Assessing the Factors Affecting the Development Of

Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e874 ISSN 2307-7999 Special Number: Educational practices and teacher training e-ISSN 2310-4635 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district Evaluación de los factores que afectan el desarrollo del espíritu empresarial rural: un estudio de caso de pueblos en Torbat-e Heydarieh, distrito de Kadkan

Mostafa Abbasi PhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-6323

Hamid Jafari Department of Geography, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2007-562X

Katayoun Alizadeh Department of Geography, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-0977

Received 02-08-20 Revised 04-10-20 Accepted 01-11-21 On line 01-17-21

*Correspondence Cite as:

Email: [email protected] Abbasi, M., Jafari, H., & Alizadeh, K. (2021). Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district. Propósitos y Representaciones, 9 (SPE1), e874. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874

This article is distributed under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

Summary

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important tools for planning and achieving the development of rural communities. Today, due to the problems in these communities, attention and emphasis on rural entrepreneurship is very important; because entrepreneurship can with creation an effective role in improving the economic and living conditions of villages by creating new employment and income opportunities. This article has been written with the aim of evaluating the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship in a case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was library and field. One-sample t-test with principal component analysis was used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the study was the villagers of Kadkan district of Torbat-e Heydarieh, from which 240 people were selected as a sample and they were asked to complete a questionnaire. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the content and face validity technique was used with the judgment of experts on research questions. The reliability of the research instrument was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which is above 0.75 for all dimensions and indicates the desirable capability of the questionnaire. The results showed that among the factors affecting entrepreneurship, the economic factor is the most influential factor in the study area. The results also showed that rural entrepreneurship is one of the suitable fields for creating employment in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors and one of the important factors in achieving sustainable development in rural areas.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Development, Village, Torbat Heydariyeh, Kodkan

Resumen

El espíritu empresarial es una de las herramientas más importantes para planificar y lograr el desarrollo de las comunidades rurales. Hoy, debido a los problemas en estas comunidades, la atención y énfasis en el emprendimiento rural es muy importante; porque el espíritu empresarial puede, con la creación, desempeñar un papel eficaz en la mejora de las condiciones económicas y de vida de las aldeas mediante la creación de nuevas oportunidades de empleo e ingresos. Este artículo ha sido escrito con el objetivo de evaluar los factores que afectan el desarrollo del emprendimiento rural en un estudio de caso de aldeas en Torbat-e Heydarieh, distrito de Kadkan. El método de investigación fue descriptivo-analítico y el método de recolección de datos fue biblioteca y campo. Se utilizó la prueba t de una muestra con análisis de componentes principales para analizar los datos. La población estadística del estudio fueron los aldeanos del distrito de Kadkan de Torbat-e Heydarieh, de los cuales se seleccionaron 240 personas como muestra y se les pidió que completaran un cuestionario. Para evaluar la validez del cuestionario se utilizó la técnica de validez de contenido y facial con el juicio de expertos en preguntas de investigación. La confiabilidad del instrumento de investigación se determinó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, que está por encima de 0,75 para todas las dimensiones e indica la capacidad deseable del cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que entre los factores que afectan el emprendimiento, el factor económico es el factor más influyente en el área de estudio. Los resultados también mostraron que el emprendimiento rural es uno de los campos adecuados para la creación de empleo en los sectores agrícola y no agrícola y uno de los factores importantes para lograr el desarrollo sostenible en las zonas rurales.

Palabras clave: Emprendimiento, Desarrollo, Pueblo, Torbat Heydariyeh, Kodkan

Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e874 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874

Abbasi, M., Jafari, H., & Alizadeh, K.

Introduction

The village, which is the oldest form of human settlements, is one of the oldest forms of human life. Villages have traditionally played a key role in the prosperity of societies and civilizations and due to the numerous roles in the national development process, especially in the field of food supply, their growth and development is of great importance and necessity (Hosseini, 2011: 63).

