Weed Management Options “New & Old” for Range & Pasture And

2/22/2018

Weed Management Options “New & Old” for Range & Pasture and Introductions

Invasive Weed Programs Rick has been a California PCA since 1986; 30+ years in the industry; South Coast Workshop Bachelor’s (double major) in Environmental Biology & Environmental Studies, UCSB, Santa Maria, CA 1980 th Master’s in Entomology from Feb 20 , 2018 Oregon State University, 1984 biosys, Inc 1985-1997 SePRO Corp. 1997-2005 Rick Miller Dow AgroSciences 2005 - present RICK MILLER, PCA Sr. Sales Representative-Specialty Products Northern California/Reno Market 916-212-8598 Folsom, CA [email protected]

A Systems Approach to Range & Vegetation Management Pasture Management Markets Served Utility Forage Soil Soil type Moisture pH Beau Miller Irrigation Districts Sacramento, CA 916-296-2811 [email protected] Roadside Territory Soil Labor Northern CA, Bay Area, NV Range and Pasture Cattle Fertility Invasive Species

Rick Miller Forestry Weed Folsom, CA $$$$ Other 916-212-8598 Aquatics Control [email protected] Territory Central & Southern CA

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Dow AgroSciences has many Dow AgroSciences options for weed management Range & Pasture Portfolio Pasture, Irrigated or Dry Land • Accord XRT II • Remedy Ultra What is your objective? • Capstone Ultra/Garlon 4 Ultra • Forefront • Spike 80DF • Milestone • Spike 20P • Pathfinder II • Rodeo • Redeem • Transline • Vista XRT

Gorse on the Hearst Ranch

A Systems Approach to Weed Management in Range & Pasture Selective Herbicides

Biological Fire Seed • Selective herbicides control the broadleaf weed and Controls Mixes leave the grasses • Use of a selective herbicide may be your most Mechanical Grazing Fertility Density economical and effective tool for weed control • Reduce competition – release desirable forage Selective Non-Selective $$$$ Herbicides Herbicides

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GPS Studies Show Cows Selective Herbicides Prefer Weed-Free Grass… • More moisture & nutrients available for forage • Increase grazing utilization • Extend grazing production • Increased yield = more pounds of BEEF = more profit

University of Missouri Published Research

Given a choice, cattle grazed in the treated area 74% of the time

Missouri pasture

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Forage Yields in Actively Why not just use Roundup to kill Grazed Sites Your Weeds? • Treated sites yielded more forage even after • World’s largest herbicide grazing, compared to untreated sites • Non-selective – kills grasses & broad leaves • Despite more grazing on treated sites, they • Opens up canopy for more broad leaf maintained 430-570 lbs grass/acre infestation • Untreated sites lost forage volume over time, as • No residual – spray today, gone tomorrow weeds and uneven grazing pressure took their toll

Case Study: Artichoke thistle control, Solano County Artichoke thistle

100 (Cynara cardunculus) Evaluated 6/9 6/27 8/8 80

Control (%) Control 40

0 3 oz/A 5 oz/A 7 oz/A Transline 10 oz/A Roundup 4 qt/A aminopyralid

Joe DiTomaso and Guy Kyser

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Artichoke Thistle Control Options 128 oz Glyphosate 4 MAA

Control of 100 Control artichoke thistle with aminopyralid 80 and other herbicides 60

Solano County 40 Control (%) Control Treated 3/31/05 Evaluated 8/8/05 20

20 New rosettes

Rosette cover (%) 5

0 3 5 7 10 128 0.33 0.67 1 0.33 0.67 1.00 untreated aminopyralid Transline R/up Telar Escort Rate (oz/A)

Artichoke thistle control with Milestone – Grass Release

Dow AgroSciences Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides - Pyridines

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Growth Regulator Herbicides Growth Regulator Herbicides Key Attributes Key Attributes • Growth regulator herbicides affect plants by • Auxins are a group of plant hormones which promote accelerated growth via overload of auxin mimics. cell elongation and stimulation depending on the cell • Increases in pyridines can crush the vascular location and concentration. system of the plant, blocking it off from nutrients • Pyridine chemistry (growth regulator herbicide) is recognized by the plant as an auxin hormone signal. • Net effect is desiccation & death of the entire plant

Milestone control of yellow starthistle at 1 year after treatment Average of 3 sites: CA, OR, ID

