be seedling at to can made tray fungicide application One surfactant. transplanting. week 1 before until afterward anytime or planting greenhouse, the in use EXCEPT vegetables for fruiting on is allowed not production. transplant for for greenhouse prohibited Not use. period. per 12-month product of exceed 30 oz Dofungicide. not for greenhouse prohibited Not use. applications, two After in the greenhouse. cherry- grape-type tomatoes or two for of action mode a different fungicide with another with alternate limits. application See for label applications. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. applications consecutive two than more no uct per per season. acre Make of mode a different have fungicides that with alternating per season before action. only. irrigation drip by application For previous or a transplanting after 3 weeks sooner than no gal water) oz/500 season. per crop per acre product of oz exceed 27.4 fl Do not application. the label. on provided REI are regarding restrictions indoor Additional greenhouse this use on toma for has a SectionProduct 24c registration in MS. toes 5 0 3 0 0 3 – PHI (Days) 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 REI (Days)

1 3 - - -

) Ful . ) spp ) ), Botry A. alterna ), gray leaf spot spot leaf ), gray solani Colletotrichum ), leaf mold ( mold ), leaf Pythium C. cassiicola Phytophthora infestans P. ) spot, leaf ), Septoria ) ), powdery mildew ), Phytophthora blight blight ), Phytophthora A. solani ), Botrytis early mold, gray P. capsici P. L. taurica S. botryosum L. taurica Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens ( blight late infestans ( ( off damping ( blight late (A. blight early powdery mildew mold, tis gray ( ( anthracnose ( mold black spp.), ta ( blight ( via fulva ( ( spot target Pythium and Phytophthora root rots blight) Use Rate 6–7 fl oz/acre 6–7 fl 3 fl oz/100 gal 3 fl 2.75 fl oz/acre oz/acre 2.75 fl 11–14 oz/acre 2.1–2.75 fl oz/ 2.1–2.75 fl (Phytophthora (Phytophthora 3.2–5.0 oz/acre 16–20 fl oz/acre 16–20 fl acre (late blight) blight) (late acre 2 21 21 27 14 3 + 9 9 + 12 FRAC FRAC Group Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active 400SC) (Ranman cyazofamid Ranman (Ranman, cyazofamid 400SC) 60DF) (Curzate cymoxanil (Switch cyprodinil + fludioxonil 62.5WG) + cyprodinil difenoconazole Super) (Inspire 4EC) etridiazole (Terramaster Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table

29 - - -

- - Toxic to bees to other and Toxic Do not exceed 8 lb per acre per per exceed 8 lb season acre Do not Do not exceed more than 72 oz per acre per 72 oz acre than exceed more Do not per per acre product exceed 58 lb Do not Product has a 2(ee) recommendation for anthracnose for has a 2(ee)Product recommendation See product label for complete application instructions. application complete for label See product Comments for greenhouse prohibited Not use. appli one than period. more make Do not 12-month cycle or per crop a different has a fungicide that with alternating before product of cation instructions. tank-mixing See action. mode of label for addi See for label applications. consecutive two than more make Do not per per acre product exceed 6.0 lb Do not instructions. tank-mixing tional production. greenhouse season for usage, rate usage, product regarding information additional See for label other labeled dis and applications, nonfoliar specificto rates including following 24 hrs least at sooner than spray a foliar as eases. apply Do not phytotoxic conditions, some a metal-based Under of product. application 2.0 metal-based when with tank-mixed ZeroTol chemicals. result may ity equipment. surfaces and greenhouse use on for is beneficial insectsexposed crops. blooming on to direct contact green for prohibited not use; others greenhouse for labeled products Some use. house for greenhouse prohibited Not use. west per per crop acre product 42.66 lb or River the Mississippi of east crop a has solution occur when spray may Phytotoxicity River. the Mississippi of occur. conditions when certain environmental 6.5 or than less pH of for greenhouse prohibited Not use. per the per 16 lb season acre of east or River the Mississippi of west of the full rate bacterial apply spot, speck and For River. Mississippi other for See label copper. a fixed of a full in a tank mix with rate product limits. application in Mississippi. management only. consumers to sale retail and grown transplants for tomatoes For more make Do not per crop. applications two than more make Do not a a fungicide from to switching before applications consecutive two than group. FRAC different 5 3 0 5 5 – PHI (Days) See label See label 4 2 2 0.5 0.5 4 hr REI (Days) See label See label