It has been an urban area whose main cause is economic issues, especially access to employment. This has caused many problems such as marginalization, reduced quality of life, lack of employment and increased crime in cities; On the other hand, the reduced in the growth of the agricultural sector in rural areas and the reduction of employment by 23.4%, shows the fact that in the future, agricultural development alone cannot guarantee economic growth in the countryside and eradicate poverty; Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to other sectors along with the agricultural sector (Najafi Kani et al., 2015: 37).

Rural and Rural Entrepreneurship

For more than a century, researchers, sociologists, economists, geographers, government agencies, and immersed individuals have try to define "rural" more accurately using social, economic, and environmental components. There is a cultural hierarchy that considers urbanization as a positive feature and rurality as a negative one. This hierarchy is not culturally valid in many ways, because it is very easy to simply turn it into "urban - bad, rural - good". (Ritzer, 2007: 24).

Rurality is a controversial and complex concept, for example Dobson (2005) defines rural areas in the United States with differences in economics, values, environment, and climate. What can be concluded from his definition is that economics represents the occupation of agriculture and values that refer to issues such as religion and traditions of self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency, the environment, including unique and beautiful landscapes, and the large population of animals and livestock, and is covered by trees and family farms. Finally, it also shows that the atmosphere of a quiet life is a safe and healthy place to raise children. Another major work is about the countryside (Klok, 2006: 51). Inquiry; He identifies three important theoretical frameworks that have been influential in constructing rural conceptualization. The first case can be considered as practical rural concepts. In this context, a village can be defined in terms of areas under which they dominate agriculture and forestry, land use, includes smaller settlements from the bottom and residents and create a way of life that is characterized by respect for the environment and broad perspectives. A recent national program in Iran aimed at lending 4% interest rate to so-called rural entrepreneurs is a clear example of the practical meaning of rural, on the one hand, and the concept of supply of entrepreneurship (Thornton, 2011: 35).

Our study area is Kadkan section, one of the rural sections of Torbat Heydariyeh city in Khorasan Razavi province, In 2016, this region has a population of 12805 people (6438 men and 6367 women) with 3932 families and the two villages of Kadkan and Raqijeh with a population of 5941 and 3145, respectively, and has 17 villages and 16 inhabited villages. (Statistics Center of Iran, 2018).

In this study, we seek to answer the following questions, which are:

1. What are the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship in the study area?

2. What factors have the greatest effect on entrepreneurship in the studied villages?

Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e874 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874

Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

The need for entrepreneurship and its role in rural areas

Entrepreneurship is one of the effective factors in rural development; because it can play an effective role in improving the economic and living conditions of villages by creating new employment and income opportunities; Therefore, measuring the entrepreneurship of the villagers and trying to develop and strengthen it in the process of rural development by providing its initial grounds is of particular importance. Due to special ecological and socio- economic conditions, rural areas face many and various problems, which poverty and deprivation are the most important (Rezvani and Najarzadeh, 2008: 161). According to Reagan (2002: 23), rural entrepreneurship provides employment opportunities, increases income and wealth creation, improves the quality of life and helps local people to participate in the economy (Heritot, 2002: 19). Considering entrepreneurship as a model of economic development, rural development is defined as the process of encouraging, assisting and providing managerial and technical assistance to rural entrepreneurs, transportation and rural communication and information services, natural resource management and the like; Therefore, the development of rural entrepreneurship has the potential to diversify and increase agricultural and non- agricultural production of rural people and, consequently, increase income, and provides good opportunities to reduce livelihood risk and increase sustainable food security in rural areas and can be a good ground for Creating employment in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (dabson & other, 2003: 11).

Research history

Although entrepreneurial activities have traditionally and experimentally existed in different societies since the beginning of creation; But dealing with it in terms of scientific frameworks and methodological models has been considered by thinkers in recent decades. (Bouzarjomehri et al., 2014: 452).

The following table lists some of the research that has been done in this area.