100 90 80 70 60 50 40

Percent control Percent 30 20 LSD (0.05) = NS 10 0 fl oz/ac 2 2.5 3 4 5 7 4 8 16 24 Yellow Starthistle Data ----Milestone---- Transline Tordon 22K

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Effect of treatment timing on yellow

Pre-emergent Herbicides Kill the Seedling starthistle control in Northern California Very small plants require much less herbicide for control

2 oz/A 3 oz/A 4 oz/A 5 oz/A Transline 8 oz/A

Application Incorporation Control 100 90 **** 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL November December January February March Treatments from Nov 2002 to March 2003, final evaluation in July 2003

* LSD (P=0.05)

Effect of Milestone and Transline on Yellow Starthistle at 1 year AT – rosette application grass forage in following year

2 oz/A Milestone 4 oz/A Milestone 8 oz/A Transline Untreated 600 500 * 400 * * ** ** 300

200

100 Forage wt (g/sq m) (g/sq wt Forage 0 Rosette Bolting Plant Stage when Treated Treated in 2003 Evaluated in spring 2004 Untreated * LSD (P=0.05) Milestone 3 fl oz/A

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Milestone and Capstone, formerly known as “Milestone VM” and “Milestone VM Plus” Aminopyralid: Milestone, Capstone

• NOT “restricted use” pesticides • Registered as EPA reduced risk pesticide • No grazing restrictions •Has pre and post emergent activity for season long control of target broadleaf weeds • Can be applied to “seasonally dry wetlands” and sprayed up to the waters edge

Aminopyralid Environmental and Ecotoxicology Summary Milestone VM Ecotoxicology Review • Moderate degradation rates in soil Based on laboratory studies – Soil half life = 34.5 days Milestone is practically non-toxic • Mobility to: Birds - bobwhite quail – Low potential for groundwater contamination mallard ducks • Degradation by soil microbes Fish - rainbow trout – NO significant metabolites: mostly CO2 and NH3 bluegill sunfish • Aquatic degradation sheepshead minnow - degraded by sunlight in water: Half life = 15 hours fathead minnow - Low vapor pressure = essentially non-volatile

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Milestone is Practically Non-toxic Activity of Milestone on 98 Milestone Ecotoxicology Review species of forbs

Aquatic invertebrates Daphnia magna mysid shrimp eastern oyster (slight toxicity) midge (Chironomus riparius) Terrestrial invertebrates honeybees and earthworms

Effect of Milestone on 68 Species of Milestone® Forbs 1 & 2 years after treatment Pre-Emergent & Post-Emergent Control • Pre- and post-emergent activity on – 17 broadleaf families represented – 75 broadleaf weeds now labeled • Pre-emergent activity 6+ months on – Russian thistle – Marestail – Fleabane –Mustards • CAUTION signalword • Reduced-risk Chemistry • Very affordable per acre – Qts, 2.5s, and Continuum 29 plant families represented, with asters accounting for 35%

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Milestone use under trees – Aminopyralid Stewardship • Labeled for “non-crop” areas only some species are not affected • Please stay out of grapes, vegetables, • Cottonwood •Oaks cotton, alfalfa, soybeans, ornamentals, • Yellow poplar • Black cherry fruit trees and other desirable trees •Ash • Sweetgum • Always read the product label for specifics •Elm • Willow – Don’t mulch treated manure or hay • Cedars • Maple • Sprayer cleanout protocol • Aspen • Dogwood

Milestone: Do not use under Transline® Herbicide as leguminous or rosaceous trees Option Around Trees

• Black locust • Clopyralid – selective control • Honey locust • CAUTION signal word • Other locust spp. • Non-volatile • Redbud • Safer around most crops •Mimosa • Safer under desirable trees • Caragena •Rose • Redwoods Phyto on Pepper Trees • Deodora cedar Aerial Application on CA Ranch

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“Up to the waters edge” labeling Milestone Registered Use Sites

– Rangeland & pastures – Conservation Reserve Program acres – Non-cropland areas (such as roadsides) – Non-irrigation ditch banks – Natural areas such as wildlife management areas, wildlife openings, wildlife habitats, recreation areas, campgrounds, trailheads and trails – Grazed areas in and around labeled sites.

