DOCSLIB.ORG

Physical Oceanographic Researchin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physical Oceanographic Researchin Th or collective redistirbution of any portion article of any by of this or collective redistirbution SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE JAPAN/EAST SEA articleis has been in published Oceanography A HISTORY OF 19, Number journal of Th 3, a quarterly , Volume PHYSICAL only permitted is means reposting, or other machine, photocopy OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN THE 2006 by Th e Oceanography Society. Copyright JAPAN/EAST SEA with the approval of Th approval the with BY MIKHAIL A. DANCHENKOV, VYACHESLAV B. LOBANOV, STEPHEN C. RISER, gran e Oceanography is Society. All rights reserved. Permission or Th e Oceanography [email protected] Society. Send to: all correspondence KUH KIM, MASAKI TAKEMATSU, AND JONGHWAN YOON Oceanographic research in the Japan/East Sea (JES) has a histo- all reviews of the history of the oceanographic research in the ry similar to other marginal seas that are surrounded by coun- region prior to these two programs mostly described national tries that play a central role in world economics and politics investigations (e.g., Istoshin, 1950; Kawai, 1974; Hahn, 1994). (Figure 1). However, due to the specifi cs of the region’s history, The Bibliography on the Japan Sea Oceanography (Danchen- its varied cultures, and the different languages of the nations kov et al., 2000) tried to list and annotate briefl y all available in the region, most regional oceanographic research has been literature, published before the end of last century, from coun- carried out independently by each country. This research has tries in the region. The relative numbers of results published Repu article for use and research. this copy in teaching to ted often taken place without complete knowledge of neighboring (Russia: 40 percent; Japan: 36 percent; Korea: 20 percent; USA: e Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. nations, although in recent years a new degree of international 3 percent) were similar, indicating the existence of a substantial cooperation in the region has emerged. research community in each country. Yet, because of language Perhaps the fi rst truly international oceanographic forum in diffi culties and a lack of availability of some national publica- the region was provided by JECSS (the Japan and East China tions, much of this published material is not familiar to the Sea Study), started under the close collaboration between Japa- international community. In this paper we try to partially rem- nese and Korean scientists in 1981. This program was followed edy this problem by describing the history of oceanographic by the CREAMS (Circulation Research of East Asian Mar- research in the region and the development of our knowledge blication, systemmatic reproduction, ginal Seas) project in 1993, where, for the fi rst time, Russian of physical oceanography of the JES, indicating the most im- oceanographers joined the international team. Consequently, portant results and publications. 18 Oceanography Vol. 19, No. 3, Sept. 2006 126° 130° 134° 138° 142° EEZ Border Maximum Observed Depth Location of Main Oceanographic Labs NS = Nevelskogo (Mamiya) Strait NS 52° TsS = Tsushima (Korean) Strait LS = La Perouse (Soya) Strait TS = Tsugaru Strait PGB = Peter the Great Bay PR = Pervenets Rise OS = Oki Spur VV = Vladivostok 48° YS = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Tartar Strait FU = Fukuoka YS MA = Maizuru NI = Niigata SA = Sapporo 1500 LS PU = Pusan SE = Seoul Russia 3669 44° WO = Wonsan VV 3300 SA PGB Japan Basin PR TS 3720 DPRK Yamato Rise 40° 1500 WO SE Yamato Basin NI lleung Basin Rep. of U 1500 Korea OS Japan 36° PU MA TsS FU 32° Figure 1. Main geographic features of the Japan/East Sea region. Oceanography Vol. 19, No. 3, Sept. 2006 19 A CHRONOLOGY of southern Sakhalin Island to Japan Current transporting warm water from As late as the end of the eighteenth cen- following the Russian-Japanese War of the East China Sea through the Tsushima tury, knowledge of the large-scale cir- 1904–1905 and the annexation of Korea Strait, and the Liman Current carrying culation of the JES was lacking, mostly in 1910 initiated wider research in the re- cold water from the north along the Rus- due to the fact that China and Japan, the gion by Japan. The Russian Revolution in sian coast (Academician Shrenk believed main national powers in the region at the 1917, followed by fi ve years of civil war that the Liman Current originated in time, did not sail far from their shores in Russia, greatly interrupted scientifi c the Amur River estuary, or “liman” in because of a lack of appropriate vessels. research activity in the region. Little new the Russian language). Later investiga- The fi rst European voyages with scien- work took place during World War II tions yielded fi fteen more papers on the tifi c groups on board included a French (1941–1945), but after the war’s end, the thermal structure of the sea, the sea-ice expedition led by J.F. La Perouse in 1787, independence of South Korea in 1948 