1 , 3 )

), - ), ), ), leaf ), leaf ) Pythium A. solani S. lycoper C. cassiicola Colletotrichum bacterial canker, bacterial canker, Phytophthora Alternaria , powdery mildew P. infestans P. infestans P. , late blight, blight, , late Cladosporium fulvum ) . ), target spot ( spot ), target Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens ( anthracnose ( blight early spp.), ( blight late ( mold ( spot leaf Septoria sici Suppression: bacterial speck, bacterial spot, ( rot buckeye spp Botrytis mold gray bacterial speck anthracnose, Botrytis spot, leaf and gray mold, Cladosporium mold, ( blight early Fusarium Rhizoctonia bacterial speck anthracnose, gray blight, early spot, and mold, leaf blight, late spot, leaf spot leaf Septoria bacterial speck anthracnose, gray blight, early spot, and mold, leaf blight, late spot, leaf spot leaf Septoria bacterial speck anthracnose, early rot, buckeye spot, and late spot, leaf gray blight, leaf Septoria mold, leaf blight, spot ( blight late - market) See label See label Use Rate 1.5 lb/acre 1.5 lb/acre 1.7 lb/acre (tank-mix) 6–8 oz/acre 6–8 oz/acre lb/acre (fresh (fresh lb/acre (stand-alone) (stand-alone) 1.0–1.5 lb/acre 1.0–1.5 lb/acre (early blight) 8 blight) (early beled diseases) 1.5– 2.0 lb/acre (processing) 1–3 (processing) 5.5–8.0 fl oz/acre 5.5–8.0 fl oz/acre (other la (other oz/acre 2 17 22 40 M3 M1 NG M3 + M3 + FRAC FRAC 11 + 27 Group - - ) 6 Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active + cymoxanil famoxadone (Tanos) (Decree 50 WDG)fenhexamid + peroxy dioxide hydrogen 2.0, Terra acetic acid (Oxidate 2.0) Clean 5.0, ZeroTol (various mancozeb + copper mancozeb (ManKocide) (Gavel + zoxamide mancozeb 75DF) (Micora) mandipropamid Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table

30 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi

Do not make more than two consecutive consecutive two than more make Do not per acre product exceed 7.5 lb Do not per acre product exceed 1.25 lb Do not Apply to just before runoff. See label for other diseases for runoff. See label before just to Apply peror 1.15 4,350 sq ft product of exceed 0.5 lb Do not Toxic to bees. to Toxic Comments for greenhouse prohibited Not use. a have fungicides that with alternating per season before applications product per per acre of oz exceed 28 fl of action. not modeDo different season. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. a per season. Apply per applications exceed three season.per Do not crop other See label for product. of fungicide between applications protectant restrictions. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. between applications. exceed 21 days Do not per crop. OMRI-listed. labeled. solution. greenhouse for use use. as a transplant For prohibited Not exceeding amounts handle cannot mixers and loaders, applicators, Product limits See label for per plant. solution 0.5 pt Use per day. 0.42 gal product per season. applied ingredient active of amount on two than more make not Do year. per product of oz exceed 72 fl Do not fungicides that with alternating per season before applications consecutive forbasal specific instructions of action. mode for See label a different have rot. stem fungicides with that per season. Alternate applications exceed five Do not of action. mode a different have OMRI-listed. spray unused store not Do perapplication. 10,000 sq ft product lb per diseases labeled. additional See for label solution. 5 1 5 0 0 0 0 – PHI (Days) See label 4 2 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 hr 1 hr REI (Days) See label

1 3 ) ),

), )