Perennial Pepperweed Control Sutter Basin Milestone 7 oz with Milestone Spot Treatment 6 Months After Treatment Modesto, CA Italian Thistle

Grover Landscaping

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Inyo County Pepperweed Demo Perennial pepperweed Reduction – 1 year Series1 Series2 Series3

64% Milestone Telar 73%

79%

Jan-00 Jan-00 May 2011 Inyo County Data Summary

Effect of treatment timing on coast Fiddleneck fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii) control in (Amsinckia menziesii) Davis, California

2 oz/A 3 oz/A 4 oz/A 5 oz/A Transline 8 oz/A

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 * 30 * 20 Controlled by Milestone 10 * Not controlled by Transline 0 November December January Treatments from Nov 2002 to January 2003, final evaluation in March 2003

* LSD (P=0.05)

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5 oz Milestone Distaff thistle Modesto Irrigation District San Luis Obispo County Marestail Control with Milestone

Milestone 7 oz/ac 4 weeks after treatment

Capstone® Capstone® • Excellent grass safety Key Woody species controlled • Non-volatile Tree of Heaven • CAUTION Signalword Scotch broom • Not a Restricted Use Pesticide Poison oak • No grazing or haying Himalayan blackberry restrictions Key Broadleaf weeds controlled – Including lactating dairy animals Horseweed (marestail) • Packaging: 2.5’s, 30’s, bulk Thistles Yellow starthistle Knapweeds Russian thistle (w/ glyphosate)

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Capstone – Post Clean up and “Up to the waters edge” labeling Selective Woody Plant Removal Capstone on Himalayan Blackberry 8 pints/Acre 43 DAA

May 25, 2013 August 4, 2013 Day of Application 71 DAT Poison Oak on my walking trail 53 54

Tree of Heaven Demo in Visalia Capstone @ 9 pt/ac - Applied November Foliar treatment 2009 Evaluation May 2010 9 pints of Capstone/acre

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Tree of Heaven Caltrans Demos With Capstone Capstone on Tree of Heaven 7 months after treatment

Pretreatment

Capstone VM Plus 28 DAT

Dead Ailanthus Roots 7 MAT

28 DAT

Capstone on Tree of Heaven Capstone on Tree of Heaven 26 months after treatment 49 months after treatment Visalia Highway 198 Visalia Highway 198 Photo Taken Nov 2nd, 2010 Photo Taken Oct 24th, 2012

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Capstone on Tree of Heaven Woody Plant Post Option 54 Months after Treatment Vista XRT with Garlon Photo Taken March 2013

Before After 62

Selective Post-emergent Removal of Vista XRT/Garlon Combo Fast Growing Hardwoods such as Cherry, etc. Post-emergent Option

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Salt Cedar(Tamarix Spp.) Salt Cedar(Tamarix spp.)

Basal Bark: • Very invasive Garlon® 4 Ultra 25 to 30% in basal • Uses lots of H20 but — or Pathfinder® II specialty herbicide thrives in dry Cut stump conditions Garlon 4 Ultra undiluted to cut surfaces • Accumulates salts in any time of year. tissues and releases Foliar: into soil After resprouts are at least 3 to 4 ft. Milestone® Specialty Herbicide at 7 oz Or Capstone at 1 gal/ac or equivalent

Introductions Why Control Weeds? Park Setting Industrial Setting Herbicide Considerations Introductions Why Control Weeds? Park Setting Industrial Setting Herbicide Considerations

Im out of time! Thank You!

Note: Capstone on Scotch Broom – Nor release of annual CA 2010 Trial – 9 MAT ryegrass

Milestone at 7 fl oz vs Nontreated Red Bluff

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Capstone – Post Clean up and Selective Woody Plant Removal

Scotch broom control with\ May 25, 2013 August 4, 2013 Capstone @ 8 pt/A at 15 MAT Day of Application 71 DAT

®™Trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC 70 State restrictions on the sale and use of Milestone VM Plus apply. Consult the label before purchase or use for full details. Always read and follow label directions.

Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) latifolium)

•Brassicaceae •Grows in many habitats especially moist or seasonally wet. •Forms large dense stand displacing desirable veg. •Can infest entire stream corridors. •Perennial mustard with large storage tubers – cannot kill the plant without killing the tuber and the seed bank in nearby soil

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Perennial Pepperweed Control with Perennial Pepperweed Control with Milestone Broadcast followed by Milestone – Inyo County Ag Dept Milestone Spot Treatment Next Season Modesto, CA Products applied Nov 2009 2010; Photo April 2011 imazapyr

Untreated on other side of fence Milestone

Milestone 7 oz broadcast Telar

Grover Landscaping

Perennial pepperweed Reduction – 1 year Inyo County Pepperweed Demo Series1 Series2 Series3

64% Milestone Telar 73%

79%

Jan-00 Jan-00 Inyo County Data Summary May 2011

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Milestone® herbicide Aminopyralid Stewardship Guidelines for Use Around Woody Plants Can I use Milestone® herbicide for weed • Labeled for “non-crop” areas only control under trees? • Please stay out of grapes, vegetables, cotton, alfalfa, soybeans, ornamentals, fruit trees and other desirable trees • Always read the product label for specifics – Don’t mulch treated manure or hay • Sprayer cleanout protocol

Aminopyralid Phytotoxicity in Milestone Drift into Alfalfa Grapes

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Milestone Application under Landscape Growth Regulator Galling in Canopy – Unlabeled Use Redwood

DOW RESTRICTED - For internal use only

New Growth & GR Galling in Affected Redwood Milestone as a Pre-emergent for Medusahead Control: Technical Update Rick Miller Dow AgroSciences

DOW RESTRICTED - For internal use only

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Milestone can affect newly Medusahead Control with Milestone germinating grasses History of Efforts to Date

• UC Davis Microplot Trial 2007 • UC Davis Greenhouse studies 2008 • UC Davis trials applied via quad fall of 2009 • Cosgrave Ranch demo applied via quad 2009 • Mariposa County Ranch application Sept 2011 • Sachau Ranch application Sept 2011

Medusahead trials in CA Joe DiTomaso and Guy Kyser, UC Davis Methods and Materials

• Applications pregermination/preemergence • 3 locations – Bobcat Ranch, Winters • applied Oct 9, 2009 – Sierra Foothills Research & Extension Center, Marysville • Applied Oct 8, 2009 – Gallatin Ranch, Red Bluff • Applied Sept 28, 2009 • 20 GPA

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Medusahead Cover Compared with Untreated Control Note: May 2010 release of annual 100 ryegrass 90 80 70 60 50 Winters 40 Marysville % COVER % 30 20 Red Bluff 10 0 l z z z z o oz o o o r 4 2 8 t Treated: fall 2009 7 1 t S tx 1 oz a MS 3 o MS 5 ozM a Con MS M Matx Pl Evaluated: May 2010 Milestone at 7 fl oz vs Nontreated Red Bluff

Annual grass cover taken in May Medusahead Demonstrations following herbicide applications with Milestone at 7 oz/acre

200 a a ab Other annual ab grasses 150 (SFREC & Red Bluff)

bc 100 c c c

Annual grass cover grass Annual 50

relative to untreated (%) to untreated relative Medusahead Treated in October Grass Release Following April with 7 oz Milestone In Treated Areas

0 untreated35714 12 8 Milestone Matrix Plateau Treatments, rates (oz/acre)

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Cosgrave Ranch, Calaveras County Treated 10/19/2009; photo 4/27/2010 – re Supplemental Label for Medusahead Release of soft brome , annual ryegrass and Control Issued in 2011 other desirable grasses

Sachau Ranch, Livermore, CA Flowering grasses collected from the Treated with 7 oz Milestone via Spray Sachau Ranch on April 18, 2012: Bromus Service on September 12, 2011 sp. (upper specimen) and Hordeum murinum (wild barley, lower specimens).

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Medusahead in untreated section of the Sachau Ranch 19 months after Sachau Ranch on May 25, 2012 Treatment 7 oz/acre Milestone

Closeup

Cow Pie Check

Rye Grass Release with 7 oz Milestone

Medusahead Control at the Vineyard Mountain Ranch Treated April 11, 2013 San Miguel, CA

Untreated Dry Retention Pond

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Medusahead Stunts Production Spray Skips Tell the Story inside a spray skip, fiddleneck at back of skip

Spray Skip

Fiddleneck and Medusahead Nathan Sanders and Mike Hollarman Dominate a Spray Skip

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Rye Grass Release with 7 oz Milestone

Treated

Untreated Dry Retention Pond

Vineyard Mountain Ranch Vineyard Mountain Ranch Treated with 7 Spray Skips Tell the Story oz Milestone Oct 2012 -- Photo April 2013

Spray Skip

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Vineyard Mountain Ranch Vineyard Mountain Ranch May 17, 2013 May 17, 2013