regime, and surface currents, all pub- an English study of the region under the and the end of the Korean War in 1953 lished before 1917. With the exception of supervision of W.R. Broughton in 1796, allowed for important developments in the monograph by Admiral Makarov in and Russian cruises led by I.F. Kruzen- South Korean research efforts. The po- 1894, most of these papers are rarely ref- shtern in 1805. Such studies resulted in litical and economic changes that took erenced but are quite important works, the fi rst detailed maps of coastal areas, place in Russia in 1991 had the effect of including Maidel (1877, 1878, 1879, including data on bottom topography signifi cantly decreasing Russian national 1880), Zuev (1887), Kolchak (1899) and and surface currents. These forays into activities in the region; however, these Zhdanko (1913). These works provided the region by Europeans also stimulated changes resulted in Russian portions of more details on the distribution of wa- Japan to increase its marine research in the JES being opened for wide interna- ter temperature, density, and currents the area, leading to the exploration of tional collaboration for the fi rst time. in the northern and western parts of the Hokkaido. By mid-century, the Opium In 1859, the Russian Navy conducted Sea. In particular, the Krillion Cold Cur- Wars of 1840–1842 and 1856–1860 had the fi rst systematic hydrographic surveys rent, carrying water from the Okhotsk weakened China and led to a chain of of the JES that included observations of Sea into the JES through the Soya Strait, geopolitical changes in the region that water temperature, density, and currents. was found, and the lack of a relationship had important infl uences on oceano- A decade or so later, the fi rst two mono- between the Liman Current and Amur graphic research activities. Perhaps the graphs on the physical oceanography River discharge was noted. It should be most important of these changes was of the region appeared based on these mentioned that special care was taken in the Beijing Treaty of 1860, effectively investigations (Shrenk, 1870, 1874). The to ensure the accuracy of the observa- confi rming Russian jurisdiction of the monographs suggested for the fi rst time tions. The thermometers were calibrated northwestern coast of the JES and stimu- a scheme for the surface circulation in at the Greenwich Observatory in Great lating intense marine exploration of this the basin, and they coined the names for Britain and an areometer was used to area. Half a century later, the transfer its major components—the Tsushima measure density of sea water. During this period, Russian research efforts domi- Mikhail A. Danchenkov is Leading Research Scientist, Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeoro- nated in the basin. However, the Rus- logical Research Institute, Vladivostok, Russia. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov ([email protected]. sian studies were abruptly ended after ru) is Deputy Director, V.I. Il’ichev Pacifi c Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian the October revolution of 1917 and the Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia. Stephen C. Riser is Professor, School of Ocean- following civil war; for a period, oceano- ography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Kuh Kim is Professor, School of Earth graphic research in the region was con- and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, centrated mostly in coastal areas. But, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Masaki Takematsu is Professor Emeritus, Research Institute for the synthesis of the data collected before Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan. Jong-Hwan Yoon is Profes- the revolution, and reviews of Japanese sor, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan. publications at the time continued (Vize, 20 Oceanography Vol. 19, No. 3, Sept. 2006 1923; Rudovits, 1927, 1929, 1934; Deryu- In particular, Uda remarks on the ex- began with a few surveys of the JES gin, 1930; Bubnov, 1939; Batalin, 1941; tremely low temperature, high oxygen implemented in 1949, 1951, and 1955 by Rumyantsev, 1951). content, and remarkable homogeneity the Soviet Academy of Sciences using the After the Russian Revolution, Japa- of the deep waters of the JES, indicating Research Vessel (R/V) Vityaz. Observa- nese investigations in the region intensi- their formation by wintertime convec- tions were conducted in various seasons fi ed and became the dominant research tion and frequent renewal. It should be and resulted in new data concerning the efforts in the Sea during the period of mentioned, however, that for Japan and distributions of physical and chemical 1922–1945. These studies provided new data on the basin interior. During that era, the major topographic features of the sea (the Yamato Rise and the deep ...because of language difficulties and a lack Japan Basin, with depths in excess of of availability of some national publications, 3500 m) were found (Figure 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Russo-Japanese Relations: Opportunity for a Rapprochement?