Table 1

A summary of studies conducted in the field of rural entrepreneurship

researcher Year subject Results

Rezvani et al 1999 Study and analysis of Attracting young, specialized and skilled rural manpower in rural areas and agricultural entrepreneurship in activities The main strategy to create and the process of rural strengthen entrepreneurship in these areas for development sustainable development

Rokanuddin 2010 Agricultural Capacities and capacities above the region, Eftekhari et al Entrepreneurship the threshold of innovation and creativity in Development the agricultural sector of rural areas need to be Strategies in Rural reviewed and appropriate policies to remove Areas: A Case Study restrictions of Khodabandeh County Villages

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Faraji Sabkbar 2011 Prioritization of Rural entrepreneurship is a new solution in et al Entrepreneurship development theories for empowerment and Development in capacity building in rural areas with the aim Rural Areas Using of reducing the gap between urban and rural Prometric Technique areas, creating economic, social, Case Study of environmental and institutional equality. Suburban Rural District of Khodabandeh County, Zanjan Province

Alidoost et al 2012 Prioritization of Economic and educational barriers are the barriers to most important obstacles in the development entrepreneurship of entrepreneurship of this segment of society, development of rural respectively women in Garmsar city

Behmand 2015 Investigating the role In the not-so-distant past, rural women of rural tourism in the worked alongside men in many jobs. development of rural However, due to social, economic and cultural women developments, the role of women in rural entrepreneurship in activities has been greatly reduced in recent Buchan city years. This has caused many social and economic problems to the villages.

Anbarloo et al 2016 Investigating the role It is necessary to pay attention to women's of women entrepreneurship and empowerment of entrepreneurship in women for their entrepreneurship and their the economic decisive role in sustainable development are development of among the issues that should be considered in human settlements theory and application.

Healing Nia et 2016 Investigating the role One of the dynamic tools in the development al of entrepreneurship process is the entrepreneurship tool that can process in sustainable provide the conditions for the development rural development process in its various dimensions, especially with emphasis on in the social dimension. Social development is social development one of the important factors in achieving sustainable rural development, which improves the quality of life of villagers, social justice, collective participation and rural trust and security.

Khateri et al 2016 Investigating the role Given that about half of the country's of rural handicrafts population and a significant portion of the and tourism for the economically active population are women development of rural and their proportion in the educated women community is still increasing, but have not yet entrepreneurship gained a decent share in the national economy. However, women entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurial path have been able to achieve successes that can have a tremendous effect on the economic, social and political

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Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

arenas of the country.

Ramezanzadeh 2016 Analysis of the Entrepreneurship is growing rapidly in Lesboui et al Relationship between important economic sectors, and one of these Awareness and areas is tourism. In order to develop Entrepreneurship of entrepreneurial activities in the rural tourism Local Communities sector, various factors such as environmental in Tourism (Case capacities with emphasis on the tourism Study: Rural Areas of sector, individual, psychological factors, etc. Mianband County, are influential. Noor County)

Narrative 2016 Investigating the Nevertheless, the rural areas of the country challenges of have good capabilities and potentials to help entrepreneurship in the development of the country. In this regard, the village more attention to rural entrepreneurship is a necessity. On the other hand, we know that entrepreneurship is a key factor and the key to the survival of organizations and is a source of employment and growth and development

Raffles Bar et 1998 Entrepreneurship and According to local characteristics, relative al Rural Industry industrial development can be created in rural Comparison of Urban areas by attracting local and indigenous and Rural Patterns, A people and using this power. Case Study of Israel (Zionist Regime)

Louvre et al 2012 Modern Age has an effect on agricultural employment entrepreneurship and in the region and more active knowledge agriculture in rural infrastructure, management, systems and areas A case study of chains are the requirements of rural the Netherlands entrepreneurship.

Zaltin et al 2013 Rural Access to resources, need for information, Entrepreneurship A skilled labor, technology and capital are Case Study of the among the problems of villages in the United States direction of entrepreneurship.

Kazabov 2014 When an initiative A Multi-Player Perspective on Rural promises more than Entrepreneurship Problems and Failure in that Thailand National governments invest in initiatives aimed at promoting rural entrepreneurship, which contributes to competition and employment.