A. P. A. S. ) F. fulva , A. ), basal stem L. taurica Leveillula L. taurica C. cassiicola Sclerotium Colletotrichum anthracnose anthracnose Botrytis ) ), Septoria leaf leaf ), Septoria P. infestans P. ), late blight ( blight ), late ), early blight, ( blight, ), early blight, ), early L. taurica ), leaf mold ( mold ), leaf , powdery mildew ), gray leaf spot ( spot leaf ), gray ) S. rolfsii C. cassiicola Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens ( anthracnose ( mold black spp.), alternata solani botryosum infestans powdery mildew ( spot target spot, leaf Septoria ( ( blight late powdery mildew ( blight southern spp.), Botrytis ( blight southern rolfsii and blights Alternaria ( mold black spots, leaf alternata Botrytis powdery mold, gray mildew ( rot ( ( spot target spot, Suppression: Botrytis blight, early rot, powdery mildew ( Suppression: spot, leaf Alternaria anthracnose, powdery spot, leaf Cercospora spot leaf Septoria mildew, gal gal See label Use Rate 2.5 lb/acre 6.2 oz/acre 2.5–4 oz/acre per 1,360 sq ft 4.5–7.5 pt/100 4.5–7.5 pt/100 1.25–5.0 lb/100 1.25–5.0 lb/100 5.5–7.0 fl oz/acre 5.5–7.0 fl oz/gal 0.5–0.75 fl 2 3 7 14 19 NC NG 3 + 40 FRAC FRAC 4 + M3 Group Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active + mandipropamid (Revus Top) difenoconazole + mancozeb mefenoxam Gold MZ WG) (Ridomil (Rally 40WSP) myclobutanil 70) (Triact neem oil pentachloronitrobenzene, 4F) PCNB (Blocker (Fontelis) penthiopyrad (Affirm salt D zinc polyoxin WDG) bicarbonate potassium (Milstop) Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table

31 Do not Do not . Do not apply more than than more apply Do not Do not exceed 50 pt per acre per per season. acre exceed 50 pt Do not instructions application See for label

Do not tank mix with adjuvants or other agricultural products. See agricultural products. other or adjuvants tank mix with Do not Comments for greenhouse prohibited Not use. pesticides, surfactants, other with combine Do not potential. Phytotoxicity harvest of the day on be applied fertilizers. May or as or system a drip a soil drench. use through For mix not Do cycle. per crop transplanting after product of applications four dry to occur growing if applied may Phytotoxicity products. other with media. transplanting). (before treatment seedling and/or preseeding For Phytotoxicity specific Seeuse directions. for label products. other mix with media. dry to occur growing if applied may Do not agricultural products. other or adjuvants tank mix with Do not than more make Do cycle. not per crop product of perexceed 69 oz acre a different a fungicide with to switching before product of application one action. mode of Do not market. consumer home the for intended use transplants on For production agricultural for intended are that use transplants for product fields. application specific to a particular for disease rates and application for label structure). production crops, consecutive cycle, (growing limits 2 hr least at for ventilate houses; occur in nonventilated may injury Plant early for fungicide another in a only mix with tank Use application. after oz exceedper crop. 35 fl per acre Do not blight. for greenhouse prohibited Not use. labeled diseases. additional use.specific to for See label 5 0 5 0 1 – – PHI (Days) See label 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 REI (Days) See label

1

3

,

, Fusarium ) Botrytis Pythium Pythium Leveillula spp.), rots rots spp.), Septoria Cercospora Rhizoctonia spp., spp., spp., Botrytis spp., spp., early blight, gray gray blight, early spp., spp., spp.), damping off off damping spp.), anthracnose, anthracnose, spp., spp., Oidiopsis Rhizoctonia solani Phoma Phytophthora Phytophthora Pythium Alternaria Botrytis mold gray ( basal rot and crown spp., Sclerotinia Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens On foliage: late spot, leaf gray mold, leaf spot, leaf Septoria blight, spot target On fruit: fruit rot, Alternaria Rhizoctonia rot rot, blight late rots root and off damping ( spp.) rots root and off damping ( spp.) ( blights and spots spp.), ( spp., blight, Phytophthora spp.), powdery mildew ( and spp. ( blights and Botrytis blight early mold, gray Botrytis bacterial mold, gray blight, early spot, speck and powdery mildew See label See label See label See label diseases) Use Rate 23 oz/acre 23 oz/acre 7 fl oz/acre 7 fl 7 pt/acre (fruit 7 pt/acre 4.5–5.5 pt/acre 4.5–5.5 pt/acre (foliage diseases) (foliage 2 9 28 P5 M5 33 + 7 + 11 FRAC FRAC Group extract pyraclostrobin + boscalid pyraclostrobin Intrinsic) (Pageant Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active + phosphite potassium (Catamaran) chlorothalonil hydrochloride promocarb Flex) (Previcur (Scalapyrimethanil SC) Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia Biofungicide) Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table

32 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi .

See label for application application See for label Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop Handbook Crop Vegetable U.S. Southeastern OMRI-listed. Disperss is OMRI-listed. Microthiol Do cherry use on Do not tomatoes. Begin applications at the first true the first leaf at Begin applications . These names, as well as Cladosporium leaf mold, may still appear on appear still may mold, leaf as well Cladosporium as . Thesenames, Can be used on greenhouse transplants. Do not exceed 40 Do not transplants. Can be greenhouse used on Comments for greenhouse prohibited Not use. other diseases and use specific to labeled. instructions only. production transplant For Check in the field. transplanting intervals until 5-day 4- to at Repeat stage. Firewall rates. application specific diseases and for labels labeled product per year. six applications of a maximum 50 WP has for greenhouse prohibited Not use. Do not conditions. occur certain under environmental may injury Plant apply Do not occur. may burn high foliage as are when temperatures apply (see petroleum-based product or oil- an of application an of 2 weeks within restrictions additional label for See product exceptions). for label product instructions. application and greenhouse commercial in use only For spray. as a foliar use only For production. additional for system. See label per cropping per acre product of oz fl instructions. application for greenhouse prohibited Not use. be copper with mixed May cycle. per per exceed 23.7 lb crop acre not fungicides. Cladosporium fulvum 5 . NG = not grouped. NC = not classified. Fungicides in the M categories have multiple modes multiple have in M Fungicides categories the classified. = not NC grouped. = not . NG 1 7 – and PHI (Days) See label See label See label 4 Fulvia fulva 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 4 hr REI (Days)

1 include include 3 Passalora fulva Pythium, Labeled Diseases/ Pathogens Suppression: Rhizoctonia, and rots root Phytophthora speck, and/ bacterial canker, or spot powdery mildew powdery mildew blight, early anthracnose, spot leaf Septoria . Information on the efficacy of various products for management of diseases in greenhouse tomatoes is available inthe available is tomatoes diseases of greenhouse in management for products various the efficacy of on . Information See label See label Use Rate Disperss) (Sulfur 6L) (Sulfur 3–4 lb/acre (Microthiol (Microthiol 5–20 lb/acre 5–20 lb/acre 4–10 2/3 pt/acre 4–10 2/3 pt/acre 2–4 fl oz/100 gal 2–4 fl 2 3 25 M2 M3 NG FRAC FRAC Group strain strain Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop Handbook Crop Vegetable U.S. Southeastern Active Ingredient (Product) Ingredient Active Streptomyces griseoviridis Biofungicide) K61 (Mycostop (Agri- sulfate streptomycin 17, Firewall 50 WP) Mycin Disperss, sulfur (Microthiol 6L) Sulfur SC) (Terraguard triflumizole dimethyldithiocarbamate zinc (Ziram 76DF) Products may be used in a greenhouse if the product label specifically allows for greenhouse use. Products that do not specifically prohibit greenhouse use may be used in the greenhouse as long as the product is labeled forthe labeled product is asthe long may be as greenhouse usedgreenhouse intheuse prohibit specifically not do that Products use. greenhouse for specifically label be used if theallows product in a greenhouse may Products ­ ingredient of active the of action modeon fungicides basedthe groups FRAC The Committee. Action Resistance = Fungicide FRAC of names Former years. the over changed has mold leaf causes that of the pathogen name The (PPE). equipment protective personal without area treated the enter may workers before application product after pass must entryREI = restricted is REI interval.the time The that harvest. and product of the application pass between must last the of time that amount is least PHI the interval. The = pre-harvest PHI Dry (GH), Champ Prill (GH), Champ Badge SC (GH), Badge X2 (GH), Camelot-O include: in the greenhouse tomatoes use on (NP) for prohibited not (GH) or in the greenhouse tomatoes use on labeled for Copper products Table 2. Biological greenhouse disease on fungicides tomatoes. products and for management Table by R. A. Vegetables, for Alternatives Fungicide and Biopesticides and Ivey, M.L. and F. Louws, Keinath, A. Melanson, by R. A. Crops, Vegetable Various for DiseaseGreenhouse Control modifiedthe tables 2 is from Table in the Melanson, 1 read and use, label before the product check always change; labels Product in the comments. included is use” greenhouse for prohibited “not the phrase these instances, In followed. are the instructions label and crop intended are as in thosethis table listed ingredient active the with same products Several useMississippi. in for labeled its creation, of at the time were, in this table included Products is alllaw. the label The label instructions. follow and in this table. included not were therefore, and, use in Mississippi labeled for not 2 action. of 3 fungicide labels. various 4 5 6 in the greenhouse tomatoes use on labeled for products (GH). Mancozeb 50 DF Nu-Cop (GH), and 75 WG 3000 (GH), Nordox 2000 (GH), Kocide (GH), Kocide (GH), ChampION++ WG (GH), Champ 2 Flowable Formula (NP), Manzate Max (NP), Manzate Flowable (GH), Manzate 75 WDG (GH), Koverall M45 (GH), Fortuna (NP), Dithane Rainshield F-45 Dithane (NP) include: in the greenhouse tomatoes use on for prohibited not (GH) or REI. a 2-day and PHI a 5-day allhave products mancozeb (GH). These listed Rainshield Roper DF 80WP (NP), and (NP), Penncozeb 75DF (NP), Penncozeb Pro-Stick