    Russo-Japanese Relations: Opportunity for a Rapprochement? PEGGY FALKENHEIM MEYER ince the end of the cold war, only limited progress has been made in Russo- SJapanese relations. Ties between Russia and Japan have been strained by strong, historically rooted mistrust and by failure to resolve their territorial dis- pute over three islands and a small archipelago near Hokkaido. The disappoint- ingly low level of economic ties between the two countries has not provided a strong incentive for better relations. Recently, however, there have been signs of progress between Russia and Japan. In a speech in late July 1997, Japan’s prime minister, Ryutaro Hashimo- to, adopted a significantly new approach to Russia. The early November 1997 summit between Hashimoto and Russian President Boris Yeltsin at Krasnoyarsk confirmed their intention to bring about a radical improvement in Russo-Japan- ese relations. In this article, I explore the obstacles that impeded an improvement in Russo- Japanese relations after the end of the cold war. I then analyze the recent incen- tives for change and evaluate how far-reaching that change is likely to be. I argue that incremental improvement is taking place in Russo-Japanese relations and that there now is a possibility of greater change. However, there still are a number of serious obstacles to a full rapprochement. Mistrust Strong, historically rooted, mutual mistrust is one reason for the lack of progress in post–cold war Russo-Japanese relations, which have been embittered by a his- tory of conflict going back to tsarist times. Russians resent Japan’s encroachment on what they consider their rightful spheres of influence in Manchuria and Korea; Japan’s victory in the 1904–05 Russo-Japanese war; its seizure of territory as a fruit of victory; and its military intervention in Siberia after the Bolshevik revo- Peggy Falkenheim Meyer is an associate professor of political science at Simon Fraser Uni- versity in Burnaby, a suburb of Vancouver.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Co2 Chemistry in Sea Water
    INTRODUCTION TO CO2 CHEMISTRY IN SEA WATER Andrew G. Dickson Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii Monthly Average Carbon Dioxide Concentration Data from Scripps CO Program Last updated August 2016 2 ? 410 400 390 380 370 2008; ~385 ppm 360 350 Concentration (ppm) 2 340 CO 330 1974; ~330 ppm 320 310 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year EFFECT OF ADDING CO2 TO SEA WATER 2− − CO2 + CO3 +H2O ! 2HCO3 O C O CO2 1. Dissolves in the ocean increase in decreases increases dissolved CO2 carbonate bicarbonate − HCO3 H O O also hydrogen ion concentration increases C H H 2. Reacts with water O O + H2O to form bicarbonate ion i.e., pH = –lg [H ] decreases H+ and hydrogen ion − HCO3 and saturation state of calcium carbonate decreases H+ 2− O O CO + 2− 3 3. Nearly all of that hydrogen [Ca ][CO ] C C H saturation Ω = 3 O O ion reacts with carbonate O O state K ion to form more bicarbonate sp (a measure of how “easy” it is to form a shell) M u l t i p l e o b s e r v e d indicators of a changing global carbon cycle: (a) atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Mauna Loa (19°32´N, 155°34´W – red) and South Pole (89°59´S, 24°48´W – black) since 1958; (b) partial pressure of dissolved CO2 at the ocean surface (blue curves) and in situ pH (green curves), a measure of the acidity of ocean water.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography & Climate
    Web Japan http://web-japan.org/ GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE A country of diverse topography and climate characterized by peninsulas and inlets and Geography offshore islands (like the Goto archipelago and the islands of Tsushima and Iki, which are part of that prefecture). There are also A Pacific Island Country accidented areas of the coast with many Japan is an island country forming an arc in inlets and steep cliffs caused by the the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Asian submersion of part of the former coastline due continent. The land comprises four large to changes in the Earth’s crust. islands named (in decreasing order of size) A warm ocean current known as the Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Kuroshio (or Japan Current) flows together with many smaller islands. The northeastward along the southern part of the Pacific Ocean lies to the east while the Sea of Japanese archipelago, and a branch of it, Japan and the East China Sea separate known as the Tsushima Current, flows into Japan from the Asian continent. the Sea of Japan along the west side of the In terms of latitude, Japan coincides country. From the north, a cold current known approximately with the Mediterranean Sea as the Oyashio (or Chishima Current) flows and with the city of Los Angeles in North south along Japan’s east coast, and a branch America. Paris and London have latitudes of it, called the Liman Current, enters the Sea somewhat to the north of the northern tip of of Japan from the north. The mixing of these Hokkaido.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future
    Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future As more and more states are incorporating projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning efforts, the states of California, Oregon, and Washington asked the National Research Council to project sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account the many factors that affect sea-level rise on a local scale. The projections show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections; north of that point, sea-level rise is projected to be less than global projections because seismic strain is pushing the land upward. ny significant sea-level In compliance with a rise will pose enor- 2008 executive order, mous risks to the California state agencies have A been incorporating projec- valuable infrastructure, devel- opment, and wetlands that line tions of sea-level rise into much of the 1,600 mile shore- their coastal planning. This line of California, Oregon, and study provides the first Washington. For example, in comprehensive regional San Francisco Bay, two inter- projections of the changes in national airports, the ports of sea level expected in San Francisco and Oakland, a California, Oregon, and naval air station, freeways, Washington. housing developments, and sports stadiums have been Global Sea-Level Rise built on fill that raised the land Following a few thousand level only a few feet above the years of relative stability, highest tides. The San Francisco International Airport (center) global sea level has been Sea-level change is linked and surrounding areas will begin to flood with as rising since the late 19th or to changes in the Earth’s little as 40 cm (16 inches) of sea-level rise, a early 20th century, when climate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Settlement Process of the Place Name of the Sea of Japan in the Modern Japan and Korea Geography Education
    The settlement process of the place name of the Sea of Japan in the modern Japan and Korea geography education SHIM Jeongbo* INTRODUCTION For a long time, many studies on place name of the East Sea area have dealt with pre- modern old maps. From the perspective, the current study focuses on geography textbooks that well present the geographical perceptions of people at the modern times, the transitional period of modern times and today. Old maps have national, military, confidential, and artistic characteristics. Although the maps are precious data to understand people's perceptions on regions at the time, ordinary people could not access to them because of their rarity. On the other hand, geography textbooks in the modern times in large quantity have national, social, popular, open, and practical characteristics. Therefore, it is better to focus on geography textbooks in order to examine the place name notation tendency of the East Sea of Korea and Japan. THE SETTLEMENT PROCESS OF THE PLACE NAME OF SEA OF JAPAN IN THE GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION OF THE MODERN JAPAN In Japan, modern education system was organized due to the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Schools were established, and textbooks were published. Figure 1 presents the place name notation of the East Sea in the geography textbook of elementary school and middle school of Japan. As we can see Figure 1, it is an aboriginal place name of Japan (the North Sea) and a foreign place name (Sea of Japan) were appeared at the same time in early Meiji era, and then they were used in school.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea of Japan a Maritime Perspective on Indo-Pacific Security
    The Long Littoral Project: Sea of Japan A Maritime Perspective on Indo-Pacific Security Michael A. McDevitt • Dmitry Gorenburg Cleared for Public Release IRP-2013-U-002322-Final February 2013 Strategic Studies is a division of CNA. This directorate conducts analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategy and force assessments. CNA Strategic Studies is part of the global community of strategic studies institutes and in fact collaborates with many of them. On the ground experience is a hallmark of our regional work. Our specialists combine in-country experience, language skills, and the use of local primary-source data to produce empirically based work. All of our analysts have advanced degrees, and virtually all have lived and worked abroad. Similarly, our strategists and military/naval operations experts have either active duty experience or have served as field analysts with operating Navy and Marine Corps commands. They are skilled at anticipating the “problem after next” as well as determining measures of effectiveness to assess ongoing initiatives. A particular strength is bringing empirical methods to the evaluation of peace-time engagement and shaping activities. The Strategic Studies Division’s charter is global. In particular, our analysts have proven expertise in the following areas: The full range of Asian security issues The full range of Middle East related security issues, especially Iran and the Arabian Gulf Maritime strategy Insurgency and stabilization Future national security environment and forces European security issues, especially the Mediterranean littoral West Africa, especially the Gulf of Guinea Latin America The world’s most important navies Deterrence, arms control, missile defense and WMD proliferation The Strategic Studies Division is led by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes of Sea Level Rise