Grass Release with 7 oz Milestone

Spray Skip With Medusahead

Medusahead in 109 untreated skip

Capstone – Post Clean up and Poison Hemlock 21 DAT Selective Woody Plant Removal with Capstone 9 pts/acre

May 25, 2013 August 4, 2013 Day of Application 71 DAT

111

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Tree of Heaven Demo in Visalia Tree of Heaven CalTrans Demos With Capstone Foliar treatment 9 pints of Capstone/acre

Pretreatment

Capstone 28 DAT

Dead Ailanthus Roots 7 MAT

28 DAT

Capstone on Tree of Heaven Capstone on Tree of Heaven 7 months after treatment 2+ years after treatment Visalia Highway 198 Visalia Highway 198 Photo Taken Nov 2nd, 2010

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Capstone on Tree of Heaven Capstone on Tree of Heaven 4.5 years after treatment 4+ years after treatment Visalia Highway 198 Visalia Highway 198 Photo Taken Oct 24th, 2012 Photo Taken March 2013

Milestone as a Pre-emergent Milestone can affect newly for Medusahead Control: germinating grasses Technical Update Rick Miller Dow AgroSciences

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Medusahead Control with Milestone Medusahead trials in CA Joe DiTomaso and Guy Kyser, UC Davis History of Efforts to Date

• UC Davis Microplot Trial 2007 • UC Davis Greenhouse studies 2008 • UC Davis trials applied via quad fall of 2009 • Cosgrave Ranch demo applied via quad 2009 • Mariposa County application Sept 2011 • Sachau Ranch application Sept 2011 • Vineyard Mountain Ranch Oct 2012

Medusahead Cover Compared with Untreated Control Note: May 2010 release of annual 100 ryegrass 90 80 70 60 50 Winters 40 Marysville % COVER % 30 20 Red Bluff 10 0

z z l o oz o o 1 Treated: fall 2009 lat 8 Contr MS 3 ozMS 5 MS 7 oz P MS 14 ozMatx Matx 2 oz Evaluated: May 2010 Milestone at 7 fl oz vs Nontreated Red Bluff

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Annual grass cover taken in May Medusahead Demonstrations following herbicide applications with Milestone at 7 oz/acre

200 a a ab Other annual ab grasses 150 (SFREC & Red Bluff)

bc 100 c c c

Annual grass cover grass Annual 50

relative to untreated (%) to untreated relative Medusahead Treated in October Grass Release Following April with 7 oz Milestone In Treated Areas

0 untreated35714 12 8 Milestone Matrix Plateau Treatments, rates (oz/acre)

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Sachau Ranch, Livermore, CA Dan Sachau, Sachau Ranch Treated with 7 oz Milestone via Spray Livermore, CA 3.5” rain season to date Service on September 12, 2011

Sachau Ranch 19 months after Cow Pie Check (closeup) Treatment 7 oz/acre Milestone

Cow Pie Check

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Rye Grass Release with 7 oz Milestone Medusahead Control at the Vineyard Mountain Ranch Medusahead Infestations treated with 7 oz/acre Milestone October 2012 Treated Photos taken April 11, 2013 San Miguel, CA

Untreated Dry Retention Pond

Medusahead Stunts Production Spray Skips Tell the Story inside a spray skip, fiddleneck at back of skip

Spray Skip

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Fiddleneck and Medusahead Nathan Sanders, Ranch Manager Dominate a Spray Skip Mike Hollarman, CPS

Vineyard Mountain Ranch Plant growth stages for timings of May 17, 2013 herbicide applications Seedling Internode Heading Grass Release with 7 oz Milest Feeke’s Scale

33 production (%)

Japanese brome seed 0

Medusahead in untreated skip 139

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Herbicide Effects on Seed Development Greenhouse results-Medusahead These are Japanese brome hulls* but the same lack of seed development 2500 occurs with medusahead and ventenata a Control Experiment 1 2000 Milestone @ 3.5 fl oz Normal Seeds Milestone treated plants Milestone@ 7 fl oz 1500 Tordon 22K @ 12.5 fl oz Tordon 22K @ 24 fl oz 1000 b b b 500 b b b Different letters on b b b b b b 0 the bars indicate a Experiment 2 the means are 1000 statistically different

Seedling Internode Heading 800Germinable per seeds pot

600

400 c c

200 Control b bbb b bb b bb * see research data on previous slide 0