33 PESTICIDE STORAGE How to Collect and Package Plant Disease Specimens for Diagnosis (M1562) Keep pesticides where children, adults who are http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/miscellaneous/ unfamiliar with pesticides, and animals cannot get to them. how-collect-and-package-plant-disease-specimens-for- Store all pesticides under lock and key. Do not store with diagnosis or near feed, seed, clothing, or other articles. Keep storage areas well lit and ventilated with temperatures that will not Organic IPM Vegetable Guide (P2036) go below freezing. Store in an area that is fire-resistant and http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ has an exhaust fan. Place warning signs on all entrances, organic-vegetable-ipm-guide and keep doors locked. Store products in their original containers, and mark the month and year of purchase on all Organic Materials Review Institute website packages to determine their age. Keep an up-to-date list of www.omri.org pesticide products. Pesticide Label Databases (P3155) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ pesticide-label-databases WORKER PROTECTION FOR GREENHOUSE EMPLOYEES Plant Disease Sample Submission Form (F1139) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/forms/plant- • Read and follow label directions. disease-sample-submission-form • Use all personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the label. Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop Handbook • Use extreme care in enclosed areas. Use a respirator or available online (http://www.growingproduce.com/ self-contained breathing device. southeasternvegetablecrophandbook/) or by contacting your • Ventilate greenhouse properly before reentry. local county Extension office • Post reentry periods according to the Worker Protection Note: Some products listed in the handbook may not be Standard. registered for use in Mississippi. Please see Publication • Use proper care and maintenance of personal protective 3155 Pesticide Label Databases for information on accessing equipment. Inspect gloves for leaks, and wash them off online databases that provide state registration information after use and before removal. for individual products. • Know poisoning symptoms for material being used. • Work in pairs or have someone check on you and other Taking Photos of Plant Disease Problems (P3022) workers. http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ taking-photos-plant-disease-problems

Tomato Troubles: Common Problems with Tomatoes ADDITIONAL RESOURCES (P2975) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ Choosing a Disinfectant for Tools and Surfaces in tomato-troubles-common-problems-tomatoes Horticultural Operations (IS1955) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/information- sheets/choosing-disinfectant-for-tools-and-surfaces- horticultural

Greenhouse Tomato Handbook (P1828) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ greenhouse-tomato-handbook

Greenhouse Tomato Growers’ Glossary (P2364) http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/ greenhouse-tomato-growers-glossary

34 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Pest Management in Mississippi

This work is partially supported by Crop Protection and Pest Management, Extension Implementation Program grant no. 2017-70006-27200/project accession no. 1014037 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The information given in this publication is for educational and planning purposes only. Because the registration status of pesticides constantly changes, always read and follow current label directions. Specific commercial products are given as examples only, and reference to certain commercial products or trade names is made with no discrimination against other products that may also be suitable and have label clearances.

Publication 1861 (POD-04-19)

By Rebecca A. Melanson, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Plant Pathology, Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center; and Blake Layton, PhD, Extension Professor, Entomology. Plant disease section originally prepared by David Ingram, PhD, former Associate Extension/Research Professor, Plant Pathology.

Copyright 2019 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.

Produced by Agricultural Communications.

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Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts of Congress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. GARY B. JACKSON, Director