Neurodiversity in the Classroom : Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life / Thomas Armstrong

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Neurodiversity in the Classroom : Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life / Thomas Armstrong Thomas ARMSTRONG NEURODIVERSITY in the Classroom Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life NEURODIVERSITY in the Classroom NEURODIVERSITY_V5.indd i 11/2/12 9:41 AM Many ASCD members received this book as a member benefit upon its initial release. Learn more at: www.ascd.org/memberbooks Thomas ARMSTRONG NEURODIVERSITY in the Classroom Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life Alexandria, VA USA NEURODIVERSITY_V5.indd iii 11/2/12 9:31 AM 1703 N. Beauregard St. • Alexandria, VA 22311 1714 USA Phone: 800-933-2723 or 703-578-9600 • Fax: 703-575-5400 Website: www.ascd.org • E-mail: [email protected] Author guidelines: www.ascd.org/write Gene R. Carter, Executive Director; Mary Catherine (MC) Desrosiers, Chief Program Development Officer; Richard Papale, Publisher; Genny Ostertag, Acquisitions Editor; Julie Houtz, Director, Book Editing & Production; Ernesto Yermoli, Editor; Lindsey Smith, Graphic Designer; Mike Kalyan, Production Manager; Keith Demmons, Desktop Publishing Specialist; Andrea Wilson, Production Specialist © 2012 by Thomas Armstrong. All rights reserved. It is illegal to reproduce copies of this work in print or electronic format (including reproductions displayed on a secure intranet or stored in a retrieval system or other electronic storage device from which copies can be made or displayed) without the prior written permission of the publisher. By purchasing only authorized electronic or print editions and not participating in or encouraging piracy of copyrighted materials, you support the rights of authors and publishers. Readers who wish to duplicate this copyrighted material may do so for a small fee by contacting the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923, USA (phone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-646-8600; Web: www.copyright.com). For requests to reprint or to inquire about site licensing options, contact ASCD Permissions at www.ascd.org/permissions, or permission @ascd.org, or 703-575-5749. For a list of vendors authorized to license ASCD e-books to institutions, see www.ascd.org/epubs. Send translation inquiries to [email protected]. Printed in the United States of America. Cover art © 2012 by ASCD. ASCD publications present a variety of viewpoints. The views expressed or implied in this book should not be interpreted as official positions of the Association. All referenced trademarks are the property of their respective owners. All web links in this book are correct as of the publication date below but may have become inactive or otherwise modified since that time. If you notice a deactivated or changed link, please e-mail [email protected] with the words “Link Update” in the subject line. In your message, please specify the web link, the book title, and the page number on which the link appears. ASCD Member Book, No. FY13-1 (Dec. 2012, P). ASCD Member Books mail to Premium (P), Select (S), and Institutional Plus (I+) members on this schedule: Jan., PSI+; Feb., P; Apr., PSI+; May, P; July, PSI+; Aug., P; Sept., PSI+; Nov., PSI+; Dec., P. Select membership was formerly known as Comprehensive membership. PAPERBACK ISBN: 978-1-4166-1483-8 ASCD product #113017 Also available as an e-book (see Books in Print for the ISBNs). Quantity discounts: 10–49 copies, 10%; 50+ copies, 15%; for 1,000 or more copies, call 800- 933-2723, ext. 5634, or 703-575-5634. For desk copies: www.ascd.org/deskcopy Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Armstrong, Thomas, author. Neurodiversity in the classroom : strength-based strategies to help students with special needs succeed in school and life / Thomas Armstrong. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4166-1483-8 (pbk.) 1. Children with disabilities--Education--United States. 2. Special education--United States. I. Title. LC4031.A68 2012 371.9--dc23 2012033785 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 And what do we teach our children? We teach them that two and two make four, and that Paris is the capital of France. When will we also teach them what they are? We should say to each of them: Do you know what you are? You are a marvel. You are unique. In all the years that have passed, there has never been another child like you. You may become a Shakespeare, a Michelangelo, a Beethoven. You have the capacity for anything. Yes, you are a marvel. —Pablo Casals NEURODIVERSITY in the Classroom Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1 Neurodiversity: The New Diversity .................................................. 7 2 The Multiple Talents of Students with Learning Disabilities ..................................................................28 3 The Joys of ADHD ...............................................................................48 4 The Gifts of Autism..............................................................................70 5 The Strengths of Students with Intellectual Disabilities .......92 6 The Bright Side of Kids with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders ................................................................. 116 7 The Strength-Based School ........................................................... 136 References ................................................................................................. 162 Index .............................................................................................................177 About the Author .................................................................................... 183 Introduction I remember the day like it was yesterday. I had just been hired for my first teaching job in Montreal, Canada, as a special education teacher. My district supervisor wanted to take me around and show me some model special education programs before I actually began teaching. We entered the first classroom, where there were about 10 students working (or at least sitting) quietly at their desks. They were about 8 or 9 years old. I was especially impressed by how quiet they were—overly quiet, really. The special education teacher welcomed us into her classroom with a broad smile. Then, in a voice loud enough to be heard by all the children, she announced, “These are my slow students.” My heart sank and I thought to myself, “Is the teacher insane? Doesn’t she realize that these kids have ears?” I felt embarrassed standing there, as if I myself was a party to this gross insensitivity. The moment passed, however, and before long I was taking charge of my own junior high special education classroom. My students were not overly quiet. In fact, I had a knack (some might say a curse) for bringing out in my students whatever shadowy emotions were swirling around just below the surface. Not infrequently, my students 1 2 Neurodiversity in the Classroom would come up to me and ask, “Mr. A., why do we have to be in this retarded classroom?” I’d mumble something about their needing extra help and would leave it at that. But I was troubled by the question. Over the next several years of teaching, I’d be confronted again and again with this basic dilemma. On the one hand, I was providing students with special help to remediate their learning and behavior difficulties, which was good. On the other hand, I was also presiding over a system that segregated these kids based upon their negative attributes, which wasn’t so good. As one former special education student, now an adult, told me, “They thought I was bad at something, so they tested me to find exactly how bad I was at it, and then spent the next years of my life making me do what I was bad at as much as possible.” Take a moment to consider this little thought experiment. Think about your greatest difficulty or limitation in life, whatever that might be (academic or nonacademic). Now imagine that you have been tested and found wanting in that area, and that you are then sent to a special program where you spend most of your time focusing on that area. Not a very pretty picture, is it? Yet this is what many children in special education face on a daily basis. The history of special education in the United States, of course, presents a more complex picture. Without going into the whole legis- lative history, suffice it to say that during the 1960s and 1970s, due in large part to concerted parent advocacy efforts, increasing govern- ment involvement in education, and the growth of scientific research regarding special needs issues, our public schools underwent a sea change in providing services for kids in special education (Osgood, 2007). A breakthrough was achieved in 1975 with the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which mandated that every child with special needs in the public schools receive an appro- priate education in the least restrictive environment. I started working as a learning disability specialist in 1976. Since that time, research in genetics, the brain, human development, and related fields has Introduction 3 increased exponentially, providing an even greater awareness of the needs of children who have been previously unserved or underserved in special education programs. In the 1980s and 1990s, children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related problems such as oppo- sitional defiant disorder and Tourette syndrome were added to the list of those served. In the
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