    FACT SHEET Causes of Sea OUR COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK Level Rise What the Science Tells Us HIGHLIGHTS From the rocky shoreline of Maine to the busy trading port of New Orleans, from Roughly a third of the nation’s population historic Golden Gate Park in San Francisco to the golden sands of Miami Beach, lives in coastal counties. Several million our coasts are an integral part of American life. Where the sea meets land sit some of our most densely populated cities, most popular tourist destinations, bountiful of those live at elevations that could be fisheries, unique natural landscapes, strategic military bases, financial centers, and flooded by rising seas this century, scientific beaches and boardwalks where memories are created. Yet many of these iconic projections show. These cities and towns— places face a growing risk from sea level rise. home to tourist destinations, fisheries, Global sea level is rising—and at an accelerating rate—largely in response to natural landscapes, military bases, financial global warming. The global average rise has been about eight inches since the centers, and beaches and boardwalks— Industrial Revolution. However, many U.S. cities have seen much higher increases in sea level (NOAA 2012a; NOAA 2012b). Portions of the East and Gulf coasts face a growing risk from sea level rise. have faced some of the world’s fastest rates of sea level rise (NOAA 2012b). These trends have contributed to loss of life, billions of dollars in damage to coastal The choices we make today are critical property and infrastructure, massive taxpayer funding for recovery and rebuild- to protecting coastal communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Pollution: a Critique of Present and Proposed International Agreements and Institutions--A Suggested Global Oceans' Environmental Regime Lawrence R
    Hastings Law Journal Volume 24 | Issue 1 Article 5 1-1972 Marine Pollution: A Critique of Present and Proposed International Agreements and Institutions--A Suggested Global Oceans' Environmental Regime Lawrence R. Lanctot Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Lawrence R. Lanctot, Marine Pollution: A Critique of Present and Proposed International Agreements and Institutions--A Suggested Global Oceans' Environmental Regime, 24 Hastings L.J. 67 (1972). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol24/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. Marine Pollution: A Critique of Present and Proposed International Agreements and Institutions-A Suggested Global Oceans' Environmental Regime By LAWRENCE R. LANCTOT* THE oceans are earth's last significant frontier for man's utiliza- tion. Advances in marine technology are opening previously unreach- able depths to permit the study of the oceans' mysteries and the extrac- tion of valuable natural resources.' Because these vast resources were inaccessible in the past, international law does not provide any certain rules governing the ownership and development of marine resources which lie beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.2 In response to this legal uncertainty and in the face of accelerating technology, the United Nations General Assembly has called a General Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1973 to formulate international conventions gov- erning the development of the seabed and ocean floor., Great interest * J.D., University of San Francisco, 1968; LL.M., Columbia University, 1969; Adjunct Professor of Law, University of San Francisco.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Pollution in the Caribbean: Not a Minute to Waste
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Marine Public Disclosure Authorized Pollution in the Caribbean: Not a Minute to Waste Public Disclosure Authorized Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant per- mission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rose- wood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Dumping in the Sea of Japan
    Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 24 Number 2 Spring Article 7 May 2020 Russian Dumping in the Sea of Japan Steven D. Lavine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation Steven D. Lavine, Russian Dumping in the Sea of Japan, 24 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 417 (1996). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Russian Dumping in the Sea of Japan STEVEN D. LAVINE* ** I. PROBLEM Governments worldwide manufacture significant amounts of ra- dioactive waste.' The storage and disposal of such waste is a serious problem, however, and many governments have chosen to dump their nuclear wastes into the oceans rather than to build treatment and storage facilities. Since 1946, when the United States began dumping, at least one nuclear nation has been dumping radioactive wastes into the sea at any given time Although there is some support for the belief put forth by several nuclear nations - that the dumping of low- level radioactive waste into the oceans is both the safest and the most economic method of disposal' - few governments are willing to admit that they would even consider this option today due to the negative public perception of ocean dumping.4 As a result, public rhetoric * Steven D. Lavine attended Harvard College and Yale Law School, where he was an Editor of the Yale Law Journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeography Reveals an Ancient Cryptic Radiation in East-Asian Tree
    Dufresnes et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:253 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0814-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Phylogeography reveals an ancient cryptic radiation in East-Asian tree frogs (Hyla japonica group) and complex relationships between continental and island lineages Christophe Dufresnes1, Spartak N. Litvinchuk2, Amaël Borzée3,4, Yikweon Jang4, Jia-Tang Li5, Ikuo Miura6, Nicolas Perrin1 and Matthias Stöck7,8* Abstract Background: In contrast to the Western Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions, the phylogeography of Eastern-Palearctic terrestrial vertebrates has received relatively little attention. In East Asia, tectonic events, along with Pleistocene climatic conditions, likely affected species distribution and diversity, especially through their impact on sea levels and the consequent opening and closing of land-bridges between Eurasia and the Japanese Archipelago. To better understand these effects, we sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear markers to determine phylogeographic patterns in East-Asian tree frogs, with a particular focus on the widespread H. japonica. Results: We document several cryptic lineages within the currently recognized H. japonica populations, including two main clades of Late Miocene divergence (~5 Mya). One occurs on the northeastern Japanese Archipelago (Honshu and Hokkaido) and the Russian Far-East islands (Kunashir and Sakhalin), and the second one inhabits the remaining range, comprising southwestern Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Transiberian China, Russia and Mongolia. Each clade further features strong allopatric Plio-Pleistocene subdivisions (~2-3 Mya), especially among continental and southwestern Japanese tree frog populations. Combined with paleo-climate-based distribution models, the molecular data allowed the identification of Pleistocene glacial refugia and continental routes of postglacial recolonization. Phylogenetic reconstructions further supported genetic homogeneity between the Korean H.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Maps of the Sea of Japan and the East and South China Seas
    Appendix: Maps of the Sea of Japan and the East and South China Seas 88 doi: 10.1057/9781137310149 Appendix 89 The Sea of Japan doi: 10.1057/9781137310149 90 Appendix The East China Sea doi: 10.1057/9781137310149 Appendix 91 The South China Sea doi: 10.1057/9781137310149 Index Notes: Page references in bold followed by “m” refer to maps. Abe, Shinzo, 38 claims to Senkaku/Diaoyu Agreement between Japan and Islands, 33–4, 36 the Republic of Korea constructions on Mischief Concerning Fisheries (1965), Reef, 62 25 energy cooperation with differences between 1998 Japan, 12 provisional treaty between energy disputes with Japan and South Korea neighbours, 13–14 and, 25–6 energy needs and concerns Aquino, Benigno S., 65–6 of, 10–11 ASEAN (Association of fishery products exports Southeast Asian Nations) of, 9 conflict management of fishing activities in East South China Sea disputes, China Sea, 39 67–70 hydrocarbon exploration in JMSU’s impact on solidarity East China Sea by, 41 of, 63 illegal fishing by, 10 Aso, Taro, 38 need for sustained reconciliation process with Brunei, 14 Japan, 82 claims to Spratly Islands, 54 rejection of international and Malaysia 2009 arbitration of disputed commercial agreement, waters, 79–80 64–5, 82, 83 rejection of ZoPFFC Brunei National Petroleum proposal, 66 Company, 64–5 seafood consumption in, 8 and United States Chen Shui-bian, 37 competition in East Asia, Chiang Kai-Shek, 53 70–2 China (PRC) and Vietnam agreement of claims to Paracel and Spratly Gulf of Tonkin (Beibu), Islands, 52, 53 60, 82 92 doi: 10.1057/9781137310149
    [Show full text]