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Otop 2015 When Rural The entry of corporate resources into Entrepreneurship competitive advantage has generally been Marketing Does Not theorized and empirically examined in the Work: A Case of context of large corporations. Metaphysics OTOP Failure in discusses resources in small companies and Thailand entrepreneurial investments. However, these issues require empirical testing, as entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development and contributes to rural communities.

Madan et al 2015 Rapid growth rates in Entrepreneurship has significantly reduced the India and other Asian incidence of poverty, as well as increased countries inequality in local sub-areas, especially in rural and urban areas, and between skilled and inefficient workers.

Kashik et al 2016 How to Teach Promoting entrepreneurship and educating Human Rights and rural women has been effective through Entrepreneurship in educating women Rural Areas A Case Study of Rural Women in India

Dobson 2016 Supporting rural Instead of trying to get an overview of any entrepreneurship general program that may have a direct or indirect impact on entrepreneurship that focuses on the main topic.

Sharpley 2016 Establishing a link The strategy overcomes the fact that between entrepreneurial conditions in rural areas are entrepreneurship, substantially based on other factors, especially capital and poverty those related to capital or infrastructure built. reduction in rural This article argues that construction capital Ghana can reduce rural entrepreneurship or thus alleviate poverty.

Mahmood 2016 Barriers to Rural Religious, socio-economic and structural Entrepreneurship forces play an important role in suppressing Development and social and cultural capital in rural Pakistan Focus, Focusing on and explain the low level of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs' in these areas. Social and cultural capital Experiences of requires special social and economic Keeping Them conditions for entrepreneurial growth Starting a Micro- Business

Jinti et al 2017 The role of social Entrepreneurial success is partly related to the entrepreneurship individual and the leadership institution, but among farmers A familiarity with culture and group learning case study of Kenyan has also been one of the successes in the farmers entrepreneurship development program.

Kayona 2017 Entrepreneurship and While highlighting the factors that increase rural transformation success as well as those that hinder development, the study found that the learner

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Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

in the role of learning contributes significantly to social transformation through rural entrepreneurship.

Masumola 2017 Rural Lack of financial capital, lack of proper entrepreneurship in technology, lack of market, lack of raw Tanzania: Why do materials, lack of skills and lack of small and medium- commitment, hinder the ability of rural MSE sized enterprises not to create value. Legal concerns, suppliers, create productive customers, competitors, intermediaries, and value in the furniture transportation issues limit rural MSE's ability industry? to create value

Jazip et al 2018 The Role of Social Existence of social capital increases women's Capital in Women desire from family entrepreneurship to Entrepreneurship in organizational entrepreneurs and access and Rural Areas A Case distance to the market also affect it. Study of Vietnam

Methodology

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Field and non-field methods were used to collect the required information, while in order to complete the questionnaires, the survey method was used and the questionnaires were distributed and collected within a month. 240 of them were selected as a sample. According to the research questions and the characteristics of the people, a questionnaire in the form of 15 items was prepared and completed by 240 people as a sample. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the method and technique of content and face validity with the judgment of experts (university professor and statistician) on the research questions were used.

Table 2

Cronbach's alpha of the dimensions examined in the questionnaire

Indicator Numbe Averag Standard Varianc Chole Elong The The r e deviatio e gi ation least most n

Consult 50 68/3 74/0 77/0 -64/0 54/0 33/1 00/5

Education 50 78/3 71/0 82/0 -81/0 16/0 50/1 00/5 personal experience 50 44/3 78/0 70/0 -55/0 -04/0 20/1 00/5

Individual 50 63/3 64/0 63/0 -89/0 90/0 46/1 88/4 characteristics

Marketing 50 40/3 88/0 91/0 -85/0 72/0 00/1 00/5

Development 50 39/3 72/0 80/0 -84/0 68/1 00/1 00/5

Capital 50 71/3 78/0 64/0 -60/0 02/1 00/1 00/5

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Marketing and 50 501/3 57/0 72/0 -22/1 23/3 00/1 83/4 development and capital

According to Table 2, because the Cronbach's alpha value is higher than 70%, it shows that the items of the research tool have a high internal correlation and the research tool has good reliability. The collected data were processed using SPSS software and one-sample T method. A method is used to calculate the internal consistency of a measuring instrument that measures different properties. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is between 0 and 1. The number 1 shows the maximum correlation and the number 0 shows the lowest correlation. The closer the percentage is to 100%, the questionnaire is more reliable. We have to say that an alpha coefficient of less than 60% is usually considered weak, an amplitude of 70% is acceptable and above 80% is considered good, but the closer the coefficient of confidence is to number one, the better. The overall Cronbach's alpha value in the questionnaire was 0.758, which is finally acceptable considering the above, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research questionnaire. Based on the prototype of 50, the Cronbach's alpha level of the questionnaire for its dimensions is listed in the table below.

Table 3

Dimensions of research indicators

Components Indicators and Reagents

Potentials and Potentials and Consulting, persevering and standing up to problems, capacities for capacities for familiarity with business rules, business experience, rural developing developing capital status, self-confidence, participatory spirit, entrepreneurship entrepreneurship responsibility, literacy and rural and rural employment employment

Individual Individual Allocating subsidies to entrepreneurial activities, characteristics characteristics compiling a document on national entrepreneurship development, encouraging local investors, the existence of property and credit institutions, helping the villagers to allocate capital by the government, buying the products of the villagers, developing the wealth of the villagers

General characteristics of respondents

The distribution of respondents according to age groups in the present study was as follows: 26.6% in the age groups 20 to 29 and 40% in the age group 30-39, 20% 40-49 and 13.4% 50 years and above, their literacy status shows. 75.41% of them were literate and 24.59% were illiterate, their literacy status shows that 41.25 percent of people are unemployed and 58.57 percent of people are employed. Their entrepreneurial background shows that 23.75 percent of respondents have no entrepreneurial background and 76.25 people have entrepreneurial background.

Questionnaire indicators

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Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

Individual features

Table (3) has 2 indicators that according to the respondents, "Education" index with an average weight of 3.78 first rank, "Consultation" with an average weight of 3.68 second rank and "Personal experience" with an average weight of 3.44 ranks have earned the third. In describing the individual health branch, it can be said that personal characteristics are the main capital of entrepreneurs; as people are always looking to take advantage of opportunities around them to create something new or change it and turn threats into opportunities and use them for the benefit of themselves and society. Entrepreneurs see failure as a good opportunity to win and golden notes that can be a way to achieve all their goals and aspirations.

Table 4

Variance and standard deviation of variables Individual characteristics

Indicator Numbe Averag Standar Varianc Chole Elongatio The The Ran r e d e gi n leas mos k deviatio t t n

Consult 50 68/3 74/0 77/0 -64/0 54/0 33/ 00/ 2 1 5

Education 50 78/3 71/0 82/0 -81/0 16/0 50/ 00/ 1 1 5

personal 50 44/3 78/0 70/0 -55/0 -04/0 20/ 00/ 3 experience 1 5

Individual 50 63/3 64/0 63/0 -89/0 90/0 46/ 88/ * characteristi 1 4 cs

Marketing and development and capital

In table number (3), which is related to marketing, development and capital, based on the mentioned indicators and ranking, the "capital" index with a weight average of 3.71 has the first rank, the second index, which is "marketing", has an average A weight of 3.40 is in the next rank and the last rank reaches the "Development" index with an average weight rank of 3.39, Based on this, it can be said that the respondents of capital consider the best indicator among other monetary indicators that basically no work and development is possible without capital and after that, you have to think about selling products and products to reach the final and ideal development.

Table 5

Variance and standard deviation of variables Marketing and Development and Capital

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Abbasi, M., Jafari, H., & Alizadeh, K.

Indicator Numbe Averag Standard Vari Choleg Elongat The The Ra r e deviation ance i ion least most nk

Marketing 50 40/3 88/0 91/0 -85/0 72/0 00/1 00/5 2

Development 50 39/3 72/0 80/0 -84/0 68/1 00/1 00/5 3

Fund 50 71/3 78/0 64/0 -60/0 02/1 00/1 00/5 1

Marketing, 50 501/3 57/0 72/0 -22/1 23/3 00/1 83/4 * Development and Capital

Results

Testing hypotheses

-There is a significant relationship between individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development. This hypothesis can be tested as a statistical hypothesis as follows.

H0: There is no significant relationship between individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development. (The average of the variable is not more than 3).

H1: There is a significant relationship between individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development. (The average of the variable is more than 3).

Based on t-test, the results of which are also listed in the table below:

Table 6

Results of comparing the mean effect of individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development with the number 3 by t-test

Review Averag Standard Statistic Degrees of p- The result of e deviatio s t freedom value the n hypothesis

The average 635/3 643/0 428/11 133 000/0 Confirmatio effect of n individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurshi p development

It is observed that the p-value divided by 2 tests is less than 0.05 and the t-statistic is positive (11.428), so it can be said that the null hypothesis that the effect of individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development have no significant effect, becomes rejected, In other words, the average effect of individual characteristics of villagers and entrepreneurship development is higher than average, so it can be concluded that individual characteristics are

Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e874 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874

Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

effective in the development of rural entrepreneurship development, i.e. the first hypothesis is confirmed.

There is a significant relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship development.

H0: There is no significant relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship development. (The average of the variable is not more than 3).

H1: There is a significant relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship development. (The average of the variable is more than 3).

Based on t-test, the results of which are also listed in the table below:

Table 7

Results of comparing the mean effect of a significant relationship between marketing and rural entrepreneurship development with the number 3 by t-test

Review Averag Standard Statistic Degrees of p- The result of e deviatio s t freedom value the n hypothesis

The average 3/501 0/574 10/087 133 000/0 Confirmatio effect of a n significant relationship between marketing and rural entrepreneurshi p development

It is observed that the p-value divided by 2 tests is less than 0.05 and the t-statistic is positive (10.087), so we can say that the null hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between marketing and rural entrepreneurship development has a significant effect, becomes rejected, In other words, the effect of a significant relationship between marketing and rural entrepreneurship development is more than average, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship development, i.e. the second hypothesis is confirmed.

Conclusion

Paying attention to private sector investment in rural areas;-

-Paying attention to the participation of local communities in rural development programs;

Teaching different skills to talented villagers;-

-Attention and emphasis on the indigenous knowledge of the villagers and the creation of rural industries by entrepreneurs with the aim of creating land to create employment in the villages and, consequently, prevent the migration of villagers to the cities;

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Abbasi, M., Jafari, H., & Alizadeh, K.

- Construction of suitable and wide access roads for the movement of trucks and creating suitable places for drivers who come and go on the road including accommodation and service complexes suitable for the region, which is sometimes seen in some areas; ensure security is fully pursued by setting up police stations and sometimes checkpoints in the area And the most important thing is to create suitable educational environments for the villagers who do not travel to neighboring villages to study and this does not make them want to migrate;

- Consulting with locals can be considered one of the biggest measures. Because this is how the personality of the people is respected and that these people compete for more cooperation in the development plan and so on; another point is that the residents of the area know better about the problems to be addressed; and this avoids spending money and the right facilities are built and used in the right place for the residents;

- It is necessary to prevent their migration by creating suitable job opportunities with appropriate income for rural people; to prevent the villages from being emptied and destroyed; this can be with government investment or the private sector in the region or long-term loans with low interest rates; that the villagers should be able to work with peace of mind and worry about heavy repayment; because agriculture does not have the same profit and the whole part of the crop may be lost every year due to the weather, pests and other problems of the agricultural sector;

The results of this study show that entrepreneurship with a positive effect on economic, social, institutional and cultural aspects, leads to strengthening national culture and identity, diversifying agricultural, industrial and rural services and maintaining the population with minimal damage to the rural environment; It reduces the migration of villagers to the cities and also provides employment, welfare and development in the village where they live; And according to the above, it may be possible to prevent the destruction of rural areas and the agricultural sector and the migration of villagers, which in turn has put double pressure on cities and the population of cities is increasing.

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Assessing the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship: A case study of villages in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Kadkan district

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Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e874 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.874